Project Report

on
Principles of Wind Power
Fibre Optic Applications in Wind Power
Ratnkant Jain
Shri Vaishnav Polytechnic College
ndore! ndia
*
13th December 2013
"ational nstit#te o$ %echnical %eachers& %raining and Research
Sha'la (ills! )hopal * +,- ..- /0P0 "1A
Project Report
on
Principles of Wind Power
Fibre Optic Applications in Wind Power
*
Participant
Ratnkant Jain
Shri Vaishnav Polytechnic College
ndore! ndia
*
Supervisors
Josh#a 2arnest! S#san S0 /athew! A0S0Walkey
"%%%R! )hopal! ndia
3
13th December 2013
*
24a'iners
Joshua Earnest, Susan S. Mathew, A.S.Walkey
NITTT !hopal, In"ia
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
'
24ec#tive S#''ary
Win" Power is one o+ the +ast ,rowin, renewa%le ener,y source in In"ia an" the worl".
In"ia, in particular, is a-on, top +ive countries in win" power ,eneration with present Installe"
capacity o+ over ).((( MW. As "e-an" ,rows, ,eneration capacity in -o"ern win" tur%ine
,oes in Me,awatt scale. A -o"ern %i, tur%ine re/uires sensin, an" controllin, o+ various
para-eters like te-peratures o+ -ovin, parts. $i%re &ptics with its electrical isolation an" %ein,
li,ht wei,ht characteristics can have ,reat potential to sense control para-eters o+ win" tur%ine
an" to co--unicate to the control unit. $i%re optic sensors are precise an" relia%le un"er
electrical ha0ar"ous environ-ent o+ win" ener,y.
$i%re &ptic Technolo,y has prove" itsel+ in present ,eneration 1o--unication syste-. The
sa-e hi,h spee" lon,, "istance co--unication Networkin, can apply in onshore an" o++shore
win" +ar-.
$i%re &ptic Syste- Maintenance is the crucial issue. The state2o+2the2art
-easurin,3-aintenance e/uip-ent with well traine" Manpower is e4pecte".
1ontrol o%5ectives
!e+ore the work on the controller "esi,n is starte" it is i-portant to clari+y the
re/uire-ents to such a syste-. It is co--on to arran,e the control o%5ectives into three
"i++erent cate,ories 6!ianchi 7. $., 7e !attista 8.an" Mant0 . J, '((9:.
; Ener,y capture< Ma4i-i0in, ener,y capture takin, in to account the li-itations o+ the
win" tur%ine. The overall e++iciency o+ the rotor an" trans-ission -ust %e -a4i-i0e"
to provi"e hi,hest possi%le power pro"uction.
; Mechanical loa"s< Preventin, e4cessive "yna-ic -echanical loa". Tra"itionally the
-ain li-itations are tur%ine spee" an" ,enerator power. $or the hy"raulic trans-ission
there will %e a""itional li-itations relate" to the hy"raulic pressure.
; Power /uality< E
nsurin, accepta%le ,enerate" power /uality
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
*
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
=
Pre$ace
The pro5ect 5Fibre Optic Application in Wind Power& was the part o+ -y two week
trainin, pro,ra--e on >Principles o+ Win" Power? at 7epart-ent o+ Electrical an"
Electronics, NITTT !hopal. Win" Power +iel" is the speciality o+ Pro+essor Joshua Earnest,
1o2&r"inator o+ this two week trainin, pro,ra-. 8is written %ook @Win" Power Plants an"
Pro5ect 7evelop-entA was the ,reat +rien" in provi"in, relate" knowle",e "urin, entire
trainin, +ro- ' 7ece-%er to )* 7ece-%er '()*. I a- /uite surprise to know that $i%re &ptics
have ,reat potential as eyes an" ears o+ e4citin, renewa%le Win" Power Beneration Syste-.
$irst an" +ore-ost -y thank ,oes to Pro$essor Josh#a 2arnest, 1o2&r"inator o+ the
two week trainin, pro,ra-. Without his valua%le inputs I coul" not "eci"e even title o+ the
pro5ect. 8is I"eas an" in2"epth un"erstan"in, o+ win" power encoura,es -e to co-plete this
pro5ect work.
I a- thank+ul to Pro$essor Vijay Agrawal, 7irector NITTT !hopal, +or allowin, -e
to participate in this Win" Power trainin, pro,ra--e. The +acilities provi"e" were
pheno-enal "urin, -y stay at NITTT !hopal.
I a- also thank+ul to Shri S0S0Shar'a, Principal SCP 1olle,e In"ore, who per-its
-e to atten" this trainin, pro,ra--e at NITTT !hopal.
My sincere thanks ,o to Pro$essor S#san S0 /athew an" Pro$essor A0S0Walkey +or
their kin" support in the ti-e o+ nee".
