Unit8 Avn Vtu

UNIT 8
STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOPROCESS
The growth of biomass with time is given by
cells more products lar extracellu cells substrate + +
The rate of microbial growth is characterized by specific growth rate
dt
dX
X
1
net
=
net
= specific growth rate
X = cell concentration
t = time
net =

g
- k
d

where,
g
=
gross specific growth rate,
k
d
= death rate of cells , if k
d
=0,
net =

g

Monod eq: applied for balanced growth, i.e. composition of biomass remains constant and
specific rate of production of each component of culture is equal to .
r
Z
= z, where Z cellular component(ex: protein, RNA, polysaccharide), r
Z
is volumetric rate of
production of Z, z is concentration of Z
Where
m
= max specific growth rate,
when S>>K
s
,
g
=
m

when S<<K
s
g
=
m
S/ K
S

Limitations of Monods eq:
applied only for balanced growth
At extremely low substrate concentration cannot be applied
YIELD

True or stoichiometric or theoretical yield = (total mass or mole of product formed)
/(mass or moles of reactant used to form that particular product)
Observed or apparent yield = (mass or moles of product present) /(total mass or moles of
reactant consumed)
YIELD COEFFICIENT
YX/S = mass or moles of biomass produced per unit mass or moles of substrate
consumed
YP/S = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of substrate consumed
YP/X = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of biom
YX/O = mass or moles of biomass formed per unit mass or moles of oxygen consumed
YCO2/S = mass or moles of CO2 formed per unit mass or moles of substrate consumed
RQ = moles of CO2 formed per mole of O2 consumed

applied only for balanced growth
At extremely low substrate concentration cannot be applied
stoichiometric or theoretical yield = (total mass or mole of product formed)
/(mass or moles of reactant used to form that particular product)
YP/X = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of biom
RQ = moles of CO2 formed per mole of O2 consumed
stoichiometric or theoretical yield = (total mass or mole of product formed)
YP/X = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of biomass formed

YATP = mass or moles of bioma
Y
kcal =
mass or moles of biomass formed per Kcal of heat evolved in fermentation
Maintenance coefficient :
X
m
) dt / ds (
m =
Types of maintenance coefficients:
D
ATP
m
M
ATP / X
Y
1
AP
ATP / X
Y
1
+ =
D
2
O
m
M
2
O / X
Y
1
AP
2
O / X
Y
1
+ =
D= dilution factor
ELEMENTAL BALANCES (only biomass is produced without product formation)

C balance: w = c+d
YATP = mass or moles of biomass formed per unit mass or moles of ATP formed
Maintenance coefficient : specific rate of substrate uptake for cellular cell activities.

maintenance coefficients:
) 1 (
) 2 (
ss formed per unit mass or moles of ATP formed
specific rate of substrate uptake for cellular cell activities.

H balance: x+bg = c+2e
O balance: y+2a+bh = c+2d+e
N balance: z+bi=c
RQ=d/a
5 eqs. and 5 unknowns (a,b,c,d,e) solving gives 5 unknowns
Degree of reduction (): Number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom Carbon.
Available electrons are those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound
to CO
2
, H
2
O, NH
3
.
for C =4, H=1, N=-3, O=-2, P=5, S=6
Ex: For CH
4
: [1(4)+4(1)] /1 =8
C
6
H
12
O
6
: [6(4)+12(1)+6(-2)] / 6 =24/6 = 4
C
2
H
5
OH: [2(4)+6(1)+1(-2)]/2 = 12/2=6
High degree of reduction means low degree of oxidation CH
4
> C
2
H
5
OH > C
6
H
12
O
6

wS-4a=c B+fj p-------- (1)
a=1/4 (w S-c B- f j p)
From (1),

Maximum value of stoichiometric coefficient c (all electrons are used for biomass synthesis) is
S
w
p
fj
S
w
B
c
S
w
a 4
1
=
2 O to tranferred electron
S
w
a 4
=
biomass to tranferred electron

S
w
B c
=
product to tranferred electron

S
w
p
fj
=
S
w
B
c
B
=

& C
max
is given by

Maximum value of stoichiometric coefficient f (no biomass forms) is

Q1. Production of single cell protein from hexadecane is given by the following reaction:

CH
1.66
O
0.27
N
0.2
represents biomass , If RQ = 0.43,

determine the stoichiometric coefficients.
Solution: C balance: 16 = c+d -----(1)
H balance: 34+ 3b = 1.66 c + 2e -----(2)
2a = 0.27c+2d+e ----------(3)
b= 0.2 c ------------(4)
RQ = d/a ------------(5)
Solving (1)-(5),
a=12.48
b= 2.13
c= 10.64
d=5.37
e=11.36

