C H A T E R

Wave Reflection
|
-r
an(l I ransml ssl on
EM Waves at Boundaries
9-1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
9-2 Snell's Laws
9-3 Fiber Optics
9-4 Wave Reflection and Tiansmission at Oblique Incidence
9-5 ReflectivityandTiansmissivity
@
* E
l D l
r:LJ
- - E
- a
v
\ lI-'
o
Minor
o)
Mirr
(a)
* -
i t . , " =
4 . _ i
EM WnvTs
AT BOUNDARIEs
The sketch in Fig. 9-l depicts
the propagation
path
that
a signal travels between
a shipboard
transmitter
and a re-
celver on a submerged
submarine.
Let us use this com-
munication system to examine
the wave-related
processes
fiat take place
along the signal path.
Starting with the
transmit3er (denoted
Tx for short in Fig. 9_l), the sir_
nal travels along a transmission
line to tf,e antennu.
Tli.
relationship between
the transmitter
lgenerator; outpui
power, P,,.and
the power
supplied
to the antenna is gov_
emed by the transmission_line
equations given
in Ctap_
ter 8. If the transmission
line is approximately
lossless
and if it is properly
matched to the transmittei
antenna,
then all of Pr is delivered
to the antenna.
The next wave_
related process
is that ofradiation;
that is, converting
the
guided wave provided
to the antenna
by the transmis"slon
line into a spherical
wave radiated
out*_O
into .pu"".
The radiation process
is the subject
of Chapter I O. e.o,
polnt
I, denoting
rhe location
ofthe shipboard
antenna,
to
point
2, denoting
the point
of incidenci
of the wave onto
the water's
surface,
the signal is govemed
bytheequadons
cnafactenzlng
wave propagation
in a lossless
medium,
which.we
covered
in Chapter 7. As the *aue impinge.
li111Le
air-wler
boundary,
a parr
of it gets
reflectedly
the surtace and another part gets
transmitted
across the
Doundary
lnto tie water
medium. The transmitted
Dart un_
dergoes refraction.
wherein
the direction
of *uu"
t.uu.t
moves closer toward the vertical.
The reflection
and trans_
mission processes
are treated
in this chapter. Wave travel
from point
3, representing
a point just
below the water
surtace,
to point 4. denodng the location
of the subma_
nne antenna, is subject
to the Iaws of wave propagation
in
a lossy medium,
which also were treatedin
-Cliapter
7.
The
final step involves
intercepting
the wave incident
upon the receiver
antenna and converting
its power
into
Transmitter
antenna
\ r
Figure 9-1:
Signal path
between
a shipboard
transmitter
(Tx)
and a submarine
receiver (Rx).
a received power,
p,.",
for delivery
via a transmission
Iine to the receiver.
The receiving properties
of anten_
nas are covered in Chapter
10. In summary,
then, ea&
wave-related
aspect ofthe transmission
process
depicteJ
in.Fig.
9-1, starting with the nansminei
and ending up
with the receiver,
is treated in some section
or chaptlr in
this book.
This chapter
begins with examinations
of the reflection
and ftansmission
propenies
ofplane waves when incident
upon ptanar
boundaries
along the normal_incidence
direc_
non. I hen- Snell' s laws of reflection
and refraction
are
applied
to the general
case ofoblique
incidence
bv a
plane
wave.
3i l
312
9-1 Wave Rellection and Ttansmission
at l{ormal Incidence
We know fromChapter8 thatwhen aguided wave traveling
along atransmission line encounters an impedance discon-
tinuity, such as that shown in Fig.9-2(a) at the boundarybe-
tween two lines with different characteristic impdances,
the incident wave is partly reflected back toward the source
and partly Fansmitted across the boundary into the second
line. A similar process applies to a uniform plane wave
propagating in an r nbounded mediumwhen itencounters
a boundary. In fact, the situation depicted in Fig. 9-2(b) is
exacdy analogous to the transmissionJine configuration
ofFig. 9-2(a). The boundary conditions goveming the re-
, - n
(a) Boundary between transmission lines
z = 0
(b) Boundary between different media
Figure 9-2: Discontinuity between two different trans-
mission lines is analogous to that between two dissimilar
media.