I a- please" to have cooperation +ro- sta++ o+ Electrical an" Electronics 7epart-ent
an" Di%rary o+ NITTT !hopal.
As re+erre" in the !i%lio,raphy, I a- ,rate+ul to all we%sites I visite" in this two week
+or provi"in, in+or-ation to write this pro5ect.
2 Ratnkant Jain
)hopal Ratnkant Jain
67th 1ece'ber -.67 Senior 8ect#rer
Shri Vaishnav Polytechnic College ndore 9/0P0:
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
E
%able o$ Contents
Chapter0"o0 %itle Page "o0
6 60 "eed o$ Fibre Optic %echnology in Wind Power
;
- ).) Intro"uction
7 ).' $i%re &ptics in win" power ,eneration
).* $i%re &ptic A"vanta,es in Win" power
).= 1o-ponents o+ $i%re &ptic Syste-
).=.) &ptical +i%re ca%le
).=.' Trans-itter an" receiver
).=.* 1onnectors an" couplers
).E Speci+ications
).F Su--ary
-0 Fibre Optic Sensors Application in Wind Power Plants <
'.) Intro"uction
'.' Nee" o+ $i%re &ptic Sensors in Win" Power Plants
'.* $i%re &ptic Sensor a"vanta,es in WPP
'.= $i%re &ptic Sensor types
'.E Su--ary
70 Fibre Optic Co''#nication Application in Wind Powers 67
*.) Intro"uction
*.' $i%re &ptic Win" Tur%ine 1ontrol Networkin,
*.* Win" $ar- Networkin,
*.= Su--ary
=0 Fibre Optic Syste' /aintenance ss#es 6,
=.) Intro"uction
=.' Nee" o+ +i%re &ptic Syste- -aintenance
=.* $i%re &ptic Maintenance e/uip-ent
=.= 1onclusions
Re$erences 6<
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
F
Chapter 6 = "eed o$ Fibre Optic %echnology in Wind
Power
606 "%RO1>C%O"
The state2o+2the2art &ptical $i%re prove" its "o-inance in electronic co--unication syste-
with e4tre-ely hi,h "ata han"lin, capa%ilities over the ran,e o+ Bi,a !its per Secon". It is
the %ack%one o+ -o"ern "ata tra++ic syste-. !ecause o+ electrical isolation o+ "ielectric
optical +i%re, it also can %e use" as relia%le sensors in electrically ha0ar"ous environ-ental
like within win" tur%ines an" in win" +ar-s. $i%re optics overco-es the co--on issues to
+ul+il the nee" +or spee" in real2ti-e -onitorin,, while provi"in, a -ore sta%le con"uctor an"
%etter "ata security than copper co-ponents. &ptical +i%res are use" in win" power syste- as<
1o--unication -e"ia an"
Sensors to -onitor an" control.
This chapter provi"es knowle",e a%out re/uire-ent o+ +i%re optics in win" power plants, its
a"vanta,es an" -a5or co-ponents o+ +i%re optic technolo,y. Speci+ication ta%le o+ optical
+i%re is also provi"e" at the en" o+ this chapter.
60- F)R2 OP%CS " W"1 POW2R ?2"2RA%O"
Most o+ the co--ercial win" tur%ines installe" to"ay are havin, hi,h power ratin, in Me,a
Watt ran,e. Sensors an" "ata co--unication links are esta%lishe" to -ake these tur%ines +ully
auto-ate" in its +unctionin,. Any "ata si,nals on copper wires G+i,ure ).)H route" ne4t to
these power lines are su%5ect to in"uce" noise. $i%re optic syste-s are use" +or %oth electrical
isolation purposes an" "ata co--unications. Any "ata si,nals sent throu,h +i%re optic lines as
shown in +i,ure ).' are not su%5ect to such electro-a,netic inter+erence.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
9
8earning O#tco'e@ At the end of this chapter reader will be able to justify the need of
Optical Fibre technology that can be embedded in wind power generation system.
Figure 1.1. Typical copper wire communication system. This system is prone to electromagnetic interference
and is not suitable for applications in wind turbine.
Source< http<33www.rtc-a,a0ine.co-3articles3view3)()F'.
Figure 1.2. Typical optical fibre communication system. The dielectric optical fibre is immune to
electromagnetic interference and is suitable for reliable applications in wind turbine.
Source< http<33www.rtc-a,a0ine.co-3articles3view3)()F'.
!ecause o+ the ,alvanic isolation an" low attenuation o+ optical +i%re, win" tur%ine utilises
+i%re optics in two ways< as a co--unicatin, syste- %etween "evices an" as sensin, ele-ent
itsel+. So-e o+ the key area in win" tur%ine an" win" +ar-s where +i%re installations suita%le
are<
Power electronic ,ate "river +or recti+iers an" inverters
1ontrol an" co--unication %oar"s
Tur%ine control units
1on"ition -onitorin, syste-s
Win" +ar- networkin,
607 F)R2 OP%C A1VA"%A?2S " W"1 POW2R
So-e o+ the -ain a"vanta,es o+ &ptical +i%re over copper wire are liste" %elow<
?reater )andwidth@ A sin,le +i%re can carry -ultiple sensor3 control si,nal, that
re"uces cople4ity o+ co--unication wires in a win" tur%ine3+ar-.
