Chapter 1 and Vectors

PHYSICS I
PHY 093 PHY 093

Zuhairusnizam Md Darus
Email: znzam@salam.uitm.edu.my @ y
Phone
Office : 03 5544 2140
Mobile: 012 369 0020 Mobile: 012 369 0020
Website: http://zuhairusnizam.uitm.eu.my
Email: znzam@salam.uitm.edu.my
UiTM Shah Alam : Unit Percetakan Universiti
(UPENA)
UiTM Puncak Alam :Aras 4
Physical Quantities and Units
Base Quantities and SI Units
Significant Figures
Conversion of Units
Dimensional Analysis
Scalars and Vectors
1, 2
Ch 1 3 7
Laws of Thermodyn
Heat Capacity of Gases
RECOMMENDED TEXT:
PHYSICS For Scientists & Engineers With
Modern Physics by Giancoli, 4
th
Edition
REFERENCES:
Fundamental of Physics by Halliday, Resnick,
W lk 6
th
7
th
Ed J h Wil &S I
15
Mechanics of Motion
Motion with Constant
Acceleration (1 D)
Scalars and Vectors
Ch1,3,7
Gases and Kinetic Theory
p y
Work and Internal Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Walker;6
th
or 7
th
Ed., John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
ASSESSMENT:
TESTS 30%
LAB REPORTS 10%
FINAL EXAM 60 %
3
Ch2
Ch19,20
093
Mechanics of Motion
Motion with Constant
Acceleration (2 D)
Newtons Laws and Applications
Circular Motion
Temperature and Heat
T d Th l E
Gases and Kinetic Theory
Gas Laws and Absolute Temp
Kinetic Theory of Gases
4
Ch3
5
13
14
Ch18
093
C cu a ot o
Uniform Circular Motion
Centripetal and Angular Accn
Centripetal Force
States of Matter
Temp and Thermal Eqm
Thermometers and Temp Scale
Thermal Expansion of Solids n Liquids
Heat
Ch4,5
6
12
Ch17
Work and Energy
Work by a Varying Force
KE n W-KE Theorem
PE
Conservation of Energy
States of Matter
Solid Stress & Strain
Youngs Modulus
Fluids Density and Pressure
Archimedes Principle
Bernoullis Principle
6
Ch7,8
11
Ch12,13
Momentum, Impulse and
Collissions
Rotational Motion
Rotational Dynamics
Angular Momentum
Gravitation
Newtons Law of Gravitation
Gravitational Field Strength
Gravitational Potential
Realtionship bet g and G
Satellite Motion in Cicular Orbits
Escape velocity
7
Ch9
8
9
Ch10,11
10
Ch6
B R E A K
(18/7 25/7)
Statics
Equilibrium of Particles
Free-body diagram
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
Ch12
Prepared by Prof Madya Ahmad Abd Hamid, May 2010
Zuhairusnizam Md Darus
Phoe: 0123690020 Off : 03 5544 2140
Unit Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA)
http://zuhairusnizam.uitm.edu.my
Email:znzam@salam.uitm.edu.my
LECTURES LECTURES
Units of Chapter 1
Th N t f S i The Nature of Science
Models, Theories, and Laws
Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures y; g g
Units, Standards, and the SI System
Converting Units
Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Copyright 2009 Pearson
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1-1 The Nature of Science
Observation: important first step toward scientific theory; requires imagination
to tell what is important
Th i t d t l i b ti ill k di ti Theories: created to explain observations; will make predictions
Observations will tell if the prediction is accurate, and the cycle goes on.
No theory can be absolutely verified, although a theory can be proven false. y y , g y p
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How does a new theory get accepted? How does a new theory get accepted?
Predictions agree better with data
Explains a greater range of phenomena
Example: Aristotle believed that objects would return to a state of rest once
put in motion.
Galileo realized that an object put in motion would stay in motion until some Galileo realized that an object put in motion would stay in motion until some
force stopped it.
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The principles of physics are used in many practical applications, including p p p y y p pp , g
construction. Communication between architects and engineers is essential if
disaster is to be avoided.
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1-2 Models, Theories, and Laws
Models are very useful during the process of understanding phenomena. A model
creates mental pictures; care must be taken to understand the limits of the model
and not take it too seriously.
A theory is detailed and can give testable predictions.
A law is a brief description of how nature behaves in a broad set of circumstances.
A principle is similar to a law but applies to a narrower range of phenomena A principle is similar to a law, but applies to a narrower range of phenomena.
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1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant
Figures Figures
No measurement is exact; there is always some uncertainty due to limited
instrument accuracy and difficulty reading results.
The photograph to the left illustrates this
it would be difficult to measure the
width of this board more accurately than
1 mm 1 mm.
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Figures Figures
E ti t d t i t i itt ith i f l 8 8 0 1 Estimated uncertainty is written with a sign; for example: 8.8 0.1 cm.
Percent uncertainty is the ratio of the uncertainty to the measured value, multiplied
by 100:
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Figures Figures
The number of significant figures is the number of reliably known digits in a number. It
is usually possible to tell the number of significant figures by the way the number is y p g g y y
written:
23.21 cm has four significant figures.
0 062 cm has two significant figures (the initial zeroes dont count) 0.062 cm has two significant figures (the initial zeroes don t count).
80 km is ambiguousit could have one or two significant figures. If it has three, it
should be written 80.0 km.
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Figures Figures
When multiplying or dividing numbers, the result has as many significant figures
as the number used in the calculation with the fewest significant figures.
Example: 11.3 cm x 6.8 cm = 77 cm.
When adding or subtracting, the answer is no more accurate than the least
accurate number used. accu a e u be used
The number of significant figures may be off by one; use the percentage
uncertainty as a check.
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Figures Figures