CHAPTERg WAVEREFLECTIONAND
lationships between the electric and magnetic fields oftb
incident, reflectcd, andtransmitted waves in Fig.9-2(b)6
similar to those wc develo@ in Chapar 8 for tic volte3ct
and currents of the corresponding waves on the transril
sion line.
For convenience, we divide our treatment of wave
r>
flection by and transrnission through planar boundarb
into two Darts: in this section we confine our
to the normal-incidence case depicted in Fig. 9-3(a),
in Sections 9-2 to 9-4 we will examine the more
eral oblique-incidence situation depicted in Fig. 9-
We will show the basis for the analogy between
transmissionline and olane-wave confi zurations so
we may use transmission-line equivalent models for
ing plane-wave problems.
Before we proceed with our treatment,
we should explain the relationship between rays
wavefronts, as both will be used to represent the
gation of electromagnetic waves. A ray is a line drawn
represent the direction of flow of electromagnetic
carried by the wave, and therefore it is parallel to the pp
agation unit vector k and orthogonal tothewavefront.Tb.
I
I
L
m
lx
h
t
d
fr
pl
ray representation of wave incidence, reflection, and
mission shown inFig.9-3(b) is equivalent to the
representation depicted in Fig. 9-3(c). The two represo
tations are complimentary; the ray representation is
to use in graphical illustrations, whereas the
representation provides greater physical insight when
amining what happens to a wave when itencounters a
continuous boundary. Both representations will be
our forthcomin
g
discussions.
9-1.1 Boundary between Lossl ess Medi a
The planar boundary located at
z
=
0 in Fig.
separates two lossless, homogeneous, dielectric medil
Medium 1, defined for z I
0, is characterized by
(er,
,rrl
and medium 2, defined for z
>
0, is characterized
(s2, p2). In medium l, an incident .r
-polarized
plane wa*
with fields
(Ei
,
Hi) is traveling in direction ft;
: i
9-I V/AVEREFI-ECTIONAND
TRANSMISSION
ATNORMAL
INCIDENCE
313
ssIOiY
b ofh
lftr*
Dft.lE
nsuir
lve
lt!
tdarb
|lsslql
r ) . d
r ger-
L3r|1
Ro rb
nr h
r s{*r-
r'6E
r -
toF-
| gND
ffiEf
proF
r.Tb
F--
fil
(D, Kay representatron
of (c) Wavefront representation
of
oblique incidence
oblique iniidence
Figure 9-3: Ray representation of wave reflection and hansmission at (a)
normal incidence and (b)
oblique incidence, and (c)
wavefront representation of oblique incidence.
medium 2. Reflection and transmission
at the discontin_
uous boundary result in a reflected wave (Er,
H,) with
k,
:-
-h
in medium 1 and a transmitted wave (Et,
Ht)
with 81
-
i in medium 2. On the basis of the formulations
developed in Sections 7-3 and 7-4 for characterizins
the
6elds ofa TEM wave. rhe three waves can be describid in
phasor form by
Incitlent Wave
E' (z)
Et17y :
i96r-ir'..,,
fr,(,) =i
"
E' ({)
:
9
4
r-i r,,
The quantities
E[, E[, and El are, respectively, the am_
plitudes of the incident, reflected, and transmitted electric
fields, all specified atr :
0 and
z
=
0
(the
boundarv be-
tween the two media). The wavenumber
and inrrinsic im-
pedanceofmedium
l arekl :
aafiOrandnt:
Jn;Ei
and, similarly, k2 =
oJEd and
42
:
J/1fi
for me-
dium 2.
Theamplitude E6 is related to the sourceresponsible
for
generating
the incident wave, and therefore it is assumed
to be a known quantity.
Our goal is to relate E[ and Ei
each toT,f,. We do so by applying boundary conditions foi
E and H at
z
:
0. According to Table G2, the tangential
component of E is always continuous across a boundary
Transmi ed Wove
ElC}
trs'
ftlr
(9.3a)
(e.3b)
I Cr-
rdr-
:dr
- J k t z
Fr a T ) r - i
H' ( z t : 2 x : - l : :
l t 3"
t k r z
t l t
4t
Reflected Wave
EtQl:iB5"i*,,,
- i , , " t F l
H' (z) = (-i ) x
:-::l
=
-i -:i
?t{r'
qt
-
4l
:
iEoe
(9. 1a)
(e. l
b)
(9.2a)
(e.2b)
*a
b
l : L
l r t
i-
iJ
(a)
Normal incidence
314 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
9-l
c/h
- - n
(a)
Boundary betwecn dielectric mcdia
. - n
(b) TransmissionJine analogue
Figure 9-4: The two dielectric media separated by the
r-y plane in (a)
can be represented by the transmission-
line analogue in (b).
betwen two contiguous media, and in the absence ofcur-
rentsources atthe boundary, thetangential componentof H
also iscontinuous across the boundary.In the presentcase,
both E and H ofthe normally incident wave are tangential
to the boundary. Consequently, since no free charges or
currents existat the boundary, the fields ofthereflectedand
transmitted waves will have tangential components only.
