1. Tendon what kind of fibers o dense CT - organized dense regular CT is found in muscles, tendons, etc o Dense irregular CT This is found in the dermis! (not the epidermis) o Loose Aka areolar CT found in lamina propria 2. Where does the middle cardiac veins empty into? coronary sinus Anterior cardiac vein drains directly into the right atrium whereas all others drain into the coronary sinus. All of the others include: small, great, oblique, and middle cardiac veins. Coronary sinusdrains most of blood from the heart wall, opens into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. It is a continuation of the great cardiac vein. Small and middle cardiac vein are tributaries to coronary sinus The great cardiac vein runs in front alongside the anterior. The middle cardiac vein runs in with the posterior artery.
3. What is found in the villi of intestines? Lamina propria Other options: Submucosa Villi: have lacteals, and that it is in the lamina propria and not in the submucosal. In past years, the villi has characterized the small intestine
4. Where is fat found? Submucosa CT layers Dermis
5. Which immune structure is most isolated from blood thymus cuz of t cell maturation Adult thymus is isolated from parenchymablood thymus barrier. Barrier non- existant in child Spleen, thymus, palatine and pharyngeal tonsils DO NOT have numerous afferent vessels entering them as do lymph nodes other options: spleen, lymph node, palatine tonsil
6. What kind of collagen do you find in dentin? Type I collagen 2 Types of Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage (most common): contains many closely packed fine collagenous fibers. Covers and protects bone; precursor to bone and where strong support is needed but some flexibility is desirable. Makes up the costal cartilages, the cartilaginous rings of the trachea, joints, nose, and the main support of the bronchial wall Fibrocartilage: most closely resembles dnse, irregular, CT (consists of dense matrix of collagenous fibers) Withstands tension and compression. Found in intervertebral discs (vertebra) knee joint, TMJ, and syphysis pubis Elastic cartilage: similar to hyaline cartilage but the ifbers are not as closely packed. More importantly, elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers (elastin). Forms the external ear and is also found in the epiglottis, the auditory meatus and the larynx
7. What organic substance is most common found in dentin The answer should be TYPE I COLLAGEN! In dentin collagen cementum collagen and praline enamel NO COLLAGEN! Only protein, and its rich in PROLINE!
8. What diffuses across membranes easily except? Na Glucose also requires GLUT transporters, and secondary active transport, but Na+ is least diffusible. Other options: Na, Ethanol O2, CO2 both diffuse across easily. Na and glucose both need an active primary transport, while ethanal is polar and does not cross as easily
9. What is only found in pancreas centro acini other options: serous acini, zymogen enzyme precursors, not sure answer Pancreaseboth exocrine and endocrineposterior to abdominal wall. Retroperitoneal organ, except for small portion of tail which lies in the lienorenal ligament. Head and neck neslt in the curve of the duodenum, body is behind stomach tail extends to spleen. Endocrine (Islets of Langerhanscells of pancreas) Alpha cellsglucagon Betainsulin, carb metabs Deltasomatostatin which acts locally within the islets of Langerhans to depress the secretion of both insulin and glucagon Exocrine Acinar cellspancreatic juices including lipases, carbohydrases and proteases to digest fats, carbs, and proteins
10. How does stomach take in more food receptive relaxation 3 gastrin not sure answer
11. Which structure and tissue is matched correctly know the type of epith in kidney (simple cuboidal in the tubules) and bladder (transitional) gallbladder-simple columnar thin loop thick loop bowmans capsule bladder
12. Know what the renal papilla empties into minor calyx Internal features of kidney: Cortex: outer layer (glomeruli are located here) Medulla (inner layer, consists of renal pyramids) Renal columns: found between pyramids. Cortical tissue Renal papilla: apex of pyramids, here the collecting ducts pour into minor calyces Minor calyces: unit to form major calyces, which then unit to form renal pelvis
13. Where do you find oxyphil cells? Parathyroid gland Oxyphil cells have no known function. Chief cells of the PT gland secrete PTH
14. What vein joins the facial vein to the cavernous plexus? Ophthalmic v. Cavernous sinus: created by superior and inferior ophthalmic vein, the cerebral veins, and the sphenoparietal sinus. Located on either side of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone in middle crainial fossa. Empty by way of superior petrosal sinuses into the transverse sinuses which become the sigmoid sinuses. Then empty to jugular foramen by becoming the internal jugular vein. These veins do not have valves and so can also drain anteriorly into ophthalmic vein
15. Where is the ulnar n. most likely to get damaged? At the elbow Other choices : wrist, hands Brachial plexus (C5 C8 and T1) Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck Extends into the axilla supplying nerves to the upper limbe Has three cords: Posterior (axillary and radial nerves are main branches) 4 Lateral (musculocutaneous nerve is main branch) Medial (ulnar nerve is main branch) - Median nerve forms its two heads (medial and lateral from the medial and lateral cords) Surgical neck of the humerus: axillary midshaft of humerus: radial. Dislocate shoulder, The radial nerve is most commonly injured in a mid-humeral shaft fracture, because it runs in the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus
16. What artery first branches off of the subclavian a? vertebral a.
17. What does the sigmoid sinus empty into? Internal jugular v Internal jugular originates when sigmoid passes through the jugular foramen
18. Which vessel does a berry aneurysm damage? Middle cerebral artery Linticulostriate arteriesarteries of stroke penetrate basal nuclei and are branches of middle cerebral (largest of internal carotid arteries) Aneurysm in anterior communicating is most common place for it to occur
19. What do you not see in the carotid triangle? Superficial temporal artery Components of the carotid triangle include carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve Superficial temporal vein: drains the scalp and side of head, descending anterior to the ear and plunges into the substances of the parotid gland It is not a part of any of the triangles, but does join with the maxillary vein to become the retromandibular
20. What is not found in the parotid gland? Facial artery Components found in the parotid gland include: external carotid artery, facial nerve, superficial temporal vein, auriculotemporal nerve, etc.
21. What innervates the lower lip and the labial mucosa? Mental n. It would have to be a division of V3, VII does musculature, not the labial mucosa, so this seems right
22. What innervates the mucosa over the sublingual glands? Lingual n. (not sure) the deep lingual artery supplies it and the lingual nerve innervates it????
5 23. What innervates the buccal mucosa and the gingival over the mand molars? Buccal nerve. (V3) Not the long buccal nerve from facial VII
24. When you stick out your tongue and it deviates to the left which muscle is injured? Left genioglossus If the genioglossus muscle is paralyzed the tongue has a tendency to fall back and obstruct the oropharyngeal airway with risk of suffocation All structures deviate to the side of the injury with the exception of the uvula with deviates to the opposite side.
25. Which tract of the corticobulbar only innervates to the contralateral side of the face? VII, only the lower half of the face below eyebrowsfor superior. Corticobulbar is bilateral for everything except for facial and hypoglossus??? Other options: Hypoglossal n. (not sure)
26. What does the internal thoracic artery become? Musculophrenic and superior epigastrica Internal thoracicarises from first part of Subclavian artery and descends BEHIND the first six costal cartilages just lateral to the sternum Two terminal arteries of internal thoracic artery are superior artery (enters rectus sheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus) and the musculophrenic arter (supplies the diaphragm and lower intercostal spaces anteriorly)
27. The sympathetic system does not do which of the following? Direct blood to the skin. Sympathetic division: prepares body for intense physical activity in emergencies (fight or flight) through adrenergic effects. HR blood glucose rises, blood diverted to skeletal muscles. Pupils dilate, bronchioles dilate, and the adrenal medulla releases Epi and NE
28. What does sympathetic system have the most control over? The vessels of the skin Vasomotor sympathetic fibers are thought to end on blood vessels
29. Where is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle? Pyramid part of the palatine bone These arent the answers Lateral of lateral plate Medial of medial plate 6
Medial pterygoid Origin: Lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla Insertion: Medial surface of angle of mandible Elevates mandible and moves mandible laterally
30. Where does the hamulus connect to? Medial pterygoid plate the tensor veli palatine attaches to it The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pulley for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its dirction of pull from vertical to horizontal thereby tensing the soft palate
31. What do you find in the pterygoid palatine fossa? V2 Pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way of pterygopalatine (pterygomaxillary) fissure pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen, posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen, posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,
32. If you cut midsaggitally, what do you NOT cut through? Arytenoids Otheranswers: Cricoid, 2 nd trachea, thyroid
33. What innervates the inner larynx? Recurrent laryngeal I think she left out some of the question. If it refers to the any muscle of the larynx it would be the recurrent laryngeal, except the cricothyroid which is done by the external laryngeal nerve the recurrent laryngeal also does the cricopharyngeus as it comes out from under it If the question is regarding sensory, as I think it is, then it depends on which part The internal laryngeal nerve (along with superior laryngeal artery) pierce the thyrohyoid membrane and go to supply the larynx ABOVE the vocal folds The recurrent laryngeal does it BELOW the vocal folds on its way up
34. Where does muscles of facial expression come from? 2 nd branchial arch First arch cartilage (Meckels cartilage) o closely related to the developing middle ear; o becomes ossified to form the malleus and incus of middle ear o Meckels cartilage characterized by being a model for the mandible but not participating in the formation of any part of the mandible 7 o Fate is dissolution with minor contributions to ossification
Second arch cartilage (Reicherts cartilage) o closely related to the development of the middle ear, o becomes ossified to form the stapes of the middle ear and o the styloid process of the temporal bone Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone Fourth and sixth arch cartilagesfuse to form the laryngeal cartilages, except for the epiglottis Fifth arch is absent
35. What characterize the nonarticulating tissues of the TMJ Fibrocartilage The correct answer should be periosteum. Articulating surfaces have fibrocartilage or fibrous connective tissue. If the answer choice said fibrous CT thats what I would go with! Unless if its an elder, then it would be fibrocartilage Some years it is specified as dense regular connective tissues
36. What cytoplasm covers myofibrils? Sarcoplasm Other options o Epimysium is the CT layer that envelopes the entire muscle o Perimysium: continuation of the outer fascia, dividing the interior of the muscle into bundles of muscle cells. The bundle of cells surrounded by each perimysium is called a fasciculus Endomysium: CT surrounding each muscle fiber
37. What is in side of myofibrils sarcoplasm.: cytoplasm of muscle cells is called Sarcoplasm of each muscle fiber contains many parallel, threadlike structures called myofibrils.
38. What fails to fuse in cleft lip medial nasal and maxillary processes Cleft palate is most common oral defect, palatal shelves dont fuse. Later the nasal septum fuses to top of shelves o Cleft lip and palate: Isolated cleft lip: more common males Palate: more common in males Cleft lip is more common on left side
39. Where is the tympanic membrane lateral of middle cavity 8 also would be the medial wall of the external cavity Ear consist of: o External ear: auricle and the external auditory canal. Receives sound waves o Middle ear (tympanic cavity)contains three small bones or ossicles, the malleus (hammer) stapes (stirrup) and incus (anvil) Also contains two muscles: the stapedius muscle, which is the smallest skeletal muscle in the body, and the tensor tympani muscle o Inner ear: consists of the acoustic apparatus, the vestibular apparatus, and the semicircular canals. It is composed of the body and membranous labyrinth o lateral of inner cavity
40. What does cephalic vein join to? Axillary v o Axillary vein begins at the lower border of the teres major muscle as the continuation of the basilic vein. As it ascends to the inferior margin of the first rib it becomes the subclavian. basilicaxillarysubclavian + internal jugular = brachiocephalic o Cephalicdrains venous from radial side to the antebrachium and brachium into axillary
41. What innervates the extensors of the arm and forearm? radial nerve! o The radial nerve is most commonly injured in a mid-humeral shaft fracture, because it runs in the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus
42. All of these nerves and arteries travel together except: lingual artery and nerve o Lingual artery does not follow the lingual nerve. It passes deep to the hyoglossus muscle and genioglossus and has branches of: suprahyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, deep lingual (the terminal branch) which ascends between the genioglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscles. Other options could have been: inferior alveolar, ?
43. Where does the auriculotemporal come from V3 Auriculotemporal nerve o Is arises from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve (v3) o provides posterior sensory innervation to TMJ. Pain from TMJ is transmitted in the capsule and periphery of the disk by the auriculotemporal nerve. Joint receives only sensory innervation o carries some secretory fibers from the otic ganglion to the partid gland. The PS came from the lesser petrosal
44. What does the solitary tract give to? 9 o Geniculate ganglion: located within the facial canal (petrous portion of the temporal bones) and contains sensory neurons via the chorda typani of the facial nerve that innervate taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue For taste! Solitary tract carries fibers of 7, 9 and 10! Solitary tract: a slender, compact fiber bundle extending longitudinally through the dorsolateral region of the medullary tegmentum, surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, below the obex decussating over the canalis centralis, and descending over some distance into the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. It is composed of primary sensory fibers that enter with the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and facial nerves, and in part convey information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts; in rostral parts of the tract impulses are generated by the receptor cells of the taste buds in the mucosa of the tongue. Its fibers are distributed to the nucleus of the solitary tract.
45. Where are the sensory neurons located in the spine? Dorsal root ganglion The motor are found in the lateral horns All spinal nerves are mixed: o Ventral roots contain motor neurons. Cell bodies are located in the spinal cord o Dorsal root contains axons of sensory neurons. Cell bodies are located outside the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia and arise from neural crest cells o The roots join to form mixed spinal nerves Posterior ramipass posteriorly to supply the skin and dep muscles of the back Anterior rami supply the rest of the body wall and the limbs Both are mixed nerves
46. What is a primary jaw closer Masseter the temporalis may be stronger, but only in the final parts of clothing, that last couple of cm, but the masseter does the bulk of the closing, so its the primary jaw closer in my mind
47. When you are in postural position and you close to ICP what muscle do you use Temporalis See above
48. What ligament in TMJ prevents posterior and inferior displacement? Temporomandibular ligament The temperomandibular joint has an outer oblique portion which limits the extent of jaw openings and initiates translation of the condyle down the articular eminence
10 49. Which of the following temporomandibular joint ligaments restricts the movement of the disc away from the condyle during function? Discal
50. You find all of the following between the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus except? Lingual artery Things you would find: masseter artery, inf alv n., lingual nerve
51. What does ansa cervicalis innervate? Infrahyoid muscles: except thyrohyoid which is C1 o depressors of larynx and hyoid after they have been drawn up with pharynx to swallow (deglutition), o lie btw deep fascia and visceral fascia over the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus, o innervated by ansa cervialis from C1,2,3.
