DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

UNIT NO 3: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the
decks of bridges. The floor system of a structure can take many forms such as in situ
solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units. Slabs may span in one direction or in two
directions and they may be supported on monolithic concrete beam, steel beams, walls
or directly by the structures columns.
Continuous slab should in principle be designed to withstand the most unfavorable
arrangements of loads, in the same manner as beams. ecause there are greater
opportunities for redistribution of loads in slabs, analysis may however often be simplified
by the use of a single load case. ending moment coefficient based on this simplified
method are provided for slabs which span in one direction with appro!imately e"ual
spans, and also for flat slabs.
The moments in slabs spanning in two directions can also be determined using
coefficients tabulated in the code of practice, S #$$%. Slab which are not rectangular in
plan or which support an irregular loading arrangement may be analy&ed by techni"ues
such as the yield line method or the 'elliborg strip method.
Concrete slab behave primarily as fle!ural members and the design is similar to that for
beams, although in general it is somewhat simpler because(
$. the breadth of the slab is already fi!ed and a unit breadth of $m is used in the
calculations,
2. the shear stress are usually low in a slab e!cept when there are heavy concentrated
loads, and
). compression reinforcement is seldom re"uired.
3.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES
*fter completing the unit, students should be able to +
$. know the re"uirement for reinforced concrete slab design
,. design reinforced concrete slab
BPLK -- DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
3.3 TYPES OF SLABS
Type of slab used in construction sectors are+
Solid slab
.lat slab
Ribbed slab
/affle slab
'ollow block floor0slab
1a2 Solid slab
1b2 .lat slab
BPLK -3 DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
1c2 Ribbed slab
1d2 /affle slab
.igure ).$+ Types of slab
.lat slab floor is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of intermediary beams. The slab may be of constant
thickness throughout or in the area of the column it may be thickened as a drop
panel. The column may also be of constant section or it may be flared to form a
column head or capital. These various form of construction are illustrated in
.igure ).,.
BPLK -# DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.igure ).,+ 4rop panels and column head.
The drop panels are effective in reducing the shearing stresses where the column
is liable to punch through the slab, and they also provide an increased moment of
resistance where the negative moments are greatest.
The flat slab floor has many advantages over the beam and slab floor. The
simplified formwork and the reduced storey heights make it more economical.
/indows can e!tend up to the underside of the slab, and there are no beams to
obstruct the light and he circulation of air. The absence of sharp corner gives
greater fire resistance as there is less danger of the concrete spalling an
e!posing the reinforcement. 4eflection re"uirements will generally govern slab
thickness which should not be less than $,5 mm.
Typical ribbed and waffle slab are shown in .igure ).$61c2, 1d27. Ribbed slabs,
which are two-way spanning and are constructed with ribs in both direction of
span. Ribbed slab floors are formed using temporary or permanent shuttering
system while the hollow block floor is generally constructed with block made of
clay tile or with concrete containing a light-weight aggregate. 8f the block are
suitably manufactured and have an ade"uate strength they can be considered to
contribute to the strength of the slab in the design calculations, but in many
designs no such allowance is made.
The principal advantage of these floors is the reduction in weight achieved by
removing part of the concrete below the neutral a!is and, in the case of the hollow
block floor, replacing it with a lighter form of construction. Ribbed and hollow block
floors are economical for buildings where there are long spans, over about 5 m,
and light or moderate live loads, such as in hospital wards or apartment buildings.
They would not be suitable for structures having a heavy loading, such as
warehouses and garages.
9ear to the supports the hollow blocks are stopped off and the slab is made solid.
This is done to achieve greater shear strength, and if the slab is supported by a
monolithic concrete beam the solid section acts as the flange of a T-section.
The ribs should be checked for shear at their :unction with the solid slab. 8t is
good practice to stagger the :oints of the hollow blocks in ad:acent rows so that,
as they are stopped off, there is no abrupt change in cross-section e!tending
across the slab. The slabs are usually made solid under partitions and
concentrated loads. 4uring construction the hollow tiles should be well soaked in
water prior to placing the concrete, otherwise shrinkage cracking of the top
BPLK -; DCB 3223
bay panel
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
concrete flange is liable to occur.
3.4 SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS
S #$$% permit the use of simplified load arrangement for all slabs of ma!imum
ultimate design load throughout all spans or panels provided that the following
condition are met(
a2 in one-way slab, the area of each bay < )% m
,

