CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Providing decent education is what every parent wants for their children. But unfortunately, poor
families cannot provide for the education of their children. Some families can only afford to eat
one meal a day and they cant even send their children to school. Sometimes encouraging their
children to work and earn for their living instead of studying so they can have something to eat.
The government on its action proclaims Senate Bill No. 3412 PANTAWID PAMILYANG
PILIPINO PROGRAM ACT OF 2009 which has been a big help to the youth, as the primary
beneficiaries for their education and health services.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps is a human development program of the
national government that invests in the health and education of poor households, particularly of
children aged 0-18 years old. Patterned after the conditional cash transfer scheme implemented
in other developing countries, the Pantawid Pamilya provides cash grants to beneficiaries
provided that they comply with the set of conditions required by the program.
Pantawid Pamilya has dual objectives:
Social Assistance - to provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate
need (short term poverty alleviation); and
Social Development - to break the intergenerational poverty cycle through investments
in human capital.
Pantawid Pamilya helps to fulfill the countrys commitment to meet the Millennium
Development Goals, namely:
1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote Gender Equality
4. Reduce Child Mortality
5. Improve Maternal Health
To avail of the cash grants beneficiaries should comply with the following conditions:
1. Pregnant women must avail pre- and post-natal care and be attended during childbirth by
a trained health professional;
2. Parents must attend Family Development Sessions (FDS);
3. 5 year old children must receive regular preventive health check-ups and vaccines;
4. 6-14 years old children must receive deworming pills twice a year.
5. All child beneficiaries (0-18 years old) must enroll in school and maintain a class
attendance of at least 85% per month.
Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and
communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
4Ps beneficiaries are entitled to have regular check-ups and is required to attend Family
Development Sessions, This Family Development Sessions or FDS is in the form of Health
education discussing topics which is essential to everyday living, this FDS is conducted by the
Department of Social Welfare and Development in collaboration with Nurses deployed by the
Department of Health in different municipalities, this nurses are under the Nurse Deployment
Project.
Health education in the community is very important and is vital to people of poor
community, the DSWD together with the Nurses from DOH discusses topics on how to take care
of family members from 0 days old up to 19 years old, pregnant mothers, post-partum mothers,
family planning methods, and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Detection and Control.
Background of the Study

Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study was to find out the impact of maternal anemia on the
health of the newborn mainly the haemoglobin level birth weight of the newborn. Specifically,
To determine the effects of the level of hemoglobin of the mother to the hemoglobin level
of the newborn.
To determine the effects of the level of haemoglobin of the mother to the birth weight of
the newborn.
To determine the effects of the number of pregnancy to the hemoglobin level of the
newborn
To determine the effects of the number of pregnancy to the birth weight of the newborn.



Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the pregnant women?
1.1 Age
2.2 Number of pregnancy
3.3 Hemoglobin level of the mother during pregnancy

2. What is the profile of the newborn?
2.1 Birth weight
2.2 Hemoglobin level after birth
3. Is there a relationship between maternal hemoglobin and the hemoglobin level of her
newborn?
4. Is there a relationship between maternal hemoglobin and birth weight of her newborn?
5. Is there a relationship between the number of pregnancy and the hemoglobin level of
her newborn?
6. Is there a relationship between the number of pregnancy and birth weight of her
newborn?


Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the hemoglobin level of the mother and the
birth weight of the baby.
2. There is no significant relationship between the haemoglobin level of the mother and the
hemoglobin of the newborn.
3. There is no significant relationship between the number of pregnancy and the hemoglobin
level of the newborn.
4. There is no significant relationship between the number of pregnancy and the birth
weight of the newborn.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on the maternal health during pregnancy and the neonatal health in
Southern Isabela General Hospital in Santiago City. The relationship of maternal hemoglobin
and the health of the newborn was determined by the laboratory exam results of both mother and
the newborn, and the weight of the newborn in the selected hospital in Santiago City.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study will be a great benefit to the following:
Department of Health. This study can help to reduce and eliminate possible cause of
problems to newbornthrough promoting maternal health.
Physicians. This study may help physician to identify problems and promote maternal
health much easier before it affects the baby.
Nurses. This study may help nurses to provide sufficient knowledge to the pregnant
women in identifying possible interventions to prevent maternal health problems.
Hospitals. This study may help the hospitals to require newly born babies to have
different laboratory test to identify possible problems.
Mother. This study may help to minimize the possibility of acquiring maternal health
problems and to secure good health of the baby.
Father. This study may help the father to gain more information about maternal health
and would be able to help his wife to reduce the risk of having maternal problems.
Significant Others. This study may help the other family members to spread information
about the possible risk of having maternal anemia to reduce its occurrence.
Future Researchers. This will be beneficial to future researchers so that they will be
motivated to pursue more study on the same topic like this research. It can also be supplemental
to them wherein they can get insights about this study.
Definition of Terms
Anemia-A disease where there is a decrease in haemoglobin in the blood to levels below the
normal range of 12 to 16 g/dL.
Birth weight- Number of babies born low birth weight (less than 2500 grams)
Blood Picture- in other words called Complete Blood Count. A diagnostic procedure wherein
the blood is taken from the clients body is being examined.
Diet- nutrients prescribed, regulated or restricted as to kind amount for therapeutic or other
purposes.
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia- is an anemia due to Folic Acid deficiency.
Folic Acid- is a Vitamin B needed for RBC formation and DNA synthesis and to prevent neural
tube defects in the developing fetus.
Gravida- is defined as the number of times that a woman has been pregnant.

Health- is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being.
Hemoglobin- a complex protein iron compound in the blood that caries oxygen to the cells from
the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs.
Hemolysis- the breakdown of red blood cells and the release of haemoglobin that occur normally
at the end of the life span of a red cell.
Intrinsic factor-a substance secreted by a gastric mucosa that is essential for the absorption of
cyanocobalamin
Nutrition-A well-balanced diet is the most important requirement for healthy living. Good
nutrition helps reduce our risk if getting a large number of diseases, from
diabetes to heart disease.
Parity-is defined as the number of times that she has given birth to a fetus with a gestational age
of 24 weeks or more, regardless of whether the child was born alive or was
stillborn.

Pregnancy- the gestational process, comprising the growth and a development within a woman
of a new individual from conception through the embryonic and fetal
periods to birth.
Pernicious Anemia-anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin B12 is particularly helpful
in formation of Red Blood Cells.
Supplementation- The adding nutrients-minerals, vitamins, to a diet.
Vitamin B12 test(cyanocobalamin)-a blood test that measures the level of vitamin B12, which
is necessary for conversion of the inactive form of folate to the active form,
process that is crucial in the formation and function of red blood cells.









CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents review of studies and pertinent theories about Maternal
Hemoglobin: A Predictor of Neonatal Health that will serve as the primary foundation in
making our research. Related literature, review clarifies and discusses different point of views
from different authors and references. Review of related studyis gathered information which is
related to the topic or from previous topics. Relevant theories are theories gathered that have a
relation to the present study and serve as background on the topic being investigated. Paradigm
of the study is a diagrammatic presentation of the data and its topics for understanding and
comprehension. Hypotheses are tentative prediction in the study. Assumption of the study, are
propositions used in delimiting the area of study. And lastly definition of terms, these are
important terms used in the study that are defined clearly for better understanding.
Related Literature
According to Rouse, Dwight J.; Weiner, Steven J.; Bloom, Steven L.; Varner,
Michael W.; Spong, Catherine Y.; Ramin, Susan M.; Caritis, Steve N.; Peaceman, Alan M.
et al. (2009).Stated that the maternal health refers to the womens health during pregnancy,
childbirth, and the postpartum period. It encompasses the health care dimensions of family
planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care in order to reduce maternal morbidity and
mortality. Preconception care can include education, health promotion, screening and other
interventions among women of reproductive age to reduce risk factors that might affect future
pregnancies. The goal of prenatal care is to detect any potential complications of pregnancy
early, to prevent them if possible, and to direct the woman to appropriate specialist medical
services. Postnatal care issues include recovery from childbirth, concerns about newborn care,
nutrition, breastfeeding, and family planning. Childbirth is the culmination of a human
pregnancy or gestation period with the expulsion of one or more newborn infants from a
woman's uterus. The process of normal human childbirth is categorized in three stages of labour:
the shortening and dilation of the cervix, descent and birth of the infant, and birth of the placenta.
In many cases, with increasing frequency, childbirth is achieved through caesarean section, the
removal of the neonate through a surgical incision in the abdomen, rather than through vaginal
birth. Medical professional policy makers find that induced births and elective cesarean can be
harmful to the fetus and neonate without benefit to the mother, and have established strict
guidelines for non-medically indicated induced births and elective cesarean before 39 weeks.
According to Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing
&Childrearing Family by Adele Pillitteri, PhD, RN, PNP, 6th edition (2010), it stated that
during normal pregnancy, birth, the postpartum, and newborn period, the health of the fetus and
the health of the mother are inextricably linked. Generally, a woman who eats well and takes
care of her own health during pregnancy provides a healthy environment for fetal growth and
development. However, she may need instruction on exactly what constitutes a healthy lifestyle
for herself and her baby. The health promotion during pregnancy begins with the aspects of self-
care.
A 2007 edition of the same bookstated that Second-born children usually weigh more
than first-born. Birth weight continues to increase with each succeeding child in family.
Klusmann A, Heinrich B, Stpler H, Grtner J, Mayatepek E, Von Kries R. (2005),
stated that balanced nutrition and nutritious diet is an important aspect of a healthy pregnancy.
Eating a healthy diet, balancing carbohydrates, fat, and proteins, and eating a variety of fruits and
vegetables, usually ensures good nutrition. Those whose diets are affected by health issues,
religious requirements, or ethical beliefs may choose to consult a health professional for specific
advice.
According to Crombleholme (2009), restated that during pregnancy a woman must eat
adequately to supply enough nutrients to the fetus, so it can grow, as well as to support her own
nutrition.
Subramanian et al., (2008), stated that adequate protein intake is vital because so much
is needed by a fetus to build a body framework. Adequate protein may also help prevent
complication of pregnancy.
According to Kuha (cradle) A Maternal and Child with Pediatric Nursing Handbook
by Aaron CY Tuesca Untalan RN, 1st edition (2005), it stated that womans or maternal
health is not only as a mother during her child bearing, but throughout life, from infancy to post
reproductive health with full exercise of her reproductive life. Especially the achievement of
reproductive health among woman is dependent upon their attitudes toward health, their
knowledge and skills which sometimes is also dependent upon their level of education and more
exposure outside her home, acquisition of more knowledge and skill and practice of which shall
develop their behavior towards health.
According to the Article reviewed by Esther Sherry, R.N., B.S. Feb 3, 2011, it stated
that anemia is a condition in which the body lacks enough red blood cells to transport oxygen-
rich blood to body tissues. Iron deficiency is the main cause of iron deficiency anemia. Iron is an
essential mineral that is needed to form hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein inside red blood
cells. A decrease in iron amounts in the body may be caused by poor intake of iron-rich foods,
prolonged bleeding or intestinal disorders that prevent iron absorption. Iron deficiency anemia is
the most common form of anemia and it develops over time if the body does not have enough
iron to manufacture red blood cells. Without enough iron, the body uses up all the iron it has
stored in the liver, bone marrow and other organs. Once the stored iron is depleted, the body is