52. What innervates levator palpebrae superioris muscle? Oculomotor
Nerve Site of exit from skull Functions Trigeminal V1 ophthalmic Superior orbital fissure S = cornea, skin of nose, forehead, scalp V2 Maxillary Formane rotundum S = nasal cavity, palate, max. teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip V3 Mandibular Foramen ovale S = tongue, mand. Teeth, mandibule, skin of chin, floor of mouth, TMJ M = muscles of mastication Abducens Superior orbital fissure M = lateral rectus muscle of the eye Oculomotor Superior orbital fissure M = levator palpebrae superioris and most of the external eye muscles PS = ciliary muscle of the lens and sphincter muscle of the pupil Trochlear Superior orbital fissure M = superior oblique muscle of the eye M = Motor S = sensory PS = parasympathetic
53. What nerve originates from the dorsal midbrain trochlear o Trochlear nerve IV: o supplies the superior oblique muscle 11 o smallest cranial nerve o only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem
54. Whats papilla of the tongue does not have taste buds filliform.. . . . o Taste buds: o Are associated with peg-like projections on the tongue mucosa called lingual papillae. o Contain a cluster of 40 to 60 gustatory cells as well as many more supporting cells o Each gustatory cell is innervated by a sensory neuron o Kinds of Lingual papilla: Filiform: most numerous, small cones arranged in V shaped rows paralleling the sulcus terminalis on the anterior two thirds of tongue. Characterized by absence of taste buds and increased keratinzation Fungiform: knob-like in appearance, they are found on the tip and sides of the tongue. Most likely to be injured when someone bites their tongue These taste are innervated by the facial nerve VII Circumvallate: largest but fewest in number. Arranged in an inverted V shaped row on the back of tongue. Associated with the ducts of Von Ebners Glands. Taste buds are inervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve IX Foliate: found on lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds. These taste buds are innervated by both the facial nerve and the glosspharyngeal nerve
55. Which papilla do you find the most in ant 2/3? Filiform See above
56. What does CN 9 innervate? Stylopharyngeus o Glossopharyngeal nerve: o Originates from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata along with the vagus nerve and spinal accessory nerve. o Passes laterally in the posterior cranial fossa and leaves skull through the jugular foramen o Supply sensation to the pharynx and posterior third of tongue o Cell bodies of these sensory neurons are located in the superior and inferior ganglia of this nerve o Descends through the upper part of neck along with the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery to reach posterior border of the stylogpharyngeus muscle to which it supplies somatic motor fibers o Causes the gag reflex (innervates mucous membranes of the fauces)
57. What forms the ligamentum teres? 12 Umbilical vein Ductus venosusligamentum venosumonly fetal vessel to carry oxygen rich blood and nutrients Umbilical veinplacenta to liver, forms major portion of umbilical cord, nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus, forms the round ligament of the liver after birth Foramen ovalopening btw right and left atria to shunt flood passed the pulmonary circuitry, closes at birth and becomes the fossa ovalis, a depression in the ineratrial septum Ductus arteriosumbetween pulmonary trunk and aortic arch to bypass pulmonary circuitry, closes shortly after birth, atrophies, and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum Umbilical arteriesarise from internal iliac arteries ass/with umbilica cord, transports blood from fetus to placenta
58. What does the right ventricle pump blood into? Pulmonary trunk
59. What does the submandibular gland duct empty from? Sublingual caruncle Whartons ducts: drains submandibular gland, arises from deep portion of gland and crosses the lingual nerve in the region of the sublingual gland to terminate on the sublingual caruncle (papilla) adjacent to the base to the base of the sublingual frenulum
60. What separates the two sections within the TMJ Articular disc (meniscus) o Consists of fibrocartilagenous tissue, which resembles dense, irregular connective tissue. It is capable of providing smooth articulating surface o Meniscus is a biconcave oval plate and divides the joint into superior and inferior spaces. The superior joint space is bounded by the articular fossa and the articular eminence. The inferior joint space is bounded below by the condyle Meniscus varies in thickness, the thinner, central intermedia zone separate the thicker portions called the anterior and posterior bands. (the posterior band is the thickest) Posteriorly the meniscus is continguous with the posterior attachment tissues called the bilaminar zone which is vascular, innervated tissue that plays an important role in allowing the condyle to move forward
61. What is the superior portion of the TMJ borders? The mandibular fossa and the superior of the disc
62. Hyaline cartilage serves what function? 13 Serves as a covering for most joints, All of them, except the TMJ and the knee joint, which are fibrous! Articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the smooth articular bone surfaces. No blood vessels or nerves (TMJ CONTAINS FIBROU- CARTILATE NOT HYALINE CARTILAGE)
63. What forms the floor of the mouth Mylohyoid
64. Which sheath is the submandibular and the parotid gland continuous with? Deep cervical Not sure some choices: Prevertebral, Buccopharyngeal, No clue and I dont have internet to look this up, but this is what I would put deep cervical, Neck muscles
65. What is not found in the posterior mediastinum phrenic n. It loops ABOVE the root of the lungs while the vagus goes under vagus?? Inferior mediastinum: o Anterior mediastinum: part of the thymus gland, some lymph nodes, branches of the internal thoracic artery o Middle: pericardium and heart, the phrenic nerve and its accompanying vessels o Posterior: descending (abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos system of veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes
66. What is found behind the arch of the azygos vein? Right vagus nerve This continues its way DEEP to the arch, thus its the answer! Other options: Hemiazygos - No this merges way before the arch of the azygou Thoracic duct - It wouldnt be this as the thoracic duct courses over to the left to get into the superior mediastinum to get into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left Subclavian
67. What kind of epithelia is found in the maxillary sinus? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi: Surface layer of mucous membrane of the nasopharynx o also lines the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the nsaopharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tree (except the lining of the respiratory bronchioles, which lose their cilia and change to cuboidal and then to squamous)
68. Epaxial? Ramus comunicans, anterior body..Jared thinks it is ventral rami.. . Epaxial = Above or behind any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb
14 69. Deep. goes to tip of tongue (injured if injure tip of tongue) Sublingual goes to sublingual gland Deep lingual does tip of tongue
70. Which of the following is the most superior branch of the external carotid artery: Maxillary and superficial temporal arteries are two terminal arteries of external carotid External carotid Anterior branches: Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary Posterior: ascending pharyngeal, occipital, posterior auricular, and superficial temporal
71. Which of the following is a main branch of the celiac trunk? Left Gastric Artery of Celiac Artery celiac trunk a) hepatic artery: liver, upper pancreas, duodenum, and gallbladder; b)left gastric: stomach and esophagus; c) splenic: spleen, stomach, and omentum
72. Which of the following are retroperitoneal organs: Ureter, Kidney, Adrenals Retroperitoneal organs develop behind the peritoneum and also include the pancreas Listing the parts of the large intestine in order results in positions that alternate between retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal: ascending colonretro; transversintraperitoneal; descendingretro; sigmoidintra; rectumretro (ileum refersto to a part of hip bone) Retroperitoniea: o Organs do not have mesenterie. o Structures on posterior abdominal wall are retroperi o ascending, descending colon, kidney, and pancreas, suprarenal gland, IFC and abdominal aorta
73. Max sinus drains where? Middle meatus Superior meatuslies below and lateral to superior conchae, receives the openings of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses Middle meatusreceives the openings of the frontal sinus which drains into the infundibulum of the middle meatus, also the drainings from the midle ethmoidal sinuses which drain onto the thmoidal bulla (rounded prominence on the lateral wwall of the middle meatus Openings of the anterior ethmoidal sinuses and maxillary sinus which drain into the middle meatus via the hiatus semilunares (groove on the lateral wall of the middle meatus that is continuous with the infundibulum 15 Inferior meatusreceives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct which drains lacrimal fluid from the surface of the eye into the meatus for evaporation during respiration
74. Posterior border of pterygopalatine fossa? Options: Pterygo process of sphenoid (and greater wing of sphenoid), vertical palatine plate, or post max? Pterygopalatine foss communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way of pterygopalatine fissure pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates o medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen, o posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen, o posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,
75. What does not open into the infratemporal fossa: rotundom Other options: Rotundom (V2), Ovale (V3), Ptergomax (pterygopalatine foramen), petrotympanic (chorda tympani) Boundaries of Infratemporal fossa: o Anterior wall: posterior surface of maxilla o Posterior wall: tympanic part and styloid process of temporal bone o Medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone o Lateral wall: ramus of the mandible o Roof: infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. contains foramen ovaletransmits V-3 o Floor: point where the medial pterygoid muscle inserts into the medial aspect of the mandible near the angle Contents of infratemporal fossa: o Lower portion of temporalis muscle o Medial and lateral pterygoid o Maxillary artery and most branches o Pterygoid plexus of veins o Mandibular nerve and branches o Chorda typani o Otic ganglion (PS ganglion associated with glossopharyngeal nerve)
76. What week do teeth start developing: 6 wks
77. Post pituitary arises from which structure? Diencephalons o Diencephalon, a major autonomic region of the forebrain, is almost completely surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres of the telencephalon. Its chief components include the thalamus, hypothalamus epithalamus, and pituitary gland. The third ventricle forms a midplane cavity within the diencephalons
16 78. Emergency tracheotomy is conducted between which structures? Cricothyroid Emergency tracheotyomy most easily made by an incision through the median cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage and is inferior to the space between the vocal cords (rima glottides) where aspirated objects usually get lodged. Tracheotomy allows fro air to pass between the lungs and the outside air
79. ADH from posterior pituitary
80. Which glands are purely serous? Parotid gland Von Ebners is the only other gland that is purely serous
81. Testosterone secreted: Endocrine , exocrine, merocrine, apocrine It has to be endocrine, if its not an option then who knows A merocrine secretion is eliminated from the cell by exocytosis. The secretory granule fuses with the plasma membrane to release the product. These proteins are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles and sent to the plasma membrane. (Uro- plaquens are synthesized in the rough ER and packaged in the golgi apparatus.) They are labeled with tags that take them to the membrane for exocytosis. Salivary glands, pancreatic glands, and most exocrine glands use this method.
82. Lower 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle Esophagus10 inches, behind trachea in thorax, emptying in cardiac portion of stomach through cardiac orifice. Esophagus has upper third with skeletal and smooth muscle and lower 2/3 with smooth muscle only Esophagus receives blood from inferior thyroid artery, branches of descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric art EsophagusPS from esophageal branches of vagus nerve. Motor fibers from recurrent laryngeal of vagus nerve and S innervation from esophagea plexus of nerves.
83. Submucous in duodenum: none, only in the lamina propria Small intestines: mucosa only: lacteals, capillaries, and can be densely infiltrated by lyphocytes Gastric: lamina and submucosalthe rugae Peyers patchof the ileum goes lamina propria and submucosal. Peyers and tonsils considered SUBEPITHELIAL AND NONENCAPSULATED lymphoid tissue
84. What parallels posterior interventricular artery Middle cardiac vein other options: great, lesser cardiac vein)?
85. Crista terminalis is located where? 17 Right atrium Crista terminalis: vertical muscular ridge that runs along the right atrial wall from the opening of the SVC to the IVC. Provides origin fro the pectinate muscle. Represents junction btw the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo. Also represented on the external surface of heart by the vertical groove called the sulcus terminalis
86. Where does ductus arteriousus occur? Between the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch Patent ductus arteriosus: Lung resistance decreases and shunt becomes left to right with subsequent right ventriculal hypertrophy and failure Associated with continuous machine-like murmur. Patency maintained by PGE synthesis and low O2 tension Indomethacin is used to close patent ductus arteriosus, and PGE is used to keep it open to sustain life in case of transposition of greater vessels
87. Thymus is associated with which of the following structures? Hassals corpuscle Thymus: no afferent lymphatics of lymphatic nodulesblood from the internal thoracic and inferior thyroid arteries, innervated by vagus and phrenic nerves. Has double embryologic originlymphocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells, while Hassalls corpuscle epithelium derived from endoderm of THIRD pharyngeal POUCH with an unknown function
88. In which mediastinum is the thoracic duct located? posterior mediastinum Posterior: descending (thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos system of veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes
89. Ansa cervicalis innervates which of the following suprahyoid muscles? geniohyoid Suprahyoid muscles: o Stylohyoid pulls hyoid superiorly and posteriorly during swallowing, fixes hydoid bone for infrahyoids innervated by VII o Digastric: (anterior) Opens mouth by depressing mandible. Innervated by V3 (posterior) fixes hyoid for infrahyoid action. Innervated by VII o Mylohyoid elevates hyoid, raises floor of mouth for swallowing, depressed mandible when hyoid is fixed innervated by V3 18 o Geniohyoid elevates tongue, depress mandible, works with mylohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis, which is a loop formed by branches from the cervical plexus (C1, C2, C3)
90. Know difference between skeletal, smooth, cardiac (at least 4 questions about!)
91. Contract lead to the shortening of which of the following areas? I band shorten
92. Which muscle wraps around the hamulus? Tensor veli palatine Tensor veli plati: tenses the palate and opens the mouth of the auditory tube during swallowing and yawning. Curves around the pterygoid hamulus. If hamulus was fractured the actions of this muscle would be affected The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pully for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its direction of pull from vertical to horizontal therby tensing the soft palate
93. Where does the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid insert? on condyle, Other areas of insertion include: Neck of mandible (condyle) and articular disc Origin Lateral pterygoid plate and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
94. To which component of muscle does calcium bind to displacement of inhibitor before contract Troponin C Calcium binding to muscle o Calcium binds to troponin C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational change in troponin that permits the interaction between actin and myosin o After calcium binds with troponin, tropomyosin moves from its blocking position permitting actin and myosin to interact o High energy myosin bin weakly to actin subunits, however, when inorganic phosphate is released from the myosin, the mhyosins bind tightly to the actin subunits. o Energy stored in the high-energy myosin is discharged, and the myosin head swivel, pulling on the thin filaments. o This repeated pulling of the thin filaments past the thick filaments toward the centers of the sarcomeres draws the Z lines closer together, and the muscle fiber shortens (contracts) o This process is repeated as long as calcium ions are bound to troponin and ATP is available. 19 o Once calcium ions are returned to the sarcoplasin reticulum, tropomyosin moves back into its blocking position and prevents further interaction between high-energy myosins and actin subunits o Contraction ceases and the muscle fibers relax
95. A successful IA injection only penetrates the buccinator muscle o During inferior alveolar nerve block injection, the needle passes through the mucous membrane and the buccinator muscle and lies lateral to the medial pterygoid If needle passes posteriorly at level of mandibular foramenpenetrate parotid and have facial paralysis. If needle tip passes well below the foramen, you will penetrate the medial pterygoid