In Fig. 9-4(a) andcorrespondingly in
lgs.
(9.2J)
and (9.3a),
we arbitrarily chose the directions ofE and Et to coincide
with thedirectionof E' alongthe positiver-direction. Their
true directions, relative to the assumed directions, will be
determined by the polarities ofthe amplitudes E[ and E[.
As we will see shortly, both the magnitudes and polarities
of these two amplitudes are governed by the values of tb.
intrinsic impedances of the two media
, ry
Nd
nz.
Thc total clectric ficld Er
(z)
in mcdium I is the sum
d
thc electric ficlds of the inci&nt and reicctcd waves,
md
a similar statement applies to thc magnetic field fr11s;.
Hcnce,
Medium l
Er ( z) : E( z) * E( z )
=
i ( Et oe- i kn + E[ ei kt z
y,
Hr(0)
:
H2(0) or
Simultaneous solutions for Ed and E[ in terms of El grrt
t'i)
,D
I
Hr ( z) : I I ( z) +I I ( z)
: g
L
6' o"-i tr,
-
Eroei krzl .
E'o
-
4l
" 0 _
t l l
(e.40
(9.4b)
(9.5r)
(e.5b)
(9.6a)
(9.6b)
(9.7r)
(9.7b)
Th
llx
clc
bol
dr
rg
?r
@l
a:
for
With only the transmitted wave present in medium 2, thc
fields are
Mediutn 2
E
k)
:i,' (z) :
i6[2-itczz,
,.fr2(z)
:
ir(z)
-
i
4,r-(ir,'
At the boundary (z :
0), the tangential components oftb
electric and magnetic fields are continuous. Hence,
Er(0)
=
E2(0) or E;
+ ti
:
4,
": (f f i )E; =f E; ,
" s=( ; h) Ei : r EL,
9-I V/AVEREFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE 315
| ":5
-q2-u
(normal incidence), (9.8a)
]
" d
q2+nl
]
,=4
=
Lry-
(normat
incidence).
(9.Eb)
EL
4zl u
where
Thequantities f and z are called the ref ection coefficient
andtra ns mis sia n c o efr c ie nt, rcsFtively. For lossless di-
clectric media,
?r
and
42
are real quantities; consequently,
both f and z are real also. As we will see in Section 9- l.4,
the expressions given by Eqs. (9.8a) and
(9.8b)
are equally
applicable when the media are conductive, but in that case
\
and q2 may be complex, and hence I and z may be
complex as well. From Eqs. (9.8a) and (9.8b), it can be
easily shown that I and r are intenelated by the simple
formula
r
:
1* f
(normal
incidence).
(9.9)
For nonmagnetic media,
no
n r : -
JE,,
'tlo
t/
"
* here
46
is the intrinsic impedance of free space, in which
:ase Eq.
(9.8a)
may be rewritten as
9-1.2 Transmi ssi 0n-Li neAnal ogue
The transmission-line configuration shown in Fig. 9-4(b)
consiss of a lossless transmission line with characteristic
impedanceZsl,connectedatz
:
otoaninfi nitelylongloss-
less transmission line with characteristic impedance 262 .
The input impedance of an infinitely long line is equal to
its characteristic impedance. Hence, at z
:
0, the voltage
reflection coefficient (looking toward the boundary from
the vantage point ofthe first line) is
_
Z n - Z u r
Zoz
*
Zor
which is identical in form to Eq. (9.8a). To show the basis
for the analogy between the plane-wave and transmission-
line situations, theexpressionsforthetwocases are given in
Table9- l. Comparisonofthetwocolumns shows that there
is a one-to-one correspondence between the transmission-
line par_ameters (V
,
I
,
P,
Zd andthe plane-wave param-
eters (E, H, k,
4).