able to make very few red blood cells. The red blood cells the body is able to make are abnormal
and do not have a normal hemoglobin-carrying capacity, as do normal red blood cells.
Shersten Killip, M.D., M.P.H., John M. Benneth, M.D., M.P.H., and Maria D.
Chambers, M.D., University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky Am Fam
Physician. 2007 Mar 1; stated that Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common
nutritional deficiency. It can cause reduced work capacity in adults and impact motor and mental
development in children and adolescents. There is some evidence that iron deficiency without
anemia affects cognition in adolescent girls and causes fatigue in adult women. IDA may affect
visual and auditory functioning and is weakly associated with poor cognitive development in
children. Iron metabolism is unusual in that it is controlled by absorption rather than excretion.
Iron is only lost through blood loss or loss of cells as they slough. Men and non-menstruating
women lose about 1 mg of iron per day. Menstruating women lose from 0.6 to 2.5 percent more
per day. An average 132-lb (60-kg) woman might lose an extra 10 mg of iron per menstruation
cycle, but the loss could be more than 42 mg per cycle depending on how heavily she
menstruates. A pregnancy takes about 700 mg of iron, and a whole blood donation of 500 cc
contains 250 mg of iron. Iron absorption, which occurs mostly in the jejunum, is only 5 to 10
percent of dietary intake in persons in homeostasis. In states of overload, absorption decreases.
Absorption can increase three- to fivefold in states of depletion. Dietary iron is available in two
forms: heme iron, which is found in meat; and non heme iron, which is found in plant and dairy
foods. Absorption of heme iron is minimally affected by dietary factors, whereas non heme iron
makes up the bulk of consumed iron. The bioavailability of non-heme iron requires acid
digestion and varies by an order of magnitude depending on the concentration of enhancers and
inhibitors found in the diet. Iron deficiency results when iron demand by the body is not met by
iron absorption from the diet. Thus, patients with IDA presenting in primary care may have
inadequate dietary intake, hampered absorption, or physiologic losses in a woman of
reproductive age. It also could be a sign of blood loss, known or occult. IDA is never an end
diagnosis; the work-up is not complete until the reason for IDA is known.
According to Rubins Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine by
Rubins, Gorstein, Schwarting and Strayer, 4
th
edition, 2004 p. 1032,it stated that iron
deficiency interferes with normal heme synthesis and thereby leads to impaired erythropoiesis
and anemia. The rate of iron absorption is regulated by normal losses, but with anemia intestinal
absorption is increased and may ultimately lead to iron overload. Following absorption, about
85% of absorbed iron is transported in the blood by a carrier protein, transferring, and is then
incorporated into developing red cells through specific transferring receptors on their surface. As
senescent red cells are removed from circulation, hemoglobin is broken down into component
parts, and the iron is recycled. Excess iron is stored in the body into two forms, hemosiderin and
ferritin. Hemosiderin consists of large aggregates of iron with disorganized structure, whereas
ferritin is complexed with protein and appears highly organized. Iron deficiency anemia is
characterized by a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Variation in the size and shape of the
erythrocytes is reflected in an increased RBW. Ovalocytes may be encountered, some of which
are very thin and are designated pencil cells. Because of the production defect in the marrow,
there is no associated reticulocytosis. IDA is accompanied by a mild throbocytosis. The bone
marrow displays erythroid hyperplasia, and many of the developing normoblasts have ragged
cytoplasmic borders. Prussian blue staining demonstrates an absence of storage iron. Serum iron
and ferritin levels are decreased by iron deficiency, whereas the total iron- binding capacity is
decreased. As a result, the percent saturation of tranferritin is conspicuously lowered. Increased
levels of free erythrocyte protoporhyrin and zinc protoporphyrin are characterized because of
impraired of iron into protoporphyrin.
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder in which patients develop antibodies
directed against parietal cells and intrinsic factor. The parietal cell antibodies also lead to
atrophic gastritis with achlorhydria. Primary intestinal disorders or previous intestinal surgery
can be associated with impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Microbiological competition for
vitamin B12 may lead to deficiency. This may arise from bacterial overgrowth of a blind loop or
infestation by the fish tapeworm, diphyllobothriumlatum. Rarely, an inherited defect in the
intestinal receptor of vitamin B12 is the cause of deficiency.
Related Studies
M.K. Sharma, D. Kumar, A. Huria, P. Gupta (2009) studied Maternal Risk Factors Of
Low Birth Weight In Chandigarh India. The result shows that primigravida mothers were
comparatively at lower risk of delivering LBW babies as compared to multi-gravida mothers.
Also, prevalence of LBW was found to be comparatively higher among less educated mothers
low income group. LBW prevalence was found maximum in case of maternal age above 30 years
and maternal weight below 45 kg. The prevalence rates of LBW in case of multi-gravida mothers
and age above 30 years were found to be significantly higher. The results in terms of birth order
two and above and maternal age above 30 years as risk factors found in this study do not agree
with respective findings wherein younger and primi mothers were found to be at higher risk of
delivery of LBW babies.
