International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN22498974

IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/200-203

Research Paper
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ER-FRP LAMINATED BEAM
DESIGN USING ACI 440 2R-08 AND ISIS CANADA METHOD
Murad M. Bhunga Dr. N. K. Arora

Address for Correspondence
PG Student, Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT
Externally Reinforced /bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite laminates have been successfully applied to
reinforced concrete (RC) beams and other structural elements for the purpose of increase load carrying capacity of such
elements. ACI 440 2R-08 and ISIS CANADA has given the guideline for design of Externally Reinforced /bonded FRP
laminated beam. The philosophy behind both aforementioned methods is same; however, in ISIS code the design strain is
not limited up to debonding failure, existing substrate strain not deducted for effective strain of fibre and the strength
reduction factor are different than ACI method to find out the Strength of beam. Therefore, an attempt has been made in
present work to compare the steps and resisting moment of ER-CFRP laminated beam by both methods.
KEYWORDS FRP laminates, Strengthening, Substrate Strain, ISIS, debonding failure
INTRODUCION
Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) plates or fabrics are
becoming increasingly popular materials for
strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams and
girders. This strengthening technique involves epoxy
bonding FRP plates or fabrics to the tension face of
the beam, increasing both the strength and stiffness of
the beam. To assure good bond between the FRP
laminate and concrete surface must be cleaned or
sandblasted down to aggregate. Several advantages of
these materials, such as formability, easy of
fabrication and bonding, corrosion resistance, and
light weight have attracted the attention of many
engineers involved in retrofit design. Depending on
the required physical and mechanical properties, and
also economic considerations, composites can be
made from a variety of resins and fibres (Malek and
Saadatmanesh 1996) and prepared to provide the
necessary strength and stiffness in the desired
direction. FRP generally behave linearly elastic up to
failure, if loaded in the fibre direction. In studying the
behaviour of RC beams strengthened with FRP
laminates, different types of failure modes have been
reported (Saadatmanesh and Ehsani 1991). Ultimate
strength of the beam is generally controlled by
rupture by rupture of the plate or compression
crushing of concrete. However, local failure of beam
at the laminate end may also lead to premature failure
of the strengthened beam. Shear and normal stress
concentration at the cut-off point or around flexural
cracks are the main reason for local failures.
Different country has formulated different types of
design step to find out the flexural strength but some
by similar philosophy. But the some parameters
which are important are not included or neglected
which are important to compare and find out the final
output different of that method.
In this paper the design of externally bonded FRP
laminated beam by ACI 440 and ISIS Method are
carried out and the steps to design the flexural
element are compared.
ACI METHOD:-
A. Environment Reduction Factor (C
E
)-
Environment conditions affect the fibres & resins of
various types of FRP system. The mechanical
properties such as a tensile strength, ultimate tensile
strain & Elastic modulus. Some environmental
exposures which degrade the FRP system are
alkalinity, salt water, high humidity and freezing &
thawing cycle.
TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENT REDUCTION
FACTOR FOR VARIOUS FRP SYSTEM AND
EXPOSURE CONDITION
Exposure conditions Fiber
type
Environmental
reduction
factor CE
Interior exposure Carbon 0.95
Glass 0.75
Aramid 0.85
Exterior exposure (bridges,
piers, and unenclosed
parking garages)
Carbon 0.85
Glass 0.65
Aramid 0.75
Aggressive environment
(chemical plants and
wastewater treatment plant)
Carbon 0.85
Glass 0.50
Aramid 0.70
B. Strength Reduction Factor
When we use externally bonded FRP reinforcement
for flexure strengthening it will reduce ductility of
original member. In some cases, the loss of ductility
is negligible. Sections that experience a significant
loss in ductility, however, should be addressed. To
maintain a sufficient degree of ductility, the strain
level in the steel at the ultimate limit state should be
checked. For reinforced concrete members with non
prestressed steel reinforcement, adequate ductility is
achieved if the strain in the steel at the point of
concrete crushing or failure of the FRP, including
delamination or debonding, is at least 0.005.

0.9

0.005
0.65
0.25

0.005

0.005
0.65

Where in above equation

is the net tensile strain in

extreme tension steel at nominal strength. So = 0.9
for ductile & =0.65 for brittle section, where the
steel does not yield.
An additional strength reduction factor for FRP

is applied to the flexural strength contribution of the
FRP reinforcement. The recommended value of

=
0.85.
C. Failure Modes
There are four failure potential flexural failure modes
for externally strengthened reinforced concrete
flexural members;
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN22498974
IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/200-203

- Concrete crushing before yielding of the
reinforcing steel,
- Steel yielding followed by concrete
crushing;
- Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture; and
- Debonding of the FRP reinforcement at the
FRP/concrete interface.
D. Design Effective Strain
Cover delamination of FRP debonding can occur if
the forces in the FRP cannot be sustained by the
substrate such behaviour is known as debonding.
Away from the section where externally bonded FRP
laminates a failure controlled by FRP debonding may
govern. To prevent an intermediate crack-induced
debonding failure mode, the effective strain in FRP
reinforcement should be limited to

, as per SI
units is

0.41

0.9

Fig. 1. Initial stress and strain distribution of
member under flexure by ultimate limit state as
per ACI
E. Existing Substrate Strain
At the time of laminates applied at the tension side
of the beam. There is some strain existing due to self-
weight and any prestressing forces and other load
dead load, the substrate to which the FRP is applied
will be strained. These strains should be considered
as initial strains and should be excluded from the
strain in the FRP. The initial strain level on the
bonded substrate;

, can be determined from an

elastic analysis. The elastic analysis of the existing
member should be based on cracked section
properties.