This correspondence allows us to use
the techniques we developed in Chapter 8, including the
Smith-chart method for calculating impedance transfor-
mations, to solve plare-wave propagation problems.
Simultaneous presence ofincident and reflected waves
in amedium, suchasmedium 1 in Fig.94(a), givesrise to a
standing-wave pattem. By analogy with the transmission-
line case, the standing-wave ratio in medium I is given
by
^ l Er l l naj .
l +l f l
J
:
; =-
:
l -----i ; .
(y. l ))
l El l mi n
I
-
l r I
|
=4-
E
(nonmasnet i c medi a).
(9. 10)
JE;
+
J%
If the two media have equal impedances
(4; =
42),
then
|
:
0 and S
:
l, and if medium 2 is a perfect conductor
with
42
:
0
(which is equivalentto a shorl-circuited trans-
mission line), then f
:
-landS:
oo. The distances
from the boundary to where the magnitude of the elec-
tric field intensity in medium I is at a maximum, denoted
316
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSIOII
v
Table 9-1: Analogy betwecn plane-wave
equations for nornral incidence and transmission-line equations, both under
conditions.
Plone Wave
[Fig.
9-4(e)i
Tnnsmission LjntIE&lZO
I
Er(z) =
ir6(e-rtr
z
4
prihzl
(9.1a)
- Ft-
H1(7) =
f:91a-rttz
_l ei kt.)
(9.12a)
4l
8212y
:
i, B,o"-t*22 (9.13a)
t i
fi2171
:
it
L9
"-itz, (9.14a)
tl2
r
:
Qtz
-
nt)lhz *
ni
r : 1 + f
kr
:
altrre
t,
kz: alizez
ry: Jpti1 ,
42: Jillq
irk) =
v{e-
jPn
lyArlzl
I
tk)
:
--:!-
1e-
t0rz -
| et
pt.
)
i2Q) :
tYo+ s-ifrzz
- v^-
Iz(zl
=
r
--L
e-tmz
| = (Zs2
-
Zsi/(Zoz
* Zor)
r = l + I .
Ft:
otrFli,
fz:
alQzez
Zot arLd Zo2 deperrd on
transmission-line parameters
( 9. 1l b)
(e. r2b)
(e.13b)
(e.14b)
wl
Ei
ir
ta
Po
Er
di
vi
m
/,-", are described by the same expression as thatgiven by
Eq. (8.56)
for the voltage maxima on a transmission line:
,
0, +2nn 9J, t n), r
- z : l ^ a'
=: r k =
4"
* i ,
I
n : 1 , 2 , . . .
,
I
n
- -
o, r , 2, . . . :i 3:i &
(e,6)
where 11
*
2tlk1 and
Q
is the phase
angle of f
(i.e., f
:
lf leid.,
and d. is bounded in the range
-r
< 0,
<
:r). The spacing between adjacent max-
ima is ),1/2, and the spacing between a maximum and
the nearest minimum is i.1/4. The electric-field minima
occur at
a
The expressions for l-", ald /^in are valid provided
tha
the medium containing the standing-wave pattem is ei.
ther losslessora low-loss dielectric, but no restrictions
arl
imposed on the nature of the reflecting medium.
9-1.3 Power Fl ow i n Lossl ess Medi a
Medium I of Fig. 9-4(a) contains an incident wave and
a reflected wave, which together produce
the electric and
magnetic fieldsEr (z) and H1(z) givenbyEqs. (9.1
la) and
(9.12a)
of Table 9-1. Using Eq. (7.15S),
the net averagc
powerdensity
flowing in medium I is
S"u, (z) =
|met6rk)
" fri(.)l
:
)nel*n;1"-
i
tc
1
y
"iktz1
x
g l t{ei t,,-
,.r-r0,.)]
t F i t 2
=r ; T( r -
t r r 2) ,
T
t
b
'"
=
{
jX
!I',',1',
',l',Xlili'
(s17)
(e. l E)
9-1 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE 317
which is analogous to Eq.
(8.84) for the lossless trans-
missionline case. The first term in Eq.
(9.18) reprcsents
thc avcrage power dcnsity of the incident wave, and the
sccond term (proportional to
lf l2)
represents the average
power density of the reflected wave. Thus,
S- ,
=Sl ' *S1" , (9.19a)
d h
ts a-
r p i 1 2
t ^ ' : 2#'
s!":
-n1r1' !%I
:
-l f
l 2sl ".
