Acknowledgement

We want to give our heartiest gratitude to our

honorable teacher and thesis supervisor DR.
CHOWDHURY MD. FEROZ, Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET,
for his continuous guidance, suggestions and
inspiration throughout this work This thesis
would not have been possible without his
supervision We also like to thank our honorable
teacher DR. MD. MAHBUBUR RAZZAQUE,
!ssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, BUET, for his active help during this
thesis work
We are also greatful to Engr. Syed M.A. Qdd!
for his valuable advise during the thesis work
During this thesis we visited Bangladesh Bank
Training "entre for which we are thankful to
A""#! Udd$n S$dd$%e& for his co#operation
during our visit
A"!tr#ct
$imited research has been under taken in the fire
fighting in our countr% The perceived rate of
in&uries and damages is high and it being
increased from few %ears 'o, fire and safet% deals
with a great importance toda%(s
This paper mainl% concerns design of standpipe
s%stem for buildings whose occupanc% is
Educational )n developing fire safet% plan,
evaluation of all individual floor la%out should be
taken into consideration )n our design we have
concentrated in designing a fire fighting s%stem of
EME building, since we don(t have an% facilit%
regarding fire protection The s%stem we choose is
a manual standpipe s%stem We have designed and
suggested all the necessar% e*uipments ie Pump,
+eservoir, ,osepipe etcetera, re*uired for this
design
1
CHA'(ER O)E
*)(RODUC(*O)
+.+ *ntrodct$on
The generating of e-cessive and unwanted heat is
the basic problem of the fire ,eat is actuall% a
form of energ% in transmit )n as much as nature
strives to maintain e*uilibrium, heat is constantl%
moving from warmer bodies to cooler ones There
is no such thing as cold "old is merel% a relative
term to denote a lower than normal degree of heat
The common scales for measurement are
.ahrenheit, "elsius and /elvin
,eat and temperature are not identical The total
heat energ% of a bod% is the sum of kinetic and
potential energies of all its molecules 0/E 123
mv
4
5 and is determined b% the total number of
molecules and their average velocit% Temperature
is a measure of the average molecular velocit%
onl% Thus it is the degree or intensit% of the heat
,eat is the sum total of all the molecular energ%
of a bod% )t is measured in "alories or British
Thermal Unit 0BTU5
+., W-#t $! .$re
'ince heat is a form of energ% in transmit an% kind
of energ%# electrical, mechanical, chemical and
nuclear, can be converted to heat and thus start a
fire The fire once started, is a form of
carbonaceous material, such decomposition
having been initiated b% heat caused b% one of the
above forms of energ%
6ases are composed of small particles
0molecules5 which are separated b% relativel%
large spaces 6as molecules move in a random
manner with the average moving in one direction
e*ual to the average moving in an% other
direction !s a gas is heated, the molecular motion
increases )f the gas is contained, the impact of
pressure )f the gas is uncontained, the increase in
molecular motion will cause it to rise
+./ F$re 'rogre!!
! fire starts when energ% ie electrical,
mechanical or chemical energ% evolves sufficient
heat to ignite a combustible substance The
progress is governed b% five ma&or factors are as
follows#
) The amount of e-posed combustible surface
0fuel source5
)) The arrangement of the combustible surfaces
))) The nature of the combustible surfaces
)7 The ratio of combustible surface to room
volume
7 The amount of ventilation
The total amount of combustible material is onl%
of interest in determining how long the fire will
burn if unchecked )t is the amount of surface
which is the fuel source that will determine the
si8e and intensit% of the fire 9nl% the portion of
the combustible material near the surface is
sufficientl% heated to provide fuel gases
+.0 Fl#!-o1er ($me
!ssuming an ade*uate air suppl%, the ratio of
combustible surface to room volume is the
primar% factor determining time to flashover !
high amount of combustible surfaces will beget an
earl% flashover :et in a small enclosure such as a
closet, fire reached flashover much more *uickl%
The rate of sustained combustion is largel%
determined of air flow The amount of ventilation,
therefore, can affect the progress of a fire either
positivel% or negativel% !n increased suppl% of
9-%gen can increase the speed of combustion 9n
the other hand, ventilation permits the escape of
heat of convection
+.2 F$re (r$#ngle
The fire triangle shows three prere*uisites for a
fire#
; !n o-idi8ing agent 0Usuall% 9-%gen5
; ! reducing agent 0! fuel5
; ! minimum temperature level 0.or self <
substance5
2
.ig==3 .ire Triangle
)f one leg of the triangle can be removed, the fire
will be e-tinguished
The famed fire triangle is an e-cellent basis for
establishing an understanding of fire, but not trul%
complete There is a fourth element which should
be considered to gain an understanding of all
processed b% which fire can be e-tinguished and
that is the chain reaction
.ig =4> .ire Tetrahedron
+.4 An#tomy o. .$re
The combustion reaction occurs b% a transfer of
electrons )n this process, an o-idi8ing agent,
usuall% o-%gen adopts electrons and thereb%
becomes reduced The reducing agent which is
called a fuel surrenders electrons and thereb%
becomes o-idi8ed The end products conse*uentl%
are neutral and more stable The reaction
manifests itself b% emitting energ% The process is
elevated temperature to a self# sustaining level
.ires have two general forms#
; .laming#Three dimensional and ver% rapid
; ?on#flaming
The latter is represented b% the slow surface glow
combustion which takes place when charcoal
burns This t%pe of combustion uses a direct union
of o-%gen and fuel source without the formation
of intermediate gases .laming combustion has a
fourth prere*uisite ! number of intermediate
combustion products are both formed and
consumed and are comprised of fire ions,
molecular fragments termed free radicals,
electrons etc The interpla% of these active species
is a necessar% part of the combustion process
,ence there is the fourth pre#re*uisite, free chain
reaction
CHA'(ER (WO
F*RE E5(*)C(*O)
3
,.+ F$re E6t$nct$on
We have now determined the nature and course of
the fire, and wish to evaluate the capacit% of
e-tinguishment re*uired to bring it under control
)t should be emphasi8ed that the relations
described are simplified and that the estimations
should be regarded as e-emplifications of a
comple- s%stem
,., W#!te E6t$ng$!-$ng Med$#
When used to fight a fire at a chemical
warehouse, the e-tinguishing water will almost
certainl% be polluted b% chemicals !s man% of
the stored products are designed especiall% to
interfere with the ecological s%stem, the% have the
potential to cause substantial damage should the%
be released or dissolved in runoff water
Therefore, all water from the fire scene should be
collected and prevented from reaching water
courses or drainage s%stems Different methods
can be applied
The building itself can be designed to contain the