Many studies contradict the idea that increasing number of pregnancy affects the birth
weight of their newborn.
According to the study of Nahum GG, Stanislaw H.(2004) Hemoglobin, altitude and
birth weight: does maternal anemia during pregnancy influence fetal growth?it stated that birth
weight correlates negatively with maternal hemoglobin concentration. It is consistent with the
well-known effect of high-altitude exposure during pregnancy, which increases both haematocrit
and blood viscosity and lowers birth weight. The quantitative effect on birth weight of increasing
maternal hemoglobin concentration at constant altitude is within 13% of the change in birth
weight that can be attributed to the change in hemoglobin concentration associated with
increases in altitude.Term birth weight was reduced by 89 g for each 1.0 g/dL increase in
hemoglobin concentration. For every 1,000m increase in altitude, hemoglobin concentration
increased by 1.52 g/dL and birth weight decreased by 117 g.
It shows here that hemoglobin level of the mother together with the altitude level plays a
role in the birth weight of the newborn. As the altitude increases, the hemoglobin concentration
increases while the birth weight decreases.
The study of Lindsay H Allen (2000) entitled Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on
pregnancy outcome showed many gaps in our knowledge about the adverse effects of maternal
anemia and iron deficiency on pregnancy outcome. Such disparities include inadequate
documentation of anemia's effects on maternal mortality, morbidity, and well-being, and on
infant health and development. There is substantial evidence that maternal iron deficiency
anemia increases the risk of preterm delivery and subsequent low birth weight, and accumulating
information suggests an association between maternal iron status in pregnancy and the iron status
of infants postpartum. Certainly, iron supplements improve the iron status of the mother during
pregnancy and during the postpartum period, even in women who enter pregnancy with
reasonable iron stores.
From this previous study taken it is now a partial basis that maternal hemoglobin is a
possible predictor of neonatal health.
Kathleen Abu-Saad and Drora Fraser (2010) emphasizes in their study that maternal
nutrition plays a crucial role in influencing fetal growth and birth outcomes. It is a modifiable
risk factor of public health importance in the effort to prevent adverse birth outcomes,
particularly among developing/low-income populations. The existing intervention studies, which
primarily have involved single-nutrient interventions conducted for a limited period of time
during a single pregnancy, have shown a positive effect on birth outcomes in some cases; but the
evidence is far from consistent.
From this study it is shown that further research is needed to provide a strong evidence to
justify the relationship of maternal anemia to the birth outcomes or neonatal health.
From the study of Karaflahin, Ceyhan, Gktolga, Keskin, and Bafler (2007) entitled
Maternal Anemia and Perinatal Outcomes it focuses on pregnant women who had anemia in the
2
nd
trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of having preeclampsia, preterm birth, intrauterine
growth restriction, and meconium stain amniotic fluid that that of normal pregnant women. This
study showed evidence showing the relationship of maternal anemia to neonatal health.
From the journal written by Grace Rattue (2011) it stated that a team of researchers led
by Ola Anderson, consultant in neonatology at the Hospital of Halland in Sweden, and Magnus
Domellf, associate professor of paediatrics at Ume University, conducted a study in order to
examine the effects of delayed cord clamping vs. early clamping, on the iron levels of four
month old babies in a county hospital in Sweden.
In the study, 400 full term infants after low-risk pregnancies were examined by the researchers.
Some infants had their umbilical cords clamped within less than 10 second seconds after
delivery, while others had them clamped after at least 3 minutes. By delaying cord clamping, the
iron level of the newborn is increased and will minimize the incidence of neonatal anemia. This
study can be used as an intervention of preventing the possible effects of maternal anemia to the
newborn to improve the health of the newborn.
Relevant Theories
According to the theory of Sister Callista Roy (1997) in her Roys Adaptation Model,
which states and defines adaptation as the process and outcome whereby the thinking and
feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental
integration, Roy focuses on the individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system that employs a
feedback cycle of input, throughput, and output. The goal of Callista Roys model is to enhance
life processes through adaptation in four adaptive modes and it includes the physiologic mode
which involves the bodys basic physiologic needs and ways adapting with regard to fluid and
electrolytes, activity and rest, circulation of oxygen, nutrition and elimination, protection, the
senses, and neurologic and endocrine function (Kozier, 2008). The Theory of Roy is related to
this study because the variables like age, number of pregnancy andthe blood picture of the
mother will show whether the blood picture and birth weight of the newborn adapts in the
changes of the health status of the mother having maternal anemia being studied on the Maternal
Anemia: as a predictor of neonatal health from government hospital will be assessed.
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
This study deals on the comparison of the evaluation of the blood pictures of mothers
with that of their infant in Southern Isabela Government Hospital. The researchers used the
Input-Process-Output paradigm to explain how the study was done and to elucidate the
relationships of the variables.