96. In which bone does trigeminal ganglion lie in? Sphenoid bone In the middle cranial fossa
97. Which nerve represents the terminal branch of the opthalmic nerve? supraorbital n.
98. Which nerve innervates the buccinator muscle? Facial nerve Buccinator muscle: o Innervated by the facial nerve: o Origin: Maxilla: Mandible Pterygomaxillary ligament Pterygomandibul[ar raphe: a thin, fibrous band running from the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate down to the mandible o Inserts: orbiuclaris oris and skin at the angle of the mouth. It is tranversed by the parotid duct o Does not move jaw o Proprioceptive fibers are derived from the buccal branch of V3 o Actions: Move boluses of food out of vestibule of mouth and back towards molar teeth Tense the cheeks during blowing and whistling Assist with closure of mouth o Facial and maxillary arteries supply blood
99. Which nerve provides sensory information about the buccinator muscle? V3
20 100. Nucleus solitarius = taste (not inf. Salivatory nuc) Superior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facial nerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia Inferior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facial nerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia
101. From which nerve does the parotid gland receive parasympathetic innervation? Auriculotemperal from otic ganglion, not submand ganglion However, the PS comes from the lesser petrosal out of the VII from the middle ear Otic ganglion: o Small PS ganglion that functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve o Situated below foramen ovale and is medial to the mandibular nerve o Tympanic and lesser petrosal branches of the glossopharyneal nerve supply pre-ganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers o Postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion and join the auriculotemporal nerve parotid
102. Hyoid bone arises from branchial arch? Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone
103. Which muscles is responsible for medial rotator of glenohumeral joint? teres major the pectoris major, latissiumus dorsi, and teres major all medially rotate the arm the teres minor rotates the arm laterally
104. Which nerve pierces throhyoid membrane? Internal laryngeal: travels with superior laryngeal artery and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane. Supplies mucous membranes of the larynx above the vocal folds with sensory sensation. External laryngeal: travels with superior thyroid artery and supplies the cricothyroid muscle
105. Smooth muscle property: muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic effect muscarinic
106. Cerebral aqueduct is from which part of the brain? midbrain Four ventricles: o Two lateral ventricles are hollow C shaped spaces within the right and left cerebral hemispheres 21 o Third ventricle forms a median cavity within the diencephalong (forebrain) the two interventricular foramina of Monro are oval openings which provide communication between the third and lateral ventricles. The cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricsl o Fourth ventricle: located in the metencephalong (hindbrain). Contains two openings in its walls called lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) and a single opening in its roof called the medial aperuture (foramen of Magendie) These apertures connect the ventricular system with the subarachnoid space. After circulating throughout the subarachnoid space the CSF is returned to the circulatory system by filtration through arachnoid villi that protrude mainly into the venous drainage sinuses of the cranial cavity Obstruction of cerebral aqueduct cause enlargement of the two lateral and third ventricles (not the fourth) This is referred to as a non-communicating hydrocephalus because the lateral ventricles are not in communication with the subarachnoid space
107. Emissary sinus drain dural sinus o Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial veins (2000) Veins of vein are direct tributaries to the dural sinuses (cerebral sinuses or the sinuses of dura mater) Emissary veinsvalveless connect the dural sinuses with the veins of scalp. Found in foramen ovale is a means
108. Which anatomic structure is the last thing to disappear down respiratory tract? Smooth muscle It goes down all the way the alveolar ducts until right at the alveolus Other options: cartilage, cilia, or SM- I think SM)
109. All glucose resorbed in proximal tubule
110. Attached gingival lack which of the following? No submucosa in attached ging (given all the options are the lining mucosas) Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival and the free gingival
111. Collateral ligaments (discal ligaments) hold disc in place with condylar movement Articular disc seated on condyle and held in place by the collateral ligaments that are attached to the medial and lateral poles of the condyles
112. Oblique make up most of PDL Oblique fibers: insertions in cementum and extending apically in alveolus. Compose 1/3 or all fibers. Resist forces along the long axis of tooth, masticatory forces. Found in middle third of tooth.
22 113. Diff b/w tuft, spindle, lamella, perikymata, in enamel Enamel tufts: fan shaped, hpocalcified structures of enamel rods that proect from the dentinoenaml junction into the enamel proper (unknown function) Enamel spindles: elongated odontoblastic processes (hair like) that traverse ht DEJ from the underlying odontoblasts. May sere as pain receptors Enamel lamellae: defects in the enamel resembling cracks or fractures which traverse the entire length of crown from surface ot DEJ. Contain mostly organic material and may provie an area for decay (bacteria) to enter
114. Enamel rod parallel at heads, deviate by tails
115. Which of the following is not in pulp: Cementoblasts
116. The dentin of the crown of a tooth and that of root differ in that the primary curvature of the tubules decrease in the root dentin
117. The subclavian vein runs where in relation to the anterior scalene muscle Anterior Subclavian vein crosses the first rib anterior to the anterior scalene muscle; its tributaries are: external jugular on the left side at the angle of its junction with the internal jugular vein It receives the thoracic duct. On the right side it receives right lymphatic duct at the same location.
118. If bad sensory on face and cant close mouth and ringing in ear? Then damage to? trigeminal and vestibulococh as exit brain stem?
119. Fracture of condyle inferior to pterygoid fovea, but mandible doesnt undergo necrosiswhy not? Innervation from lat pterygoid art or from IA art
120. Superior orbital fissure b/w which 2 bones lesser and greater wings of sphenoid
121. Which foreman doesnt lie in middle cranial fossa I thought jugular foreman
122. Which is a branch of 3 rd part of max art either infraorbital, sphenopalatine is the other terminal branch other option: ant deep temporal
123. Which nerve supplies erector spinae muscles in spine Dorsal rami
124. Which nerve supplies posterior arm 23 radial. Arm
125. Which part of brachial plexus runs in axillary sheath cords and axillary vein axillary sheath is a continuation of the prevertebral fascia and it goes between the anterior and middle scalene
126. Whats in carotid sheath? Vagus
127. Which nerve supplies esophagus phrenic
128. Which artery supplies parathyroids inferior thyroid from thyrocervical Parathyroid o four superior (superior thyroid artery from external carotid) and inferior (inferior thyroid artery from thryocervical trunk) pairs on posterior of thyroid. PTH regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism of body. ESSENTIAL for LIFE. Innervention by superior cervical ganglion
129. Which isnt supplied by 3 unpaired branches off aorta adrenal glands other options: appendix other correct options: could be testicular, middle super renal, lumbar
130. Vagus supplies ascending colon (not the other parts distal to left colic flexure)
131. How does pterygopalatine fossa open into nasal cavity sphenopalatine foreman
132. 2 questions about nerve of pterygoid canal which is parasympathetic (deep petrosal) and something else
133. Where is cell body of nerve in pulp trigememinal gang
134. Which nerve innervates buccal mucosa long buccal from facial buccal of V3 provides sensory
135. Which muscle plays an important role in moving mandibule but is not a muscle of mastication 24 either mylohyoid or digastric posterior digistric is responsible for the initial rotation of the condyle about its axis
136. Where does anterior jugular vein originate? Submental Other options: muscular or digastric triangle I think
137. What do parotid and pancreas have in common serous cells
138. Whats unique about mixed glands? Demilunes
139. Striated ducts have mitochondria in basement membrane folds True Striated ducts of the salivary glands are lined by a single layer of tall, columnar epithelial cells with radially arranged mitochondria Composed of simple low columnar epithelium
140. Where are crypts of lieberkuhn located? Lamina propria, mucosa only Other option: submucosal Colon epitheliumsimple columnar with microvillous border to increase surface area for absorption of water from lumen. Goblet cells mucus lubricates dehydrating fecal mass. CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN (intestinal glands) invade lamina propria (not the same as goblet cells). No villa formed in large intestines peyers patches are also located in submucosal, Aurbachs is between muscularis external (Myenteric), the other is supervicial at the border of the submucosal and the internal cicrcualr. Find mucous glands in submucosou. Brunners and esophageal.
141. Know the different types of CT know where reticular fibers are (see question 1) Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or other types of fibers
142. What is in tunica adventitia of medium sized artery made of? Collagen or reticular fibers Reticular fibers stain different
143. Origin and insertion of spenomandibular ligament Lingula is tongue shaped projection of bone that serves as the attachment for the sphenomandibular ligament
25 144. Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandi. post teeth Buccal of V3
145. Which artery of external carotid artery you can't find in carotid triangle Superficial temporal
146. Histo. related to articular cartilage
147. Know where the Corticobulbar tract ends? Ask Jared The muscle nucleus of the facial muscles If ventral horn is option choose it, but it might also be the somatic muscle, or something to do with the motor aspect of cranial nerves Options: ie tectum (caliculi, superior and inferior are part mid brain. Superior: is vision, inferior is auditory).. something peduncle.. etc..
148. Nerve that innervates the mucosa of floor of mouth under floor of mouth, side of tongue? Lingual nerve
149. Not invested by deep vertebral fascia? Platysma
150. Know what structure lies immediately lateral to medial pterygoid Lingual nerve IS NOT PRESENT Inferior alveolar vein, artery and nerve and the lingual nerve are found in space between the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus of the mandible
151. Nuclei mesenchephal: proprioception, solitarius (in medulla): taste VII, IX, and X (geniculate is in thalamus) spinal: pain principal (chief): normal touch
152. What crosses over the midline in the corticle bulber tract? o CN VII, and XII
153. Facialparotid & submandibular
154. Origin of superior head of medial pterygoid muscle Pyramid part of the palatine bone
155. Epithelium of masticatory mucosa of hard palate Orthokeratinized Parakeratinized is mainly for attached gingiva Someone wore a malfitting denture. The change is from unkeratizine
26 156. What characteristics of articular cartilage: vascular, blood supply, perio.., easily
157. What cranial nerve that crosses over the midline (CN6in the brain???) VII and XII are the two that synapse on the corticobulbar Facial is coricobulbar tract crosses over, but it depends V cross over after synapsing ipsilaterally in the pons
158. What innervates the epaxial portion of dermomyotome: primary dorsal???? ventral rami , rami communicans (sympathetic that connect from spinal cord to the sympathetic trunk, sympathetic chain ganglia), 1 other
159. Somatic afferent cell bodies are found where DRG a. Other options: Dorsal horn, Ventral horn, SC
160. What runs with azygos? right vagus
161. Death from Hep C is: Inhibition of urea synthesis
Proprioception goes straight to mesencephalic it is the only three neurons
1 st order: trigeminal: 2 nd cell body: Principal nucleus: regular touch, Spinal: pain in the brain stem, 3 rd are in the thalamus 4 th order are cortex.
2003
1. Jaw-jerk reflex goes through what ganglion? trigeminal, etc
2. Pterygoid plexus something about a specific vein.deep facial and maxillay o Pterygoid plexus of veins surrounds the maxillary artery occupying the infratemporal fossa associated with pterygoid muscles. Receives veins that correspond to the maxillary artery. Terminates posteriorly in the maxillary vein and anteriorly in the pterygoid plexus drains via the deep facial vein into the facial vein
3. Nerve that innervates thumb median nerve
4. Nerve that innervates diaphragm phrenic n.
27 5. Fibers in pterygoid canal? parasympathetic & sympathetic
6. superior thyroid and external laryngeal run together
7. Retroperitoneal structures pancreas, spleen, ?
8. What causes formation of Protocord plate: ecto and endoderm
9. What makes anterior fauces? palatoglossus
10. What palatal muscle is not innervated by X? tensor levi palatini
11. What does ectomesenchyme give rise to? dentin, cementum, bone, alveolar process
12. bud stage, cap stage, bell stage
13. Where do gomphosis (tooth in a socket) occur? Jaw, spine, etc
14. What lies in the deltopectoral triangle: basilica vein, cephalic vein, musculotaneous nerve
15. Cigarette smoking does not contribute to the cancers in: larynx, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, (the other it does not contribute to is colon)
16. Where are pituicytes: neurohypophysis
17. Nissl Substance - rER
18. Mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of tongue is from the: Rathke pouch, tuberculum impar (posterior 1/3), lateral lingual swelling
19. Salivary glands are located: circumvallate (von Ebners)
20. Taste buds: have a turnover rate of 30 days, are located on the ventral and dorsal surface of tongue
21. The pterygopalatine fossa is bordered by: o palatine (medial wall: opening to the sphenopalatine foramen to nasal cavity, with the same artery and the nasopalatine nerve) and sphenoid (posterior wall: foramen rotundum to middle cranila cavity, pterygoid canal to foramen lacerum, and palaotvaginal canal to choana; and the roof being formed by the greater wing and body)
22. Jaw reflex nerves located in Semilunar = Trigeminal ganglion o Semilunar ganglion = gasserian ganglion: large, flattened, sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, lying close to the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa
28 23. Bundle bone cementum (Sharpeys fibers)
24. Alpha 1 receptors vasoconstriction
25. IgG is activated where? Myoepithelial, Striated, etc
26. Superior part of carotid triangle Posterior belly of digastric muscle
27. Lateral border of retropharyngeal space Carotid sheath
28. Pterygoid Plexus and Maxillary vein drain into what? External Jugular vein, Retromandibular vein
29. Abductor of vocal fold posterior cricoarytenoid
30. Damage to abducens nerve? right abductor of right eye; raise __ eye, lower eye
31. Nerve to thumb median
32. Sickle Cell Anemia? 33%, 61, 75, 78 oxygen carrying capacity 78% is the oxygen carrying capacity, or the oxygen content. Hematocrit in sickle cell anemia is 35%, you would divide it the normal of 45%
33. lingual artery relation to hyoglossus muscle deep (located btw the hyoglossus and genioglossus)
34. which muscle depresses lateral borders of tongue? Genioglossus, hyoglossus, etc
35. which nerve fibers travel throughout the course of the lingual nerve to receive sensory input from ant 2/3 of tongue? Chorda tympani
36. which vessel is outside the portal triangle? Portal v, central v, hepatic a, bile duct
37. the parotid duct pierces which muscle? Buccinator
38. If something enters lymph in GI area, where will it first reach bloodstream? Brachiocephalic v
39. Where are submucosal glands located? Duodenum (ie Brunners glands), stomach
40. Whats the fxn of gastroesophageal sphincter? Prevents reflux of stomach contents
41. L coronary artery exits the aorta where? Superior to aortic valve, inf to aortic valvecongenital
42. Malformation that causes shunting of blood from left pulmonary artery to aorta? Ductus arteriosus
29 43. Dermis has CT that is? Dense and regular (this is cornea and ligaments and tendons), dense and irreg, reticular, areolar, loose
44. Haversian canals are oriented in which direction w/respect to long axis of long bone? Parallel, perpend, oblique
46. when odontoblastic processes disintegrate, they leave? Dead tracts
47. something about transeptal fibers of PDL Transseptal fibers: extend from tooth to tooth, coronal to the alveolar crest and area embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth. Not found on the facial aspect, and have no attachment to alveolar crestal bone. They maintain the integrity of the dental arches (sometimes classified as principal fibers of the PDL)
50. the anterior 2/3 mucosa of tongue is derived from? Lateral lingual swellings
51. difference b/n coronal and root dentin? Granular layer of Tomes (its in root dentin)
52. What can be damaged when dissecting the parotid gland. facial n, retromd vein, ext carotid a, superfic temp art, > auric n. branches, Mx arteries, auriculotemp
53. H. pylori- #1 cause of peptic ulcer; #1 cause of chronic gastritis = chronic gastritis (chronic gastritis / ulcer)
54. know contents of deltopectoral triangle cephalic (or thoracoacromial a) for sure cephalic v
55. know origin and insertion of trapezius: spine of scapula;
56. kidney: whats in cortex and pyramid: Medulla loop renal papilla minor calyx; renal papilla = end of pyramid
57. contents of middle cranial fossa (II VI), pterygo fossa: rotundum, Medial perpendicular of PALATINE Bone o Middle cranial fossa: formed by sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones Temporal lobes of cerebrum Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland) Optic and carotid canal Superior orbital fissure Trigeminal impression for trigeminal ganglion Separate the middle ear cavity and sphenoid sinus 30
58. know hypobranchial / hypopharyngeal eminence = copula; 3 rd arch post 3 rd of tongue; (middle cranial fossa) = copula = 3 rd pharyngeal arch Posterior one-third of tongue is formed by two elevationsthe copula (from second arch) and the hypobranchial eminence (from the third arch)
59. what is gomphosus? Tooth and socket
60. ligamentum teres- remnant of umbilical vein; round ligament of liver; R lobe physically bigger; L fxnly
61. platysma innervated by facial nerve
62. pigmentation of oral mucosa: Addisons disease, pigmentation of mouth doesnt go away
63. whats secrete gastrin? Gastrin: enteroendocrine; ( H secr; tightens LES, relaxes pyloric sphincter, outflow), in calcitonin
64. G cell; CCK: I cell; Secretin: S cell; Gastric inhib peptide: K cell (all in duodenum)
65. Acid / fats secretin release / CCK which --| outflow (secretin bicarb, CCK glucagons; GIP insulin secr Gastrin: o Enteroendocrine cells (gastrin or G cells) of the pyloric glands of the stomach mucosa secrete the hormone gastrin. o Gastrin is absorbed in the blood and carried to the oxyntic glands (gastric glands) in the body of the stomach. There it stimulates the parietal cells to secrete HCL o relaxes the pyloric sphincter, activates the pyloric pump, and contracts the esophageal sphincter
66. pituicytes pars nervosa POST lobe; glial cells from the post pitutary
67. pericyte can fibroblast, M, SM (outside of post cap venule)
68. herring bodies dilated end of nerve, they store oxytocin and prolactin in the posterior pituitary, made in supraoptic and paraventricular and decent the
69. infratemporal fossa major artery = maxillary artery
89. WHAT INNERVATES THE PALMAR ASPECT OF THE THUMB (CUTANEOUS)? Median
90. Carpul tunnel: Captain of the carpul tunnel: capatus, Three muscles go through it: flexor palmaris, digitorum profundus and superficialis (flexor policis longus?????), AND the median nerve.
