Hydrostatic Forces

By Jon den Hollander

EGR 365
Section 02
Dr. M. Sozen
5/27/2008
0
Abstract
!e "#r"o$e o% t!i$ la&oratory e'erci$e (a$ to deter)ine t!e %orce on a
$#&)er*ed "lanar $#r%ace ca#$ed &y a !ydro$tatic %l#id. +ater (a$ added to a %i$! tan,
!a-in* a !an*in* door &ein* !eld clo$ed &y a $trin* (it! a ten$ion ca#$ed &y a !an*in*
(ei*!t. +!en t!e de"t! o% t!e (ater e'ceeded a certain a)o#nt. t!e )o)ent on t!e door
ca#$ed &y t!e !ydro$tatic %orce o"ened t!e door. M#lti"le (ei*!t$ (ere te$ted and t!e
de"t! at (!ic! t!e door o"ened (a$ )ea$#red. !i$ (a$ co)"ared to a t!eoretically
deri-ed )odel o% t!e $y$te). !e co)"ari$on $!o(ed t!at t!e act#al de"t!$ (ere *reater
t!an t!e t!eoretical de"t!$ &y a""ro'i)ately t(o centi)eter$. !i$ )ay !a-e &een d#e to
%riction in t!e $y$te) (!ic! (a$ not ta,en into acco#nt. a$ (ell a$ a lo( "re$$#re aro#nd
t!e in$ide o% t!e door created &y (ater lea,in* t!ro#*! t!e $eal aro#nd t!e door. !e$e
co)"onent$ created a )o)ent o""o$in* t!e o"enin* )o)ent on t!e door. re$#ltin* in a
*reater de"t! o% (ater &ein* re/#ired to o"en t!e door.
Introduction / Background
!e "#r"o$e o% t!i$ la&oratory e'erci$e (a$ to e'"eri)entally deter)ine t!e
!ydro$tatic %orce on a $#&)er*ed "lanar $#r%ace and co)"are it to t!eoretically "redicted
-al#e$.
Hydro$tatic %orce$ act "er"endic#lar to t!e %ace$ t!at a %l#id co)e$ into contact
(it!. D#e to t!i$. t!e !ydro$tatic %orce ca#$ed &y t!e (ater in 0i*#re 1 (ill ca#$e a
)o)ent on t!e !in*ed door "#$!in* o#t(ard. !e (ei*!t. +. (ill create a ten$ion. .
(!ic! (ill create a )o)ent o""o$in* t!e )o)ent ca#$ed &y t!e !ydro$tatic %orce.
+!en t!e )o)ent ca#$ed &y t!e %allin* (ei*!t and t!e (ei*!t o% t!e door. )*. i$
e'ceeded &y t!e )o)ent ca#$ed &y t!e (ater. t!e door (ill o"en. relea$in* t!e (ater into
t!e re$t o% t!e %i$! tan,.
1
0i*#re 12 3""arat#$ #$ed to $t#dy t!e e%%ect$ o% !ydro$tatic "re$$#re on a $#&)er*ed
$#r%ace
3$$#)in* t!at t!e "#lley t!e (ei*!t !an*$ o-er i$ %rictionle$$. t!e )o)ent ca#$ed
&y t!e %allin* (ei*!t can &e calc#lated a$
( )
2
sin RW M
W

Si)ilarly. t!e )o)ent ca#$ed &y t!e (ei*!t o% t!e door. a$$#)in* a #ni%or)
den$ity t!ro#*!o#t t!e door. can &e calc#lated a$
( )
1
sin ' 5 . 0 mg L M
mg

2
W
d
T

2
R
L
L

1
Water
mg
s
d
F
(1)
(2)
a,in* t!e $#) o% t!e$e t(o )o)ent$. t!e total )o)ent actin* to clo$e t!e door i$
*i-en &y
( ) ( )
1 2 sin
sin ' 5 . 0 sin mg L RW M
g clo
+
!e )o)ent ca#$ed &y t!e (ater can &e deter)ined &y inte*ratin* t!e "re$$#re
o-er t!e area o% t!e door co-ered &y t!e (ater2

dF r M
open
(!ere d0 i$ t!e %orce d#e to "re$$#re actin* "er"endic#lar to t!e door and r i$ t!e di$tance
%ro) t!e !in*e. !e di$tance r and t!e %orce. d0. can &e e'"re$$ed in ter)$ o% $. t!e
di$tance alon* t!e door %ro) t!e &otto) o% t!e door o"enin*.
( ) ( )
ds w dA
s d g p
dA p dF
s L r

1
cos
) (

(!ere ( i$ t!e (idt! o% t!e door (!ic! i$ in contact (it! t!e (ater. S#&$tit#tin* t!e$e
into t!e e/#ation %or t!e )o)ent.
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

,
_

1
]
1

1
2
1
2
cos /
0
1
2
1
3
cos /
0
1
cos 3 cos
5 . 0
cos
2 3
cos
cos
1
1

d L
d gw M
dLs L
s s
gw M
ds s d s L gw M
open
d
open
d
open
By e/#atin* Mo"en and Mclo$in* t!e (ei*!t re/#ired to &alance t!e (ater %or a *i-en de"t!
o% (ater can &e calc#lated.
3
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1 2
sin cos
3
cos cos sin ' ) 5 . 0 (
cos 3 cos
5 . 0 sin ' 5 . 0 sin

R
w d
w L d L m g
W
d L
d gw mg L RW

,
_

,
_

+
!i$ can &e $ol-ed %or t!e )a$$ o% t!e (ei*!t &y di-idin* &ot! $ide$ &y *.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
sin cos
3
cos cos sin ' ) 5 . 0 (