Input process output























CHAPTER III
Profile of maternal
patient
>Age
>Number of pregnancy
>Hemoglobin level
during delivery
Profile of the baby
>Birthweight
>Hemoglobin level



Analysis of the data
through documentary
analysis and
unstructured interview.


Improved maternal health
for better newborn health.

FEEDBACK
Figure I. PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
The input talks about the respondents- a mother and the newborn. Through the
process, information was gathered about the mothers age, hemoglobin level, and number of
pregnancy, and in newborn the birth weight, and hemoglobin level through documentary
analysis and unstructured interview. Those things were done by identifying the number of
mothers who have given birth in Southern Isabela General Hospital to improve maternal
health for better newborn health.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology of research particularly the research design,
respondents, sampling procedures, research locale, instrumentation, procedures for the data
collection and the statistical tools utilized by the researcher.
Research Design
The descriptive documentary analysis design was used in this study. This design aimed to
find out what prevails in the opinions and beliefs, processes and effects and developing trends
(Ardales, 1992). Furthermore, it describes the respondents profile in terms of age, number of
pregnancy, and the hemoglobin level before delivery, and also the birth weight, and hemoglobin
level for the baby. The research design also aims to determine the relationship of maternal
haemoglobin to the health of the newborn. Also, the information to be gathered is correlated and
found out that there exists a relationship among these variables.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in the government hospital, Southern Isabela General Hospial
in Santiago City, Province of Isabela, in the school year 2012-2013.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were mothers who gave birth and were admitted in the said
government hospital.
Research Instrument
The data needed by the researcher were collected from the documents or medical records
and performed unstructured interview. The medical records that were used in the study were
determined by the average number of the mother who gave birth from the period 3-6 months and
unstructured interview was for those who are currently admitted in the selected government
hospital in Santiago City.
Data Collection Procedures
1. The researcher asked permission from the Administrator of the hospital providing
a letter signed by the Research Adviser and the Dean of College of Nursing to
gain access to the medical records.
2. The researchers collected the data from the charts or records of the pregnant
women, or mother and their newly born baby, and performed interview to the
pregnant mothers who were admitted.
3. The data gathered were classified accordingly from age, haemoglobin count,
number of pregnancy, birth weight of the newborn.
Statistical Treatment and Tools
The researcher used the following statistical treatment to process the data and to give
more meaning to the data gathered:
1. Percentage. According to Calmorin (1997), the percentage is a way of expressing a
proportion, a ratio or fraction as a whole number by using 100 as denominator.
Formula: Percentage=

x 100%
Where: Frequency
N- Population
2. Weighted mean. This refers to the set of data taken from the average of the population
(Broto, 2006)
Formula:
Where: WM- weighted mean
- Sum of the products of the frequency with weights
N- Sample size
3. Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation. It is an index of relationship
between two variables. This formula is used to test whether Maternal Hemoglobin and
Neonatal health is interrelated;
Formula:

Where: r- coefficient of correlation
x and y- scores
N- Size of samples
4. T-Test. Is used to test the significance of the Pearson r, it is needed in order to know
whether the computed r is significant or not.
Formula:

Where: t- test statistics
n- Sample size
r- Pearson r
r
2
- square root of the Pearson r