"o 2/ACross talk@ this provi"e relia%le "ata trans-ission3 sensin, in electrically
ha0ar"ous environ-ent o+ win" tur%ine.
8ess Atten#ation@ low stren,th "ata can propa,ate +or lon,er "istance +ro- nacelles
to control unit in a win" +ar-.
s'all siBe! light weight and $le4ible@ to ease installation in a win" tur%ine.
60+ CO/PO"2"%S OF F)R2 OP%C SCS%2/
$i%re optic syste- consists o+ optical, -echanical
an" electronics su%syste-s.
60+06 Optical Fibre Cable
&ptical +i%re is cylin"rical wave,ui"e G+i,ure ).*H
to carry li,ht si,nal +ro- trans-itter to receiver. It is
-a"e o+ transparent "ielectric -aterials like ,lass
an" plastic to +or- core an" cla""in, o+ optical
+i%re. This optical +i%re is use" as a -e"iu- to
trans+er co--unication an" control "ata in win"
power plant. The optical +i%re can itsel+ %e -a"e as a
sensin, ele-ent to -onitor te-perature, volta,e,
current at various sta,es o+ Nacelle an" also to
-onitor the strain o+ %la"es.
60+0- %rans'itter and Receiver
As shown in +i,ure ).' an optical trans-itter consists o+ se-icon"uctor li,ht source to convert
electrical si,nal onto correspon"in, intensity o+ li,htGDE7 or Daser 7io"eH an" "river
circuitry to "rive li,ht source. The receiver, at the other en" o+ optical +i%re, converts the
receive" optical power %ack into electrical one. Se-icon"uctor photo"io"e GPIN or AP7
photo"io"eH serves the purpose o+ conversion at receiver.
60+07 Connectors and Co#plers
&ptical +i%re onnectors G+i,ure ).=H are precisely "i-ensione" -echanical "evice attache"
at %oth en"s o+ +i%re. This is to connect li,ht si,nals into optical +i%re +ro- li,ht source o+ the
trans-itter an" "eliver li,ht si,nal +ro- +i%re to "etector o+ receiver.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
.
Figure 1.3. Fibre optic cable.
Source< www.tra"es.in"ia-art.co-
An optical +i%re oupler co-%ines -any
+i%res that contain si,nals +ro- "i++erent
parts o+ tur%ine into a sin,le +i%re. It is
use" to trans-it -any %i"irectional
si,nals in tur%ine. The way in which
si,nals are co-%inin, is calle"
wavelen,th "ivision -ultiple4in,.
60; SP2CFCA%O"S
There are -any choices a-on, +i%res,
sources, "etectors an" connectors. So-e
o+ the speci+ications are liste" %elow<
%able 606 Speci$ications o$ 1i$$erent ?lass Fibres $or Wind Power Application
%ypes o$
$ibre
So#rce
type and
Operating
wavelengt
h
CoreA
Cladding
dia'eter
in D'
Atten#ation
9d)A E/:
)andwidth
9/(B3E/:
Re'ark
Multi-o"e
Blass +i%re
DE7, .E(
n-
F'.E3)'E *.( '(( Ease to han"le,
suita%le +or
co--unication
within Nacelle,
+ro- nacelle to
control unit at
tower %otto-.
Multi-o"e
Blass +i%re
DE7,
)*(( n-
F'.E3)'E (.I E((
Sin,le-o"e
Blass +i%re
D7, )*)(
n-
I3)'E (.*E More than
*(((
Sta%le an" precise
1onnectori0ation
nee"e",
suita%le in win"
+ar- networkin,
Sin,le-o"e
Blass +i%re
D7, )EE(
n-
I3)'E (.' More than
*(((
So#rce@ http<33ist.%erkeley.e"u3teleco-3nso3p-2s"3stan"ar"s3+i%re2optic2ca%lin,

60, S>//ARC
The lower attenuation, ,reater %an"wi"th co-pare" to copper ca%les an" a%ove all, i--unity
to hi,h electric power, +i%re optics are provin, its si,ni+icant role in auto-ation o+ win"
tur%ines. The si,nals that carry optical +i%re provi"e relia%le in+or-ation +or health -onitorin,
an" controls o+ win" tur%ines.
**************
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
I
1oupler
1onnectors
Figure 1.4. Fibre Optic Connectors and Coupler.
