Propagat ion in free space

The ability of EM wave to propagate depends on the environment

parameters. (Vacuum, free space, obstructions, area topology, etc)
ccording Ma!well"s e#uations EM$ radiate in all direction in the
speed of light (%.% sec to travel &'m)
(o we need to calculate the free space losses, which follow the
following e#uation
( )
2
4
log 10

d
L
fs

$here
d is the distance to travel
is the wavelength of the EM$
)n logarithmic form
*fs+ %,.-- .,/log(f) .,/ log (d)
Then
*fs+ *o . &/ log (d)
$here is the slope of attenuation as a function of distance to travel.
Now we have to calculate the Power at the end path of the
transmitted wave (Mobile). Considering a pure free space
propagation using isotropic antenna as a reference antenna. We
can find the following parameters
0t1 transmitting power
0r1 receiving power
2t1 transmitting antenna gain (linear)
2r1 3eceiving antenna gain (linear)
41 4istance between transmitting and receiving antenna
1 5re#uency wave length
Then the receiving power will e#ual to the transmitting power
multiplied by the gain of the trans and receiving antenna multiplied by
the fre#uency divided by the distance between the transmit and the
receiving antenna
Ta'ing the logarithmic for both
sides
0r(dbm)+ 0t(dbm) . &/ log (2t) . &/ log(2r) 6 ,/ log (4) 6 ,/ log
f(M78) 69
$here 9 1 %,.-: db if distance in ;m
%<.:= db if distance in miles
E!ample
>alculate the 0r when
0t1 -.% watt
2t is &- dbi
2r is % dbi
4 is &/ 'm
5re# is =:/ Mh8
$ave length
3epweat when 5re# is < 2h8
Propagation over flat earth
( )

,
_

2
4
Pr

D
Gr Gt
Pt
?ow we have omni or directed antenna different heights of
transmitting and receiving antenna
Then we have more factors
7t1 transmitting antenna height
7r1 3eceiving antenna height
Then the receiving power will be

( )
2
2
Pr

,
_

D
Hr Ht
Gr Gt Pt
There are two radios waves are reaching the mobile
The earth is super conductor no losses
)n log form
0r(dbm) + 0t(dbm) . &/log(2t) . &/ log(2r) . ,/ log(7t) . ,/ log(7r)
6 -/ log(4)
E!ample
>alculate the previos e!ample with
7t is &:/ ft
7r is < ft
2t is &, dbi
2r is , dbi
4 is - miles
0t is -.% watt
Knife edge model
s practical e!ercise for the rf propagation in urban and dense urban
areas the rf wave propagates depending on a lot of diffractions@ so
;nife edge model is created so that to include the factor of diffraction
$e have new parameters
4&1 distance between the t! antenna and obstruction
4f,1 distance between the obstruction and the r! antenna
71 difference between (the los between the top of the obstacle and
the t! antenna) and (the los between the t! antenna and the r!
antenna)
(teps for calculating the 'nife model
>alculate the 5resnelA;irchoff diffraction parameter
( )

,
_

2 1
2 1
2
d d
d d
h

h+ 7eight of the obstacle 6 height of the r! antenna

E!ample
>alculate the additional losses due to the presence of the ;nifeAedge
obstruction
3epeat if fre# is < 2h8
Multiple KE! Epstein " Paterson model
*oss from each obstruction is calculated separately
Total loss is the summation of all the calculated losses
E!ample
>alculate the total losses for the last fig
4& )s /.< 'm
4, is /.B: 'm
4% is &., 'm
4- is &.% 'm
T! height is -/ m
3! height is , m
7& is -< m
7, is -= m
7% is ,: m
#oose factor
The attenuation of the obstruction varies as a function of the actual
height and shape
5oose factor is a empirical correction for the conservative behavior of
the Esptein 6 0aterson model
f os
F n RSL
nos is number of obstacles
5f the foose factor correction (4bCobstruction)
E!ample
ssume the foose factor is %.D dbCobs
5ind the losses due to the last e!ample
Classical propagation model
0ropagation models are essentially curve fitting e!ercises.
0ropagation tests are conducted at different fre#s, antenna heights
and locations over different periods and distances
The received signal is analy8ed using mathematical tools and is fitted
to an appropriate curve. 5ormulae to match these curves are then
generated and used as models.
#re$uentl% used Propagation models
E'umara
E'umara A 7ata
>ost ,%& 6 7ata
$alfischA)'egame
>ost ,%&A $alfischA)'egame
9los (Motorola 0roprietary model)
&'umara
)n the early &D</s, a Fapanese scientist by name E'umara
conducted e!tensive propagation test for mobile systems at different
fre#uencies. The tests were conducted at ,//, -:%,D,,,&%&/,&-/,
&D,/ M78. The tests were also conducted for different GT( and
Mobile antenna heights, at each fre#, over varying distances between
the GT( and the mobile
(he &'umara test are valid for
&:/A,///M78
&A&//;ms
GT( heights of %/A,//m
M( antenna heights, typically &.:m
These results of E'umara tests were graphically represented and
were not easy for computerAbased analysis.
5ig & E'umara test results
)ata model
7ata too' E'umara data and derived a set of empirical e#uations to
calculate the path loss in various environments. 7e also suggested
correction factors to be used in HuasiAopen and suburban areas
The general path loss e#uation is given by1
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
o BTS m BTS p
Q d h h a h f Q Q L + + + ) log( ) log( 55 . 6 9 . 44 log 82 . 13 log
2 1
$here