91. INNERVATION OF LEFT FACE GOES TO RIGHT CORTEX (CROSSES OVER, EG DECUSSATES TO OPPOSITE SIDE) 32
92. THYROGLOSSAL DUCT REMNANT CAN CAUSE A MIDLINE CYST IN THE NECK. Thyroglossal duct cyst
93. CARTILAGE IS AN AVASCULAR / non innervated TISSUE. Chondroitan sulfate / keratin sulfate in cart / cornea;
96. WHAT PART OF TEMPORAL BONE CONTAINS THE INNER EAR? SQUAMOUS, TYMPANIC OR PETROUS?
97. What is the superior border of the carotid triangle? Post digastric
98. What are the contents of the deltopectoral triangle? A: cephalic vein. Not basilic vein!
99. Which papillae of the tongue do not contain tastebuds? Valate (circumvallate), fungiform, foliate have; filiform dont
100. What structure is located immediately distal to the terminal bronchioles? A: respiratory bronchioles.
101. 60% oxygen and 40% nitrous oxide gas mixture why will person stop breathing? B/c of stimulation to carotid body b.c of increase oxygen. IX body, by itself; IX / X sinus (sum of ns)
104. What must be cut in order to expose the submd duct from an intraoral approach. Floor of mouth, mucous memb
105. What structures pierce the thryohyoid membrane? Int laryngeal n, Sup laryng art from sup thyroid a
33 106. Know that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to carbon dioxide and not oxygen. CO 2 / H +
ions
107. What nerve innervates omohyoid? Ansa cervicalis
108. Embryogenesis of neural plate: PROCHORDAL PLATE precursor to stomatodeum / buccopharyngeal memb
109. Deltopectoral region vein cephalic v., basilic v., some other choices Superficial Veins: The main superficial veins in this area are the cephalic and basilic veins that originate from the dorsal venous arch in the hand. The cephalic vein ascends in the superficial fascia along the lateral border of the wrist and along the anterolateral surface of the forearm and arm. Superiorly the vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and enters the deltopectoral triangle where it joins the axillary vein. The basilic vein runs in the superficial fascia on the medial side of the forearm and the inferior part of the arm. It then passes deeply and runs superiorly into the axilla, where it joins deep brachial veins to form the axillary vein. The median cubital vein is the communication between the basilica and cephalic veins in the anterior part of the elbow region (cubital fossa).
113. Where does syphilis aneurysm occur? Ascending aorta Descending aorta, ascending aorta, right ventricle, left ventricle, circle of willis Syphilitic aneurysm In people with untreated syphilis, the infection can spread to the portion of the aorta nearest the heart (Ascending aorta?), producing a thoracic aortic aneurysm 15 to 30 years after the first signs of syphilis.
114. Contents of infratemporal fossa maxillary a. Infratemporal fossa is deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch and posterior to the maxilla. The boundaries of the fossa are: o -Laterally: ramus of the mandible o -Medically: lateral pterygoid plate o -Anteriorly: maxilla o -Posteriorly: condylar process of mandible and styloid process of temporal bone o -Superiorly: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid o -Inferiorly: where medial pterygoid attaches to mandible near its angle Contents: o -Inferior part of temporalis muscle o -Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles o -Maxillary artery o -pterygoid venous plexus o -mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves o -chorda tympani o -otic ganglion
115. Pterygopalatine fossa foramen rotundum 34 Pterygopalatine fossa: small pyramid of space inferior to the apex of the orbit. Contents of the fossa: o -terminal branches of maxillar artery o -maxillary nerve (CN V2)- enters via the foramen rotundum and in fossa gives rise to: the zygomatic nerve -nerve of pterygoid canal -pterygopalatine ganglion
116. Blood supply to nose sphenopalatine a., PSA a., other choices The blood supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity is from: o -branches of the sphenopalatine artery o -the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries o -the greater palatine artery o -the superior labial artery o -lateral nasal branches of the facial artery
117. What innervates posterior palatine? greater palatine. . . what about the lesser palatine, which innervates mostly the soft palate? The sensory nerves of the palate are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion. The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane and glands of most of the hard palate.
118. Whats common about salivary glands & myoepithelial cells? Myoepithelial cells = contractile epithelial cells that are located on the surface of some of the salivary gland acini to facilitate the flow of saliva out of each lumen into the connecting ducts.
119. The presynaptic cell body of eye thing, where is it? Edenger-Wesphal nucleus The preganglionic cell bodies of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) parasympathetics lie in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus of the midbrain. The preganglionic fibers course ventrally in the midbrain with somatic fibers of the oculomotor nerve and emerge from the ventral aspect of the midgrain within the oculomotor nerve. They join the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve and enter the ciliary ganglion. Edinger-Westphal nucleus = A small group of preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons in the midline near the rostral pole of the oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain; the axons of these motor neurons leave the brain with the oculomotor nerve and synapse on the cells of the ciliary ganglion which in turn innervate the sphincter muscle of the pupil and ciliary muscle. Destruction of this nucleus or its efferent fibres causes maximal paralytic dilation of the pupil; also demonstrated to project fibres to lower levels of the brainstem and all spinal levels.
120.. What does the abducens n. do? abduct right eye, etc, etc The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye and participates in the abduction of the eyeball.
35
2002
1. What happens when you puncture your left lung? -left lung collapses -right lung collapses -both lungs collapse
2. During endochondral ossification, you see parallel rows of enlarged chondrocytes. What is occurring there? -hypertrophy and calcification -proliferation
3. zygmaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial are branches of what nerve? -v1 -v2according to BRS -v3 -facial
4. As a tooth undergoes attrition, it maintains contact with the opposing dentition. This is a result of -secondary dentin -apical cementum -alveolar bone -coronal enamel -bundle bone
5. Know that calcitonin is made by parafollicular cells of thyroid
6. Which of the following can be used to differentiate between arch of aorta and brachial artery? -Tunica media -tunica adventitia -epithelium
7. Tap masseter? -initiate stretch reflex
9. The thenar muscles are innervated by the -radial -median -ulnar -axillary
10. If you damage the coracoid process, which muscles are damaged? -pec minor and short head of biceps brachii; could also have answered with the coracobrachialis 36
11. Most inferior branch of external carotid -superior thyroid
12. The inability to move the diaphragm because of a complete spinal section at -C2 -C6 -C7 -C8
13. Spinal cord lesion at T2 -same side below T2 is affected corticospinal-- motormedulla spinothalamicpaint and temp: S.C medial lemniscusproprioception: medulla spino cerebral: unc. Proprio: same side???
14. What is an enamel spindle -elongated odontoblastic process
15. Which muscles close the nasopharynx? -tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini; palatoglossal closes oropharynx
16. Which of the following bones is NOT part of the calavaria? (skull base) -zygoma -frontal -occipital -temporal -parietal
17. If there is a deficiency of sensation on the left side of the face where is the deficit in the brain? -right parietal
18. Which pair of muscles are innervated by V? -Medial and lateral pterygoid
19. Where is the cell body of a somatic afferent located? -dorsal root ganglia
20. What type of muscle has intercalated discs? -cardiac
21. If you touch a person's right cheek, which lobe gets stimulated? -left parietal 37
22. Which vein connecting the cavernous sinus with facial vein? -superior ophthalmic Deep facial veinis facial to the plexus.? Face has no valves and backflow of infection can get into the sinuses via the deep facial vein (via pterygoid plexus) and superior ophthalmic vein (via cavernous sinus)
23. Increased sympathetic stimulation would cause all of the following EXCEPT: Increased blood flow to the skin
2001
1. What is the medial wall of the axilla? Serratus anterior medial wall: upper ribs and their intercostal muscles and serratus anterior mscl lateral wall: humerus posterior wall: subscapularis, teres jamor, and lats anterior wall: pectoralis major and minor base axillary fascia apex: interval between the clavicle scapula, and first rib contents: axillary vascularture, branches of the brachial plexus, the long and short heads of the biceps brachii, and the coracobrachilais
2. Bifurcation of trachea is at T5/sternal angle
3. What passes between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor? Stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve stylohyoid ligament (comes off the second branchial arch)
4. What covers articular disc? Dense fibrous connective tissue, fibrocartilage
5. Major portion of hard palate and soft palate is derived from? Palatine process of maxillathis should be the right answer but it wasnt listed. Palatine shelves, horizontal plates of the palatine bonethis is only the very last part and seems to cover the soft palate
6. What comprises the floor of submandibular triangle? digastric
7. If parotid gland is removed, what structures are likely to be injured? External carotid and glossopharyngeal (facial nerve, retromandibular vein, ext carotid artery = superfic temp art, > auric n. branches, Maxillary arteries, auriculotemperal nerve)
8. What is the difference between cellular and acellular cementum?
9. Left coronary artery leaves the aorta at what location? Arises from the left aortic sinus, just above the aortic semilunar valve, AFTER
38 10. Injection through greater palatine foramen into pterygopalatine fossa will cause what? Too much could cause numbness to eye, nose and other facial structures???
11. What is the primary function of gastroesophagueal sphincter? Prevent reflux
12. Basilar artery is formed by what? 2 vertebral arteries coming together
13. Intercostal arteries are between what muscles? Internal and innermost intercostal muscle
14. Nasopalatine nerve goes through what foramen? Incisive forament\
15. What artery supplies the upper lip? Superior labial artery of facial
16. What mastication muscle does not contract when mandible is elevated and closing? Temporalis? Myelohyoid
17. What nucleus innervated the muscle derived from branchial arches? Nucleus ambiguous The neurons of the central nervous system that innervate muscles derived from branchial arches are found in nucleus ambiguous (CN 9 and 10)
18. Pain carried by glossopharyngeal nerve goes to what nucleus? Superior ganglion of IX Pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
19. What does long thoracic nerve innervate? Serratus anterior
20. The striated muscle of the tongue is derived from? First or second branchial arch, myotomes
21. Injury to spinal accessory nerve will lead to what? Inability to raise scapula. Accessory innervates the trapezius which elevates the scapula, draws head back, adducts scapula, braces shoulder, and draws scapula down.
22. What is the epithelium of gallbladder? Simple columnar, Simple cuboidal, simple squamous, ciliated pseudostratified squamous
23. Submucosal glands can be seen in what? Duodenum Brunners glands
24. What organs are retroperitoneal? Rocker Kids Party Down c AC/DC Records (rec, kid, panc, duod, ascending / descending colon; R
25. What are the branches of Subclavian artery? Internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk
26. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis is what type of cartilage? Hyaline
27. TMJ is innervated by? Auriculotemporal, also sees messeteric and one other that I always forget 39
28. Which muscle has tendon that wraps around pterygoid hamulus? Tensor veli palatine
29. If dentin formation occurs AFTER the breaking up of root sheath of Hertwig, what forms? Lateral cannal??? Accessory root canals are formed by a break or perforation in the root sheath BEFORE the root dentin is depositedStraight from Decks After first root dentin is deposited, the cervical portion of Hertwigs epithelial root sheath breaks down and this new dentin comes in contact with the dental sac.
30. What is the component in enamel? Enamel spindle, tuft, lamelle, calcified rods. All of them
31. Buccinator muscle originates where? Buccopharyngeal raphe (pterygomandibular raphe), as well as the maxilla, mandible, ptergomaxillary ligament
32. What veins drain into cavernous sinus? Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid), and CN VI What goes through sinus and what is on the wall: oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerve all lie in the wall of sinus.