Source<www.+i%reoptic)()%lo,spot.in
Chapter - 2 Fibre Optic Sensors Application in Wind
Power Plants
-06 "%RO1>C%O"
Most -o"ern win" power plants have intelli,ent +eatures to -onitor an" control the
su%syste-s like rotor, ,ear%o4, ,enerators an" yaw "rive to acco--o"ate varyin, win"
con"itions. There are -ore than )(( para-eters that are to %e -onitor or set in -o"ern win"
tur%ines. $i%re optic an" other sensors -onitor the con"ition an" stren,th o+ the tur%ineAs
parts to avoi" run2to2+ailure. This chapter "escri%e the principles an" applications o+ +i%re
optic sensors in present ,eneration -e,awatt win" tur%ine to -onitor an" control o+ such
para-eters.
-0- "221 OF F)R2 OP%C S2"SORS " W"1 POW2R P8A"%S
$i%re optics sensors %eco-es a pre+erre" choice in -e,awatt rate" win" tur%ine as it o++ers
-uch hi,her volta,e an" current isolation properties co-pare" to other si-ilar counterparts.
&ptical +i%re is use" as a sensin, ele-ent to -onitor an" control various physical para-eters
o+ the tur%ine. Applications within the
tur%ine nacelle usin, +i%re optic links
insure that the tur%ine has a hi,h
relia%ility.
As shown in +i,ure '.), so-e o+ the
-ain +i%re optic sensor application area
in win" tur%ine inclu"es<
Ci%ration o+ ,enerators
Te-perature o+ !reakers
Te-perature o+ ,ear %o4
Pitch an" yaw control syste-s
Strain o+ %la"es
Win" pressure
Sta%ility o+ rotor an" tower
Ice an" Moisture control

-07 F)R2 OP%C S2"SOR A1VA"%A?2S " WPP
1o-pare" to Electronic counterparts, $i%re &ptic sensors are havin, ,reater a"vanta,es in
-e,awatt scale win" tur%ines. So-e o+ the -ain %ene+its o+ $i%re &ptic sensors are<
elia%le, since "ielectric optical +i%res are i--une to EM inter+erence.
Precise, since s-all variations in physical para-eter can lea" to -easura%le chan,es in
intensity an" phase, in particular, o+ li,ht waves.
8avin, lon, ran,e o+ operation.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)(
8earning O#tco'e@ At the end of this chapter you will be able to describe fibre optic
sensors used in wind turbine and its functioning.
Figure 2.1. Fibre optics locations in wind turbine nacelle
Source< www.-y2+t-.co-3(.(E3(.(E').asp
S-all in si0e an" li,ht wei,ht
-0+ F)R2 OP%C S2"SOR %CP2S
The %asic principle involvin, in $i%re &ptic sensors is the chan,e in li,ht wave characteristics
in the +i%re wave,ui"e %y the para-eter that re/uire" to %e sense" or -onitor. I+ li,ht wave
characteristics altere" insi"e o+ optical +i%re then it is calle" intrinsic sensor an" i+ +i%re is
use" as -o"ulate" li,ht carrier pro%e, it is re+erre" to as e4trinsic sensor.
There are %asically +our sensin, -echanis- in +i%re optic sensors<
aH Intensity Mo"ulate" Sensors
%H Phase Mo"ulate" Sensors
cH Polarisation Mo"ulate" sensors
"H Wavelen,th3 $re/uency Mo"ulate" Sensors
!y the way o+ -easurin, one o+ these variations, optical +i%re sensors are suita%le to -easure
an" -onitor te-perature at various parts o+ win" tur%ine, strain an" pressure o+ win" %la"es
etc. So-e o+ the &ptical +i%re sensors use" in -o"ern win" tur%ines are liste" in ta%le '.
%able -06 Optical Fibre Sensor application in Wind %#rbine
"a'e o$ $ibre
optic sensor
1escription o$ Sensor type Application in wind t#rbine
Te-perature Intensity -o"ulate" intrinsic optical
+i%re sensor, $i%re !ra,, Bratin,
sensor
Monitor te-peratures at all
%earin,s, sha+ts, ,ear%o4 oil,
,enerators, yaw "rive an" %rakes
Ci%ration Intensity -o"ulate" e4trinsic optical
+i%re sensor
Monitor vi%ration o+ tower,
,enerator
Pressure $i%re optic Polari0ation -o"ulate"
sensor
Monitor win" pressure an" win"
+low
Strain $i%re !ra,, Bratin, or aylei,h
Scatterin, sensor
Monitor %la"e strain +or %ein,
"a-a,e, use" in lar,e tur%ine
%la"es
7isplace-ent Intensity -o"ulate" e4trinsic optical
+i%re sensor
Monitor tip "e+lection o+ %la"es
to prevent %la"es hittin, the
tower
Moisture, ice Intensity -o"ulate" intrinsic optical
+i%re sensor
To prevent win" tur%ine
"e,ra"ation
otation $i%re &ptic ,yroscope, inter+ero-etric
type
Monitor pitch an,le o+ each rotor
%la"es, yaw an,le o+ rotor
There are several techni/ues to vary an" -easure previously e4plaine" sensin, para-eters
usin, &ptical +i%re as a sensin, ele-ent. So-e o+ the principles are e4plaine" in +ollowin,
section. !he actual performance and installation comple"ity of these sensors in wind power
generation conditions are to be researched and #erified.