p
L
path loss
f
5re# in M78
d
4istance between GT( and the mobile (&A,/;m)

BTS
H
Gase station height in meters (%/ to &// m)

m
H
Mobile height (&A&/m)
( ) hm a
>orrection re#uired if mobile height is more than &.: meter
and is given by
( ) ( ) { } ( ) { } 8 . 0 log 56 . 1 7 . 0 log 1 . 1 f h f hm a
m 5or urban areas
( ) ( ) { } 97 . 4 75 . 11 log 2 . 3
2

m m
h h a 5or dense urban areas
55 . 69
1
Q
5or fre# (&:/A&/// Mh8)
3 . 46
1
Q
5or fre# (&://A ,/// M78)
16 . 26
2
Q
5or fre# (&:/A&/// Mh8)
9 . 33
2
Q
5or fre# (&://A ,/// M78)
0
o
Q
5or Irban area
3
o
Q
5or 4ense urban area
Corrections to &'umara*)ata Model
The formulae we used for the E'umara model were the urban
environment. The model gets modified if the environment is semi
urban, suburban or open area.
>orrections
4 . 5 ) 28 / ( log 2
2
) (
f l L
Basic p sub
94 . 40 ) log( 33 . 18 )) (log( 78 . 4
2
) (
+ f f L L
basic p open
94 . 35 ) log( 33 . 18 ) (log( 78 . 4
2
) (
+ f f L L
Basic p Quasi
E!ample
Ise E'umara model to find the 3(* at ,.% miles from the GT(
operating ate =B/ M78 using the following data
3adiation center line of the GT( + -/m
7eight of the M( + %m
Terrain elevation at the location of the GT( + %-/m
verage height of the terrain + %&,m
Transmitting power + &D.: w
GT( gain + &/ db
Ms gain + / db
rea + Irban area

+olution
The free space loss is calculated by the following e#uation
*fs+ %,.-: .,/log(,.%J&.</D).,/log(=B/)A&/+D,.<&db
The basic median attenuation is determined from figure
mu + ,- db
The effective height of the GT( transmitting antenna
hte + -/.%-/A%&,+ <= m
>orrection for the base station antenna height is determined from
figure
7tu+A&, db
The total path loss is e#ual to
0l+ D,.<& .,-.&,+&,=.<&
3(*+&/log(&D.:J&///) 6 &,=.<&+ A=:.Bdbm
E!ample
Ise the pervious data to get the 3(l by the 7ata e#uations