b2 =ive load, >
k
? $.,5 4ead load, @
k
c2 =ive load, >
k
? 5 k90m
,
e!cluding partitions.
8f analysis is based on this singled load case, all support moments 1e!cept at a
cantilever2 should be reduced by ,% per cent and span moments increased
accordingly. 9o further redistribution is then permitted, but special attention must
be given to cases where a span or panel is ad:acent to a cantilever of significant
length. 8n this situation the condition where the cantilever is fully loaded and the
span unloaded must be e!amined to determine possible hogging moments in the
span.
To determine the value of bending moment coefficient and shear forces
coefficient, therefore very important to define the condition of panel type, location
and moment considered. Refer to S #$$%+ Aart $+ $;;3, Cl ).5.).- and ).5.).3
and also Table ).$B and Table ).$5 for more information.
.igure ).)+ Slab definition
3.5 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM SLAB
4efine the type of slab either one-way direction or two-way direction, for
determine the shape of load distribution from slab to beam.
8f I
y
0 I
x
C , D consider as two-way slab
I
y
0 I
x
< , D consider as one-way slab
where D I
x
- length of shorter side
BPLK 3% DCB 3223
A
C D
B
l
x
l
y
l
x
l
x
/2
l
x
Beam AC and BD
w = n l
x
/ 3
45
0
C
A
D
B
E F
l
y
l
x
45
0
Beam AB and CD
w = n l
x
/ 6 {3- (l
x
/ l
y
)
2
}
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
I
y
- length of longer side
a2 Ene-way slab

b2 Two-way slab

.igure ).B+ =oad distribution of slab
BPLK 3$ DCB 3223
Beam AB and CD
w = n l
x
/ 2
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
3.6 SHEAR IN SLAB
The shear resistance of slab may be calculated by the procedures given in S
#$$%, Cl.).5.5.,. F!perimental works has indicated that, compared wit beams,
shallow slab fail at slightly higher shear stresses and this is incorporated into the
values of design ultimate shear stress v
c.
1Refer to Table ).;, S #$$%2. The shear
stress at a section in a solid slab is given by(
v = V
b.d
where V is the shear force due to ultimate load, d is the effective depth of the slab
and b is the width of section considered 1Refer to Table ).$3 and Cl. ).5.5.,2.
Calculation is usually based on strip of slab $m wide.
The S #$$% re"uires that for solid slab(
$. v C %.# G f
cu
or 5 90mm
,
,. v C v
c
for a slab thickness less than ,%% mm
). if v H v
c
, shear reinforcement must be provided in slabs more than ,%%
mm thick.
8f shear reinforcement is re"uired, then nominal steel, as for beams, should be
provided when v C 1v
c
I o.B2 and Jdesigned reinforcement provided for higher
values of v. Since shear stress in slab due to distributed loads are generally
small, shear reinforcement will seldom be re"uired for such loads may, however,
cause more critical conditions as shown in the following sections. Aractical
difficulties concerned with bending and fi!ing of shear reinforcement lead to the
recommendation that it should not be used in slabs which are less than ,%% mm
deep.
3.6.1 PUNCHING SHEAR ANALYSIS
* concentrated load 192 on a slab causes shearing stresses on a section
around the load( this effect is referred to a punching shear. The initial
critical section for shear is shown in .igure ).5 and the shear stress is
given by(
v K N 0 1Aerimeter of the section ! d2 K N / (2a + 2b + 12d 2 d
where a and b are the plan dimensions of the concentrated load. 9o
shear reinforcement is re"uired if the punching shear stress, v C v
c
. The
value of v
c
in Table ).;, S #$$%, depends on the percentage of
reinforcement 100As/bd which should be calculates as an average of a
tensile reinforcement in the two directions and should include all the
reinforcement crossing the critical section and e!tending a further
distance e"ual to at least d on either side.
BPLK 3, DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Check should also be undertaken to ensure that the stress v calculated
for the perimeter at the face of the loaded area is less than smaller of %.#
G f
cu
or 5 90mm
,
.
.igure ).5 Aunching shear
3.7 SPAN-EFFECTIVE DEPTH RATIOS
F!cessive deflections of slab will cause damage to the ceiling, floor finishes and
other architectural details. To avoid this, limits are set on the span-depth ratios.
These limits are e!actly the same as those for beams. *s a slab is usually a
slender member the restrictions on the span-depth ratio become more
important and this can often control the depth of slab re"uired. 8n terms of the
span-effective depth ratio the depth of the slab is given by(
minimum effective depth K span
LLLLLLLL
basic ratio ! modification factors
The modification factor is based on the area of tension steel in the shorter span
when a slab is singly reinforced at mid-span but if a slab has both top and bottom
steel at mid-span the modification factors for the areas of tension and
compression steel, as given in Tables $.$) and $.$B, S #$$%, are used. .or
convenience, the factors for tension steel have been plotted in the form of a
graph in .igure ).-.
8t can be seen from the figure that a lower service stress gives a higher
modification factor and hence a smaller depth of slab would be re"uired. The
service stress may be reduced by providing an area of tension reinforcement
greater than that re"uired resisting the design moment, or alternatively mild steel
reinforcement with its lower service tress may be used.
The span-depth ratios may be checked using the service stress appropriate to the
characteristic stress of the reinforcement, as given in Table $.$), S #$$%. Thus
BPLK 3) DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
a service stress of )%3 90mm
2
would be used when f
y
is B-% 90mm
,
. 'owever, if a
more accurate assessment of the limiting span-depth ratio is re"uired the
service stress f
s
, can be calculated from(
f
s
= 2 x f
y
x A
sreq
x 1
3 x A
sprov

