6 Important Points from a Googler's Perspective.

Before I provide you the list of courses, read Point 1, 2.

Full-time working professionalsRead this answer "selectively" on the basis of your
industry experience and academic knowledge.
Pre-University StudentsSkip everything and Jump to Point 7.


Point #1: Lets Get to the actual Question i.e.

How can I prepare myself to be a "good" software engineer?

Yep! Rest of the question is optional. Joining Google is not a moonshot. Any Good software
Engineer has Good chances to be part of Google work-culture.
Problem is how you define "Good".

Point #2: Attitude Adjustment.

Before you impress recruiters at Google, Lets see if a software engineering role at Google
is something you actually want.

Software engineering is not as fun as the popular notion says about it. Apart from UI/UX
positions, in general, no matter what text editor you useEclipse, Vim or EmacsYour
screen will be Black, Boring & Dull. A full-time software engineering role not only requires
an ability to work on complex algorithms but enough tolerance and patience to focus
on meticulous details of a large program.

At Google, in general, most software engineering role comes down to nothing
but mathematics. It doesn't matters how many languages you know or How cool you are
with Java, C, C++ etc.

What matters are these four objectives:

Your ability to create efficient algorithm.
Your meticulous skills to read codes written by others and spot issues in it, if any.
Your curiosity to learn and implement new technology trends andadapt with demand.
Last but most important: What you Build, how you Build?

I must point out that attaining these four objectives is not easy. Most of us at Google have
hard time reaching these objectives but we try, so should you.

Everyone has different approach towards learning. For me, I read one research paper links I
find on Quora(May/May not be related to CS) and one research papers at Google(Internal
records)everyday.

When you join Google, you will have access to all code base, database, forums, research
papers and projects which will provide you a great supportin learning things which you
won't find on Wikipedia...

...but while you are preparing on your way to be at Google, there are few things which are
common in the process of learning. In point #5, you will learn more about ithow
to reach these four objectivesbut before there're some pre-requisites that needs to be
looked upon. So, Lets go to next step. i.e.

Point #3: Guide for Technical Development in 2014From Google.

Having a solid foundation in Computer Science is important in being a successful Software
Engineer. Following guide from Google is a suggested path for University students to
develop their technical skills academically and non-academically through self paced hands-
on learning. You may use the following course guide to determine courses to take but please
make sure you are taking courses required for your major or faculty in order to graduate.
The online resources provided in this guide are not meant to replace courses available at
your University. However, they may helpsupplement your learning or provide an
introduction to the topic.
Using this guide:

Please use this guide at your discretion
There may be other things you want to learn or do outside of this guide -go for it!


Point #4: Recommendations for Academic Learning


Introduction to CS Course
Notes: Introduction to Computer Science Course that provides instructions on coding
Online Resources:Udacity - intro to CS course,Coursera - Computer Science 101
Code in at least one object oriented programming language: C++, Java, or
Python
Beginner Online Resources: Coursera - Learn to Program: The Fundamentals, MIT Intro
to Programming in Java, Google's Python Class, Coursera - Introduction to
Python, Python Open Source E-Book
Intermediate Online Resources: Udacity's Design of Computer Programs, Coursera -
Learn to Program: Crafting Quality Code,Coursera - Programming Languages, Brown
University - Introduction to Programming Languages
Learn other Programming Languages
Notes: Add to your repertoire - Java Script, CSS, HTML, Ruby, PHP, C, Perl, Shell. Lisp,
Scheme.
Online Resources: w3school.com - HTML Tutorial, Learn to code
Test Your Code
Notes: Learn how to catch bugs, create tests, and break your software
Online Resources: Udacity - Software Testing Methods, Udacity - Software Debugging
Develop logical reasoning and knowledge of discrete math
Online Resources: MIT Mathematics for Computer Science, Coursera - Introduction to
Logic, Coursera - Linear and Discrete Optimization, Coursera - Probabilistic Graphical
Models, Coursera - Game Theory
Develop strong understanding of Algorithms and Data Structures
Notes: Learn about fundamental data types (stack, queues, and bags), sorting algorithms
(quicksort, mergesort, heapsort), and data structures (binary search trees, red-black trees,
hash tables), Big O.
Online Resources: MIT Introduction to Algorithms, Coursera Introduction to
Algorithms Part 1 & Part 2, List of Algorithms, List of Data Structures, Book: The
Algorithm Design Manual
Develop a strong knowledge of operating systems
Online Resources: UC Berkeley Computer Science 162
Learn Artificial Intelligence Online Resources:
Stanford University - Introduction to Robotics, Natural Language Processing, Machine
Learning
Learn how to build compilers
Online Resources: Coursera - Compilers
Learn cryptography
Online Resources: Coursera - Cryptography, Udacity - Applied Cryptography
Learn Parallel Programming
Online Resources: Coursera - Heterogeneous Parallel Programming





Point #5: Recommendations for Non-Academic Learning


Work on project outside of the classroom.
Notes: Create and maintain a website, build your own server, or build a robot.
Online Resources: Apache List of Projects, Google Summer of Code,Google Developer
Group
Work on a small piece of a large system (codebase), read and understand
existing code, track down documentation, and debug things.
Notes: Github is a great way to read other peoples code or contribute to a project.
Online Resources: Github, Kiln
Work on project with other programmers.
Notes: This will help you improve your ability to work well in a team and enable you to
learn from others.
Practice your algorithmic knowledge and coding skills
Notes: Practice your algorithmic knowledge through coding competitions like CodeJam
or ACMs International Collegiate Programming Contest.
Online Resources: CodeJam, ACM ICPC
Become a Teaching Assistant
Notes: Helping to teach other students will help enhance your knowledge in the subject
matter.
Internship experience in software engineering
Notes: Make sure you apply for internships well in advance of the period internships take
place. In India and US, Internships take place during the summer, May-September, and
applications are usually open several months in advance.
Online Resources: google.com/jobs




Point #6: Google Recommended/Sponsored Programs and Groups.