+olution
The mobile antenna height gain can be obtained as1
a(hm)+ (&.&log(=B/)A/.B)J% 6(&.:<log(=B/)A/.=)+%.=& db
Ho+/ urban area
The effective height of the GT( transmitter is given as
hte+ <=m
3(*+ &/log(&D.:J&///) . &/ .<D.:: 6 ,<.&<log(=B/) . %.=& .
&%log(<=) 6 (--.D 6 <.::log(<=)) log(,.%J&.</D) + A=-.<& dbm
)f you ma'e comparison between the two solutions there is a
negligible amount.
E!ample
>alculate the cell radius of the site has the following parameters
5re#+ D// M78
GT( height+ %/m
Mobile 7eight+%m
GT( E30+::dbm
3(* at the mobile + AB: dbm
ttenuation slope+ %.:
3(*+ E30 6 *ps
AB:+::A*ps
*ps+&%/ dbm
*ps+ *o . &/log(d)
*o+ <D.:: .,<.&<log(D//) 6 &%.=, log(%/) 6a(hm)
a(hm)+ &.&(log(D//)A/.B)J% 6 (&.:<log(D//) 6/.=)
*o+&,,.:B db
5rom 3(* +E30 6 (*o . &/log(d))
Then &%/ 6&,,.:B + &/log(d)
$here + %.:
Then d + &.<,D ;m
Cost ,-.*)ata model
The cost ,%&Asub group on propagation models proposed an
improved propagation model for urban areas to be applied above
&:// M78
7ence this model can be used for planning 4>( &=// systems.
*i'e 7ata model, the cost ,%& 7ata model is also based on the
measurements of E'umara.
The general path loss e#uation for >ost ,%&Ahata model is identical to
the 7ata model, e!cepting that the constants H& and H, have
different values.
The general path loss e#uation is given by1
{ }
0
2
2 1
) log( ) log( 55 . 6 9 . 44 ) ( ) log( 82 . 13 ) log( Q d h h a h f Q Q L
BTS m BTS p
+ + +
3 . 46
1
Q
5or fre# from &:// to ,/// M78
9 . 33
2
Q
5or &:// to ,/// M78
0
0
Q
5or urban
3
0
Q
5or dense Irban
Walfisch*/'egami Model
0ine of sight propagation!
This is useful for dense urban environment. The model is essentially
based on E'umara studies but ta'es into account several factors li'e
building density, average height of buildings, street widths and so on.
The simplest model is to assume that the antenna height for the GT(
is generally below rooftop so that the signals are guided through a
street canyon. )t is assumed the there a *E( between the M( and
the GT(.
The path loss is given by1
) log( 26 ) log( 20 6 . 42 d f L
LOS
+ +
This can be written as *E( e#uation as1
) log( 10 d L L
o LOS
+
$here, *o+-,.< . ,/ log (f) and is ,.<
The value of attenuation slope is ,./ in free space. )n dense urban
environment, under *E( conditions, signals are actually guided
between, thereby causing a waveAguide effect. ($hich is similar to
free space propagation).
C&+( ,-. " Walfisch*/'egami Model
N&N 0&+ model
7ere, we assume that the GT( antenna is above roof level for any
building within the cell and that there is no *E( between the GT( and
the M(
$e define the following parameters
W
)s the distance between street M( and Guilding
m
h M( height
B
h
GT( antenna height
r
h
3oof height
B
h
4ifference between rooftop and the GT( antenna height
m
h
4ifference between M( and rooftop
5or the sa'e of simplicity, we assume that the environment has
buildings of uniform height. 5or M( on the street, the signal
undergoes diffraction from rooftop and also multiple diffraction due to
the surrounding buildings.
The general form is
LMD RFT FS p
L L L L + +
$here

Fs
L
5ree space loss+ %,.-- . ,/log(f) . ,/log(d)

RFT
L
3oof top diffraction loss

MDB
L
dditional loss due to multiple diffraction due to surrounding
buildings
) ( ) log( 20 ) log( 10 ) ( 10 9 . 16 L h f W lof L
m RFT
+ + +
where
m r m
h h h
*()+ *osses due to elevation angle
357 . 0 10 ) ( + L
5or /KK%:
) 35 ( 075 . 0 5 . 2 ) ( + L
5or %:KK::
) 55 ( 114 . 0 4 ) ( + L
5or ::KKD/
The losses due to multiple diffraction and scattering components due
to buildings are given by1
) log( 9 ) log( ) log( W f d L
f d a o MBD
+ + +
where
) 1 log( 18
B o
h +
) ( 8 . 0 54
B a
h
) ( 15 18
r
b
d
h
h

'

,
_

+ 1
925
7 . 0 4
f

f
5or suburban areas

'

,
_

+ 1
925
5 . 1 4
f

f
5or urban areas
B
h
GT( antenna height
r B B
h h h
5or simplified calculations, we can assume ;a+:- and ;d+&=.
#resnel 1one
)n Multipath environment, the signal suffers from unpredictable deep
fades. To facilitate an estimation of the Multipath effects, we have
studied various propagation models
)n all cases we have seen that the path loss can be characteri8ed by
the straightAline e#uation
) log( 10 d L L
o P
+
5rom the above e#uation we can find that there is a certain
combination of parameters for which the path loss is not sensitive to
. Gut it is not possible to achieve this in reality
7owever, there e!ists a 5resnel 8one point within which *E(
conditions are met and beyond which Multipath effects come into play
(uch a point is called Grea' 0oint.
To e!plain the concept of brea' point we use a , ray model.
$e are going to define the following parameters
hb GT( antenna height
hm M( height
d distance between the GT( and M(
d& reflected path
d, direct path
2 1
d d d
( ) { } ( ) { }
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
d h h d h h d
m B m B
+ + +
Ising binomial series we can simplify the above e#uation as
d h h d
m B
/ 2
$hen
d h h
m B
/ ) ( t
is KK&
5resnel Lones are a set on concentric circles, which are loci of all
points having the same signal strength. The 5resnel 8one are C,
apart from each other. The diffraction is ma!imum when the
difference between the direct ray and the diffracted is C,.
Then we can write
2 / / 2 d h h d
m B
Er
/ 4
m B o
h h D
?ow 4o is the brea' point
The path loss slope is similar to *E( path loss within the brea' point.
4iffractions and Multipath phenomena usually happen beyond this
point.