-0+06 Fibre Optic Strain and %e'perat#re Sensor
The Fibre $ragg %rating &F$%' is use" to sense strain o+ the %la"es o+ lar,e win" tur%ines
an" te-peratures at various heat ,eneratin, locations o+ the tur%ine.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
))
9a: Strain Sensor
Three to +our $!B strain ,au,es is
e-%e""e" "urin, -anu+acturin, o+ each
tur%ine %la"e. The perio"ic chan,es in
re+ractive in"e4 GBratin,H o+ 1ore o+ the
&ptical +i%re is o%tain to -ake is sensin,
ele-ent. The inci"ent li,ht is re+lecte" +ro-
this ,ratin, structure which is o%serve" on
&ptical Spectru- Analyser G&SAH. Strain in
the +i%re alters the ,ratin, spacin,, hence the
re+lecte" wavelen,th. The chan,e in
re+lecte" wavelen,th G!ra,, wavelen,thH
correspon"s to a-ount o+ strain on the +i%re.
It has sensitivity o+ ).' pico-eter chan,e in
wavelen,th per -icro strain o+ the %la"e.
9b: %e'perat#re Sensor
The si-ilar $i%re !ra,, Bratin, Sensor is
use" to -easure te-peratures at various
parts o+ the win" tur%ine. The sensin, $!B
can %e place" in the close" pro4i-ity o+
heatin, co-ponent o+ the win" tur%ine. The
re+ractive in"e4 o+ the silica ,lass +i%re
chan,es with te-perature. As the e++ect o+
te-perature the !ra,, wavelen,th shi+t which is -easura%le. The sensitivity is )( pico-eter
wavelen,th shi+t per
o
1 o+ heatin, ele-ent.
-0+0-0 Fibre Optic Press#re and Vibration Sensor
This sensor can %e -ounte" on the tower to
-onitor win" pressure an" win" +low. It
also can sense vi%rations o+ the ,enerator
an" nacelle.
!en"in, the optical +i%re at its "i-ension
level causes output power to "ecrease,
since so-e a-ount o+ li,ht intensity
ra"iate" +ro- core at %en"in, location. The
a-ount o+ power re"uction "epen"s on the
%en"in, ra"ius o+ the +i%re. A suita%le
%en"in, -echanis-, as shown in +i,ure
'.=, can %e "esi,ne" to o%tain %en"in, in
+i%re %ecause o+ the pressure or vi%ration.
-0+07 Fibre Optic Rotation Sensor@
Pitchin, an,le o+ %la"es an" Jaw an,le o+ rotor can %e -easure" with Fibre Optic
?yroscope. $i%re optic ,yroscope can %e place" on %earin,s o+ each pitch "rive to sense
an,ular variations o+ %la"es in pitch control win" tur%ine. This sensor also can %e place" on
yaw "rive o+ rotor to -aintain rotor towar"s win" "irection.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)'
Figure 2.2 : Fibre Bragg rating principle
Source<
http<33www.+%,s.co-3technolo,y3+%,2prin
ciple
Figure 2.3: Fibre Bragg rating module
Source< http<33www.o2elan".co-
$!B
Figure 2.4: Fibre optic !icrobending "ensor
Source< http<33www.-"pi.co-3)='=2.''(3)(3))3)()I.
$i%re optic ,yroscopes are o+ two types<
polari0ation -o"ulate" or phase -o"ulate". The
%asic principle involves in the polari0ation
-o"ulate" ,yroscope G+i,ure '.EH is when
%un"le o+ is rotate" on its central a4is, the state
o+ polari0ation o+ li,ht wave passin, throu,h it
chan,es. The a-ount o+ -easura%le chan,e in
polari0ation "epen"s o+ an,ular spee" o+ +i%re
%un"le. In phase -o"ulate" inter+ero-etric
Byroscope GSa,nac Inter+ero-enterH the chan,e
in the phase o+ input li,ht wave entere" into
+i%re %un"le an" output li,ht wave "eter-ines
the %un"le rotation spee".
-0+0+ Fibre Optic 1isplace'ent Sensor
This sensor can %e -ounte" on tower o+ the win" tur%ine G+i,ure '.FH to -onitor tip "e+lection
o+ %la"es to prevent %la"es hittin, the tower.
This is intensity -o"ulate" e4trinsic type
sensor in which +i%re is actin, as a pro%e.
