ZUBIRI, YSABEL MARIE B.

PHARMACOLOGY
2308092762 SECTION B

1. Research on and give ONE (1) other way/technique/facility (new or updated) by which
drugs can be administered to patients.

Transdermal route is the delivery of a drug across the skin and is delivered into
systemic circulation. It is different from topical drug administration, which targets local
areas. Transdermal drug administration, on the other hand takes advantage of the
relative accessibility of the skin since the human skin is a readily accessible surface for
drug delivery. To date, there are only a limited number of drugs that are currently
available via the transdermal route.

2. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of this drug administration.

Advantages:

The steady permeability of the skin to the drug allows for more
consistent serum drug levels.
The lack of peaks in plasma concentration can reduce the risk of side
effects. (Drugs that require relatively consistent plasma levels are very
good candidates for transdermal drug delivery).
Toxicity can be easily avoided, the effects could be limited by removing
the patch.
Convenience
An alternative route of administration to patients who cannot tolerate
oral dosage forms.
First pass metabolism can be avoided.
Disadvantages:
Local irritation will develop at the site of application.
The skin's low permeability limits the number of drugs that can be
delivered through this route.
Care must be exercised when disposing of patches because after
removal, most patches still contain at least 95% of the total amount of
drug initially in the patch.
Damage to a transdermal patch, particularly a membrane or reservoir
patch, can result in poor control over the release rate.
3. In a table form, differentiate the ENTERAL from the PARENTERAL routes of drug
administration according to INDICATIONS, ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, & SPECIAL
CONSIDERATIONS.

INDICATIONS:
ENTERAL: Enteral administration, or administering a drug by mouth, is the safest and
most common, convenient, and economical method of drug administration. When the
drug is given in the mouth, it may be swallowed, allowing oral delivery, or it may be
placed under the tongue (sublingual), facilitating direct absorption into the
bloodstream.

ORAL: Giving a drug by mouth. For drugs that are easily self-administered and
have a low risk of systemic infections that could complicate treatment.
SUBLINGUAL: Placement under the tongue allows a drug to diffuse into the
capillary network and, therefore, to enter the systemic circulation directly.
PARENTERAL: The parenteral route introduces drugs directly across the bodys barrier
defenses into the systemic circulation. Parenteral administration is used for drugs that
are poorly absorbed from the GI tract and for agents that are unstable in the GI tract.
INTRAVENOUS: IV delivery permits a rapid effect and a maximum degree of
control over the circulating levels of the drug. When injected as a bolus, the full
amount of a drug is delivered to the systemic circulation almost immediately.
INTRAMUSCULAR: Drugs administered IM can be in aqueous solutions, which
are absorbed rapidly, or in specialized depot preparations, which are absorbed
slowly.
SUBCUTANEOUS: SC injection minimizes the risks of hemolysis or thrombosis
associated with IV injection and may provide constant, slow, and sustained
effects.



ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS



SOURCE:
"Formulae for calculating drug dosages." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Retrieved July 03, 2014 from
Encyclopedia.com:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-Formulaeforclcltngdrgdsgs.html