CUAP. III.

PLUMBERY.
697
aud is light and durable. If not painted, all metal baths require considerable friction
to appear clean. The difficulty of making a bath with joints that sliall not leak is
self-evident. Trior's pattern-book gives several descriptions of their baths (par. 2228.).
Shanks and Co. have approved baths and fittings.
2223y. With water raised to a high level geat power is gained for various purposes,
domestic and otherwise. The hydruidic lift, lately introduced into banks and hotels, is
the i-aving of much trouble and time. The general details for hotels were described by
J. Wliichcord, in a paper read at the Institute of British Architects, in 186-1. Waygood
aud Co. are manufacturers of the more modern lifts, cranes, and hoisting machinery of
all descriptions by hydraulic and hand power. The American Elevator Company are
makers of the
"
St^indard" hydraulic elevators fixed in various public edifices, hotels, &c.
A small lift, to be worked by hand, is readily arranged fur raising a scutde of coals, or
other pai.'kage, from the bottom to the top of a building. Other manufacturers are Clark,
Bunnett and Co. ; the Hydraidic Engineering Company, Limited (of Chester); Goddavd
and Stewart; S. Chatwood, 1878, balanced hydraulic lifts; and Attwood and Co.'s
lifts and hoists for goods and passengers, worked by gas, steam, hydraulic, or hand :
makers of the ABC self-sustaining life for houses, clubs, &c. Water applied to a
turbine is capable of producing a small motive power, useful for organ blowing, turn-
ing a fan to eflfect ventilation, and other such purposes, without wasting the water so
employed.
222320. It will be useful to note the non-cominessihi\ity of
water. It is often necessary,
before re-melting cast iron, to reduce the large masses into smaller pieces. This by the
ordinary method is both troublesome and difficult. A simple and ingenious mode of pro-
ducing the required fracture has been recently employed in France. It consists in drilling
a hole in the mass of cast iron for about one-third of its thickness, and filling the hole with
water, then closing it with a steel plug, fitting very accurately, and letting the ram of a
pile-driver fall on the plug. The first blow separates the cast iron into two pieces.
COPPER
222-1. Many of the'uses to which copper is put have already been noticed in the para-
graphs 1787 to 1791. The nave of Chartres Cathedral was roofed in 183(3-41 with iron
ribs covered with copper plates
;
in 1853 the latter had so much oxidised as to require
removal. It is said that if strips of the best zinc, about 8 inches by 2 inches, be screwed
on each course of copper, galvanic action would prevent the oxidation of the latter material.
Iron cramps encased and brazed in copper, or gun-metal cramps, in lieu of iron merely,
the exfoliation of which bursts and demolishes stonework, is a precaution now generally
adopted in good work. In the Indies, copper gutters decay after twenty years' use, not
lasting longer than shingles, the heat and moisture of the climate converting the metal
into red oxide of copper ; iron nails decay there very fast from the same cause.
222iff. Table I. of Thickness of Copper Sheets
Number of wire gauge
Weight of one foot
1
super, in pounds -
/
1
lf-5
2
139
3 4
1275 IIG
5
10-1
6
94
7
8-7
8
79
9
7-2
10
05
Number of wire gauge
Weight of one fuot^
super, in pounds -/
11
5-8
12
5-08
13
4-34
14
3-6
15 16
3-27 2-9
17
2-52
18
2-15
19
1 97
20
1-78
Number of wire gauge
Weight of one foot
)
super, in pounds -/
21
1-62
22
145
23
1-3
24
1-16
25
1-04
26
0-02
27
83
28
0-74
29
64
Moles
30
0-58
worth.
No. 1 is equal to /^ths of an inch thick; No. 4 = 5-; No. 7
=
xlj;
^o- 1^ =
8"; '^"- ^^ =
1^;
and No. 22 =
^5.
Nos. 22 to 28, or 18 to 12 ounces per foot superficial, were used furnifrly
for gutters. As the plates of copper are made of a uniform size, 4 feet long by 2 feet
wide, the weight det ermines the thickness : thus, 70 lb. plates are ^'-.ths thick
;
46^ lbs. =
^
; 23 lbs. =
i
; 1 U lbs. =
g^ ; 6 lbs. = ^=^5 of an inch.