Di,ht is couple" in the one ar- o+ the *2
"! plastic +i%re coupler to %e e4it +ro-
output ar-. This li,ht in air re+lects +ro-
the o%5ect whose "isplace-ent is to %e
-easure" an" couple" %ack to the sa-e
ar- o+ the +i%re. The a-ount o+ the power
couple" "epen"s on the "istance o+ o%5ect
+ro- the +i%re. Suita%ly cali%ratin, the
-easure" re+lecte" power, "isplace-ent
o+ o%5ect can %e o%serve".
-0; S>//ARC
In this chapter we have seen that optical +i%res are havin, ,reat potential in win" power
plants. Its ,alvanic isolation characteristics can -ake the- popular in present "ay -e,awatt
win" tur%ines. &l"er win" tur%ines can also %e -o"erni0e" usin, +i%re optic technolo,y +or
relia%le, e++icient an" sta%le per+or-ance o+ various su%syste-s within win" tur%ine. In +uture
a"vance si,nal processin, an" +i%re optic network technolo,y will i-prove the precision an"
cost o+ +i%re optic technolo,y e-%e""e" in hi,h power win" tur%ines.
**************
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)*
$!B
Figure 2.#: Fibre optic displacement sensor sc$ematic
Source:
http<33physics2ani-ations.co-3sensors3En,lis
h3inter+.ht-
Figure 2.%: Fibre optic yroscope
Source: https<33spie.or,34*I('..4-l
Chapter 7 2 Fibre Optics Co''#nication Application in
Wind Power
706 "%RO1>C%O"
Present "ay new win" tur%ines are inten"e" to "eliver several -e,awatts o+ electrical power.
Their towers are )(( -eter tall an" -ore. There are several such Win" Power Plants in a win"
+ar-, separate" to a "istance o+ E(( -eter or -ore. &n win" +ar-s, the "ata collecte" +ro-
-ultiple tur%ine -onitorin, syste-s are re/uire" to trans-it over lon, "istances to -aster
control station. $i%re &ptic co--unication is the %est choice in this hi,h electric +iel" "o-ain
o+ win" power ,eneration. This chapter "escri%e the application o+ +i%re optics "ata link in a
win" tur%ine an" its networkin, to interconnect win" tur%ines +or co--unication an" control
in a win" +ar-.
70- F)R2 OP%C W"1 %>R)"2 CO"%RO8 "2%WORE"?
The +i%re optics is typically +oun" in various syste-s within the win" tur%ine associate" with
"isplace-ent sensor, vi%ration sensor, ice sensors, te-perature sensors, spee" K win"
"irection laser sensors, an" $i%re !ra,, Bratin, sensors +or -onitorin, strain on the %la"es
etc. &utputs o+ these sensors are re/uire" to +ee" to controllers. 1ontrollers trans-it control
si,nals to %e sent to various sections o+ the win" tur%ine. &ne PD1 controller is also place" at
the %otto- o+ tower to control win" tur%ine an" electric su%station. Any kin" o+ "uple4
co--unication setup has to %e esta%lishe" in this re,ar"s. $i%re optic co--unication "ata
links %eca-e pre+erre" choice, consi"erin, its electrical isolation characteristics.
Fibre Optic Selections
Since "ata rate in not the critical issue GMe,a !it Per Secon"s, M!PSH within win" tur%ine
an" trans-ission "istance o+ )(( -eter or so, +ollowin, coul" %e the selection choice +ro-
+i%re optic technolo,y<
&ptical +i%re ca%le < ein+orce" Multi-o"e Blass $i%re 1a%le, E(3)'E core2cla""in, ratio.
Di,ht Source < Di,ht E-ittin, 7io"e GDE7H at operatin, L M ).* N-
Di,ht 7etector < PIN photo"io"e
Si,nal con"itionin, < 8a--in, co"e" "i,ital +or-at
$i,ure *.) shows +i%re optic installations in hu%, nacelle an" tower o+ typical -o"ern win"
tur%ine. All si,nals are +e" +ro- nacelle throu,h $ast &ptical Ethernet 1hannel Switch G)((
M!PSH to Main 1ontroller at the %otto- o+ the tower. The P1 controller at %ase-ent -onitors
para-eters o+ win" tur%ine an" control si,nals are sent to all the +unctionin, units o+ the
tur%ine +or its health an" sta%ilisation.
In or"er to re"uce wire co-ple4ity, $i%re &ptic 1ouplers are use" to co-%ine various si,nals.
$i%re optic star couplers are use" to co-%ine in"ivi"ual +i%res at various locations. These
+i%re optic si,nals are -ultiple4e"3 "e-ultiple4e" usin, Wavelen,th 7ivision Multiple4in,
GW7MH techni/ue.
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)=
8earning O#tco'e@ At the end of this chapter you will be able to describe the use of
optical fibre communication in wind power.