b
where
A
sreq
K the area of reinforcement at mid-span
A
sprov
K the area of reinforcement provided at mid-span

b
K the ratio of the mid-span moments after and before any redistribution.
.igure ).-+ Modification factors for span-effective depth ratio
3. REINFORCEMENT DETAIL
To resist cracking of the concrete, codes of practice specify detail such as the
minimum area of reinforcement re"uired in a section and limits to the ma!imum
and minimum spacing of bars. Some of these rules are as follows(
a2 Minimum areas of reinforcement
Minimum area K 0.13bh / 100 for high yield steel
or
K 0.24bh / 100 for mild steel
BPLK 3B DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
in both directions.
b2 Ma!imum Spacing of Reinforcement
The ma!imum clear spacing given in Table ).)%, and Clause ).$,.$$, S #$$%,
1apply to bars in beams when a ma!imum likely crack width of %.) mm is
acceptable an the cover to reinforcement does not e!ceed 5% mm2, and are
similar to beams e!cept that for thin slabs, or if the tensile steel percentage is
small, spacing may be increased from those given in Table ).)%, S #$$% to a
ma!imum of the lesser of )d or 35% mm.
c2 Reinforcement in the flange of a T N or =-eam

/hen the slab from the flange of a T or = beam the area of reinforcement in the
flange and at right angles to the beam should not be less than %.$5 percent of the
longitudinal cross-section of the flange.
d2 Curtailment and anchorage of reinforcement
*t a simply supported end the bars should be anchored as specified in .igure
).3.
.igure ).3+ *nchorage at simple supported for a slab
3.! SLAB DESIGN
3.!.1 SOLID SLABS SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION
The slabs are design as if they consist of a series of beams of $ m
breadth. The main steel is in the direction of the span and secondary or
distribution steel re"uired in the transverse direction. The main steel
should from the outer layer of reinforcement to give it the ma!imum level
arm.
The calculations for bending reinforcement follow a similar procedure to
that used in beam design. The lever-arm curve of .igure ).# is used to
determine the lever arm 1z2 and the area of tension reinforcement is then
BPLK 35 DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
given by(

A
s
=
!
/ 0."# f
y
.z
.or solid slabs spanning one way the simplified rules for curtailing bars as
shown in .igure ).; may be used provided the loads are substantially
uniformly distributed. /ith a continuous slab it is also necessary that the
spans are appro!imately e"ual the simplified single load case analysis
has been used.
The % values on the K axis ma! the limit
"o sin#ly ein"o$ed se$tions %ith moment
edistibution applied.
.igure ).#+ =ever-arm
BPLK 3- DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.igure ).;+ Simplified rules for curtailment of bars in slab spanning in one
direction
3.!.1.1 S"#$%& S'$$()*+, S(%", S%-.
The effective span of the slab is taken as the lesser of+
a2 The centre-to-centre distance of the bearings, or
b2 The clear distance between supports plus the effective depth of the
slab
The basic span-effective depth ratio for this type of slab is ,%+$ 1Refer to
Table ).$% and Cl. ).B.-.) in S #$$%2.
E/-#$%+ 3.1:
The slab is to be design to carry a live load ).% k90mm
,
, plus floor
finishes and ceiling load of $.% k90mm
,
. The characteristic
materials strength are f
c!
K )% 90mm
,
, f
y
K B-% 90mm
,
. =ength of
slab is B.5 m
S(%'*"(0 :
Minimum effective depth, d K span 0 ,% ! modification factor
1m.f2
K B5%% 0 ,% m.f
K ,,5 0 m.f
BPLK 33 DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
For high-yield reinforcement slab$
Fstimating the modification factor to be of the order of $.) for a
highly reinforcement slab.
Try effective depth d K $#% mm. .or a mild e!posure the cover K
,5 mm.
*llowing, say, 5 mm as half the diameter of the reinforcing bar
overall depth of slab, h = $#% I ,5 I 5 K ,$% mm
self-weight of slab K %.,$ ! ,B ! $%
)
K 5.% k90m
,

total dead load, %
&
K $.% I 5.% K -.% k90m
2
.or a $m width of slab
ultimate load K 1$.B%
&
I $.-'&2 1B.52
K 1$.B ! -.% I $.- ! ).%21B.52 K 5;.Bk9
M 1 25!.4 / 4.534 1 33.4 5N#
1( )pa*+effec,-ve .ep,h ra,-o
K )).B ! $%
-
K $.%)
bd
2
$%%% ! $#%
,
.rom Table ).$$ S #$$%, for f
s
K )%3 90mm
,
the span-effective
depth modification factor K $.,;. Therefore(
A//o0ab/e spa* / d H Ac,!a/ spa* / d
,% ! $.,; H B5%% 0 $#%
,5.# H ,5.%
Thus , 1 16 ## "7 -,+8'-*+.
2( 1e*.-*2 re-*force3e*,
4 = K )).B ! $%
-
K %.%)B C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
1$%%%21$#%
,
21)%2
z = d 50. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 4 / 0. 9(:
K d O%. 5 I G 1 %. ,5 N %. %)B 0 %. ;2P
K %. ;-d H %. ;5d, so t ake z K %. ;5d
BPLK 3# DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
A
s
= / 0."#f
y
z K ))B ! $%
-
01%.#3 ! B-% ! $3$2 K BB3 mm
,
0m
P)(9",+ T16 .-)7 -* 156 ## :+0*)+; A
7
= 523 ##
2
4#
3( )hear
Shear, V = ; / 2 K 5;.B 0 , K ,;.%3 k9
Shear stress, v = V / bd
K ,;.%3 ! $%
)
0 1$%%% ! $#%2
K %.$- 90mm
,
C %.# G f
cu