33. Right lymphatic duct drain what structures? Right side of head and neck, right upper extremity and right side of thorax
34. What is the pressure of large veins at right atrium? Lowest pressure, vena cava is 4 mm Hg, atria must be lower
35. What is constant throughout the cardiovascular system? Endothelium, smooth muscle, vasa vasorum
36. Skeletal muscle differs from cardiac muscle in what way? Skeletal muscle can hypertrophy so can cardiac, has shorter action potential,
38. Where is the lumbar puncture usually done? L3 L5
39. Which is NOT found in pulp cavity nerve fibers? lymphatics, blood vessels, cementoblasts
40. Which is derived from neural crest? Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies, sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies, sypathethic postganglionic cell bodies (97 test)
41. Anterior pillar of fauces? Palatoglossus
42. All of the following are innervated by hypoglossal nerve except what? Palatoglossus
43. What is the depression on the upper lip called? Philtrum
40 44. What kind of fibers are found in large numbers in the middle third of the root? oblique
45. Which is not the reason pulp cavity gets smaller? Caries, thermal shock, normal mastication, age
46. What is the dark band on skeletal muscle? Myosin
_______________question in more recent year ______________stuff to still go over ______________ not positive on the answer
2000
1. The mylohyoid is not considered a primary elevator of the mandible and the lateral pterygoid is in rare instances. 2. The vertebral artery is most often a branch of the subclavian artery 3. The maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity is situated in the middle nasal meatus at the semilunar hiatus 4. A branch of the ansa cervicalis supplies the innervation for the sternohyoid muscle 5. Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or other types of fibers 6. Melanocytes migrate to the lamina propria of the oral mucosa from the neural crest 7. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes beneath the ligamentum arteriousum 8. Unilateral cleft lip results from the failure of the fusion/merging of the maxillary process and medial nasal process 9. The pre-ameloblasts and pre-odontoblasts correspond best to the epidermis and dermis 10. LOCATIONS OF WHERE THE PAIN AND TEMPERATURE AS WELL AS THE CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION travel in the spinal cord 11. There are no capillaries in the epidermis. However, there are eleiden, desmosomes, mitotic cells, and free nerve endings 12. The secondary center of ossification is found in the epiphysis, not the epiphyseal plate, or the diaphysis. Grows radially. The primary ossification is in the diaphysis 41 13. Lymph from the superior quadrant of the mammary gland drains first to the nodes that are adjacent to the axillary veins 14. The teres major is responsible for the medial rotator at the gleno-humeral joint 15. Testosterone is elaborated from the sertoli cells. It is produced by the Leydig cells 16. The root sheath (Hertwig) must be broken for cementum to be deposited 17. Hassalls corpuscles are characteristic of the thymus 18. Which of the following histological describes oral mucosa found on the floor of the mouth: nonkeratinized epithelium with a lamina propria and a submucosa 19. Muscle found in the wall of the arteriole has fibers with single, centrally placed nucleus (smooth muscle) 20. The left coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta 21. The NUCLEOLUS is most directly involved in synthesis of ribosomal RNA 22. The lingual nerve is located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle 23. The carotid sheath contains the vagus nerve, the internal jugular vein, and the common carotid artery, BUT NOT the ansa cervicalis 24. The oral part of the pharynx communicates directly with the oral cavity, the laryngopharynx, and nasopharynx, NOT, the trachea, esophagus, maxillary sinus, larynx, tympanic membrane, or nasal cavity 25. Foramen: a. The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale b. The optic nerve passes through the optic canal c. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa d. Middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen spinosum 26. The nerves of the anterior abdominal wall lie immediately deep to the internal oblique muscle 27. Glycocalyx are located extracellularly a. At the apical surface, microvilli form finger-like processes called the brush border. They have a core of microfilaments and a glycocalyx coat. Actin filaments anchor the microvilli in the exoplasmic zone of the cell (cytoskeleton b. On all cell surfaces recall there is a plasma membrane and on the outer surface of that are carbohydrates and lipids called a glycocalyx. Plant cells have a thick cellulose 42 covering. Animals have a less rigid carbohydrate covering that is responsible for blood grouping ABO antigens. Antigenicity is imparted by the glycocalyx. That glycocalyx is particularly well developed in the intestinal absorptive cells of the kidney where its components are involved in absorption. 28. Lysosomes, microtubules, tonofibrils, and karatohyalin granules are all located intracellularly 29. The sublingual caruncles are elevations that are located on both sides of the lingual frenum 30. The platysma is supplied by the facial nerve 31. The inferior parathyroid gland develops from the fourth pharyngeal arch 32. The retromandibular vein is formed within the parotid gland by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins 33. The greater splanchnic nerve consists of sympatheit fibers from vertebral spinal levels T5 T9 34. The bifurcation of the trachea lies at the level of the sternal angle 35. Proprioceptive information related to muscles of mastication is conveyed by neurons located in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve 36. The articulating surface of the adult mandibular condyle is covered by collagenous connective tissue 37. Fibrocartilage normally occurs in intervertebral discs 38. Touch receptors are most numerous per unit area in the tip of the tongue 39. The apical third of the root has the thickest layer of cementum 40. The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium 41. In a histologic section through the epiphyseal plate of the femur of an 18 year old male, the zone of hypertrophy and maturation show cartilage lacunae swollen and chondrocytes enlarged 42. In erythropoiesis, there is an increased cytoplasm acidophilia from the proerythroblasts 43. Initially the developing heart is between the prochordal plate and the notochord 44. Pharyngeal tonsils are characteristically covered by ciliated pseudostratified columnar a. This is the distinguishing feature Histologically from the palatine tonsils b. Palantine tonsil has squamou c. Tonsils are the only ones that dont have crypts 45. Urinary bladder differs from gallbladder in that urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelium and gallbladder is lined with simple columnar epithelium 46. Epithelium with microvilli is most often associated with absorption 43 47. The maxillary nerve passes through the foramen rotundum 48. An apical abscess of a mandibular second molar can reach the floor of the mouth by contiguous spread due to the lingual attachment of the mylohyoid muscle 49. Apical granules in parenchymal cells of the salivary gland represent secretion precursors, not large mitochondria or primary lysosomes 50. The ascending aorta differs from the superior vena cava in that the aorta has more elastic tissue in the tunica media 51. Sharpeys fibers from the PDL insert into the bundle bone and the cementum, not the cortical plates 52. The lingual nerve receives temperature sensation from the tip of the tongue 53. Enamel rods converge as they pass from the DEJ toward the surface in the area of fissures, NOT incisal edges, or cervical lines 54. The V shaped demarcation that separates the anterior 2/3 of tongue from the posterior is the sulcus terminalis 55. Meckels cartilage is responsible fro the directional growth of the mandible 56. Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial veins 57. Parietal cells produce gastric intrinsic factor 58. A deviation of the tongue, when protruded, away from the midline results from damage to the CN XII 59. An outer fibrous coat and an inner osteogenic cellular layer is found in periosteum 60. The lingual nerve innervates the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity 61. Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival and the free gingival 62. Blood vessels are not found in cementum, but cells, lacunae, canaliculi, and collagen fibers are found in cementum 63. The maxillary artery is the major artery in the infratemporal fossa 64. The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus 65. Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion are not found in the parotid gland, but are found in the lacrimal, palatal, nasal septal mucosa, and lateral nasal mucosa 66. The splenic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk 44 67. Preganglionic nerve cell bodies form fibers that reach the otic ganglion are located in the inferior salivatory nucleus
1999
1. Type I collagen is secreted by odontoblasts as the organic components of the dentin matrix 2. The amount of CT involutions (crypts) distinguishes the palatine and the pharyngeal tonsils from one another. The ________ has more crypts 3. The levator veli palatine: is an a. extrinsic muscle of the soft palate b. elevates the soft palate c. is innervated by the vagus nerve d. inserts in a palatine aponeurosis e. BUT DOES NOT HOOK around the HAMULUS, the tensor veli palatine does. DONT LET THIS CONFUSE YOU 4. The infratemporal fossa contains: a. Lingual nerve b. Long buccal nerve c. Inferior alveolar nerve d. Posterior superior alveolar nerve e. BUT NOT the pterygopalatine ganglion 5. Osteoclasts originate from monocytes 6. Osteoblasts and mesenchymal cells originate fro osteoprogenitor cells 7. Nucleuses: a. Spinal: pain and temperature b. Principle: sensory and touch c. Mesencephalic: proprioception 8. Blood from the cephalic vein drains into the axillary vein 9. The temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere lies in the middle cranial fossa 10. Blood levels of Ca++ control the action of the parathyroid gland 45 11. Muscles and their arches: a. First: mastication b. Second: facial expression c. Third: stylopharyngeous, IX d. Fifth: trapezius/SCM and CN XI 12. Bowmans capsule has what type of epithelium has simple squamous and on the visceral it has podocytes 13. An infection spreading by way of the lymphatic system from the vermiform appendix first enters the blood stream at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (brachiocephalic vein) 14. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane 15. Cells of the stratum granulosum in the keratinized portion of the oral mucosa are characterized by the presence of numerous keratohyalin granules. 16. Preganglionic PS fibers that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion travel in the greater petrosal nerve (which is from the facial) 17. The phrenic nerve provides the major sensory supply to the parietal pericarcium branches 18. The articular eminence represents the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone 19. Microglia exhibit phagocytic activity in the central nervous system 20. The hypoglossal nerve travels from the carotid triangle into the submandibular triangle of the neck 21. In the temperomandibular joint, a very dense collection of organized elastic fibers is found in the posterior inferior lamina of the bilaminar zone 22. Stimulation of the lesser petrosal nerve in an adult causes secretion in the parotid gland 23. The greater petrosal nerve causes secretion in the lacrimal gland 24. The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the superior epigastric and musculophrenic 25. The branches of the maxillary artery supply: a. Nasal septum: sphenopalatine/lateral nasal b. Mandibular incisors: lingual artery c. Hard and soft palate: greater palatine d. Muscles of mastication: 2 nd segment of maxillary artery 46 e. BUT NOT supraorbital area: which is supplied by the ophthalmic of the internal carotid 26. The parotid and von Ebners are pure serous 27. The palatine is the only pure mucous 28. The following venous channels has direct connection with the pterygoid venous plexus: a. Maxillary vein b. Deep facial vein c. Intraorbital vein d. Posterior superior alveolar vein e. BUT NOT the vertebral artery, nor internal carotid artery, which is represented by superior ophthalmic 29. Buccal mucosa has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia 30. The frontal bone forms the roof of the orbit 31. Mature dental pulp contains loose connective tissue 32. Simple columnar epithelium is normally associated with the internal lining of the majority of the gastrointestinal system 33. There is a distinct change in the type of surface epithelium at the junction of the stomach and esophagus 34. In mammalian skeletal muscles, the T tubules are found at the junction of the A and I bands 35. The lingual raphe is not located at the boundary between the body and the root of the tongue 36. The thyrocervical trunk is comprised of the inferior thyroid, the transverse cervical artery and the suprascapular artery 37. Lymphatic vessels in the upper limb follow veins 38. Basophils and mast cells each secrete heparin and histamine 39. Ameloblasts will form enamel if the stratum intermedium is present 40. The middle cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus, which then drains into the right atrium 41. The presence of collagen fibers differentiates between cementum and enamel 42. Peritubular is the most highly mineralized type of dentin 43. The anterior pillar of the fauces is composed of the mucosal fold containing the palatoglossus 44. The retroperitoneal organs consists of the: 47 45. The oldest enamel in a fully erupted first molar is located at the DEJ under a cusp 46. In an adult, a Babinski sign indicates damage to the upper motor neurons 47. The posterior aspect of the condyle can be palpated by way of the external auditory meatus 48. During the life span of a multirooted tooth, dentin continues to form most rapidly on the roof of the pulp chamber 49. The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint consists in dense fibrous connective tissue containing some chondrocytes 50. Proteins for extracellular use can be synthesized from rough endoplasmic reticulum 51. Intelligence and sensory motor functions of a patient appear to be intact. However, the pt lacks self discipline and is unable to plan for the future or to organize behaviors into logical sequences. A lesion is most likely from the frontal lobe 52. The primary function of cementum is to serve as an attachment to the PDL 53. The posterior belly of the digastric is supplied by the facial nerve 54. Rupture of the middle meningeal artery is likely to lead to subdural hematoma 55. The mylohydoid ridge line is found on the body of the mandible 56. An abnormal increase in blood pressure in a healthy person will result in an increased number of impulses traveling to the heart over the Vagus 57. During fetal development a shunt from the pulmonary artery leads to the aortic arch. This is called ductus arteriosus 58. The amount of fibrous CT increases in the pulp with age 59. The phrenic nerve is in direct contact with the prevertebral fascia (and anterior scalene) (maybe infrahyoid fascia) 60. Cell bodies of neurons mediating proprioception from the face lie in the mesencephalic (jaw jerk reflex) 61. Mucosa from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue develop primarily from the lateral lingual swellings 62. Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant 63. Sphenomandibular ligament is the one most damaged following inferior alveolar nerve blocks 64. Endochondral ossification occurs in formation of the long bones 65. The junction of the tooth surface and the cervical epithelium is composed of basal lamina-like structure 48 66. Upper motor neuron paralysis of the facial nerve most commonly affects the contralateral face below the eyeballs. a. Lower motor neurons would effect ipsilateral of the whole face 67. The pharyngeal pouches: a. 1: auditory tube b. 2: palatine tonsil c. 3: thymus d. 3 + 4: parathyroid e. BUT NOT the parotid gland 68. Blastocytes usually occur in the upper portion of the uterine cavity (day fiveday of implantation: blastula, morula, blastocyste) 69. Cranial nerves 9,10, and 11 all leave cranium by way of the jugular foramen. 70. The hypoglossal nerve exits through the hypoglossal canal 71. CN: 3,7,9,10 all have PS components 72. The nasopalatine nerve reaches mucosa in the oral cavity via the incisive papilla 73. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum dominate in steroid producing cells but not in protein producing, thats for RER 74. Atretic follicles are found in the ovary 75. Elastic cartilage is found in the pinna of the external ear 76. Keratocytes are tonofibrils that are well developed 77. The golgi apparatus assembles glycoprotiens for extracellular use 78. Type of tissue in tunica media can be used to distinguish between a section of the arch of the aorta and a section of the branchial artery 79. The biceps brachii participate in flexion at the gleno-humoral joint and flexion at the humero- ulnar joint 80. Rugae do not increase the surface area of the small intestines 81. Elastic fibers are found in the aorta, the pulmonary veins, medium-sized arteries, BUT NOT capillaries 82. Submucosal glands are usually located in the duodenum 83. The thickest stratum corneum is found in the palm a. Stratum lucidum is missing in thick keratinized epithelium 49 84. A laceration of the palatal mucosa in the area of the first molar is most likely to damage the greater (anterior) palatine nerve 85. Nerves associated with the cavernous sinus include: abducens, trochlear, trigeminal, oculomotor, BUT NOT facial 86. Pars nervosa is responsible for the release of oxytosin 87. The lingual artery is found between the hyoglossus and genioglossus 88. Diaphragm is most concerned with quiet respiration 89. The tentorium cerebelli contains each of the following venous sinuses: straight, transverse, superior petrosal, BUT NOT inferior petrosal 90. The muscles appearing at the floor of the posterior triangle include the scalene medius, spenius capitus, levator scapulae, scalenus posterior, BUT NOT sternohyoid 91. Cell bodies of sympathetic fibers in the nerve of the pterygoid canal come from the superior cervical ganglion 92. Lysosomes is an organelle that contains many hydrolytic enzymes 93. Inorganic crystals in enamel have their long axes parallel to the rods in bodies of the rods and deviating increasingly in the tails 94. Striated ducts of the salivary glands are lined by a single layer of tall, columnar epithelial cells with radially arranged mitochondria.