Calculators will not give you the right number of significant
figures; they usually give too many but sometimes give too few figures; they usually give too many but sometimes give too few
(especially if there are trailing zeroes after a decimal point).
The top calculator shows the result of 2.0/3.0.
The bottom calculator shows the result of 2.5 x 3.2.
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Figures Figures
Conceptual Example 1-1: Significant figures.
Using a protractor, you measure an angle to be 30.
(a) How many significant figures should you quote in
this measurement? (b) Use a calculator to find the this measurement? (b) Use a calculator to find the
cosine of the angle you measured.
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Figures Figures
Scientific notation is commonly used in physics; it allows the number of
significant figures to be clearly shown significant figures to be clearly shown.
For example, we cannot tell how many significant figures the number 36,900
has. However, if we write 3.69 x 10
4
, we know it has three; if we write 3.690 x
10
4
it has four 10
4
, it has four.
Much of physics involves approximations; these can affect the precision of a
measurement also.
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Figures Figures
Accuracy vs. Precision
Accuracy is how close a measurement comes to the true value.
Precision is the repeatability of the measurement using the same instrument.
It is possible to be accurate without being precise and to be precise without It is possible to be accurate without being precise and to be precise without
being accurate!
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1-4 Units, Standards, and the SI System
Q i U i S d d Quantity Unit Standard
Length Meter Length of the path traveled
by light in 1/299,792,458
second
Ti S d Ti i d f Time Second Time required for
9,192,631,770 periods of
radiation emitted by cesium radiation emitted by cesium
atoms
Mass Kilogram Platinum cylinder in Mass Kilogram Platinum cylinder in
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures, Paris
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g ,
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1-4 Units, Standards, and the
SI System SI System
These are the standard SI prefixes for
indicating powers of 10. Many are familiar;
yotta, zetta, exa, hecto, deka, atto, zepto, yotta, zetta, exa, hecto, deka, atto, zepto,
and yocto are rarely used.
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We will be working in the SI system in which the basic We will be working in the SI system, in which the basic
units are kilograms, meters, and seconds. Quantities not
in the table are derived quantities, expressed in terms of q , p
the base units.
Other systems: cgs; units are y g
centimeters, grams, and seconds.
British engineering system has British engineering system has
force instead of mass as one of
its basic quantities, which are q ,
feet, pounds, and seconds.
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1-5 Converting Units
Unit conversions always involve a conversion factor.
Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm.
Written another way: 1 = 2 54 cm/in Written another way: 1 = 2.54 cm/in.
So if we have measured a length of 21.5 inches, and wish to convert it to
centimeters, we use the conversion factor:
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1-5 Converting Units
E l 1 2 Th 8000 k Example 1-2: The 8000-m peaks.
The fourteen tallest peaks in the world are referred to as eight-thousanders,
meaning their summits are over 8000 m above sea level. What is the elevation,
in feet of an elevation of 8000 m? in feet, of an elevation of 8000 m?
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1-6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
A quick way to estimate a calculated quantity is to round off all numbers to
one significant figure and then calculate Your result should at least be the one significant figure and then calculate. Your result should at least be the
right order of magnitude; this can be expressed by rounding it off to the
nearest power of 10.
Diagrams are also very useful in making estimations.
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Example 1-5: Volume of a lake.
Estimate how much water there is in a
particular lake, which is roughly circular,
about 1 km across, and you guess it has
an average depth of about 10 m an average depth of about 10 m.
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Example 1-6: Thickness of a page.
Estimate the thickness of a page of your
te tbook (Hint o dont need one of textbook. (Hint: you dont need one of
these!)
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Example 1-7: Height by triangulation.
Estimate the height of the building
shown by triangulation, with the help y g , p
of a bus-stop pole and a friend. (See
how useful the diagram is!)
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Example 1-8: Estimating the radius of Earth.
If you have ever been on the shore of a large
lake, you may have noticed that you cannot see
the beaches, piers, or rocks at water level
across the lake on the opposite shore The lake across the lake on the opposite shore. The lake
seems to bulge out between you and the
opposite shorea good clue that the Earth is
ro nd S ppose o climb a stepladder and round. Suppose you climb a stepladder and
discover that when your eyes are 10 ft (3.0 m)
above the water, you can just see the rocks at
water level on the opposite shore. From a map,
you estimate the distance to the opposite shore
as d 6.1 km. Use h = 3.0 m to estimate the
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as d 6.1 km. Use h 3.0 m to estimate the
radius R of the Earth.
1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Di i f tit th b it th t k it th ll Dimensions of a quantity are the base units that make it up; they are generally
written using square brackets.
Example: Speed = distance/time
Dimensions of speed: [L/T]
Quantities that are being added or subtracted must have the same
dimensions. In addition, a quantity calculated as the solution to a problem y