.rom Table ).;, S #$$%,

100A
s
/b d K $%% ! 5,) 0 $%%% ! $#% K %.,;
v
:
1 6.51 N4##
2
; v < v
:
; 7( 0( 7=+-) )+"0>():+#+0* "7
)+8'")+,.
4( <*. a*chora2e 1Cl. ).$,.;.B, S #$$%2
v K %.$- C C v
c
0, D ok( therefore(
anchorage length H )% mm or end bearing 1support width20)
end bearing K ,)% mm
Therefore(
-0:=()-?+ %+0?*= 1 236 4 3 1 77 ## @ 36 ##
D beyond the centre line of the support.
.igure ).$%+ Fnd *nchorage
6( =-s,r-b!,-o* / >ra*sverse ),ee/
BPLK 3; DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.rom Table ).,3 S #$$%, f
y
K B-% 90mm
,

*rea of transverse high-yield reinforcement,
A
s
3-* = 0.13bh/100
K %.$) ! $%%% ! ,$% 0$%%
K ,3) mm
,
0m
P)(9",+ T16 -* 256 ## :+0*)+;
s
1 314 ##
2
4#; *($ %-&+)
?( @rac&-*2 chec&
The bar spacing does not e!ceed 35% mm or )d and the
minimum reinforcement is less than %.)Q. 1Refer Cl.
).$,.$$.,.3 and Table ).)%, S #$$%2.
*llowable clear spacing of bars K )d K )1$#%2 K 5B% mm
A:*'-% :%+-) 7$-:"0? 1 256 A 16 1 246 ## < 3d B (5
3.!.1.2 C(0*"0'('7 S(%", S%-.
.or a continuous slab, bottom reinforcement is re"uired within the span
and top reinforcement over the supports. The effective span is the
distance between the centre lines of supports. The basic span-effective
depth ratio is ,-+$ 1Refer to Table ).$% and Cl ).B.-.)2.
8f the simplified load arrangement for all slabs of ma!imum ultimate
design load throughout all spans or panels provided that the following
condition are met for the single load case analysis, bending moment an
shear forces coefficients as shown in Table ).$), S #$$% may be used.
E/-#$%+ 3.2 :
The four-span slab shown in .igure ).$$ support a live load %f ).%
k90mm
,
, plus floor finishes and ceiling load of $.% k90mm
,
. The
characteristic materials strength are f
c!
K )% 90mm
,
, f
y
K B-%
90mm
,
.
BPLK #% DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.igure ).$$ Continuous slab - e!ample
S(%'*"(0 :
.rom Table ).$%, S #$$%, basic span- effective depth ratio K ,-
So depth, d K Span 0 ,- K B5%% 0 ,-
K $3) mm
Try effecti ve depth, d = 176 ##. *ssume a mild e!posure, cover,
c K ,% mm an diameter of bar, R K $% mm
h = d + cover + A/2
= $3% I ,% I 5 K $;5 mm, so taken h 1 266 ##
Self-weight of slab K %., ! ,B K B.# k90m
2
Total dead load, %
&
K $.% I B.# K 5.# k9 0 m
2
.or $ meter width of slab(
Sltimate loadB C = (1.42
&
+ 1.?q
&
( 4.6
K 1$.B ! 5.# I $.- ! ).%21B.52
F 1 5.14 5N $+) #+*)+ C",*=
1( 1e*.-*2 (Defer ,o @E 3.6.2.3B 1) "110(
)ince the bay si&e H )%m
,
, the spans are e"ual and "
k
C $.,5 g
k
the moment coefficients shown in Table ).$) s #$$% may be used.
Thus, assuming that the end support is simply supported, from
Table ).$) for the first span+
= 0.0"?CE K 1%.%#- ! 5#.$B 21B.52 K ,,.5 k9m
4 = K ,,.5 ! $%
-
K %.%,- C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$3%2
,

z = d 50. 6 + 7(0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K d O%. 5 I G1%. ,5 N %. %,- 0 %. ;2P
K %. ;3d H %. ;5d, so t ake z K %. ;5d
A
s
= / 0."#f
y
z K ,,.5!$%
-
0 1%.#3 ! B-% ! $-$.52
BPLK #$ DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
K )B# mm
,
0 m
P)(9",+ T16 .-)7 -* 266 ## :+0*)+;
s
= 3!3 ##
2
4#
2( )pa*+effec,-ve .ep,h ra,-o
K ,,.5 ! $%
-
K %.33#
bd
2
$%%% !$3%
,
.rom Table ).$$ S #$$%, for f
s
K ,,# 90mm
,
the span-effective
depth modification factor K $.-#. Therefore(
A//o0ab/e spa* / d H Ac,!a/ spa* / d
,- ! $.-# H B5%% 0 $3%
B).-# H ,-.5 D ok
T='7 d 1 176 ## "7 -,+8'-*+.
Similar calculation for the support and the interior span give the
steel areas shown in .igure ).$,.
3( =-s,r-b!,-o* / >ra*sverse ),ee/
.rom Table ).,3 S #$$%, f
y
K B-% 90mm
,