water b% having a floor lower than the
surrounding area and interior doors with high sills
tank !n e-terior basin can be used # either as a
sealed pit in the ground or as a portable spill
basins could be used to collect the water )f the
amount of li*uid is limited, absorbents can be
used The choice of method of spill water
collection varies with the on#site conditions
)t is an the area available, possibilities of &oint use
of the s%stem with other companies etc Whatever
the methods used, the s%stem must be designed to
contain advantage if the s%stem is designed with
an inherent robustness, ie if the water is
automaticall% led to a tank and there is no need to
collect the water using pumps This is an
advantage for s%stems where the container is
located below the floor level of the building
There are e-amples where holes for containers
have been drilled into the ground ! sealed pit in
the ground is used at the small warehouse There
are also e-amples where the building itself is used
to contain the water, as is the case at the large
warehouse The s%stem must be designed to
operate under different conditions During the
winter, for e-ample, a valve in a drainage s%stem
ma% free8e and it ma% not be possible to open or
close it Portable spill basins commonl% have a
volume of about =2 m@ ! s%stem of portable spill
basins is, as the name indicates, ver% fle-ible )t
does not re*uire e-pensive fi-ed installations and
it can be used in a variet% of operations There
ma%, however, be some practical problems during
large operations, as at fires in chemical
warehouses, which are studied here
!t fires in chemical warehouses these practical
problems ma% be such that the aim of collecting
all the e-tinguishing water is not achieved )f
there is a stationar% tank which can be brought
into use &ust b% turning a valve or preferabl% b%
doing nothing at all, valuable resources are
released to fight the fire
Portable spill basins are presumabl% best suited
for spills of chemicals without fire ha8ards The
re*uired volume is then onl% the volume of the
released chemical !t small fires, ie when a fire
involving chemicals is put out within a few
minutes b% a sprinkler s%stem the basins ma% also
be valuable to urge on the overhaul work When
foam is used as the e-tinguishing medium, the
same dimensioning rules can be used as with pure
water with the addition of water to break down the
foam 9ne must bear in mind that water
containing foam has a decreased surface tension
which ma% increase the infiltration rate in soil )t
should also be noted that a substantial foam la%er
ma% be created when water mi-ed with foam is
pumped, and that this foam la%er ma% overflow
the spill basins
When using dr% powder, the onl% volume that
should be collected at the fire is the spill of an%
li*uid chemicals ,owever, dr% powder is rarel%
used solel% at the fire brigades, so the basins must
be dimensioned for the other e-tinguishing agents,
commonl% water or foam
,./ W#ter& (-eoret$c#l A"!or7t$on C#7#c$ty
!t most fires, water is used as the e-tinguishing
medium The e-tinguishing effect comes from the
4
heat absorbed b% the water as it is heated and
vapori8ed The water is usuall% applied in one of
three different wa%s>
= The water is applied in small droplets, with a
diameter less than about =2 mm, into the flames,
in the gas phase of the fire The heat absorption
cools the flame down and when the adiabatic
flame temperature falls below about =A22 / at
stoichiometric conditions, the flame goes out The
ratio of the lower limit of flammabilit% for the fuel
to stoichiometric concentration is 32 to A2B for
man% pre#mi-ed flames The diluents are
therefore responsible for absorbing about C3B of
the energ% released to e-tinguish the flame .or
diffusion flames, the removal of D2 to D3B of the
released energ% is sufficient This is because a
diffusion flame looses more energ% due to
radiation than a pre#mi-ed flame, and that
combustion does not onl% occur at stoichiometric
conditions This indicates that for diffusion
flames, the theoretical absorption capacit% should
be multiplied b% a factor of D to obtain the
e-tinction capacit% ! good e-ample of this t%pe
of e-tinction is when a B! team overcomes a
flashover fire b% simpl% aiming the fog no88le
into the burning smoke la%er !nother e-ample is
the fog nail which is inserted into a burning
compartment through the roof or the wall, giving
a fine water spra% right in the smoke
4 The burning fuel surface is cooled b% the water,
leading to a reduction in the p%rol%sis rate, and
the flame goes out due to lack of fuel This is the
case when a B! team has knocked down the
flashover and is to e-tinguish the fire itself
!nother e-ample is when e-ternal e-tinguishing
is applied ,ere the water droplet often becomes
so large, more than 42 to D2 mm in diameter E4FG
that the% pass through the flames ?earl%
unaffected
D The surface of a not %et burning fuel is cooled
b% water, and the p%rol%sis rate does not increase
enough for the fuel to ignite This is the case at a
defensive operation where a wall is protected
from ignition b% wetting
Both points 4 and D are focused on the fuel with
the difference that in point 4, the surface is
burning, and in point D, it is not The difference is
vital when discussing firefighting tactics and the
difference between an offensive and a defensive
operation The heat absorption capacit% of water
can easil% be calculated>
0T # =225 H 22242= EMIJkgG, where T EK"G is the
actual steam temperature
This means that to transform = kg of water at
=2K" to steam at A22K", an energ% input of2DL M
44A M 0=222#=225 H 22242= 1 DA MI is needed
The heat absorption capacit% is DA MI per kg of
water used to its ma-imum at A22K"
Water that is not vapori8ed, which can be seen
flowing along the ground at man% fire scenes, has
a ma-imum absorption capacit% of onl% 2DL
MIJkg Theoreticall%, a hose delivering = kgJs
might absorb the energ% given in .igure 4=
Unfortunatel%, the water is rarel% applied in an
optimal wa%, which means that an efficienc%
factor must be included
.igure 4= ,ow the ma-imum theoretical
absorption capacit% of water at =2K" varied with
the team temperature
5
,.0 Dry 'owder
Dr% powder is commonl% used in two different
wa%s b%N either in small 0A to =4 kg5 fire
e-tinguishers or in larger powder units 0=22 to
D22 kg5 )t is the latter t%pe that is considered
here .ire brigades at airports have used dr%
powder for a long time in combination with foam
+oom fire tests have also been carried out in
which powder has been used in a fast initial
attack )n spite of this, and in spite of being an
e-tinguishing medium with a ver% high
e-tinguishing capacit%, there seems to be a lack of
e-perience in using dr% powder at real fires in
storage buildings
! large number of different dr% powders are
available 'ome of the most common ones are
mi-tures of ?,C,4P9C 0M!P5, /"l, /9,,
/,"9D, ?a9, and ?a,"9D
,.2 8#!eo! E6t$nct$on Med$#
There are a large number of different gaseous
e-tinguishing media> nitrogen, carbon dio-ide,
halons 0which are to be replaced for
environmental reasons5 and different halon#related
compounds E-cept for ver% special operations,