should have the correct dimensions.
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1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis is the checking of dimensions of all quantities in an
equation to ensure that those which are added, subtracted, or equated have
the same dimensions.
Example: Is this the correct equation for velocity?
Check the dimensions:
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Wrong!
Summary of Chapter 1
Theories are created to explain observations and then tested based on their Theories are created to explain observations, and then tested based on their
predictions.
A model is like an analogy; it is not intended to be a true picture, but to provide a
familiar way of envisioning a quantity familiar way of envisioning a quantity.
A theory is much more well developed, and can make testable predictions; a law
is a theory that can be explained simply, and that is widely applicable.
Di i l l i i f l f h ki l l ti Dimensional analysis is useful for checking calculations.
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Summary of Chapter 1
M t b t th i l t i t It i Measurements can never be exact; there is always some uncertainty. It is
important to write them, as well as other quantities, with the correct number of
significant figures.
The most common system of units in the world is the SI system The most common system of units in the world is the SI system.
When converting units, check dimensions to see that the conversion has been
done properly.
Order-of-magnitude estimates can be very helpful.
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Chapter 3 p
Chapter 3
Vectors
3-1 Vectors and Scalars
A vector has magnitude as well as direction.
Some vector quantities: displacement, velocity,
force, momentum
A scalar has only a magnitude.
Some scalar quantities: mass, time, temperature
3-2 Addition of VectorsGraphical Methods
For vectors in one dimension, simple
addition and subtraction are all that is addition and subtraction are all that is
needed.
You do need to be careful about the signs,
as the figure indicates as the figure indicates.
If the motion is in two dimensions, the situation is somewhat more complicated.
Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to one another; we can find the
displacement by using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Adding the vectors in the opposite order gives the same result: g pp g
E if th t t t i ht l th b dd d Even if the vectors are not at right angles, they can be added
graphically by using the tail-to-tip method.
The parallelogram method may also be used; here again the vectors must be tail- p g y ; g
to-tip.
3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar p y
In order to subtract vectors, we define the negative of a vector,
which has the same magnitude but points in the opposite g p pp
direction.
Then we add the negative vector.
3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar p y
A vector can be multiplied by a scalar c; the result is a vector c
that has the same direction but a magnitude cV. If c is negative, the
r
V
r
V
g g
resultant vector points in the opposite direction. V
3-4 Adding Vectors by Components
Any vector can be expressed as the sum of two other vectors, which
are called its components. Usually the other vectors are chosen so that
they are perpendicular to each other. they are perpendicular to each other.
If the components are perpendicular, they can
be found using trigonometric functions.
The components are effectively one-dimensional, so they can be added
arithmetically.
Adding vectors:
1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction. p
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:
and
.
3-4 Adding Vectors by
Components p
Example 3-2: Mail carriers displacement.
A rural mail carrier leaves the post office and drives
22.0 km in a northerly direction. She then drives in a
direction 60.0 south of east for 47.0 km. What is her
displacement from the post office? displacement from the post office?
3-4 Adding Vectors by
Components p
Example 3-3: Three short trips.
An airplane trip involves three legs, with two
stopovers. The first leg is due east for 620 km; the
second leg is southeast (45) for 440 km; and the
third leg is at 53 south of west, for 550 km, as third leg is at 53 south of west, for 550 km, as
shown. What is the planes total displacement?
3-5 Unit Vectors 3 5 Unit Vectors
Unit vectors have magnitude 1.
Using unit vectors, any vector r
can be written in terms of its components:
V
3-6 Vector Kinematics
In two or three dimensions, the
displacement is a vector:
3-6 Vector Kinematics
As t and r become smaller and smaller,
the average velocity approaches the
instantaneous velocity.
7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Definition of the scalar or dot product: Definition of the scalar, or dot, product:
Therefore, we can write:
7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
E l 7 4 U i th d t d t Example 7-4: Using the dot product.
The force shown has magnitude F
P
= 20 N and makes an angle of 30 to the
ground. Calculate the work done by this force, using the dot product, when the
wagon is dragged 100 m along the ground wagon is dragged 100 m along the ground.
11-2 Vector Cross Product;
Torque as a Vector Torque as a Vector
The vector cross product is defined as:
The direction of the cross product is defined by a right-hand rule:
The cross product can also be written in determinant form:
Some properties of the cross product:
Torque can be defined as the vector product of the force and the
vector from the point of action of the force to the axis of rotation: p
For a particle, the torque can be defined around a point O:
Here, is the position vector from the particle relative to O.
r
r
112VectorCrossProduct;Torque
as a Vector
Example 11-6: Torque vector.
Suppose the vector is in the xz plane, and is given by
asaVector
r
r
= (1.2 m) + (1.2 m)
Calculate the torque vector if = (150 N) .
r
r
r
F
r

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PHYSICS I

PHY 093 PHY 093

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