*rea of transverse high-yield reinforcement,
A
s
3-* = 0.13bh/100
K %.$) ! $%%% ! ,%% 0$%%
K ,-% mm
,
0m
P)(9",+ T16 -* 366 ## :+0*)+;
s
1 262 ##
2
4#; *($ -0,
.(**(# %-&+)
4( )hear (Defer >ab/e 3.13 1) "110(
Shear, V = 0.? C K %.- 15#.$B2 K )B.; k9
Shear stress, v = V / bd
K )B.; ! $%
)
0 1$%%% ! $3%2
K %.,$ 90mm
,
C %.# G f
cu
.rom Table ).;, S #$$%,
100A
s
/ bd K $%% ! );) 0 $%%% ! $3% K %.,)
So, v
c
K %.B3 ! 1)%0,52
$0)
K %.5% 90mm
,
,
v < v
:
; 7( 0( 7=+-) )+"0>():+#+0* "7 )+8'")+,.
BPLK #, DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
6( @rac&-*2 chec&
The bar spacing does not e!ceed 35% mm or )d and the
minimum reinforcement is less than %.)Q. 1Refer Cl.
).$,.$$.,.3 and Table ).,3 S #$$%2.
*llowable clear spacing of bars K ). K )1$3%2 K 5$% mm
A:*'-% :%+-) 7$-:"0? 1 366 A 16 1 2!6 ## < 3d B (5
.igure ).$,+ Reinforcement detail in continuous slab
3.!.2 SOLID SLABS SPANNING IN TDO DIRECTIONS
/hen a slab is supported on all four of it sides it effectively spans in
both directions, and it is sometimes more economical to design the
slab on this basis. The amount of bending in each direction will depend
on the ratio of the two spans and the conditions of restraint at each
support.
8f the slab is s"uare and the restraints are similar along the four sides then
the load will span e"ually in both directions. 8f the slab is rectangular
then more than one-half of the loads will be carried in the stiffer,
shorter direction and less in the longer direction. 8f one span is much
longer than the other, a large proportion of the load will be carried in the
short direction and the slab may as well be designed as spanning in
only one direction.
Moments in each direction of span are generally calculated using
coefficients which are tabulated in the codes of practice, #$$%. *reas of
reinforcement to resist the moments are determined independently for
each direction of span. The slab is reinforced with bars in both
directions parallel to the spans with the steel for the shorter span placed
furthest from the neutral a!is to give it greater effective depth.
BPLK #) DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
The span-effective depth ratios are based on the shorter span and the
percentage of reinforcement in that direction.
/ith a uniformly distributed load the loads on the supporting beams may
generally be apportioned as shown in .igure ).$).
.igure ).$)+ =oads carried by supporting beams
.igure ).$B+ 9ine Types of slab panels
BPLK #B DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
3.!.2.1 S"#$%& S'$$()*+, S%-. S$-00"0? I0 TC( D")+:*"(07
* slab simply supported on its four sides will deflect about both a!es
under load and the corners will tend to lift and curl up from the supports,
causing torsion moments. /hen no provision has been made to prevent
this lifting or to resist the torsion then the moment coefficients of Table
).$B, S #$$% may be used and the ma!imum moments are given by
e"uation $B and $5 in S #$$%(
3
sx
= F
sx
*l
x
2
in direction of span l
T
and
3
sy
K
sy
nl
x
2


in direction of span l
y
where m
s!
and 3
sy
are the moments at mid-span on strips of unit width with
spans l
!
and respectively, and
* = 1$.B@
k
I $.->
k
2, that is, the total ultimate load per unit area
l
y
K the length of the longer side
l
!
K the length of the shorter side
The area of reinforcement in directions l
!
and l
y
respectively are(
*
s!
K 3
sx
0 %.#3f
y
& per metre width
and
*
sy
K 3
sy
0 %.#3f
y
& per metre width
The slab should be reinforced uniformly across the full width, in each
direction. The effective depth d used in calculating A
sy
should be less than
that for A
sx
because of the different depths of the two layers of
reinforcement.
*t least B% per cent of the mid-span reinforcement should e!tend to the
supports and the remaining -% per cent should e!tend to within %.&l
x
, or
%.&l
y
of the appropriate support.
E/-#$%+ 3.3 :
4esign the reinforcement for a simply supported slab ,%% mm
thick and spanning in two directions. The effective span in each
direction is B.5 m and -.) m and the slab supports a live load of $%
k90m
,
. The characteristic material strengths are

f
c!
K )% 90mm
,
and
f
y
K B-% 90mm
,
.
S(%'*"(0 :
l
y
0 l
G

K -.)0B.5 K $.B C , D Two way slab
.rom Table ).$B, F
s!
K %.%;; and F
sy
=

%.%5$.
BPLK #5 DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Self-weight of slab K %., ! ,B ! $%
)
K B.# k90m
2
Sltimate load, * = $.B@
k
I $.->
k
* K 1$. B ! B. #2 I 1$. - !$%2 K ,,. 3,k90 m
,