Few Additional Course you may choose to subscribe with respect to your domain or
interest. These courses and programs are a great place to learn but they don't increase or
decrease your chances to join GoogleThey are not equivalent to Internship. (More
Info from Robert Love)


1. Google CourseMaking Sense of Data

This self-paced, online course is intended for anyone who wants to learn more about
how to structure, visualize, and manipulate data
2. Google CourseBOLD Discovery
This two-day interactive conference will provide students between their first and second
years of college with an introduction to Google culture and potential careers at the
company.
3. Google Summer of Code
Google Summer of Code (GSoC)
A global online program offering post-secondary student developers ages 18+ stipends
to write code for various open source software projects.
4. Google Policy Fellowship
This program offers students the opportunity to spend the summer working on Internet
and technology policy issues at public interest organizations
5. Google Student Veterans Summit
The Google Student Veterans Summit includes a professional development curriculum
geared towards veterans' transitions into the workplace.

Also Read: Ellen Spertus's views on How can I effectively use my last two years
of college to prepare for a great Software Engineering job at Google/FB or a
startup?





Point #7: Recommendation for Courses in Mathematics.
(For Pre-University Students)

Personal View: Any attempt to ignore these subjects will put you in the category of
average programmers who learn things in completely wrong way.

Staying prepared much before would make coding much more enjoying. There are few pre-
requisites for a software-engineers which would help you to understand the core of
algorithm. Most mistakes created by software engineers could have been avoided if they
would've recalled the simple things from school education.

In your further studies in Maths or Computer Science, You will realize the importance of
"Data Structure in your college days" and importance of "Machine Learning in your post-
graduate days". So, Following are detailed list of courses you must master in-order to design
complex algorithms. For college-graduates, if you had ignored these subject, I highly
recommend you should revise it in the best possible way you can.

After you're done with introductory syllabus from your school books, practice the following
courses for deeper understanding. Most college students (even working
professionals) underestimate the importance of these courses and end up being just another
average programmers:


Linear Algebra - Learning them will help you easily read and understand any complex
algorithm created by others. Reading codes not created by you is as important as
modifying or improving codes created by others.
1. Linear Algebra | Mathematics | MIT OpenCourseWare(Recommended by Me)
2. Coding the Matrix: Linear Algebra Through Computer Science
Application (Recommended by a coworker)

Learning these will help you understand Regression ModelThe basic step. You won't
be taught these linear algebra courses in any school, colleges, research labs or
institution. Learn it on your own.
Calculus
1. Calculus 1 - Ohio State University
2. Pre-Calculus Courses - Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
3. Calculus for Beginners and Artists - MIT
Statistics & Probability
1. Statistics One
2. RNG, Advanced Placement stattrek.com


Pre-University: Google Recommended/Sponsored Programs.


Google Code-in (GCI)
A contest introducing pre-university students, ages 13-17, to the many kinds of
contributions that make open source software development possible.
RISE Awards
Google RISE is a partnership and awards program designed to promote and support
STEM and Computer Science education initiatives for K-12/Primary and Secondary/Class
10th and 12th students around the world.
LEAD Computer Science Institute (LEAD-CSI)
This program exposes middle and high school students from diverse communities to
colleges and careers in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields.
Made with Code
Coding is the new literacy - it carries the potential to create, to innovate, and quite
literally change the world. This initiative is designed to inspire millions of girls to
experience the power of code.
High School Symposium
This is a one day program designed to provide high-achieving high school seniors with
valuable business skills before starting college.
Trailblazer
Trailblazer is a global network of leaders, advocates, and ambassadors for computer
science education who will be charged with empowering youth and educators around the
globe to be connected to and inspired by computer science.
Google Science Fair
The Google Science Fair is a global competition open to 13-18 olds. Students submit a
project online for a chance to win amazing prizes.
Computer Science Summer Institute (CSSI)
CSSI is a 3-week summer program for incoming college freshmen (current high school
seniors) who are interested in studying computer science.
Maker Camp on Google+
30 days of Do It Yourself and making. Maker Camp is a free virtual summer camp on
Google+, open to all
Maker Camp 2013: Supercharge Your Summer!
Connected Classrooms
Collaborate with teachers and education organizations to offer experiential learning
opportunities for K-12 students on Google+.





Coming Soon in This Answer:

Post-Graduate Students(Majoring in any fields related to Physics, Mathematics, CS)
Answer will be updated this Friday.
PHd students(Research in the field of Physics, C-Neuroscience, Maths, CS)Answer will
be updated this Friday.