Where

= moment due to dead load on the beam

= cracked moment of inertia

= Modulus of elasticity of concrete

F. Serviceability
The stress in the steel reinforcement under service
load should be limited to 80% of the yield strength,

,
0.8

And the stress in concrete should be

,
0.45

ISIS METHOD
A. Environment Reduction Factor
It is not included in this method but the strength
reduction factors are high compared to ACI method
and so it is mostly compensated.
B. Strength Reduction Factor or Resistance Factor
TABLE 2: STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR
Material
reduction factor
For building For
bridges
c 0.6 0.75
s 0.85 0.9
frp carbon 0.7 0.78
frp glass 0.6 0.76
Generally the frp carbon = 0.75 and frp glass= 0.5 is
considered for the calculation.
C. Failure modes
Failure modes are same as given in ACI method.
It is not always clear which type of failure modes will
govern. Thus, an assumption must be made and the
failure mode checked. If the assumption is incorrect,
a different failure mode is assumed and the analysis
is repeated. In this method assumed that the fourth
failure mode, FRP debonding, will not occur and
can be ignored (in practice this assumption is
assured through the use of specialized anchorage
technique).
D. Design of Flexural Beam
Design of flexural element can be carried out using
the familiar concept of strain compatibility, the strain
and stress distribution s over the cross section at
failure can be described as shown in figure below.
Now the equilibrium of internal forces required that
the three stress resultants (concrete in compression
Cc, steel in tension Ts, and FRP in tension Tfrp) sum
to zero.

The stress resultant can be determined as

Fig. 2. ISIS assumed stress block

Fig. 3. Stress strain block at ultimate failure by
concrete crushing

And the final flexure moment is calculated by

2


International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN22498974
IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/200-203

TABLE 3: COMPARISON OF FLEXURAL DESIGN FOR BEAM


DESIGN DATA
The reinforced concrete beam as shown in figure no.
(4) is singly reinforced and is strengthened in flexure
with externally bonded carbon FRP on its tension
face or bottom of the beam. Beam dimension and
material properties are given below. Calculate the
factored moment capacity of the beam.
Concrete strength, f

= 40 MPa
Internal steel reinforcement = 3 x 12 mm bars
Area of steel, A

= 340 mm2
Yield strength of steel, f

= 400 MPa
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN22498974
IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue III/April-June, 2012/200-203

Modulus of Elasticity of steel, E

=200 GPa
Carbon FRP properties
A

= A

100 mm2;

1.55%, = 155 GPa

Length of beam = 4 m;
Working dead load = 12 kN/m

Figure 4: Beam bounded with FRP laminates
RESULT
For different grade of concrete ( f

) and remaining
data are same consider for comparison of flexural
strength of using FRP laminate.
TABLE-5
Sr
No.
VARIATION IN FLEXURAL STRENGTH IN
kN/mm
2

Concrete
strength=

in N/mm
2

ACI method
(Neglecting existing
substrate strain)
ISIS
method
1 25 50.77 65.44
2 30 55.27 71.10
3 35 57.93 76.07
4 40 60.30 80.50
5 45 62.51 84.47
CONCLUSION
From the above result it is concluded that in ACI
method the strain is up to debonding failure strain,
and this strain is very less compared to ultimate
rupture strain, therefore Flexural strength of member
is less in ACI method compared to ISIS method. The
variation in flexural strength is mostly near to 28 to
30%.
REFERENCES
1. Tljsten, B. (2002): .Strengthening of existing concrete
structures with externally bonded Fibre Reinforced
Polymers . design and execution.. Technical report.
Lule University of Technology, Division of structural
engineering. Under printing.
1. L.A.Bisby,(2004): An Introduction to FRP
Strengthening of concrete structures ISIS Education
Module-4,CANADA, Department of Civil Engineering,
Queens University, pp 2-12
2. ACI 440 2R-(2008)Guide for the design and
construction of externally bonded FRP system for
strengthening concrete structures ACI committee,
Farmington Hills, U.S.A. pp 21-29
3. Neale KW. And Labossire P., (1997), .State-of-the-art
report on retrofitting and strengthening by continuous
fibre in Canada., Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement
for Concrete Structures, Japan Concrete Institute, 1997,
pp 25-39.