1 22. 72 5N4 #4 # C" ,*=
S=()* S$-0
1( 1e*.-*2
.rom Tabl e ). B, S #$$%, mi l d e!posure condi t i ons,
cover, c K ,5 mm. *ssume A bar K $%mm.

d
x
= h 8 c + A02 K ,%% N ,5 N 5 K $3% mm.
3
sx
K F
s!
nl
x
2


K %.%;;1,,.3,21B.52
,
K B5. 5 k9. m0 m
4 = K B5.5 ! $%
-
K %.%5, C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$3%2
,

z = d 5 0. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K d O %. 5 I G 1%. ,5 N %. %5,0 %. ;2P
K %. ;Bd C %. ;5d, so take z K %. ;Bd
A
sx
= 3
sx
0 0."#f
y
z K B5.5 !$%
-
0 1%.#3! B-%21%.;B!$3%2
K 3$$.5 mm
,
0 m
Checking A
s3-*
, from Table ).,3 S #$$%B f
y
K B-% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.13bh 0 $%%
K %.$)1$%%% ! ,%%2 0 $%%
K ,-% mm
,
0 m
A
sx
H A
s3-*
D ok
P)(9",+ T16 .-)7 -* 166 ## :+0*)+;
s
= 76 ##
2
4#
2( =ef/ec,-o* @hec&-*2
K B5.5 ! $%
-
K $.53
bd
2
$%%% !$3%
,
.rom Table ).$$ S #$$%, for f
s
K ,,$ 90mm
,
the span-effective
depth modification factor K $.B$. Therefore(
A//o0ab/e spa* / d H Ac,!a/ spa* / d
,% ! $.B$ H B5%% 0 $3%
2.2 E 26.5 B (5
BPLK #- DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
3( )hear
Shear, V = ;E 0 2 K 1,,.3, ! B.5 2 0 , K 5$.$, k9
Shear stress, v = V / bd
K 5$.$, ! $%
)
0 1$%%% ! $3%2
K %.) 90mm
,
C %.# G f
cu
.rom Table ).;, S #$$%,
100A
s
0 bd K $%% ! 3#- 0 $%%% ! $3% K %.B-
So, v
c
K %.-) ! 1)%0,52
$0)
K %.-3 90mm
,
,
v < v
:
; 7( 0( 7=+-) )+"0>():+#+0* "7 )+8'")+,.
L(0? S$-0
1( 1e*.-*2
.rom Tabl e ). B S #$$%, mi l d e!posure condi t i ons,
cover, c K ,5 mm. *ssume A bar K $%mm.

d
y
= h 8 c + A/ , K ,%% N ,5 -$% N 5 K $-% mm.
3
sy
K
sy
nl
x
2


K %.%5$1,,.3,21B.52
,
K ,). 5 k9m0 m
4 = K ,).5 ! $%
-
K %.%)$ C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$-%2
,

z = d 5 0. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 400. 9(:
K d O %. 5 I G 1%. ,5 N %. %)$0 %. ;2P
K %. ;-d H %. ;5d, so t ake & K %. ;5d
A
sy
= 3
sy
/ 0."#f
y
z K ,).5 !$%
-
0 1%.#3! B-%21%.;5!$-%2
K )5B mm
,
0 m
Checking A
s3-*
, from Table ).,3 S #$$%, f
y
K B-% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.13bh 0 100
K %.$)1$%%% ! ,%%2 0 $%%
K ,-% mm
,
0 m
A
sx
H A
s3-*
D ok
P)(9",+ T16 .-)7 -* 266 ## :+0*)+;
s
= 3!3 ##
2
4#
BPLK #3 DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
2( @hec&-*2 for >ra*sverse ),ee/
.rom Table ).,3, f
y
K B-% 90mm
,
100As / bh K $%% 1);)2 0 $%%% ! ,%%
6.1! E 6.13 2
smin
3 B (5
3.9.2.2 R+7*)-"0+, S%-. S$-00"0? I0 TC( D")+:*"(07
/hen the slabs have fi!ity at the supports and reinforcement is added to
resist torsion and to prevent the corners of the slab from lifting then the
ma!imum moments per unit width are given by(
3
sG
=
sG
*l
G
,
in direction of span l
x
and
3
sy
=
sy
*l
G
2