1998
1997
1. Lymphatic drainage of the lower eyelid, the upper lip, and skin and muscles of the nose and the cheek is initially into the submandibular node 2. A surgeon who operated on the anterior abdominal wall found a muscle that had fibers running anteriorly and inferiorly. They are called the external oblique 50 3. Polymerization of the molecules into collagen fibrils occurs in the extracellular space 4. Cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to the eye are located in the superior cervical ganglion 5. Langerhan cells are intraepithelaial cells associated with the immune system 6. The wall of the orbit consists of the following bones: zygomatic 7. The carotid sheath represents the lateral boundary of the retrophararyngeal space at the level of the oropharynx 8. Fungiform papilla is characterized by red spots on the dorsal surface of the tongue 9. The medial antebrachial cutaneous is a sensory nerve. 10. The thoracodorsal, long thoracic, medial pectoral, and lower subscapular nerves are all motor nerves 11. The microglial cell exhibits phagocytic activity in the central nervous system 12. The maxillary nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum 13. Maxillary artery: a. Nasal septum : terminal branch of sphenopalatine b. Mandibular incisors: 1 st part c. Hard and soft palate: 3 rd part d. Muscles of mastication: 2 ncd part 14. The skin of the forehead is supplied by the superficial temporal 15. The buccinator muscle originates from the pterygomandibular ligament (raphe) and alveolar processes of the maxilla and the mandible 16. The trapezius, sternothyroid, SCM and inferior belly of the omohydoid are wrapped in deep cervical fascia. The anterior scalene is not 17. Seromucous glands are characterized by demilunes 18. The radial nerve is a major nerve of the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm 19. The eyelids are closed by contraction of the obicularis oculi, levator palpebrae keep them open 20. Postganglionic PS fibers to the parotid reach the gland by way of the auriculotemporal, via the otic ganglion, which receives PS from the lesser petrosal from the geniculate ganglion 21. The right posterolateral thoracic wall is drained by the azygous vein, not the hemiazygous, or the right brachiocephalic 51 22. The thyrocervical trunk is comprised of the: a. Inferior thyroid b. Transverse cervical artery c. And the suprascapular artery 23. The adrenal medullas is not under direct control from the pituitary 24. Glycocalyx??? Are located extracellularly 25. Fibrocartilage normally occurs in the intervertebral discs 26. Abundant endoplasmic reticulum causes an intense basophilia in osteoblasts 27. The proximal ???? initiates the mesial drift of a posterior tooth 28. The following pass through the jugular foramen: a. Vagus b. Glossopharyngeal c. Spinal accessory d. NOT the hypoglossus, which passes through the hypoglossal canal 29. Celiac trunk: a. Left gastric, splenic, common hepatic b. NOT: short gastric, right gastric, gastroduodnal, or proper hepatic 30. Proteins fro extracellular use can be synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum 31. The fundus of the stomach contains parietal cells 32. Villi are located in the mucosa of the small intestines, NOT the rectum, stomach, esophagus, or large intestine 33. The adult spleen: a. Production of lymphocytes b. Storage of RBC c. Destruction of RBC d. Filtraiont of bloot to detect foreign bodies e. NOT production of RBCfetal function 34. A uniform growth of the epithelial diaphragm results in the formation of a single rooted tooth 35. The trapezius muscles inserts on the spine of the scapula 36. Certain nerve fibers form a plexus in the pulp cavity. The cell bodies of these fibers are found in the trigeminal ganglion 52 37. Adipose tissue is found in the submucosa at the lateral level of the premolars 38. The motor neurons in the anterior ventral horn of the spinal cord are multipolar 39. The palatoglossues is responsible for the formation of the arch just anterior to the palatine tonsil 40. The sphenomandibular ligament is most often damages in the inferior alveolar nerve block 41. The bone composing the cortical plate of the alveolar process consists of compact bone with haversina systems and lamalle) 42. The vagus and sympathetic nerves innervate the lungs 43. The myeloid space is found in cancellous bone 44. The oblique PDL fibers serve primarily to prevent movement of the tooth in the apical direction 45. Enamel lamellae represents a thin leaflike structure that extend from the enamel surface toward the DEJ and consists mainly of organic material 46. The first synapse for the tactile discrimination from the face occurs in the chief sensory nucleus of V a. Trigeminal ganglion: cell bodies b. Spinal nucleus of V: pain and temperature c. Mesencephalic of V: proprioception 47. The substantia gelatinosa is a nucleus that has been postulated to serve as a part of the gala control system for pain 48. Injection of a local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor into the attached gingival would affect the blood vessles of the lamina propria 49. Basophils are the white blood cells in fewest number 50. Glycoproteins are assembled in golgi apparatus for extracellular use 51. Cellular cementum is best distinguished from acellular cementum by the presence of lacunae or circumferential lamallae 52. Axons of first order neurons of pain and temperature enter the spinal cord and reach higher and lower segments by way of the lateral spinothalamic tract a. Fasciculus gracilus: lower limbs b. Fasciculus cuneatus: upper limb 53 53. The neurons of the central nervous system that innervate muscles derived from branchial arches are found in nucleus ambiguous (CN 9 and 10) 54. Substantia nigra contains dopamine and is frequently affected by Parkinsons 55. Gemination is a tooth exhibiting a single root, single pulp chamber and two fused crowns 56. Crista terminalis is the line of junction between the primitive sulcus terminal in embryo 57. Neural crest cells give rise to the postganglionic sympathetic bodies 58. The thoracic spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk are connected via the rami communicans 59. A major sensory innervation of the temperomandibular joins is the auricolotemporal and massteric nerves 60. Under certain conditions phagocytosis occurs in the lining of the sinusoids, NOT venules, arterioles or capillaries 61. The pars nervosa is the site of oxtyocin release 62. Pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the spinal nucleus of the superior ganglion of cranial nerve IX 63. Cell bodies of the sympathetic fibers in the nerve of the superior cervical ganglion lie in the pterygoid canal 64. Odontoblasts are characterized by cytoplasmic microtubules and occasional mitochondria and vesicles or microtubles and numerous lysosomes 65. The superior portion of the genioglossus muscle connect the tongue to the mandible 66. The acid solubility of the surface enamel is reduced by using fluoride 67. Keratinized epithelium covers the gingival tissue and hard palate
1996
1. Calcitonin is the secretory product of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland 2. PS innervation controlling salivation originates from CN VII and IX 3. The Palatine tonsil is partly surrounded by CT and epithelium, contains lymphoid follicles, and has no sinuses, and is penetrated by a number of crypts. 54 4. The dentist incises the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. This incision extends from the molar region to the sublinugla caruncle (papilla) the sublingual gland, lingual nerves, and sumbandibular duct are the first to be exposed. 5. The subclavian vein crosses the first rib, it lies anterior to the anterior scalene muscle 6. Blood passes toward the central vein in hepatic sinusoids 7. Ameloblasts with Tomes processes are in the secretory stage 8. During intraoral injection to the mandibular foramen, the needle passes through the mucous membrane and the buccinator muscle. The needle lies lateral to the medial pterygoid muscle 9. Simple columnar epithelium is adapted for secretory or absorptive functions 10. Primary afferent neurons in the gag reflex are carried by glossopharyngeal 11. Hypoglossal XII , contributes to the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue 12. All but the thyrohyoid suprahyoid muscles receive motor innervation from ansa cervicalis. The omohyoid, geniohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid all do receive innervation from ansa cervicalis 13. The azygos vein leaves an impression on the right lung 14. The accessory nerve innervates the trapezius muscle 15. The pterygoid canal, pharyngeal canal, sphenopalatine foramen, pterygomaxillary fissure all open into the pterygopalatine fossa, NOT the facial canal 16. The buccinator and the superior pharyngeal constrictor attach to the pterygomandibular raphe 17. The vagus nerve supplies PS fibers to the ascending colon 18. The basale strata of the epidermis is the least cytodifferentiated 19. Some medications can be absorbed through the mucosa of the tongues ventral surface and through the mucosa of the floor of the mouth. This absorption can take place in these areas because the mucosa is covered by thin nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a thin lamina propria 20. The vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian artery 21. Structures between hyoglossus and the mylohyoid muscles: lingual nerve, sublingual gland, submandibualr duct, hypoglossal nerve NOT lingual artery 22. White matter of the spinal cord consists chiefly of myelinated axons 23. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is closely related as its beginning to the ligamentum arteriosum and the arch of the aorta 55 24. CNs III, VII, IX and X all carry parasympathetic fibers 25. The capacity of the tongue for forceful movement depends on striated muscle supplied by cranial nerve XII, hypoglossus 26. Enlargement of the third ventricle and both lateral ventricles is caused by obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct 27. Highly discrete motor activity of the hand is dependent on precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe 28. Glossopharyngeal supplies derivatives of the third branchial arch 29. The lingual of the mandible serves as an attachment for the sphenomandibular ligmanent 30. In the developing embryo the palate is separated from the lib by a shallow sulcus in the depths of the two epithelial laminae. The outer lamina is the vestibular lamina 31. Apical PDL are the first ligaments to offer resistance to movement of the tooth in an occlusal direction 32. Alveolar mucous membrane is best characterized by a red appearance due to high vascularity and thinness of epithelium, NOT being firmly bound to underlying bone 33. The first, second, and third branchial arches are concerned in development of the tongue 34. Apical cytoplasm of active serous glandular cells is typically filled with an abundance of zymogen granules 35. The intermaxillary process is not derived from the first branchial arch. The tuberculum impar, maxillary process, mandibular process and lateral lingual swellings are 36. Salivary gland striated ducts are composed of simple low columnarr epithelium 37. Fibrous connective tissue is on the posterior slope of the articular eminence 38. Dentinanl tubules are S-shaped in the crown of the tooth because of crowding of odontoblasts 39. Cell bodies of proprioceptive fibers in V are located in the mesencephalic nucleus a. Spinal nucleus b. Semilunar glanglion c. Geniculate ganglion
Ecrine and merocrine are the same. Most abundant in body. It is secretory granules. Ex: sebaceous, all sweat glands except emotional sweat glands) Apocrine: part of the cell goes with it. (sexy distribution 56 Holocrine: sebaceous
Dec 1997
2. the greater peritoneal sac is placed in communication with the lesser periotoneal sac by means of the epiploic foramen.
3. Focal destructin of the third cranial nerve would result in paralysis of the suerp, med, and infer rectus and other
4. Ophthalmic is branch of internal carotid
5. Bile traverses the cystic and common bile ducts and then is emptied into he descending duodenum
6. Hepatic portal vein is usually formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic
7. The portion of the hard palate located directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors is derived from median nasal process
8. Ciliated cells and goblet cells are found in the epithelial lining of the lung respiratory tubules NOT stomach, colon, uterine tube, or kidney
9. Intramembranous ossification is found in appositional growth NOT center of chondrification, zone of cell hypertrophy, interstitial growth, or closure of the epiphysis
10. Cells possessing abundant smooth ER are most likely to produce steroids. Golgi is post translational modification
11. Posterior root of the tongue has central longitudinal fissure
12. The oblique fibers have the slowest turnover time of all PDL groups
13. LATERAL cleft lip forms between the maxillary process and the medial nasal process
14. The parietal plexus is found in the periodontal ligament
15. Primary cementum contains intrinsic fibers
16. The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament: are organized into four main groups
17. Bundle bone is found in the alveolar bone proper
57 18. Long bones of the skeletaon increase in length because of interstitial growth in the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate, NOT mitotic dividsion of osteoblasts,
1994
1. The spleen is in closest relation to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
2. The ulnar is the terman branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus
3. On the free edge of the falciform ligament is the ligamentum teres. This ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein
4. The biceps brachii muscle is innervated by the muscolocutaneous
5. The posterior cricoarytenoid abducts the vocal folds
6. Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain directly or indirectly into the cavernous sinus
7. It is possible to distinguish Histologically between the stomach and the duodenum because of the presence of submucosal glands in the duodenum only
8. Smooth muscles has their nuclei centrally placed
9. Podocytes form the visceral layer of bowmans capsule
10. Serous demilunes secrete into the intercellular canlliculi
11. Paranasal sinuses are found in the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, NOT the nasal bone
12. The sinoartrial node usually receives its blood supply from the right coronary artery, which drains into the coronary sinus
13. the BASALE layer of the epidermis is the LEAST cytodifferentiaded
14. When epithelila cells have a specialized free surface that is characterzed by the presence of microvilli the cells possess either cilia or a brush border
15. The apical cytopolasm of a secreting acinar cell is filled with zymogen granules
16. Enamel caries are thought to penetrate along the route of rod sheaths??????
17. The foramen rotundum DOES NOT communicated with the infratemporatl fossa as do the foramen oval, spinosum and pterygomaxillary fissure
58 18. Disturbances during morphodifferentiation of the enamel affect the shape of the tooth
19. The mesoderm of the intermediate cell mass of the embryo give rise to the developing kidney
20. In the medulla, pons, and midbrain, the fibers that carry the sensations of discriminatory touch (fine touch) are found in the medial lemnisci
21. The striations of striated ducts in some salivary glands are related to the presence of a combination of foldings of basal cell membranes and radially arranged mitochondria.