gaseous e-tinguishing media are rarel% used b%
the fire brigade 9ne e-ception is a fire in a silo,
where the smouldering fire is easier to put out
with a gaseous e-tinguishing agent than with
water or foam )n this t%pe of deep seated fire,
gaseous agents are valuable .or use at fires in
chemical warehouses, there has not %et proved to
be an% gaseous e-tinguishing medium of practical
use 0e-cept perhaps for halon5 This means that
gaseous e-tinction media can, for the present, be
e-cluded from this specification
CHA'(ER (HREE
(HE S(A)D'*'E SYS(EM
/.+ H$!tory #nd De1elo7ment o.
!t#nd7$7e Sy!tem!
The basic philosoph% and concept of
standpipe s%stems have not changed
e-tensivel% since =F=3 when the original
?+P! standard was adopted although the
specific re*uirements have been modified
continuall% The original standard on
standpipes developed and adopted b% the
?ational .ire Protection !ssociation, was
entitled +egulations for the )nstallation of
)nterior 'tandpipe E*uipments 0Wet Pipe
'%stems5 What follows is a comparison of a
standpipe s%stem in the =F=3 edition of the
standard with the =FLA edition of the
standard# ?.P! =C 'tandard for the
)nstallation of 'tandpipe and ,ose '%stems
+9+2
Primaril% a standpipe s%stem should afford a
read% means for the control of incipient fires
b% the occupants of buildings during working
hours and b% watchmen and those present
during the nighttime and holida%s )t should
also be capable of furnishing the high power
streams re*uired b% fire departments during
the more advanced stages of fire on the inside
of building and the heav% caliber streams
necessar% for e-terior protection and for
fighting fire in one building from another
+9:4
'tandpipe s%stem !n arrangement of piping,
valves, hose connections, and allied
e*uipment installed in a building or structure
with the hose connections located in such a
manner that water can be discharged in
streams or spra% patterns through attached
hose and no88les, for the purpose of
e-tinguishing a fire and so protecting a
building or structure and its contents in
addition to protecting the occupants This is
accomplished b% connections to water suppl%
s%stems or b% pumps, tanks and other
e*uipment necessar% to provide an ade*uate
suppl% or water to the hose connections
These basic si8es are listed in the =FLA
standard as the minimum si8es for standpipe
for "lass ) and "lass ))) service not
e-ceeding =22ft in length, and "lass ))
service not e-ceeding 32 ft in length The
original standard also specified a minimum of
two steamer 0fire department5 connections on
different sides of the building
The amendments to the =F=O standard, which
was then entitled> +egulations for the
)nstallation of 'tandpipe and ,ose '%stems,
defined a standard standpipe and hose s%stem
as a s%stem with water pressure maintained at
all times, or arranged to admit water
automaticall% to the s%stem This standard
stated specificall% that s%stems into which the
water had to be admitted manuall% were not
standard s%stems This standard also
established the three classes of standpipe
service, which are still utili8ed in the current
standard in the following manner
"lass ) .or use b% fire departments and those
trained in handling heav% fire
streams
"lass )) .or use b% the occupants of the
buildings as first and fire protection
"lass ))) .or both of these classes of service
/., Cl#!!$.$c#t$on o. St#nd$ng Sy!tem
The ?ational .ire Protection !ssociations
?.P! =C contains a classification of
standpipes based on the purpose or intended
usage of the s%stem
The class = s%stem is designed for use b% fire
department personal or other persons 0such as
industrial fire brigade or securit% personnel5
who are trained in fire fighting procedures
involving 4
=
J4 inch hose streams at high
pressures
The class )) s%stem is designed for use
primaril% b% building occupants who,
presumabl%, have no speciali8ed training
"lass )) s%stems are usuall% limited to hose
si8es of =
=
J4 inches and smaller 'ome fire
protection personnel prefer to restrict the
installation of "lass )) s%stems to industrial or
militar% occupancies where personnel
s%stematicall% receive fire suppression
training The provision of standpipe hose and
no88les for occupancies with limited numbers
of personnel, or for occupancies populated
e-tensivel% b% the general public 0including
office buildings5, would appear to create a
risk of personnel in&ur% from operation of the
hose lines Therefore, the assumed benefits of
fire control or suppression from the operation
of hose on a "lass )) standpipe s%stem are
neither assured nor dependable )t would
seem that the provision of a standpipe s%stem
with =
=
J4 inch hose for occupant use is usuall%
favored b% individuals who do not have 0=5
an understanding of or appreciation for, the
ha8ards of manual fire fighting procedures
and 045 an awareness of the ha8ards to
untrained personnel who do not have
ade*uate personnel protective e*uipment,
including breathing apparatus
The "lass ))) s%stem is designed for use b%
either the fire department of the building
occupants Therefore, a "lass ))) s%stem will
have both 4
=
J4 inch and =
=
J4 inch reducer
s%stem can be converted to a "lass ))) s%stem
b% attaching a 4
=
J4 inch to =
=
J4 inch reducer
and =
=
J4 inch hose and no88le, provided the
reducer and hose can be disconnected readil%
Table == presents a summar% of the hose
pipe si8e, and minimum water suppl%
re*uirements for the three classes of
standpipe and hose s%stems, as classified b%
?.P! =C
The combined standpipe and sprinkler s%stem
is defined b% the ?.P! as a s%stem where the
water piping supplies Thus, with the
combined s%stem, the standpipe# sprinkler
s%stem rises can be si8ed b% h%draulic
calculations based on the flow and pressure
re*uired for the standpipe s%stem when the
building is completel% sprinklered .or full%
sprinklered buildings with class ) or "lass )))
standpipe s%stems, with combined s%stems,
the sprinkler demand does not have to be
added to the standpipe pressure and flow
re*uirements as shown in Table == ,owever
where the sprinkler s%stem demand,
including the inside hose station allowance of
32 gpm for a single station and =22gpm for
multiple stations, e-ceeds the standpipe
s%stem demand, the sprinkler s%stem demand
shall be included
)t should be noted that the ma-imum demand
of 4322 gpm for a "lass ) standpipe s%stem
0as indicated in Table ==5 is reduced for
completel% sprinkle red buildings to =322
gpm for a light ,a8ard 9ccupanc%, and 4222
gpm for an 9rdinar% ,a8ard 9ccupanc% in
addition, for a completel% sprinklered
building with a combined s%stem, the "lass ))
t%pe of standpipe or the "lass )) provision of
=
=
J4 inch hose for occupant use on a "lass )))
s%stem can be omitted with the approval of
the authorit% having &urisdiction
With a combined standpipe and sprinkler
s%stem in a building e*uipped with a partial
sprinkler s%stem, the standpipe s%stem water
suppl% re*uirements must be increased b% the
h%draulicall% calculated sprinkler s%stem
demand or b% =32 gpm for $ight ,a8ard
9ccupancies or 322 gpm for 9rdinar% ,a8ard