in direction of span l
y
where
sG
and
Sy
are the moment coefficients given in Table ).$5 of S
#$$% for the specified end conditions, and * = (1.4%
&
+ 1.?'
&
(, the total
ultimate load per unit area.
The slab is divided into middle and edge strips as shown in .igure ).$5
and reinforcement is re"uired in the middle strips to resist 3
sx
and 3
sy
, 8n
the edge strips only nominal reinforcement is necessary, such that
100A
s
/bh K %.$) for high-yield steel or %.,B for mild steel.
8n addition, torsion reinforcement is provided at discontinuous corners and it
should(
$. consist of top and bottom mats, each having bars in both directions
of span.
,. e!tend from the edges a minimum distance l
x
0 5
). at a corner where the slab is discontinuous in both directions have an
area of steel in each of the four layers e"ual to three-"uarters of the
area re"uired for the ma!imum mid-span moment
B. at a corner where the slab is discontinuous in one direction only, have
an area of torsion reinforcement only half of that specified in rule ).
Torsion reinforcement is not, however, necessary at any corner where
the slab continuous in both directions.
/here l
y
0I
x
H ,, the slabs should be designed as spanning in one direction
only.
Shear force coefficients are also given in S #$$% for cases where torsion
corner reinforcement is provided, and these are based on a simplified
distribution of load to supporting beams which may be used in preference
to the distribution shown .igure ).$).
BPLK ## DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.igure ).$5+ 4ivision of slabs into middle and edge strips
E/-#$%+ 3.4 :
The panel considered is an interior panel, as shown in .igure
).$-. The effective span in each direction is 5 m and - m and
the slab supports a live load of $.5 k90m
,
. @iven

f
cu
K )%
90mm
,
B f
y
K ,5% 90mm
,
and slab thickness $5% mm. 4esign the
reinforcement for a continuous slab.
.igure ).$-+ Continuous panel spanning in to directions
S(%'*"(0 :
l
y
0 l
G

K - 0 5 K $., C , D Two way slab
Self-weight of slab K %.$5 ! ,B ! $%
)
K ).-% k90m
2
,% mm asphalt K %.B# k90m
2
5% mm insulting screed K %.3, k90m
2
BPLK #; DCB 3223
ly ' (m
lx '5m
a b
d $
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Ceiling finishes K %.,B k90m
2
Total dead load K 5.%B k90m
,
Sltimate load, * = $.B@k I $.->
k
* K $. B!5. %B I $. -!$. 5 K ;. 5 k90 m
,

1 !. 5 5N4 #4 # C",*=
.rom Table ).$5, Case $ applies(
I ve moment at mid span
3
sx
K %.%),1;.52152
&
K 3.- k9m
3
sy
K %.%,B 1;.52152 K 5.3 k9m
- ve moment at support

1cont2
a long * U C4, 3
sx
K %.%B, 1;.52152
,
K $%., k9.m
a long *4 U C, 3
sx
K %.%), 1;.52152
,
K 3.- k9.m
*ssume Abar K $% mm, and coverB c = 26 33
d
x
= h + cover + A/2
= $5% - ,5 - $%0, K $,% mm
d
y
= h + cover 8 A+ A /2
K $5% - ,5 - $% - $%0, K $$% mm
!hort !"an# l
$
1( A, -.+)pa*B 3
sx
' 3.- k9m
4 = K 3.- ! $%
-
K %.%$# C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$,%2
,

z
x
= d 5 0. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K d O %. 5 I G 1%. ,5 N %. %$#0 %. ;2P
K %. ;#d H %. ;5d, so t ake & K %. ;5d
A
sy
= 3
sx
/ 0."#f
y
z K 3.- !$%
-
0 1%.#3! ,5%21%.;5!$,%2
K )%-.5$ mm
,
0 m width
Checking *
smin
, from Table ).,3 S #$$%, f
y
K ,5% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.24bh / 100
K %.,B1$%%% ! $5%2 0 $%%
K )-% mm
,
0 m
BPLK ;% DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
A
sx
I A
s3-*
D so use A
s3-*
P)(9",+ R16 .-)7 -* 266 ## :+0*)+; A
7
= 3!3 ##
2
4#
2( A, )!ppor,B 3
sx
' $%., k9m
4 = K $%., ! $%
-
K %.%,B C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$,%2
,

z
x
= d 5 0. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K dO%. 5 I G 1%. ,5 N %. %,B0 %. ;2P
K %. ;3d H %. ;5d, so t ake & K %. ;5d
A
sx
= 3
sx
0 0."#f
y
z K $%., !$%
-
0 1%.#3! ,5%21%.;5!$,%2
K B$$.)3 mm
,
0 m width
Checking A
s3-*
B from Table ).,3 S #$$%B f
y
K ,5% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.24bh / 100
K %.,B1$%%% ! $5%2 0 $%%
K )-% mm
,
0m
A
sx
H A
s3-*
D ok
P)(9",+ R16 .-)7 -* 175 ## :+0*)+;
s
= 44! ##
2
4 #
Long !"an# l
y
1( A, -.+)pa*B 3
sy
' 5.3 k9m
4 = K 5.3 ! $%
-
K %.%$- C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$$%2
,