Q2. The respiration of glucose is given by:
O
2
eH
2
dCO
2 . 0
N
27 . 0
O
66 . 1
cCH 2 aO
34
H
16
C + + +
B
S
w
max
c
=
P
j
S
w
max
f
=
O
2
H 6
2
CO 6
2
O 6
6
O
12
H
6
C + +

Candida utilis cells convert glucose to CO
2
and H
2
O during growth. The cell composition is
CH
1.84
O
0.55
N
0.2
plus 5% ash. Yield of biomass from substrate is 0.5 g/g. NH
3
is used as nitrogen
source.
(a) Find oxygen demand with growth and without growth.
(b) if ethanol is used as substrate to produce
(c) Cells of same composition as above, compare maximum possible biomass yields from
ethanol and glucose.
(d) Solution: (a) The cell composition is CH
1.84
O
0.55
N
0.2
plus 5% ash. This means 95% of
total weight = 25.44
(e) Mwt. of biomass = 25.44/0.95= 26.78
(f)
B
= CH
1.84
O
0.55
N
0.2
= (4x1)+ (1x1.84)-(2x0.55) (3x0.2) =4.14
(g)
s1
= C
6
H
12
O
6
= 4,
s 2
= C
2
H
5
OH = 6
(h) Y
xs
= 0.5 g/g =(0.5/26.78)/(1/180)
(i) = 3.36 gmol/gmol
(j) a=1/4

(w

S-
c

B-
f
j

p
), fj
p
=0 as no products are produced
(k) =1/4[6(4)-3.36(4.14)] =2.52
(l) Oxygen demand with growth/without growth = (2.52/6)x100 = 42%
(m) (b)

C
6
H
12
O
6
as substrate:
C
max
(C
6
H
12
O
6
) = 6(4)/4.14 = 5.8 gmol/gmol
Y
XS max
= (5.8x 26.78)/(1x180)= 0.86 g/g
C
2
H
5
OH as substrate:
C
max(C2H5OH)
= 2(6)/4.14 = 2.9 gmol/gmol
B
S
w
max
c
=

Y
XS max
= (2.9x 26.78)/(1x46)= 1.69 g/g
(Yxs)based on C
2
H
5
OH/ (Yxs)based on C
6
H
12
O
6
= 1.69/2.9 = 1.96 2
Q3. Assume that the experimental measurements for a certain organism have shown that the cells
can convert 2/3 of substrate carbon to biomass. (a) Calculate the stoichiometric coefficients of
following reactions:

(b) Calculate the yield coefficients Y
X/S
, Y
X/O2
for both reactions

For C
16
H
34
, C present = 16x12=192 g
C converted to biomass = 2/3(192) = 128 g
C balance: 128 = c(4.4)(12), c= 2.42
C converted to CO
2
= 192-128 = 128 g
64 = e(12), e=5.33
N balance: 14 b = c(0.86) (14), b = 2.085
H balance 34(1)+3b =7.3c+2d, d=11.29
O balance: 2a(16)=1.2c(16)+2e(16)+d(16)
a=12.427
For C
6
H
12
O
6
: C present = 72 g
C converted to biomass = 2/3(72) = 48 g
48=4.4c(12), c=0.909
C converted to CO
2
= 72-48=24g
24=12 e, e=2
N balance= 14b = 0.86c(14), c=0.782
H balance: 12+3b=7.3c+2d
d = 3.854
The oxygen balance yields
2
eCO O
2
dH
2 . 1
N
27 . 0
O
66 . 1
cCH
3
bNH
2
aO
6
O
12
H
6
C + + + +
2
eCO O
2
dH
2 . 1
N
27 . 0
O
66 . 1
cCH
3
bNH
2
aO
34
H
16
C + + + +

6 (16) + 2(16)a = 1.2(16)c + 2(16)e + 16d
a = 1.473
b, for hexadecane,
(Y
X/S
)
hexadecane
> (Y
X/S
)
glucose

(Y
X/O2
)
glucose
> (Y
X/S
)
hexadecane

Classification of microbial products
6 (16) + 2(16)a = 1.2(16)c + 2(16)e + 16d

Classification of microbial products

1) Growth associated: specific rate of product formation
ex: production of a constitutive enzyme
2) Non growth associated product: takes
zero. q
P
= = constant
Ex: secondary metabolite production of penicillin
3) Mixed growth associated product: takes place in slow growth and stationary phases. q
g
+
ex: lactic acid fermentation, and xanthan gum production
Luedeking-Piret model
In the eq: q
P
=
g
+ ,
If =0, q
P
= , product is only nongrowth associated
If =0, q
P
=
g
product is only growth associated
Growth associated: specific rate of product formation specific growth rate
ex: production of a constitutive enzyme
Non growth associated product: takes place in stationary phase and when growth rate is
Ex: secondary metabolite production of penicillin
Mixed growth associated product: takes place in slow growth and stationary phases. q
and xanthan gum production
, product is only nongrowth associated
product is only growth associated
specific growth rate
place in stationary phase and when growth rate is
Mixed growth associated product: takes place in slow growth and stationary phases. q
P
=