22. Reticular and collagen fibers compose the basic framework of stroma of all lymphoid tissues EXCEPT the thymus
23. the LUCIDUM is not found in the orthokeratin
24. The orientation of apatite crystals in dentin is parallel to the collagen fibers in the dentin matrix
25. The vermiform appendix connects to the cecum
26. The efferent neuron of a somatic spinal reflex arch has its cell body in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
27. Oral mucosa has a lamina propria, sebaceous acinin, langerhan cells but no muscularis mucosae
28. The descending tract of V contains axons of second order pain neurons
29. The cartilaginous remnants of the first branchial arch gives rise to the malleus and incus
Anatomy 78
1. Calcified body located in PDL = cementicle 2. Ophthalmic artery: branch of internal carotid 3. Hyaline cart chondrocytes are surrounded by capsule which is: youngest layer of intercellular substance 4. Outermost portion of a nerve fiber = neurolemma in PNS allows 4 regeneration 5. PDL c loss of fxn on the tooth: in width / loss of reg arrangement of the principle fibers 6. Prefunctional eruptive stage of a tooth begins after bud, cap, bell, and DL have formed. 59 7. Mucosa of floor of mouth: non-keratd, no glands in lamina propria (doesnt possess serous salivary glands thats von Ebners) 8. Sella turcica lies superior to: sphenoid sinus 9. Pain and temp lateral spinothalamic; touch / pressure anterior spinothalamic 10. Root of lung: bronchus, pulm art / vein 11. Hypophysis = pituitary ant lobe has / cells, pars nervosa has Herring bodies 12. Infrahyoid muscles receive innervation from branches of cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis) 13. I think: Predentin enamel matrix / calcification dentin calcification; 14. @ time enamel matrix is first formed, nuc of ameloblasts move to non-secreting end of the cell; stellate retic still have nuc, predentin formed 15. apical abscesses have tendency to cervical spread of infx, esp in Md 2 nd /3 rd molars (not Mx inc, PM, Md 3s) 16. greater omentum joins: transverse colon stomach 17. gingival massage thru tooth brushing circ of bv in lamina propria (not epith, duh) 18. inguinal ligament runs b/w ant superior iliac spine & pubic tubercle 19. pain originates in pulp due to free nerve endings abt odontoblastic cells 20. red pulp of spleen contains: splenic cords, numerous rbcs, blood vasc sinusoids. 21. Lymph dumps in @ R brachiocephalic vein (from face) 22. Hypomineralized structures extending from DEJ enamel surface are: enamel lamellae 23. Thyroid gland supply from thyrocervical trunk @ Ext carotid (inferior thyroid / superior Ext carotid) 24. Nerves lying in close relation to the lat surfaces of pericardial sac = phrenic n. (only nerve in Mid mediastinum) 25. Bifurcation of trachea - @ sternal angle 26. In embryo, Ductus connects left pulm artery to aortic arch 27. Compact bone found in cribriform plate (LD) of wall of alveolar socket characd by being perforated by vasc. canals / possessing numerous lamellae 28. Mineralization of bone = inorganic mat + water, little in collagen content 29. L kidney anteriorly connect to stomach; L renal A ant to L renal Vein 30. Superior orbital fissure b/w > / < wing of sphenoid 31. Myosin present only in the A band, not the I band. 60 32. Liver common hepatic + gall bladder (cystic duct) common bile duct 33. Buccopharyngeal membrane composed of: ecto + endo derm 34. Slightly movable artic in which contiguous bony surfaces connected by broad, flattened disks of fibrocart || interosseous ligaments amphiarthrosis 35. Tooth first erupts, attached epith cuff composed of epith from reduced dental epith 36. Middle pharyngeal constrictor hyoid bone 37. Primary lymph nodes draining md: sub mental / sub md nodes 38. Ligamentous remnants of fetal circ: ligamentum venosum, l. arteriosum, ligamentum teres of liver. 39. Following all pass thru parotid: facial n, retromd vein, ext carotid a, superfic temp art, > auric n. branches 40. Most lymph returned @ left internal jug / subclavian vein 41. Dermis = dense irreg CT 42. Dermis - > nerve endings than epid (I dont think epid has nerves!) 43. During tooth eruption, apposition on surf of alveolar crest + socket fundus 44. LN only lymphatic organ c afferent / efferent vessels! 45. Parathyroid glands come from which pharyngeal arch? 3 rd (inf) / 4 th (sup) 46. Art supply 4 submd gland: from facial a. 47. Major salivary glands: cmpd tubuloalveolar glands 48. Glycogen = cytoplasmic inclusion 49. Oral mucous memb includes: basal lamina, lamina propria, keratohyaline granules, SSE, not muscularis mucosae. 50. Adrenal medulla has same embryonic origin as sympathetic ganglia (neuroectoderm), composed of cells c memb bound osmophilic granules, intrinsic stroma consisting of network of retic fibers
Anatomy 79
1. Lesser Omentum: peritoneal fold connecting lesser curvature of stomach / 1 st part of duod liver 61 2. Uterine cavity roughly triangular in shape, compressed ant/posteriorly 3. Nerve to masseter passes thru Md notch to enter muscle on medial surface 4. Zona reticularis inner layer of adrenal cortex (medulla chromaffin cells catecholamines) 5. Thyroid gland enlarges only c underactivity, fxns as controller of general body metab. 6. Post lobe of hypophysis devs from diencephalon; ant lobe oral ectoderm 7. Common hepatic artery branch of celiac artery 8. Tensor veli palatini wraps around hamulus 9. Middle cardiac vein empties into coronary sinus, not R atrium. (coronary sinus / ant cardiac v) 10. Foramen ovale embryonically b/w R/L atria 11. True denticles (tooth like projxn from hard surface) contain dentinal tubules 12. Sternal angle locating precisely the 2 nd rib 13. Reversal lines in alveolar bone (cribriform plate) indicate cessation of osteoclast activity 14. Majority of muscles of larynx receive innervation from recurrent laryngeal n., post cricothyroid = internal laryng. 15. Basic framework of stroma of all lymphoid tissue except thymus = retic fibers c < collagen fibers 16. Post belly of digastric innervated by FACIAL N!! 17. Lips embryonically derived from Mx, Md processes & MEDIAL nasal process only (lat = ala of nose! cleft palate) 18. Parasymp fibers to pterygopalatine ganglia come from GREATER petrosal n. 19. Auriculotemp nerve carries some fibers that are secretory to parotid, NOT sensory to lining of tympanic cavity 20. Fate of merkels cart: dissolution c minor contrib. to ossification 21. Tongue from Branchial arches 1, 2, & 3 (V (lingual), VII, IX) 22. Communication b/w infratemp fossa / pterygopalatine fossa = pterygomax fissure 23. Principle types of Ns in dental pulp = afferent & sympathetic 24. Post lobe of pit contains mainly unmyelinated n. fibers 25. Papillary layer of dermis is composed of fine collag fibers, retic layer -- coarser fibers 26. TM ligament found on LAT surface of the TMJ 27. Submucosa of anterolat area of hard palate characd by adipose tissue 28. Bone forming @ bottom of tooth socket during eruption = horiz trabec 62 29. Retromd vein formed by jxn of Mx vein + superficial temp vein 30. Human fetus developing RBCs in red BM, liver, spleen, LNs 31. Post eruptive phase, teeth undergo mostly mvmt in occl direction 32. Primary cementum possesses ` 33. Embryonically, spinal autonomic ganglia derived from neural CREST 34. Microtubules == numerous during mitosis / cytoskeleton during intermitosis 35. Epith of small intestine show surface modification: striated border(closely packed microvilli giving striated appearance) 36. emergency airway estabd by opening trachea thru median cricothyroid ligament 37. salivary glands receive innervation from GVE from salivatory nuc & lat horns of spinal cord 38. cementum replaces resorbed dentin / cementum 39. mucus secreting cells found in: SubMd gland, submucosa of Trachae and esoph, NOT parotid || ureter 40. epith rests of malassez may: undergo calcif. Or form cementicles, NOT become fibrous 41. sinusoidal arrangement of bvs in pituit, spleen & liver 42. DNAconfined to chromosomes, sepd from RNA by Feulgen rxn, polyploidy mult of nl cell chromosome content 43. Histiogen of tooth: elong of inner dental epith diff of odontoblasts depos of dentin, depo of enamel 44. Esoph passes thru diaphragm, aorta, azygous v, thoracic duct all pass post. 45. Passes thru foramen rotendum: Mx nerve 46. Lymphatics of mx drain to SubMd nodes 47. Layer of skin forming epith root sheath of hair follicle: stratum germinativum (aka basale) 48. Most outstanding diff b/w gingiva / mucosa of hard palate: presence of glands 49. Hard palate & gingiva lamina propria can attach to bone s intervening submucosa 50. Transseptal fibers run from cementum to cementum 51. Ling n, IA n, IA a found b/w med pterygoid / ramus of md; lingual a. isnt! (medial to hyoglossus)
Anatomy 81
63 1. Mucosa of all parts of small intestine characd by VILLI, not rugae, or of course haustra, tenia coli, appendices epiploicae (large intest) 2. In H&E stains large, deeply stained granules found in cytosol of epith cells in keratd oral mucosa are most likely: keratohyaline, not tonofibrils 3. Alternate loosening / tightening of 1 tooth that is abt to be shed may result from: alternate resorption / apposition of cememtum / bone! (not lack of succeddaneous tooth) 4. Collagenous fibrils of matrix give bone tissue the TENSILE strength 5. Long bones of skeleton in length because of INTERSTITIAL growth in the cartilage epiphyseal plate, NOT appositional 6. Art supply to ant 1/3 of tongue: deep lingual! Floor of mouth - subL 7. Efferent lymphatic channel: located in hilus, whereas afferent enters gland elsewhere; both contain numerous wbcs, both have valves, both lined by RE || endoth cells (I think RE) 8. Ducts of salivary glands lined by single layer of columnar epith / radially arranged mitoc: STRIATED Ducts (low Columnar, intercalated ducts = cuboidal) 9. GH made by acidophils of pituitary 10. Collagen inside cementum formed by cementoblasts & fibroblasts! 11. Bvs of interdental papilla anastomose c interalv & periodontal vessels 12. Golgi complex: composed of vesicles & curved, flattened cisternae || to one another 13. Intervals b/w bones in midline of cranial base of newborn: hyaline cartilage (endochondral formation sphenoid, pt of temporal, ethmoid) 14. Folding of embryo during 4 th week is result of prominent growth of neural tissue 15. Alv bone proper (cribriform plate) consists of bundle bone AND lamellar bone 16. Crista terminalis line of jxn b/w primitive sinus venosus & R auricle!! 17. Slowly occluded ivc collateral circ develops using azygous sys & several epigastric veins 18. Fetal circulation: ligamentous remains: ligamentum venosum, ligamentum arteriosum, ligamentum teres of liver (not ligamentum teres of uterus nor ligamentum nuchae) 19. Transitional epith: ureter, 1 st part of prostatic ureter, urinary bladder 20. The oral mucosa of the soft palate differs from the vermilion border of the lip in that the oral mucosa is composed of: (a) keratinized epithelium with strata granulosum and corneum; (b) shallow, blunt rete pegs; (c) lamina propria of loose fibrous connective tissue; (d) salivary 64 acini deep to the mucous membrane: (e) numerous mast cells underlying epithelium. Ans: bcd 21. Modification of cell memb 4 specialized fxn: microvilli, brush border, desmosomes, NOT BM, mucous memb 22. Cellular cementum always present along which portion of root: APICAL 1/3 ONLY 23. C age, dental pulp : in collagen fibers 24. Neuron cell body dies all of its fibers degenerate / die 25. Necessary 4 cementum to be deposited during root formation: hertwigs root sheath must be fenestrated / disrupted 26. Entirely serous glands: parotid / von-Ebners glands 27. Pterygopalatine fossa formed by sphenoid, palatine, max bones 28. Subepith / nonencapd lymphoid tissue: peyers patches / tonsils 29. Supply of parathyroid glands: inf thyroid art. 30. Whartons duct when exits submd gland deep to mylohyoid m 31. Ameloblasts upon eruption: unites c oral epith, then degenerates 32. During Development of pmn from stem cell in red BM nuc becomes Hyperchromatic (doesnt obtain phagocytosis, or acquire chromatin granules, nor acquire centioles 33. IEE esl 4 formation of dentin 34. Principle fibers never in contact c enamel; 35. Secretion of following endocrine glands esl to life: adrenal cortex, PTH, Ant pit, langerhans; NOT esl: adr. medulla 36. Inguinal canal: cremaster, test artery, internal spermatic fascia, pampiniform plexus of veins 37. Diarthroidal joints: ALL: surface aneural, avasc, synovial memb always present, mvmt always possible; not all are covered by haline cart (TMJ fibrocart)! 38. Following NOT formed by endochondral ossification: nasal bone; ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal all are endoc 39. 1 cementum, 2 dentin, cancellous bone all have following: contain cells! Not: growth, resorb under pressure, or derived from mesenchyme; 40. tentorium cerebelli contains straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses, NOT inferior petrosal
65 82 Anatomy
1. Which of the following are present during formation of alveolar process? Osteoblasts, osteoclasts & osteoid (not perichondrium, or periosteum) 2. IA block passes posterior at level of Md foramen contacts PAROTID, not internal carotid 3. Odontoblasts / cementoblasts are actively fxning during active eruption (ameloblasts are dead) 4. Motor CN V: 2 tensors (typmani, veli palatine), 2 pterygoids (M/L), masseter, mylohyoid, temporalis, ant digastric 5. Post central gyrus sensory (including teeth) 6. Early stages of eruption of a tooth: MATURATION of enamel (not formation of dental sac, stellate retic || stratum intermedium) 7. Palatal submucosa: ant zone spaces filled c fat, post zone nests of mucous glands. 8. Which cart cut twice in sagittal sxn thru neck? Cricoid 9. Infundibular stalk contains hypophyseal-hypothalamic tract 10. Adult parotid: long secretory ducts, long intercalating ducts, serous acini only 11. Attached to cell membrane: cell coat & microfilaments, not retic fibers, golgi complex, sharpeys fibers 12. Infratemporal fossa: sphenomd ligament, medial pterygoid, middle meningeal a, NOT ophthalmic n, internal jug v. 13. Greater petrosal n: parasympathetic general visceral afferent fibers 14. Mineral poor ectodermal structures in enamel: TUFTS & LAMELLAE, not spindles || odontoblastic processes 15. Submental lymph nodes: drain tip of tongue, Md incisors, ant fl of mouth, middle lower lip; NOT upper lip, lat lower lip. 16. Parotid: upper face, eyelids; SubMd: upper lip, lat lower lip. Intraoral? 17. Buccopharyngeal memb: stomodeum ectoderm + foregut endoderm 18. Parotid duct pierces buccinator opposite the Mx 2 nd M. 19. Auriculotemp = sensory of TMJ (+ masseter) 20. Lymph from most of dental / periodontal tissue drains initially into the subMd nodes 21. SM vs. Striated muscle: SM: SINGLE nucd! shorter, capable of hypertrophic s 22. After tooth is formed, dental papilla remains as the DENTAL PULP 66 23. Common bile duct, hepatic art / portal vein grouped in the lesser omentum 24. Ligamentum arteriosum: fibrous remnant of fetal channel connecting L pulm art to aorta 25. Thinnest epith of oral cavity sublingual mucosa 26. Human kidney renal papilla projects directly into the MINOR CALYX 27. Renal papilla = apex of renal pyramid minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter 28. Ependymal cells line ventricles of brain / central canal 29. Apical foramen of fully formed tooth lined by cementum 30. Pre-maxilla derived from median nasal process! 31. Histology that distinguishing aorta: tunica media componed 1ly of elastic membranes, not ext elastic memb 32. Pain in TMJ transmitted primarily by auriculotemp n. in capsule / periph of disk, NOT articular surfaces nor V 2