9ccupancies whichever is the greatest
demand
/./ (y7e! o. St#nd7$7e Sy!tem
'tandpipe s%stems are also classified b% t%pe
according to the design of the relative to the
water suppl% features of the s%stem ?.P! =C
defines the various t%pes of standpipe
s%stems as follows
= Wet standpipe s%stem having suppl%
value open and water pressure
maintained at all times
4 Dr% standpipe s%stem so arranged
through the use of approved devices
as to admit water to the s%stem
automaticall% b% opening a hose
valve
D Dr% standpipe s%stem arranged to
admit water to the s%stem through
manual operation of approved remote
control devices located at each hose
station
C Dr% standpipe having no permanent
water suppl%
! filled standpipe having a small water
suppl% connection to keep the piping full
re*uiring water to be pumped into the s%stem
shall be considered a dr% standpipe of this
t%pe
)n addition to the preceding t%pes of s%stems,
s%stems that are similar that are wet standpipe
s%stems can be found in some areas however
in such s%stems the water suppl% valve that
keeps the s%stem full at water involves a
limited launch or connection These s%stems
are sometimes called primed s%stems and
operating pressure for their use with
/.0 WA(ER SU'';*ES FOR S(A)D'*'E
The water suppl% to a standpipe will ver%
with the design of the particular standpipe
s%stem and according to the location of the
structure that contains the standpipe
!cceptable water suppl% sources include
connections to public or private water mains,
pressure tanks gravit% tanks and fire pumps
'ome standpipe s%stems are designed so that
when a discharge valve at a hose station is
openedN water from public or private water
mains is automaticall% admitted into the
s%stem 'uch s%stems might utili8e a
principle of operation similar to that of dr%#
pipe sprinkler s%stems Thus the standpipe
normall% contains air pressure, the opening of
the discharge valve causes a pressure drop
which in turn allows water to flow into the
standpipe s%stem
The s%stems that are designed to operate with
remote#control devices often utili8e a
principle of operation similar to the deluge
valve, with a remote manual release that is
located ad&acent to each standpipe discharge
valve or hose station The remora#control
devices can be electrical pneumatic or
h%draulic in design and operation These
stand pipe s%stems Which allow water to
flow into the s%stem when the discharge
valve is opened, are usuall% found in free8ing
climates in occupancies where heat is not
provided 0including warehouses, piers and
similar structure5
The t%pical sources of water for standpipe
s%stems are similar to the water sources for
sprinkler s%stems The most prevalent source
of water is a direct connection to a public or
water mains of high#rise building, the
pressure of the water could be inade*uate if
the height of a building e-ceeds =2 stories
0CDC spire re*uired to overcome the pressure
loss in =22 ft of height5 Thus the use of fire
pumps is often re*uired on standpipe
s%stems )n high#rise buildings series of fire
pumps are usuall% arranged to suppl% vertical
8ones of the building
?.P! =C recommends that the ma-imum
height per 8one be 4O3ftN this involves
appro-imatel% =42 psi head pressure loss on
the s%stem ,owever, 8one heights up to C22
ft are permitted when the s%stem is rated for
the ma-imum pressure and the outlet pressure
is controlled to a ma-imum of =32 psi also,
?.P! =C re*uires a water suppl% capabilit% at
the topmost outlet of the standpipe s%stem to
provide 322 gpm at A3 psi for class = and
"lass ))) s%stems and =22 gpm at A3 psi for
class )) s%stems !t least one water suppl%
source must be automatic and must be
capable of suppl%ing the initial hose streams
on class )) and "lass ))) s%stems until the
au-iliar% or secondar% sources of suppl% can
be utili8ed man% standpipe s%stems utili8e the
standees fire depart sources of suppl% can be
utili8ed Man% standpipe s%stems utili8e the
'iamese fire department connection as the
au-iliar% or secondar% source of water
suppl% ?ote to taken that, with a dr%
standpipe s%stem the fire department
connection is the onl% source of water
/.2 F$re 'm7!
)n order to suppl% the pressure needed to
ensure an ade*uate volume of water at an
efficient pressure a stationar% pump with an
automatic stating controller can be connected
to the standpipe With a wet standpipe
normall% hilled with water from the
connection to the public water main The auto
man fire pump usuall% is arranged with the
controller on a pressure drop or water flow in
the standpipe thus, while a minor pressure
drop or flow will not start the fire pump, a
pressure drop that indicates that a standpipe
hose line valve is being opened will stat the
fire pump
Manuall% controlled fire pumps can be used
to suppl% standpipe s%stems The manuall%
controlled pumps can be arranged on
standpipe s%stem in combination with a
pressure tank or a gravit% tank the pressure
tank The pressure tank is often arranged to
operate on the pressure drop in the standpipe
s%stem caused b% the operation of a s%stem
discharge valve The pressure tank operation
then provide visual and audible signals on the
fire alarm s%stem which in turn, alert the
responsible personnel to manuall% start the
fire pump This t%pe of fire pump operation
often is found in industrial and manufacturing
occupancies where the fire pump is located in
a power plant, boiler house, or other locations
having personnel in 4C hour attendance
The manual fire pump operation often is
found where the industr% utili8es a stream
operated turbine or reciprocating fire pump
because pumps often are located at the source
of steam, such as a power plant or boiler
station 'team fire pumps usuall% will be
found in occupancies where steam is re*uired
in the operation of the industr% The% are also
usuall% found in e-isting conditions rather
than new installations .igure =A shows a
hori8ontal diesel#engine#driven centrifugal
pump
'tandpipe risers and branch lines can be
e*uipped with water flow alarm devices of
the same t%pe used in the wet#pipe automatic
sprinkler s%stem 'uch devices are useful in
large s%stems to indicate the area of the
building or the comple- in which the
standpipe hori8ontal electric#motor#driven
centrifugal fire pump, which arranged for
automatic start with a water pressure drop
from the opening of a standpipe control
valve .igure =L is a diagrammatic view of a
hori8ontal split#case fire pump ?ot that
pumps are usuall% made of single#stage
construction ! vertical submersible turbine
pump is preferred when the water source is
well or reservoir that re*uires a static suction
lifts
.ire pumps also are utili8ed to suppl%
standpipes from above ground reservoirs or
suction tanks, as well as from public or
private or private mains .ire pumps alwa%s
have discharge headers or series of outlets
located ad&acent to them often on the outside
of a building 'ome of these connections
could be identified as wall h%drants .ire
department personnel should be familiar with
the locations of fire pumps because these wall
h%drants or header outlets might valuable in
fire situation involving ad&acent buildings or