707 W"1 FAR/ "2%WORE"?
1o--unication %etween win" tur%ine towers an" -aster control unit is another -a5or issue
since win" +ar-s typically span vast "istances that -ay ,o on +or +ew kilo-eters in the
electrical ha0ar"ous environ-ent. The issue is even -ore crucial in o++shore win" +ar-s
where tur%ine spacin, coul" ,o up to E k- or -ore. Networkin, an" 1o--unications
pro"ucts use" in these applications re/uire in"ustrial2,ra"e "ura%ility in or"er to withstan"
such con"itions. Biven these circu-stances, it is essential +or win" +ar-s to use only ru,,e"
an" hi,hly relia%le co--unications an" networkin, e/uip-ent that e-ploy the use o+ +i%re
optics instea" o+ 1opper wire. 7ou%le shiel"e" 1ATF Networkin, ca%le is the e4pensive
alternative to +i%re optic ca%le. $i%re optic ca%le has superior "ielectric properties an" is
i--une to EMI events an" te-perature e4tre-es that coul" inter+ere with co--unication,
-onitorin, an" control o+ the win" +ar- an" its control +acility.
Fibre Optic Selections
7ata trans-ission over Sin,le Mo"e $i%re GSM$H ca%le has to incorporate in the installation
+or hi,h M!PS "ata over lon,er "istance in a win" +ar-. $ollowin, coul" %e the selection
choice +ro- +i%re optic technolo,y<
&ptical +i%re ca%le G&nshoreH < )' SM$ A7SS 1a%le, I3)'E core2cla""in, ratio.
&ptical +i%re ca%le G&++shoreH < )' SM$ Ar-oure" 1a%le, I3)'E core2cla""in, ratio.
Di,ht Source < Daser 7io"e GD7H at operatin, L M ).* N-
Di,ht 7etector < InBaAs AP7 photo"io"e
Si,nal con"itionin, < E!F! NO "i,ital +or-at
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)E
Figure 3.1. Fibre Optic Control &etwor'ing in a wind turbine.
Source< http<33www.+ireco--s.co-3applications2renewa%lePener,y.ht-l
Figure: 3.2 Typical Fibre Optic &etwor' in Ons$ore (ind Farm
Source< http<33www.+i%reopticlink.co-3In"ustryPSolutions3Win"PEner,y.ht-l
All is
well
Fibre optic
Communication
Equipment
Fibre optic channel switch
$i,ure *.' shows a typical $i%re &ptic win" +ar- Network. $i%re &ptic installation coul" %e
un"er,roun" or Aerial. Qn"er,roun" "uct installation has %ene+its o+ %ein, co-+orta%le an"
space savin,. There are several choices a-on, co--ercially availa%le +i%re optic ca%les.
So-e o+ the -ain $i%re &ptic Networkin, e/uip-ents GCisco nc0 Co'pany is pioneer in
this re,ar"sH are<
Optical Switches < Interconnect Multiple channels to co--unicate each other,
use" in controller at nacelle an" at %otto- o+ the win" tur%ine.
Optical Ro#ters < Mana,e "ata tra++ic %y provi"in, least path to "ata packets,
use" at Master 1ontrol Station.
Optical Repeators < A-pli+y an" re,enerate "ata, re/uire" in very lar,e win" +ar-
Dink Inter+aces < Interconnect "i++erent Physical layer 1o--unication Protocol
70+ S>//ARC
We have seen in this chapter the presence o+ $i%re &ptics within a win" tur%ine to
co--unicate each su%syste- o+ tur%ine to correspon"in, 1ontrol units. It is also wi"ely use"
to trans-it "ata that interconnect win" tur%ines an" 1entral 1ontrol unit o+ a win" +ar-. The
+ast, relia%le, EMI noise +ree $i%re &ptic Networkin, coul" encoura,e the tur%ine "esi,ner
an" -anu+acturer to "evelop -ulti -e,awatt ,reen ener,y win" tur%ines +or %oth onshore an"
o++shore.
**************
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)F
Chapter + 2 Fibre Optic Syste' /aintenance ss#es
d06 "%RO1>C%O"
As we have seen in previous chapters that +i%re optics technolo,y can %e apply in win" power
,eneration syste-s in the role o+ sensors an" co--unicatin,. The state2o+2art2technolo,y
re/uire" si-ilar level o+ -aintenance. This chapter "escri%e so-e o+ the -aintenance e/uip-ent
that are nee"e" in case o+ +ault or +ailure.
+0- "221 OF F)R2 OP%C SCS%2/ /A"%2"A"C2
$i%re &ptic Sensors are eyes an" ears o+ the win" tur%ines. Any kin" o+ -al+unction in these
Sensors an" correspon"in, $i%re &ptic 1o--unication channel -ay lea" to %i,,er "a-a,e in
win" power ,eneration syste-s.