z
y
= d50. 6 + 7(0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K dO%. 5 I G1%. ,5 N %. %$-0 %. ;2P
K %. ;#d H %. ;5d, so t ake & K %. ;5d
A
sy
= 3
sy
/ 0."#f
y
z K 5.3 !$%
-
0 1%.#3! ,5%21%.;5!$$%2
K ,5%.3# mm
,
0 m width
Checking A
s3-*
B from Table ).,3 S #$$%, f
y
K ,5% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.24bh / 100
K %.,B1$%%% ! $5%2 0 $%%
K )-% mm
,
0 m
A
sy
I A
s3-*
D so use A
s3-*
BPLK ;$ DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
P)(9",+ R16 .-)7 -* 266 ## :+0*)+;
s"rov
= 3!3 ##
2
4#
2( A, )!ppor,B 3
sy
' 3.- k9m
4 = K 3.- ! $%
-
K %.%, C %.$5-
f
c!
bd
2
)%1$%%% 21$$%2
,

z
y
= d 5 0. 6 + 7 (0. 26 8 4/ 0. 9(:
K d O %. 5 I G 1%. ,5 N %. %,0 %. ;2P
K %. ;#d H %. ;5d, so t ake & K %. ;5d
A
sy
= 3
sy
/ 0."#f
y
z K 3.- !$%
-
0 1%.#3! ,5%21%.;5!$$%2
K ))B.)3 mm
,
0 m width
Checking A
s3-*
B fro3 Table ).,3 S #$$%B f
y
K ,5% 90mm
,
A
s3-*
= 0.24bh / 100
K %.,B1$%%% ! $5%2 0 $%%
K )-% mm
,
0m
A
sy
I A
s3-*
J so use A
s3-*
P)(9",+ R16 .-)7 -* 266 ## :+0*)+;
s"rov
= 3!3 ##
2
4 #
DTorsion reinforcement is not necessary because the slab is
interior panel.
DFdge strip, provide *
smin
1R$% -,%%mm c0c2.
)hear @hec&-*2 (@r-,-ca/ a, )!ppor,(
9ormally shear reinforcement should not be used in slabs C ,%% mm
deep.
.rom Table ).$-,
vx
K %.);B
vy
K %.))
V
vx
=
vx
.*.l
x
K %.);1;.52152 K $#.5 k90m width
V
vx
=
vy
.*.l
x
K %.))1;.52152 K $5.3 k90m width
Shear stress, v K V
3ax
/ bd
K $#.5 ! $%
)
0 1$%%% ! $,%2
K %.$5 90mm
,
C %.# G f
c!
.rom Table ).;, S #$$%,
BPLK ;, DCB 3223
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
100A
s
/ bd K $%% ! BB; 0 $%%% ! $,% K %.)3B
So, v
c
K %.- ! 1)%0,52
$0)
K %.-B 90mm
,
,
v < v
:
; 7( 0( 7=+-) )+"0>():+#+0* "7 )+8'")+,.
=ef/ec,-o* @hec&-*2 (@r-,-ca/ a, -+spa*(B
sx
= #.? &N.3
K 3.- ! $%
-
K %.5)
bd
2
$%%% !$,%
,
.rom Table ).$$ S #$$%, for f
s
K $); 90mm
,
the span-effective
depth modification factor K ,.%. Therefore(
A//o0ab/e spa* / d H Ac,!a/ spa* / d
,- ! , H B5%% 0 $,%
52 E 37.5 B (5
@rac&-*2 @hec&-*2 (@/ 3.12.11.2.#(
The bar spacing does not e!ceed 35% mm or )d and the
minimum reinforcement is less than %.)Q. 1Refer Cl. ).$,.$$.,.3
and Table ).,3 S #$$%2.
*llowable clear spacing of bars K )d K )1$,%2 K )-% mm
*ctual clear spacing K ,%% N $% K $;% mm C )d B (5
h K $5% mm C ,5% mm 1for @rade )%2 Dtherefore no further
checks are re"uired.
3.11 SUMMARY
8n this unit we have studied method for reinforced concrete slab design. Summary of
reinforced concrete slab design are shown in .igure ).$3 below.
BPLK ;) DCB 3223
4ecide concrete grade, concrete cover, fire
resistance and durability
Fstimate slab thickness for continuous, E/d K )%
or for simply supported, E/d K ,B, where E is
shorter span of the slab.
=oad calculation and estimation
S=+ $;#B or S -));+$;#B
Structural analysis using Table ).$5 and ).$-, S
#$$%+ Aart $+ $;#5
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
.igure ).$3+ .lowchart for slab design
3.12 REFERENCES
$. /.'.Mosley, V.'. ungery U R. 'usle 1$;;;2, De-*force. @o*cre,e =es-2* 15
th
Fdition2 + Aalgrave.
,. Reinforced Concrete Modul, 1$
st
Fdition2. SSM.
). S #$$%, Aart $+ $;#5, The Structural Sse of Concrete. Code of Aractice for
4esign and Construction.
BPLK ;B DCB 3223
Reinforcement deign
Check shear
Check for serviceability limit state