an e-posure to the fire pump locations
.igure ==2 shows an e-terior wall h%drant
located ad&acent to an interior fire pump
location
Pressure# maintenance pumps, sometimes
referred to as &ocke% or makeup pumps 9ften
are found on sprinkler s%stems and standpipe
s%stems These pumps are mostl% of the
centrifugal t%pe, although vane and positive
displacement #t%pe pumps might be found on
some s%stems Usuall% provided with electric
motor drive and having limited gpm capacit%,
these pumps operate on the initial pressure
drop from the s%stem and prevent the fire
pump from c%cling on and off due to pressure
losses from surges on the s%stem or leakage
through
The &ocke% assures maintenance pump first
operates with the initial pressure dropN once
the flow of water from the standpipe s%stem
or the sprinklers e-ceeds the capacit% of the
&ocke% pumpN the continued drop in pressure
activates the fire pump
'tationar% fire pumps installed in building to
ensure ade*uate water pressure and volume
to the standpipe s%stems are an effective and
valuable assistance factor to the fire
department especiall% in high rise buildings
/.4 8r#1$ty (#nk!
6ravit% tanks are installed on the roofs of
some buildings and supported on towers in
man% industrial manufacturing and
warehouse areas The prime advantage of the
gravit% tank is its head#pressure capabilit%
Because of this capabilit%, the gravit% tank is
able to provide a constant source of pressure
to the standpipe or sprinkler s%stem .or
ever% foot the water is elevated above a
gravit% tankPs discharge outlet, the pressure is
increased b% 2CDC pounds ,owever, gravit%
tanks re*uire e-tensive and continuing
maintenanceN in man% geographical areas,
the% also re*uire protection against free8ing
'eparate tanks or discharge pipes are
recommended to prevent the gravit% tank
from being emptied of water when the tank
supplies both operational and fire protection
s%stems 6ravit% tanks have collapsed from
ice loads created b% overflows when being
filled, and from lack of maintenance 6ravit%
tanks are of various si8es and are
manufactured from both wood and steel, with
steel being the prevalent material utili8ed in
modern tank construction
/.< 're!!re (#nk!
Pressure tanks are enclosed water tanks of
limited si8e, with air pressure maintained
within the tank to provide the velocit% energ%
for the discharge of the water from the tank
ThereforeN pressure tanks operate on a
principle similar to that of pressuri8ed air#
water e-tinguishers )t is preferable to locate
a pressure tank on a buildingPs upper floor
when building construction is sufficientl%
advanced to support the structural load of a
tank filled with water ,owever, with
facilities involving light such as health care
facilities or nursing homes where public
water mains are not available, the tanks
should be located in basements or outside the
structure Pressure tanks provide a means of
ensuring immediate water discharge from
standpipes in tall structuresN therefore, the%
are sometimes used in combination with fire
pumps or gravit% tanks
?ormall%, pressure tanks are kept
appro-imatel% two#thirds full of water and
charged with a minimum air pressured of O3
psi When gravit% tanks are connected to a
suppl% riser for sprinklers or standpipes with
a pressure tank, the connection should be
made C2 ft or more below the bottom of the
gravit% tank with the check valve for the
gravit% tank at the connection in order to
avoid air lock
!ir lock occurs when the gravit% tank and the
pressure tank are connected to a common
riser, and the gravit% water#pressure from the
gravit% tank is less than the remaining air and
water pressure in the riser at the gravit% tank
check valve Therefore, for new s%stems
being installed air lock can be avoided b%
providing sufficient gravit% pressure at the
gravit% tank check valveN this can be
accomplished b% making the connections a
possible solution to air lock is to reduce the
air pressure maintained on the pressure tank
to a safe minimum to allow discharge of the
water and also to increase the water level in
the pressure tank to about L2B ! reduction
in air pressure to appro-imatel% A2 psi with
increased water should provide a minimum
residual air pressure after the pressure tank
has been discharged completel%
/.: F$re De7#rtment Connect$on
The fire department connection is mandator%
on all standpipe s%stems and most sprinkler
s%stems according to the ?.P! standards
The fire department connection provides the
onl% means of suppl%ing water to a dr%
standpipe s%stem The onl% valve allowed in
the connecting pipe between the standpipe
riser and the fire department connection is a
check valve, which is installed to allow water
to flow into the s%stem from the fire
departments 'iamese connection Because no
t%pe of control valve is allowed on the pipe,
the fire department connection should alwa%s
be available to suppl% water to the standpipe
s%stem
The fire department connection should
alwa%s be inspected b% fire companies when
conducting in#service inspections, especiall%
when such connections are missing the plugs
or caps and before attaching hose lines These
connections often become depositories for all
t%pes of trash and obstructions including
empt% bottles The 6len Echo .ire
Department in Mar%land has an effective
inspection program whereb% members of the
department locate and inspect all fire
department connections to both standpipes
and sprinkler s%stems in their response area
With the cooperation and permission of
propert% owners, shrubs that obstruct
connections are removed and reflective
marketing are painted around the connections
to make them more visible from a distance,
especiall% at night
CHA'(ER FOUR
MECHA)*CA; EQU*'ME)(S USED *)
F*REF*8H(*)8
0.+ WA(ER SU'';Y CO)(RO; =A;=ES
.ire service personnel often need rapid access to
valves )f a valve is closed during an incident, it
ma% need to be opened to permit flow of water )f
a sprinkler valve is open, it ma% need to be closed
to assist in manual suppression efforts
The wording Qcontrol valveR b% itself does not tell
a user the specific use of the valve or what portion
of the s%stem is downstream of a particular valve
Using more descriptive labels such as Q=4th floorR
or Qpump b%passR will avoid confusion 0.igure
C=5
.ig C= 'prinkler 8one diagram
)f a valve identification is not obvious, an
additional diagram should be provided .or
instance, if a floor has multiple 8ones, each
control valve sign should identif% the
corresponding 8one, such as Q=4th floor eastR or
Q8one O#4R ! diagram of 8ones and the
boundaries between them should be mounted
ad&acent to each valve 0.igure C45 This will
enable firefighters to *uickl% determine which
valve controls each specific area
7alves are to be accessible for operation )f valves
are located in stairs, the% will be protected and
easil% accessible during a fire event
When a water suppl% control valve must be
.ig C4> Pressure controlling 7alve
located in a room or in a concealed space, a sign
outside the door or access panel helps firefighters
to *uickl% locate it )f the concealed space is
above a suspended ceiling, the appropriate place