=
|n.
fr'rP-i
k'
x
gf
#
","'f
S",,(z):
lmelErlzl
r frjtz)l
Even though f is purely real whenbothmedia are lossless
dielectrics, we chose to treat it as complex, thereby pro-
viding in Eq.
(9.19c)
an expression that is also valid when
medium 2 is conducting.
The average power density of the transmitted wave in
medium 2 is
This result is as expected from considerations of power
conservation.
EffiE
RtdarRadomrllrsisn
A IGGHz aircraft radar uses a narrow-beam scanning
antenna mounted on a gimbal behind a dielectric radome,
as shown in Fig. 9-5 . Even though the radome shape is far
from planar, it is approximately planar over the narrow
extent of the radar beam. If the radome material is a
lossless dielectric with p. :
1 and e.
:
9, choose its
thickness d such that the radome appears transparent to
the radar beam. Mechanical integrity requires d to be
greater than 2.3 cm.
Solution: The propagation problem is shown in
Fig. 9-6(a) at an eKpanded scale. The incident wave
is approximated as a plane wave propagating in me-
dium I (air) with intrinsic impedance
lo,
the radome
(medium 2) is of thickness d and intrinsic impedance
4.,
and medium 3 is semi-infinite with intrinsic impe-
dance
46.
Figure 9-6(b) is qp eguivalent transmission-
line model with z
:
0 selected to coincide with the
outside surface of the radome, and the load impedance
Zr
:
4o
represents the input impedance of the semi-
infinite medium.
Antenna beam
Dielectric
radome
Antenna
Figure 9-5: Antenna beam
"looking"
through an aircraft
radome of thickness d (Example f-i7.
I Dr t z
^ , . , l L O l
=
zl t
l -
-:-
znz
(9. 19b)
(9.19c)
(9.20)
tstr
! aDl
Eal
t)-d
lr|F
, . 16,
This expression is applicable whenboth media are lossless,
as well as when medium I is conducting and only medium 2
is lossless.
Throughthe useofEqs.
(9.8a) and (9.8b), itcanbeeasily
shown that for lossless media
(for
which f and r are real)
t 2 1 - f 2
(losslessmedia), (9.21)
tl2 ql
which leads to
S"u,
:
Suu, .
4
318
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
v
Ircidcnt wave
................
Medium I
(air)
,lo
Transmittcd wavc
Medium 3 (air)
tlo
Zt =
4o
z = - d z = 0
(b)
Figure 9-6: (a) Planar sertion of the radome ofFig. 9-5 at
an expanded scale and
(b)
its transmissionJine equivalent
model (Example 9-l
).
t l
t l
z = 4 z = O
(a)
v
t l
, Lt nez ,
isfy both the no-reflection and the mechanical intgrity
requrrcmcnE. I
Ylllor Ll0hl lncldcnt
upon a Gl$3 sorhcc
A beam of yellow
light with wavelength of 0.6 pm
ir
normally incident in air upon a glass surface. Ifthe surface
is situated in the plane
I
=
Q xnd thg relative permittivity
ofglass is 2.25, determine
(a)
the locations of the electric field maxima in medium
I
(air),
(b)
the standing-wave ratio, and
(c)
the fraction ofthe incident power
transmitted into the
glass
medium.
o
Solution: (a)
We begin by determining the value of
ry1, 2,
and f:
tt"t
V
t r
-
120r (9),
ltt, | 1,,
I
= / - . - -
' '
\ e , Vr o
J + -
&
sl
+
lr
trr
b
lo
t f
l2Otr
.,,o.%
:
802 (O),
pr
gr(
I
tir
fo
m
!
at
-
Tr
T]
,u
Requiring the radome to
"appear"
transparent to the in-
cident wave simply means that the reflection coefficient
mustbe zero at
z
:
-d,
thereby achieving total transmis-
sion ofthe incident power into medium 3. Since 21 =
4e
in Fig. 9-6(b), no reflection will take place at z
=
-d
if
Z1n
:
46,
which can be realized by choosing / :
.z/2
Isee
Section 8-7.4], wherel2 is thewavelength in medium 2
and n is a positive integer. At 10 GHz, the wavelength in
airis,l,6
=
clf
=
3 cm, andin the radome material
.