A strain of mold was grown in a batch culture on glucose and the
Time (h)
0
9
16
23
30
34
36
40

a. Calculate the maximum net specific growth rate
b. Calculate the apparent growth yield
c. C. What maximum cell concentration could one except if 50 g of glucose were used
with the same size inoculum?
d. Solution A plot of ln X versus t yields a slope of 0.1 h.

MODELS WITH GROWTH INHIBITORS
A strain of mold was grown in a batch culture on glucose and the following data were obtained.
Cell concentration (g/l) Glucose concentration (g/l)
1.25
2.45
5.1
10.5
22
33
37.5
41
100
97
90.4
76.9
48.1
20.6
9.38
0.63
Calculate the maximum net specific growth rate
Calculate the apparent growth yield
What maximum cell concentration could one except if 50 g of glucose were used
with the same size inoculum?
Solution A plot of ln X versus t yields a slope of 0.1 h.
MODELS WITH GROWTH INHIBITORS
following data were obtained.
Glucose concentration (g/l)
What maximum cell concentration could one except if 50 g of glucose were used

Substrate Inhibition
The microbial growth rate at higher substrate concentrations is said to be inhibited
by the substrate
Competitive Substrate inhibition :
Non competitive substrate inhibition:
Or if Ks, then:

Product Inhibition
Competitive product inhibition:

Noncompetitive product inhibition :

Example of Non-competitive product inhibition
Ethanol fermentation from glucose

Competitive Substrate inhibition :

Non competitive substrate inhibition:

Ks, then:

Noncompetitive product inhibition :
competitive product inhibition
Ethanol fermentation from glucose

Where, P
m
is the product concentration at which growth stops, or

where K
p
is the product inhibition constant.
Inhibition by toxic Compounds
Competitive inhibition:

Noncompetitive inhibition :

Uncompetitive inhibition :

The net specific rate expression in the presence of death has the following form:
Where is the death rate constant (h
HEAT GENERATION BY MICROBIAL GROWTH
is the product concentration at which growth stops, or
is the product inhibition constant.
Inhibition by toxic Compounds

Noncompetitive inhibition :
Uncompetitive inhibition :

the death rate constant (h
-1
)
HEAT GENERATION BY MICROBIAL GROWTH

About 40% to 50% energy that is stored in a carbon and energy source is converted to biological
energy (ATP) during aerobic metabolism and the rest of
actively growing cells, requires less maintenance, where the heat evolution is directly related to
growth.
The heat generate during microbial growth is being calculated using the heat of the combustion
of the substrate and of cellular material. A schematic of an enthalpy balance for microbial
utilization of substrate is presented below as figure. The heat of combustion the substrate is equal
to the sum of the metabolic heat and the heat of combustion of the cellular mater
The above equation is rearranged as to yield
The total rate of heat evolution in a batch fermentation is
Where V
L
is the liquid volume (I) and X is the cell concentration (g/l).Since the oxygen is
the final electron acceptor
energy (ATP) during aerobic metabolism and the rest of the energy is released as heat
nd of cellular material. A schematic of an enthalpy balance for microbial
to the sum of the metabolic heat and the heat of combustion of the cellular mater

The above equation is rearranged as to yield

The total rate of heat evolution in a batch fermentation is


the energy is released as heat The
nd of cellular material. A schematic of an enthalpy balance for microbial
to the sum of the metabolic heat and the heat of combustion of the cellular material.

Here Q
GR
is in units of kcal/h, while QO
2
is in millimoles of Q
2
/h
Metabolic heat released during fermentation can be removed by circulating cooling water
through a cooling coil or cooling jacket in the fermenter. Often, temperature control (adequate
heat removal) is an important limitation on reactor design. The ability to estimate heat-removal
requirements is essential for proper reactor design.
Reference Books
1) Shuler and Kargi (2004). Bioprocess Engineering:Basic Concepts, 2
nd
ed. Prentice Hall.
2) Doran P.M. (2005). Bioprocess Engineering Principles, 1
st
ed. Academic Press

Unit8 Avn Vtu

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Unit8 Avn Vtu

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

UNIT 8

biomass to tranferred electron

product to tranferred electron

S-ar putea să vă placă și