for the sign is on the fi-ed ceiling grid, rather than
on a removable ceiling tile )n addition, some
&urisdictions re*uire e-terior signs that indicate
the locations of interior valves
7alve handles are often located high enough to be
out of vandals( eas% reach ,owever, such
placement re*uires a ladder to reach them when
necessar% !lthough some &urisdictions ma%
re*uire that valves be low enough to reach
without a ladder, all minimum height
re*uirements for obstructions must be followed
7alves for testing and draining purposes should
also be labeled This will prevent an% potential
confusion E-terior valves should be placed in
locations accessible even during a fire incident
Wall#mounted valves should be positioned no
higher than 3 feet above grade 0ground level5 and
located at least C2 feet from openings such as
windows, doors, or vents
.ig CD> E-terior sign showing valve location 0in
this case for a standpipe s%stem5
Designers should re*uire proper notification when
their designs re*uire s%stems, or portions of
s%stems, to be temporaril% shut off This would
t%picall% occur during s%stem alterations, or
phased installations )n these instances, the design
documents should re*uire notification of an%
s%stem impairments to the responsible fire service
organi8ation and coordination with the fire service
about an% re*uirements that these impairments
ma% entail
0.ig CC5 Wall control valve ne-t to window .ire
issuing from this window could prevent access to
the valve
0.ig> C35 Wall control valve
0., Con!$der#t$on
; $evel all valves for specific area covered
; Provide diagrams to show boundaries between
8ones
; $ocate interior valves in enclosed stairs where
possible
; Provide signage for valve that is outside stairs or
in concealed spaces
0./ F*RE 'UM'S
.ire pumps are used to boost the water pressure in
sprinkler and standpipe s%stems and to deliver the
re*uired amount of water This is necessar% when
the s%stem is fed b% a non#pressuri8ed water tank,
or when the water suppl% feeding the s%stem has
inade*uate pressure ! fire pump ma% be driven
b% an electric motor, diesel engine, or steam
turbine
0.ig CA5 .ire pump
'tandard for the )nstallation of 'tationar% Pumps
for .ire Protection, contains design and
installation details for fire pump installations
Electrical monitoring of pump controllers are also
re*uired for pump running, power failure, or
controller trouble These remote alarm signals are
often incorporated into fire alarm enunciators, so
that fire departments ma% identif% the status of a
given fire pump
! fire pump controller is the enclosure that
contains controls and status indicators for a fire
pump These devices are re*uired to be within
sight of the fire pump motor or engine The
automatic transfer switch, which is often in a
separate enclosure, transfers power to a secondar%
power source 0when provided5 .ire service
personnel ma% need access to this e*uipment
during the course of a fire
The power suppl% to an electricall% driven fire
pump must be reliable .or e-ample, power
suppl% lines must be protected and the circuit
must be independent of a building(s electric
service The latter feature allows the fire service
to shut down building power while the fire pump
continues to run The most desirable location for a
fire pump is in a separate building This affords
the most protection from fire, and gives
firefighters eas% access to the pump and its
controllers )f locating the pump in a separate
building is not possible, a fire#rated room with an
outside entrance is the ne-t best option The pump
rooms should be separated from the rest of the
building b% 4#hour fire#rated construction in
buildings without full sprinkler protection, and =#
hour construction in full% sprinklered buildings
)nside and outside entrances to fire pump rooms
should be labeled with signage Minimum
lettering si8e should be si- inches high with a
=
J4
inch stroke 0thickness of lines in each letter5
0.0 F*RE HOSE CO))EC(*O)S
,ose connections in "lass ) s%stems are t%picall%
4
=
J4 inch threaded outlets !s discussed in the .ire
,%drant section, it is essential that hose
connection t%pe and si8e match that used b% the
fire department in the &urisdiction where the
building is located
The primar% location for hose connections is
within enclosed, fire#resistance rated stairs
.irefighters set up and begin their attack from
within the protected stair enclosure Then the
attack ma% proceed towards the fire location )f a
*uick evacuation becomes necessar%, the hose
then functions as a lifeline, leading the firefighters
back to the protection of the stairs
The current preferred location for stairwa% hose
connections is at the intermediate stair landings
between floors This is because firefighters
usuall% stretch hose from below the fire floor for
their protection )f the connections are at
intermediate landings, the hose line reaches
farther than it would if the connection were at the
main landing, a full stor% below the fire floor
)f hose valves are located on main landings,
consider the position of hose connections in
relation to the door The connections should not
be behind the door when it is open Designers
should position the outlet to permit the hose line
to run out the door without kinking and without
obstructing travel on the stair
.ire attack using hose lines from stairwa% hose
connections re*uires stair doors to be propped
open This prevents the hose from becoming
kinked and restricting water flowN however, it can
also allow smoke and heat to enter the stairwa%
!t this point, occupants should either have e-ited
the building, be below the level of the fire, use
another stairwa%, or be sheltered in place until
after the incident But, there is now some concern
within the fire protection communit% that
occupants ma% be e-posed to fire or smoke
conditions during these firefighting operations
'ome reasons for this include> conflicting
evacuation instructions, occupants not following
evacuation instructions, the need for the fire
department to operate from all stairwa%s, or the
need for total building evacuation
0.ig CO5 ,ose connection on the corridor side of
such vestibules re*uire a little more stair door
0.ig CL5 'tripe on column to identif% hose
connection location in a parking garage
0.2 'RESSURE RE8U;A(*)8 DE=*CES
Pressure +egulating Devices 0P+Ds5 restrict
s%stem pressures, usuall% below =O3 psi for "lass
) s%stems 0.igure C=25 This is considered the
ma-imum safe operating pressure as well as the
ma-imum working pressure limit of most fire
protection components Proper design of P+Ds is
imperative so that firefighters have ade*uate
pressure for hose streams
!s a stark e-ample, failure to coordinate settings
on these devices with fire department tactics
emerged as a ke% issue in the =FF= Meridian Pla8a
high#rise fire in Philadelphia, which resulted in
the death of three firefighters
P+Ds fall into three categories> pressure reducing
valves 0P+7s5, pressure control valves, and
pressure restricting devices Pressure restricting
devices do not limit pressure during static 0non#
flowing5 conditions, nor do the% maintain a