33. Structure 1 st formed by tooth bud that remains in adult teeth = DEJ!!! 34. Adrenal medulla = ectodermal origin 35. Lining of terminal bronchial low columnar epith (not ciliated) 36. Pituit has direct hormonal control over mammary glands! (prolactin) 37. Dentin of root distingd from coronal dentin by granular layer (of Tomes) 38. Tomes' granular layer - a thin layer of dentin adj cementum, appearing granular in ground sections; the granules are small uncalcified spaces. 39. Dev of Md includes intramem bone development, NOT complete cart model or reicherts cart 40. Reichert's cartilage: cart in the mesenchyme of the 2 nd branchial arch in the embryo, from which develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone. 41. Articular disk: dense fibrous CT that may be assocd c CHONDROCYTES! (not outer fibrous layer /inner sinovial) 42. Cilia: 9 double radially, 2 single centrally located microtubules 43. Epimysium: CT sheath surrounding muscle as a whole, ~ gross anatomic deep fascia 44. Epiploic foramen bound by free border of lesser omentum! 45. Initial epith attachment joining gingiva to tooth arises directly from REE! 46. Spleen filters blood only, not lymph 47. Endochondral ossification: calcified cart replaced by bone 67 48. Imp collateral circ of hepatic portal sys: esophageal veins!! 49. As crosses 1 st rib, subclavian VEIN lies ant to ant scalene, subclavian ART lies b/w ant / brachial plexus/mid scalene 50. Photomicrograph dark area = DEAD TRACT 51. Auditory tube / cavity of middle ear derived from 1 st pharyngeal pouch! 52. Lat boundary of retropharyngeal space @ level of oropharyx: CAROTID SHEATH 53. Terminal web of microfilaments that delimits odontoblasts from odontoblastic process found intracellularly inserting into jxnl complex of cell 54. 1 source of cranial CT: ectomesenchyme 55. upward extn of thyroid gland may be IDd as: remnant of thyroglossal duct, pyramidal lobe, musc slip (all of above) 56. osteon cylinder of compact bone concentric lamellae 57. nephron includes: Bowmans capsule, descending limp of Henle, distal / prox convoluted tubule, not collecting duct (its a duct) 58. at birth, these happen: closure of foramen ovale, closure of ductus vennosum, constrxn of ductus arteriosus / umb arts; not closure of intervent foramen (cuz there isnt one!) 59. all are in nasopharynx: eustachian tube, pharyngeal recess, pharyngeal tonsils, NOT PIRIFORM RECESS by epiglottis
85 Anatomy
1. artery most commonly involved in stroke = lenticulostriate 2. nonarticular surfaces of TMJ covered by periosteum, NOT fibrocart 3. mediastinum: superior / inferior (ant, middle, post) 4. sup arch of aorta, pulm vessels, thymus, 5. ant internal thoracic a; middle heart, phrenic n; post everything else (thoracic duct, aorta, esoph, ivc, vagus 6. Triad in SM: terminal cisternae (pairs of SR tubules) & fingerlike invaginations of sarcolemma these are T-tubules (sarcolemma: PM of muscle fiber, not including endomysium) so, triad = t-tubules + terminal cisternae (enlarged area @ end of SR sarcolemma (PM)) 68 7. cytosol of osteoblasts stains intensely c basic stains due to: high RNA content (basic stains acids), not because its acidophilic (which would attract an acid, this would be something basic); H&E: hematoxylin must be basic (stains NAs), eosin (acid) red, stains bases 8. Pain Gate Theory controller sys modulates sensory input st selective / integrative axn occurring before impulses reach 1 st synapse: gate controller is: substantia gelatinosa 9. enamel spindle is formed first! (perikymata surface of lines of retzius, gnarled enamel, granular layer of tomes) 10. enamel spindle (elongated odontoblastic processes), tuft (uncalcified near dej), enamel lamellae ~cracks entire length of enamel 11. intermembranous bone formation NO Cart; precursor = osteoid; appositional cart precursor; bone can only grow by appositional growth cuz too firm; both Mx / Md intermembranous bone formation. After formed appositional only (outside the bone); head of condyle appositional (intercartilaginous bone formation) 12. colloid resting = acidophilic, but if active basophilic 13. tomes fibers = odontoblastic processes occupying dentinal tubules; tomes processes are in enamel from ameloblasts 14. middle cerebral artery lateral surf of cerebral hemi 15. long axes of Md condyles cross @ foramen magnum = indication that their axes are directed POSTEROMEDIALLy 16. pharyngeal tonsils no lymph sinuses, partly surrounded by loose CT / epith which has deep infoldings 17. relaxed state transitional epith has DOME-shaped superficial epith, NOT flattened superfic cells 18. free gingival groove remember this is where free / attached gingiva meet, NOT the sulcus; related to arrangement of supra-alveolar fibers 19. sphenoMd ligament SPINE of sphenoid lingual 20. Branchial pouches: 1 st : middle ear / eardrum; 2 nd : palatine tonsil; 3 rd : inf parathyroid/ thymus; 4 th /5 th : sup parathyroid / C-cells of thyroid (parafollicular cells / calcitonin); 21. posterior cricoarytenoid open larynx; tighten / tense the VCs cricothyroid 22. thin skin lacks s. lucidum (always have a corneum just means top layer) 23. in diagram: arrow points to motor of CN XII; 69 24. gingiva differs from alveolar mucosa in that gingiva has high CT papilla (rete pegs; alv mucosa DOESNT!) 25. bifid tongue lack of fusion of LATERAL SWELLINGS; 26. copula post tongue (from 2 nd branchial arch in midline overgrown by hypobranchial so copula not in adult tongue); valleculae spaces on either side of median epiglottic fold; tuberculum impar median swelling in 1 st branchial arch- overgrown by lat ling swellings doesnt contrib. to final structure of tongue 27. greater peritoneal sac communicates c lesser by: EPIPLOIC FORAMEN (not lesser or sup pelvic aperture) 28. inorganic crystals in enamel have their long axes || to rods in the: BODIES of the rods (near incisal/occ) and deviating increasingly in the tails (near DEJ) 29. Skeletal muscle only one c peripherally located nuc 30. Spheno-occipital SYNCHONDROSIS in midline of cranial base of newborn has: HYALINE cart 31. Synchrondrosis = hyaline cartilage joints (like epiphesial plates as well); 32. Elastic cart epiglottis, eustacian tube, outer ear; 33. Fibrous CT in nl cranial sutures 34. Cranial base = appositional, not intramembranous 35. skin covering outer lips: sweat glands in submucosa, sebaceous glands, dense collag fibers, thicker Lamina propria 36. long bones elongate by: INTERSTITIAL GROWTH @ epiphyseal plate, not appositional growth (long bone shaft) 37. reticuloendothelial cells resp 4 phagocytosis throughout body: Ms, alveolar phagos, kupffer cells 38. Maxillary swelling of 1 st brancial arch 2 palatine shelves; nasal septum = downgrowth of median nasal process; nasal conchae lat nasal / maxillary processes; 1 palate (premaxilla) = median nasal process / extends laterally from canine to canine, post incisive foramen 39. polymerization of aas procollagen filaments occurs on ribosomes 40. striated ducts of salivary glands have folds of basal portion of cell c mitoc 41. cores of intestinal villi lamina propria c bvs / ns, and lacteals (lymphatic channel) 42. multiple root formation follows differential growth of the epithelial diaphragm 70 43. thymus: blood supply is most isolated from parenchyma (not peyers, spleen, LN, pharyngeal tonsil) ??? 44. LN characd by MEDULLARY CORDS, not crypts lined by SSE; has MANY afferents / single efferent (@ hilus); LNs no epith; only CT capsule; Palatine / Lingual tonsils have SSE; lingual c crypts 45. Collagenous fibrils of matrix confer tensile strength to bone; calcified GS = compressive strength; 46. Fibrocart: TMJ, costovertebral, sternoclavicular, intervertebral?; hyaline most diarthroidal (freely movable) joints 47. Corpus collusum connects R/L cerebral hemispheres; cingulated girus just outside CC; internal capsule large fiber bundle carrying most of neural impulses to and from cerebral cortex 48. Nucleus / mito have double memb, rER does NOT! (neither does golgi / lysosome) 49. Neonatal lines on: all of the above: 1 incisors, 2 canines, 2 1 st Ms (enamel & dentin); perm md incisors 50. b/w Med / Lat pterygoids: L n, IA a & n, NOT n masseter; ???? 51. facial v not in parotid (branch of greater auricular n is)
87 Anatomy
1. dead tracts from anything that aggravates the tooth caries, erosion, cavity prep (temp), odontoblastic crowding 2. cerebellar cortex: PURKINJE cells 3. # of roots detd by # of medial ingrowths of cervical loop 4. UPPER head of Lat pterygoid articular disc 5. Muscle-tendon jxn: a continuity of connective tissue sheaths of the muscle with those of the tendon; not sarcoplasm, although sarcolemma (muscle memb) fo muscle fiber does attach to the collagen fibers 6. sulcular epith small spaces b/w cells in stratum spinosum filled by small amt of tissue fluid 7. epith of epithelial attachment does NOT have rete pegs!!! (differentiating epith attachment from free gingiva) 71 8. stratum granulosum keratohyalin granules; stratum corneum has keratin granules 9. nasal cavity supplied by Mx art sphenopalatine a (terminal branch) & post lat nasal as (+infraorbital, >palatine) 10. GS of hyaline cart is basophilic because of: sulfated proteoglycans 11. Tropocollagen (= collagen) in collagen / reticular only, NOT elastic!!! Elastic fibers are protein elastin (aas, Desmosine (lysine cross links), isodesmosine) 12. sublingual gland more anterior in mouth, ~ PMs / k9s 13. cell produces an excessive amts of prot lysosomes are mobilized (NOT rER cuz post prodxn) 14. most intrinsic muscles of larynx receive motor innervation from inf (recurrent) laryngeal 15. cricothyroid innervated by ext branch of SUP laryngeal; post cricoarytenoid (abductor) is recurrent 16. submucosal glands in duodenum 17. Circular fibers in free gingiva, not PDL (gingival fibers) 18. Esl 4 formation of cementum: break in continuity of root sheath ( epith rests of mal);, not eruption, bony socket, or vasc bed 19. INOTROPIC affecting contractility of heart muscle; CHRONOTROPY affecting HR (rate of rhythmic beat) 20. Dromotropic affecting condxn velocity 21. IA block lateral to Med pterygoid (not lat to pterygomd raphe more post) 22. Alveolar bone proper = bundle bone + lamellar bone 23. Optic tract = ganglion cells 24. Gingiva has NO elastic fibers (only in alveolar mucosa); 25. Caudate nuc: large mass of gray matter bulging into floor / lat aspect of lat ventricle 26. Medial lemniscus epicritic (2 touch discrimination), position sense / proprioception in medulla; 2 nd order nerve fibers 27. Which form of CT has more amorphous GS than fibers? CART 28. Reticular is LN / spleen; reticuloendothelial = macrophages / IS 29. Lamina papyracea MEDIAL wall of orbit (aka lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis: orbital lamina of ethmoid bone; orbital layer of ethmoid bone; orbital plate; paper plate; papyraceous 72 plate;a thin plate of bone that forms a part of the medial wall of the orbit and bounds the ethmoidal labyrinth laterally. 30. Pulpal Vasc c age 31. Hertwigs formation of cells of rest in PDL when sheath fxn is done; absence of stellate retic / stratum int; RETAINS Mitotic ability!! 32. ENAMEL DENTIN DENTIN ENAMEL (elongation of inner enam, diff of odont, dentin, enamel) 33. Post fibers of temporalis elevate Md also?!? 34. infratemp fossa: parotid, carotid sheath, muscles of mastication including medial pterygoid, sphenomd ligament, middle meningeal art 35. In PDL: fibroblast, osteoblast, macrophage, cementoblast 36. R recurrent laryngeal subclavian a.
89 Anatomy
1. cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of mechano Rs in PDL mesencephalic nuc of CN V 2. salivary, sweat, sebaceous, von ebners all EXOCRINE glands 3. salivary: cmpd, merocrine; sweat simple, apocrine (+ some cytoplasm); sebace: simple, holo; von ebner cmpd, merocrine (only the secretion) 4. active fibroblast abundant ER, (not unusually large nuc, nor bloated appearance) 5. lamellar bone haversian sys; bundle bone sharpeys fibers; both in alv bone proper; 65% HA, 35% collagen 6. palatine art from ascending pharyngeal a; ascending palatine from facial (rash) 7. ENTEROENDOCRINE secrete serotonin!! 8. Chief: pepsin; Paneth small intest, fxn may produce lysozyme?; mucous neck neck of gastric gland mucus; parietal: HCl; Fundus: parietal & chief cells; G cells antrum (gastrin) 9. Mast and basophils also secrete serotonin; mast: serotonin, bradykinin, srs-a, lysosome enz 10. Thoracodorsal a. latissimus dorsi 11. Myoepithelial cells located b/w secretory cell memb / basal lamina 73 12. Visceral / parietal pericardium are continuous @ all vessels entering / leaving heart 13. Great cardiac vein accompanies ant interventric art 14. RECURRENT LARYNGEAL N contacts thyroid (NOT Phrenic!) 15. R phrenic ant to R root of the lung 16. Superficial head of medial pterygoid from Mx tuberosity + pyramidal process of palatine bone! 17. Sheath of enamel rod is LESS calcified than Prism itself (sheath has more organic mat) 18. Primary sensory neurons nuc of termination involved in pain from Mx 2 nd M = spinal of CN V 19. Lymph from lung, bronchi, trachea mediastinal nodes, not axillary 20. Demarcation line b/w free gingiva / attached gingiva b/w bottom of sulcus / free gingival groove 21. Endomysium, perimysium, EPImysium 22. Peritubular dentin most highly mineralized (not interglobular (unmind / hypomind) or intertubular) thus can etch 23. branch of Mx art that splits off @ level of Hyoid bone: Superior thyroid 24. Articulating surface of older person articulating surface covered by FIBROUS CT c CHONDROCYTES 25. Mx tumor presses on nasolacrimal duct overflowing tears cuz cant get out the duct 26. Cementum / enamel diff: both have incremental lines, cementum has collagen fibers, cellular portion; neither is derived from epith root sheath 27. Portal / splenic vs drain the stomach (not azygous) 28. Nutrients / Oxygen reach cells of compact bone by passing thru caps, canaliculi, and Volkmann canals 29. Volkmann canals: vasc canal's in compact bone which, unlike those of the haversian system, are not surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone; they run for the most part transversely, perforating the lamellae of the haversian system, and communicate with the canal's of that system. 30. Active inspiration rotation occurs at costovertebral articulations (uvulae doesnt swing upward!!) 31. Accessory meningeal: ovale; middle meningeal, spinosum, IA Md foramen, ant tympanic, tympanic-petrotympanic fissure; PSA from infraorbital in infraorbital fossa 74 32. there are proprioceptors in gingiva 33. abducens goes thru cavernous sinus! (wall: III, IV, V1, V2); VI (abducens in sinus) 34. parathyroids: superior / inferior thyroid as (ext carotid / subclavian (thyrocerv trunk); postgang symp from cervical symp gang 35. innervation of thymus phrenic / vagus; blood supply internal thoracic / inf thyroid********* 36. branches of celiac trunk: L gastric, short gastric, gastroduodenal, sup pancreaticoduodenal; INF comes from sup mesenteric a 37. Infratemporal fossa contains: 3 muscles (temp, M/L pterygoid); 2 vessels (Mx art / br, pterygoid plex), 3 ns (V3, chorda tympani, otic gang