R
w d
w L d L m
m
weight

,
_

4$in* t!i$ relation$!i". a t!eoretical )odel can &e de-elo"ed %or t!e &e!a-ior o% t!e
$y$te) (!ic! can &e co)"ared to act#al e'"eri)ental re$#lt$.
Procedure
o "er%or) t!i$ e'"eri)ent. )ea$#re)ent$ (ere ta,en o% all /#antitie$ %ro)
0i*#re 1 (!ic! (ere not *i-en. 3 (ei*!t (a$ t!en $elected and !#n* %ro) t!e $trin*. and
(ater (a$ allo(ed to %lo( into t!e %i$! tan, on t!e le%t $ide. !e de"t!. d. (a$ recorded
(!en t!e de"t! (a$ $#%%icient to o"en t!e door. !i$ (a$ re"eated %or $e-eral di%%erent
(ei*!t$.
Results
!e /#antitie$ *i-en and )ea$#red &a$ed on 0i*#re 1 are $!o(n in a&le 1.
Mea$#re)ent$ (ere ta,en o% t!e de"t! t!e (ater reac!ed &e%ore t!e door o"ened %or
-ario#$ (ei*!t$. !e$e are di$"layed in a&le 2.
4
(7)
(8)
a&le 12 Mea$#red and *i-en -al#e$ o% len*t!$. (ei*!t$. and an*le$
Given
56 0.165 m
5 0.143 m
( 0.104 m
) 0.1495 kg
71 0.157 rad
Measured
R 0.114 m
72 0.611 rad
a&le 22 Mea$#red (ater de"t! &a$ed on a !an*in* )a$$
Mass (g)
Depth (m)
+/- 0.0005
20 0.043
50 0.047
200 0.063
400 0.086
500 0.093
S#&$tit#tin* -al#e$ into E/#ation 889. a relation$!i" i$ e$ta&li$!ed a$ $!o(n in t!e
$a)"le calc#lation &elo( (!ic! can &e *ra"!ed.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 611 . 0 sin 157 . 0 cos 114 . 0
3
104 . 0 999
104 . 0 cos 999 143 . 0 157 . 0 cos 157 . 0 sin 165 . 0 1495 . 0 ) 5 . 0 (
2
3
3
1
3
2 2
m
m
m
kg
d
m
m
kg
m d m kg
m
weight

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

kg d
m
kg
d
m
kg
m
weight
02951 . 0 024 . 115 5 . 271
2
2
3
3
+
0i*#re 2 $!o($ t!e t!eoretical and act#al de"t! o% t!e (ater &a$ed on t!e )a$$ o%
t!e (ei*!t !#n* %ro) t!e $trin* attac!ed to t!e door.
5
0i*#re 22 :lot o% )ea$#red and t!eoretical -al#e$ o% de"t! -$. )a$$ o% (ei*!t
!e e'"eri)ental error &et(een t!e act#al and t!eoretical -al#e$ can &e
calc#lated a$
l Theoretica
actual l Theoretica
Error

4$in* E/#ation 8;9. t!e e'"eri)ental error &et(een )ea$#red and act#al -al#e$
(a$ calc#lated. !i$ i$ $!o(n in a&le 3.
a&le 32 !eoretical and act#al -al#e$ o% de"t! %or a *i-en )a$$. and di$cre"ancie$
&et(een t!e)
Mass (kg)
Depth (m) +/-
0.001
Theoretica Depth
(m)
Discrepanc!
(m)
"#perimenta
"rror
0.0200 0.043 0.0213 0.0217 1.02
0.0500 0.047 0.0272 0.0198 0.73
0.2000 0.063 0.0474 0.0156 0.33
0.4000 0.086 0.0666 0.0194 0.29
0.5000 0.093 0.0748 0.0182 0.24
$verage% 0.0189 0.52
6
(9)
Interpretation and Conclusion
!e data collected a""ear$ to %ollo( a trend $i)ilar to t!e t!eoretically deri-ed
e/#ation. Ho(e-er. t!e act#al data a""ear$ to &e $!i%ted a""ro'i)ately 0.02) a&o-e t!e
t!eoretical )odel. !i$ )ay &e "artially t!e re$#lt o% t!e %riction in t!e !in*e$ and t!e
"#lley. (!ic! (a$ not ta,en into acco#nt. !i$ %riction (o#ld increa$e t!e clo$in*
)o)ent. re/#irin* t!e o"enin* )o)ent to &e lar*er to o"en t!e door. o )a,e t!e
o"enin* )o)ent lar*er. t!e de"t! o% (ater (o#ld !a-e to increa$e al$o.
3not!er contri&#tin* %actor to t!e act#al de"t! &ein* !i*!er t!an t!e t!eoretical i$
t!at (ater (a$ con$tantly lea,in* aro#nd t!e $eal on t!e door. !i$ -elocity o% t!e (ater
created a lo(er "re$$#re aro#nd t!e $eal. increa$in* t!e clo$in* )o)ent on t!e door. and
a*ain re/#irin* a *reater de"t! o% (ater to o"en t!e door.
!e t!eoretical )odel $!o(ed t!at t!e relation$!i" &et(een t!e )a$$ o% t!e
(ei*!t and t!e de"t! o% t!e (ater i$ a c#&ic one. !i$ i$ a lo*ical concl#$ion. $ince a$ t!e
(ater de"t! increa$e$. t!e -ol#)e o% (ater 8a c#&ic -al#e9 i$ increa$in*. and it i$ t!i$
-ol#)e (!ic! i$ a""lyin* t!e "re$$#re o-er t!e area.
7