constant discharge pressure These devices
incorporate orifice plates, mechanical pressure
restrictors, or valve limiting stops Pressure
restricting devices are not used for new "lass )
standpipe s%stems ,owever, designers ma%
encounter these when redesigning e-isting
s%stems, which would provide the opportunit% to
implement some or all of the considerations
below
0.ig CF5 ,ose connection e*uipped with a
pressure regulating device
P+7s and pressure control valves limit both static
and residual 0flowing5 pressures ,owever, man%
of these valves are factor% preset to attain specific
outlet pressures with specific inlet pressures )t is
important for designers to specif% the inlet
pressure range for valves as well as the desired
outlet pressure, so that the% ma% be designed
properl% and then installed on the correct floors
"areful attention during design, installation,
acceptance testing, and maintenance ensures that
s%stems with P+Ds will function properl%
P+7s and pressure control valves have other
disadvantages Their failure rate has been high
'econdl%, man% cannot be ad&usted b% firefighters
during a fire, or the% re*uire special tools and
knowledge .inall%, hose connections with these
devices cannot be used as backup fire department
inlet connections, since water can onl% flow
through a P+D in one direction
The most reliable means of limiting pressures in
standpipe s%stems is to design them to preclude
the need for pressure regulating devices )n
shorter buildings, careful attention to the design of
pumps and the ma-imum pressure supplied b%
incoming water mains can accomplish this )n
taller buildings, the same concept can be applied
to each separate vertical standpipe 8one Pressure
fluctuations in the water suppl% as well as the full
range of fire pump capacit% are essential
considerations in an% building
)f the use of P+Ds cannot be avoided, certain
design features will balance their disadvantages
The easier the valves are to ad&ust in the field, the
faster the fire service can overcome an%
unforeseen situation Designers should select
valves which can be easil% ad&usted and specif%
that identification signs and ad&ustment
instructions be posted at each valve The tools
re*uired to perform field ad&ustments should be
kept in a secure %et accessible location such as the
fire command center or a locked cabinet near the
fire alarm enunciator .inall%, a supplemental
s%stem inlet should be provided at the level of fire
department entr% This can be simpl% an e-tra
hose connection without a P+D on a riser
+ecommended a supplemental inlet, and it is
especiall% important for s%stems with a single fire
department connection
0.4 S(A)D'*'E *SO;A(*O) =A;=ES
The considerations in the section, Water 'uppl%
"ontrol 7alves, appl% to standpipe s%stems as
well This section gives additional guidance on
valves specific to standpipe s%stems The vertical
pipes that feed hose connections are called
standpipes or risers )f there are multiple risers, it
re*uires interconnections with suppl% piping to
form a single s%stem, with valves at the point
where each riser is fed b% the main bulk piping
coming from the water suppl% point Designers
should also put valves on the feed lines to remote
or supplemental hose connections
These valves are all called Qstandpipe isolation
valvesR The ones on vertical risers are called
Qriser isolation valvesR The% allow the fire
department to shut off or isolate an% given riser or
feed that breaks or otherwise fails .irefighters
ma% then use the remaining standpipes
+iser isolation valves separatel% control the feed
to each standpipe 'e*uential valves are not
acceptable where a single valve in the bulk main
can shut off more than one downstream riser .or
risers in stairwa%s, the riser isolation valves
should be within the fire#rated stair enclosure to
protect firefighters who ma% need to operate
them Previous editions re*uired designers to
place
.igC=2> )solation valve between the feed main
0entering from the lower left5 and the vertical riser
0on the right5 )t is located within the stair
enclosure for protection The valve at the top of
the photo is a sprinkler 8one control valve
the riser isolation valves at the bottom of the
risers to make them *uickl% accessible to
firefighters .ire departments ma% still prefer that
these valves be located on the level that the% use
for their primar% entr% )f the bulk feed main is
located on a different level it could be piped up or
down to the fire department entr% level, where the
isolation valve would be placed for that particular
riser 0.igure C==5
.ig C==> The feed for this standpipe was on a
level above the fire department entr% The suppl%
pipe was fed down 0on the left5 to the entr% level,
where the isolation valve was located Then, the
pipe was routed back upwards 0on the right5 to
feed the standpipe riser
0.< O(HER DES*8) *SSUES
'tandpipes should be installed as the construction
of building progresses These can be temporar% or
permanent 'tandard for 'afeguarding
"onstruction, !lteration, and Demolition
9perations, contains re*uirements for standpipes
during construction Design documents should
indicate the applicable re*uirements ! marked,
accessible fire department connection can suffice
as a water suppl% until building construction
progresses to the point at which the water suppl%
s%stem and fire department pampers can no longer
provide ade*uate pressure to the s%stem !t this
point, a temporar% or permanent fire pump also
becomes necessar%
)n climates sub&ect to free8ing temperatures, it is
vital that standpipes in unheated areas be dr% t%pe
s%stems ,eat tracing and insulation are
ineffective protection for dr% fire protection
s%stems because water is not normall% flowing
through the piping
$arge dr% s%stems deserve special considerations
!s the si8e of a dr% s%stem increases, the time
re*uired to deliver water to the remote hose
connection increases This is due to the increased
pipe volume that must be filled This can be
mitigated b% subdividing the s%stem into smaller
independent s%stems, or 8ones The disadvantage
is that fire department inlet connections to dr%
s%stems cannot be interconnected 0.igure C=45
.ig C=4> .D"s for separate manual dr% standpipe
s%stems in a large parking garage
Beside this some other e*uipments are used in fire
fighting and fire prevention, such as#
.ig C=D> ! *uick#connect t%pe of .D"
.ig C=C> This .D" is mounted too close to a
wall 9ther obstructions could be fences, pipes,
downspouts, vegetation, etc
.ig C=3> )nitiating device 0smoke detector5
.ig C=A> .irefighter emergenc% power receptacle
ne-t to a standpipe fire hose connection inside of
a stair enclosure
CHA'(ER F*=E
F*RE F*8H(*)8 SYS(EM OF EME
BU*;D*)8
"!$"U$!T)9? .9+ .+)"T)9? $9'', .$9W
!?D ,E!D 9. PUMP 9. .)+E .)6,T)?6
':'TEM
.ig 3=> T%pical diagram for a stand pipe and
hose s%stem connected directl% to the water main
2.+ M#>or ;o!! $n St#nd7$7e
!ccording to the B?B" =FFD, Table CC=, we
find the fire protection flow re*uirements
.low rate for stand#pipe and hose s%stem,
S 1 =F22 $Jmin
!gain from continuit% e*uation we know,
S 1 ! T 7
A
Q
V =
4
5 = 2 0
C
2D=AO 2