There are two kin" o+ -aintenance +or +i%re optic syste-<
Perio"ic Maintenance
!reak"own Maintenance
The per+or-ance o+ +i%re optic sensors "ecreases over the perio" o+ ti-e "ue a,in, an"
environ-ental e++ects. Sensors installe" at various parts o+ win" tur%ine have to %e cali%rate" or
replace" as speci+ie" %y -anu+acturer +or their opti-u- an" relia%le +unctionin,. Di,ht Sources
like Daser "io"e, use" in 7ata 1o--unication E/uip-ent loses its power output sta%ility in the
operatin, a,e o+ two years or so. The sensitivity o+ li,ht "etectors GAP7 in particularH
"eteriorates in the sa-e -anner. Di,ht sources, "etectors or correspon"in, co--unication
e/uip-ent has to %e replace" in the perio" o+ two years or as per -anu+acturerAs speci+ications.
&ptical $i%re 1a%les "o have a,in, e++ect un"er the installation con"itions. Its attenuation an"
-echanical stren,th characteristics "ecreases an" are re/uire replacin, with new ca%le.
$i%re ca%les installe" in tur%ines an" in win" +ar- -ay %reak in e4cessive win" pressure
con"itions or acci"entally. In this %reak"own con"ition, s-all patch ca%le Ginsi"e tur%ineH is to %e
replace" an" win" +ar- ca%le nee" to %e splice" usin, $usion Splicin, Machine.
+07 F)R2 OP%C /A"%2"A"C2 2F>P/2"%
So-e o+ the ,enerally use" e/uip-ent +or +i%re optic syste- -aintenance are<
+0706 Optical Power 'eter
It is a -easurin, instru-ent use" to -easure Power at the
output o+ the +i%re an" power o+ the li,ht source in &ptical
trans-itters. &utput o+ this -eter Gin watt an" "!- unitH is
"isplaye" on D17 Panel. &ptical Power Meter is
cali%rate" at L M (..EN-, ).* N-, ).EEN- o+ operatin,
wavelen,th.
$i%re can %e connecte" throu,h ST, $1 or SMA input
1onnector
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)9
8earning O#tco'e@ At the end of this chapter you will be able to introduce fibre optic
system maintenance re(uirement in wind power situations useful maintenance tools.
Figure 4.1 Optical )ower !eter
Source< http<33www.+lukenetworks.co-
+070- F#sion splicing /achine
It is use" to splice the %roken +i%re to,ether. Two en"s
o+ +i%res are per-anently 5oine" with hi,h ali,n-ent
accuracy. Splice loss is as low as (.)"! per splice.
Screen is provi"e" with each splice -achine to
o%serve ali,n-ent o+ +i%re en"s. $usion splice
-achines are availa%le with sin,le +i%re or -ulti +i%re
splicin, +acilities.
+0707 Optical %i'e 1o'ain Re$lecto'eter
9O%1R:
This is one o+ the -ost i-portant -aintenance
e/uip-ent o+ all an" is lookin, like 1&. This
-easures $i%re $ault Docation with hi,h accuracy,
Splice an" 1onnector Dosses, Attenuation in
&ptical $i%re an" $i%re Installation Den,th.
The +i%re that is to %e teste" is connecte" to
the input an" resultant ,raph on the screen is
analyse" to -easure these para-eters.
+070+ Fibre Optic %ool Eit
The typical +i%re optic tool kit co-prises the
+ollowin,s in a""ition to co--only use"
-echanical an" electrical tools <
!are +i%re cleaver
$i%re ca%le striper
7ia-on" scri%er
In"e4 -atchin, li/ui"
Ara-i" yarn cutter
$i%re cleaner
+0+ S>//ARC
Win" power is %eco-in, popular renewa%le
ener,y source in the Worl". The si0e an"
electrical ,eneration capacities are ,rowin, up.
Electrically i--une &ptical $i%re +in"s itsel+ in
a i-portant role to -o"erni0e" the win"
tur%ines an" win" +ar-. The precise an" han"y
+i%re optic sensors are use+ul to -onitor an"
control )((As o+ para-eters in -e,awatt scale
lar,e win" tur%ine. $ast an" relia%le +i%re optic
Networkin, resolves co-plications in
co--unicatin, these para-eters within win" tur%ine an" in the win" +ar-.

**************
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
).
Figure 4.3: Optical Time *omain +eflectometer
So#rce@
http@AAen0wikipedia0orgAwikiAOpticalGti'e=do'ainGre$lecto'e
ter
Figure: Fibre Optic Tool ,it
Source<
http<33%ucarotechelp.co-3networkin,3support3..)('9('.asp
Figure 4.2: Fusion "plicing !ac$ine
Source< www.tra"ein"ia.co-
R2F2R2"C2S
). Joshua Earnest K Wi0elius, Tore # @)ind *ower *lants and *roject De#elopment+< P8I
Dearnin, Private Di-ites, In"ia pp.F) # )='R '())
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**************
atnkant Jain # $i%re &ptic applications in Win" Power # '()*
)I