= V
s m V J AO4 2 =
We have taken diameter of the pipe to be =2 mm
0C in5
"alculation of +e%nolds number

d
= +e
D
=2 OFL 2
= 2 AO4 2 O FF3

=
D
=2 L3 LD = 0U 42225
'o flow is turbulent
We consider the pipe material to be "ommercial
'teel ?ow, from chart we find the relative
roughness of the pipe
eJD 1 2222CD
?ow from Mood% Diagram, we get the Q.riction
.actor , fR
f 1 22D3
g
V
D
L
f h
4
4
=
L= F 4
AO4 2
= 2
DC 4L
2D3 2
4

=
m 4D 2 =

ft O3 2
2., M$nor ;o!! $n =#r$o! com7onent!
.rom Table DD=2 of VMark(s handbook for
Mechanical Engineering(
23 2 = K
Therefore,
m
g
V
K h
D
4
4
=2 =3 =
L= F 4
AO4 2
23 2
4

=
=
Therefore, total head,
m
h
D
D
=2 F A
=2 =3 = A

=
=
2./ M$nor ;o!! $n )o??le
!ccording to the specification of B?B" =FFD,
each standpipe must observe a flow of =F22
$Jmin, for a floor area of =222
4
m !s the
building is si- 0A5 storied, we have si- outlets
from each standpipe 'o each branch must suppl%
a flow of one si-th of the standpipe flow 'o the
flow in one no88le is,
A
F =
= Q
min J D=AO 2
D
m =
.rom continuit% e*uation,
A
Q
V =
s mJ A3 C
2DL 2
C
=2 4O 3
4
D
=

We have taken the diameter of the no88le is DLmm

0=3 in5
.rom Table DD=2 of VMark(s handbook for
Mechanical Engineering(
23 2 = K
m
g
V
K h
233 2
L= F 4
A3 C
23 2
4
4
4
=

=
=
2.0 Fr$ct$on ;o!! $n Ho!e '$7e
!ccording to the specification of B?B" =FFD,
ma-imum length of a hose pipe is D2 meter We
assumed our hose to be D2 meter
We also assumed the hose diameter to be DL cm
0=3 in5
m
g
V
D
L
f h
s m V
in mm D
f
m L
A= 4
L= F 4
A3 C
2DL
D2
22D 2
4
J A3 C
5 3 = 0 DL
22D 2
D2
4
4
=

=
=
=
=
=
=
2.2 (ot#l He#d
+esidual pressure at the no88le tip should be
=22psi for professional fire fighters !s the s%stem
will be operated b% non efficient people, we ma%
not keep the pressure at such elevation !ccording
to the B?B" =FFD, for non#professionals the
pressure should be A2WA3 psi We, in our
calculation, have assumed,
+esidual pressure A3 psi at top out of +iser E*uals
CA m 0=32 ft5
7ertical 'traight Pipe E*uals
4L3 m 0FD ft5
Total Ma&or $oss 024D m M 242 m5
2CD m 0=C= ft5
Total Minor $oss 0
D
=2 F A

m M 2233 m5
22A=F m 024 ft5
Total ,ead 0,5 1 OCFF m 04CCA= ft5
O3 m 04C3 ft5 Eappro-G
Therefore the re*uired head of pump,
, 1 O3 m
2.4 Re%$red Flow R#te o. t-e M#$n 'm7
!ccording to B?B" =FFD, each stand pipe should
cover =222 m4 floor area !nd for this it should
have a flow of =F22 $Jmin !lso the ma-imum
hosepipe length is D2 m "onsidering all the above
re*uirements, we have chosen four standpipes at
four suitable different places in EME building
)n the above calculation we have calculated the
re*uired head for one stand pipe 'ince we have
chosen four standpipes for our design, re*uired
flow is four 0C5 times the flow for one standpipe
'o the flow rate is,
s m
m
m Q
J =4AO 2
min J A O
min J F = C
D
D
D
=
=
=
2.< 'm7 C#7#c$ty
'ince flow rate, S is 2=4AO
D
m Js and head of the
pump including all ma&or and minor losses is O3
m, the pump capacit% is,
hp
hp
kW
QH p
=43
F3 =4C
44 FD
O3 =4AO 2 L= F

=
=
=
=
?ote
= Main fire pump capacit% has been
considered as per clause no C4D4 of
Bangladesh ?ational Building "ode
0B?B"5 for four standpipes
4 The si8e of standpipes 0=22 mm5 has been
taken as per table CC4 of B?B"
D "apacit% of &ocke% pump has been
considered as =L2 $Jmin and head F3 ft
slightl% higher then the main pump as
&ocke% pump operates with initial pressure
drop When the flow of main pump
e-ceeds the capacit% of the &ocke% pump,
main pump activates
2.: Re!er1o$r De!$gn
!ccording to B?B" =FFD, each stand pipe should
cover =222
4
m floor area !nd for this it should
have a flow of =F22 $Jmin !s we have four
standpipes in our design, the reservoir should
posses four times the flow rate of a single
standpipe That is,
Total reserve is 1 C T =F22$Jmin T 32 min
1 DL2222 $
1DL2
D
m
This amount of water is kept in the reservoir for
fire fighting The water should be changed at
ever% si- months !lso we have to prevent it from
contamination +estriction should be applied so
that this water ma% not be used in domestic
purpose
CO)C;US*O)
'ince we do not have an% fire fighting facilities in
our EME building, we got interested in designing
a fire fighting s%stem in our EME building .or
ever% sort of design information we have gone
through the B?B" =FFD The information
collected from the B?B" proves to be of great
value in designing fire fighting s%stem of
educational and all sort of buildings
We have provided fire department connection at
the west side of the EME building as the place is
ver% eas% to reach The nearest fire service station
is located at $albagh )t will take a few minutes to
reach BUET at an% unwanted situation But as the
B?B" =FFD has suggested at least 32 minutes
back#up, we have gone through the rule We have
not suggested fire e-tinguishers here
We have designed the s%stem basing on water But
at all the places it ma% not be helpful !s we know
damages made b% water is no less than fire But in
ever% sense we have to save lives There should
have other dr% s%stems to control fire of electrical
e*uipment There are also some laboratories
where water ma% create more disaster )n those
cases we have to go through gas s%stem or other
options
9ur s%stem is a manual one, where presence of
personal is needed for 4C hours Besides it is a
standpipe s%stem, which needs individuals to
operate .or development it can be replaced b% an
automatic s%stem )t would also be ver% good if
the total s%stem is replaced b% sprinklers 'uitable
amount of fire e-tinguishers are also needs to be
provided
Re.erence!
= Marks hand book for Mechanical
Engineers
4 Bangladesh ?ational Building "ode
0=FFD5
D !ndersson, Berit, To-icological,
"hemical and Ph%sical Properties of
'elected Pesticides, Department of .ire
'afet% Engineering, $und Universit%
C .ire 'afet% in Tall Buildings, "ouncil on
Tall Buildings and Urban ,abitat,
Mc6raw#,ill =FF4
3 Uni*ue .og Iets and a ?ew Wa% of
.ighting .ires, Product "atalogue,
Waterfog