L6 3cm
l " z:
Je,
=
_J_: 1. _.
Hence, if we choose d
--
fl"2/2
:
2.5 cm, we will sat-
f
=!]:
rJ.:
9:]2=0"
:
-0,.
4z* 41
80it + lz0n
Hence,
lfl
:
0.2 and 0r
:
n. From Eq. (9.16),
the
electric-field magnitude is a maximum at
,
0,)' t ),t
.tnax
:
7;
+ nT
= - - : + n :
4 2
h
=
0 , 1 . 2 , . . . )
with ),1 :
Q.f g.11y.
( b)
^
l + l f l l + 0 . 2
\ - - - - - - - - - - : - - = _ - r <
r
-
l r l
|
_o. 2
(c)
The fraction of the incident power
transmitted into the
glass medium is equal to the ratio of thetransmitted power
Po
0
&
9.I
WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION ATNORMAL INCIDENCE
319
q\
I
b
z = 0
(b) Transmissionline analogue
Figure 9-7: Normal incidence at a planar boundary b-
tween two lossy media.
where yl :
ar t
j ft,
l z:
az
*
j fz,and
f
_
, rc2 ' rcl
tlc2
*
q",
(9.24a)
(9.24b)
2n,,
r : l + l
4c2
-f
tlst
Because
4",
and
4",
are, in general, complex, f and r may
be complex as well.
Emmple 9-3 Normal Incidence 0n a ltletal Surlace
A l-GHz r-polarized TEM wave traveling in the +z-
direction is incident in airuoon a metal surface coincident
density,
given by Eq. (9.20), to the incident power
density,
9^"
=
lE[12 /2th:
S"",
, I
E'"12
- - - -
=t - :
S;" 2rtz
In view ofEq. (9.21),
lwl:,,t'
L
znt
J 42
r i
b
lr
S""z
(i
:
I
-
lFl2
:
|
-
(0.D2 :
0.96, or96vo. t
.-*r@
91.4 Boundary belween Lossy Media
In Section 9- l.l we considered a plane wave in a lossless
:nedium incident normally on aplanar boundary of another
-ossless medium. We will now generalize ourexpressions
:o lossy media. In a medium with constitutive parameiers
s, p, o), the propagation parameters of interest are the
:ropagation constanty
:
a
+
jP
^ndthe complex intrin-
'ic impedance
4".
The general expressions for a,
p,
and
4"
rre given by Eqs. (7 .121a), (7 .121b), and (7.125), respec-
:r'ely, and approximate expressions are given in Table 7-2
ror the special cases oflow-loss media and good conduct-
urg media. If medium 1 is characterized by (e1, plr, o1)
and medium 2 by
(ez, p2, o2), as shown in Fig. 9-7, the
expressions for the electric and magnetic fields in media I
and2can be obtained from Eqs. (9.11a) through (9.14a)
of
Table 9- I byreplacing
j&
with
7
and
4
with
4"everywhere.
Thus,
lletlitun l
Etk\
:
*Eik-v' z + lev' z),
r i
f r, i 31 =
! 191s-zt z
-
l eYt '
),
4"t
EzQ):fu Eie-nz,
fr' e)
: y,
l i
"-n,
,
(9.22a)
(9.22b)
(9.23a)
(9.23b)
\cz
with the.r-y plane at z
:
0.If the amplitude of the elec-
tric field of the incident wavc is 12
(mV/m)
and the metal
surfacc is made of coppcr with p,.
-
1, er
:
1, a16
o
:
5.8 x l0? (S/m), obtain expressions for the instan-
taneous electric and magnetic fields in the air medium.
Assume the metal surface to be scveral skin depths deep.
Solution: In medium I (an), a
:
0,
CHATTfER9 WAVEREFLECTIONAND
Widr Eb
:
12 (mV/m), the instantaneous fields
sponding to these phasors are
ELk,i:n
IEtk)ei' ' tl
:
i 2Ei sin &rz sin a.rr
:i24sin(20n2/3)
sin(22 x l0er) (mV/m\
IJt(z, t)
:
nealJt(z) eta'7
E l
= j ' 219
cos *12 cos rr;r
41
= j
64cos(2ln z/3) cos(22 x 10er) (ptA/nt
Plots of the magnitude of E1 (2, I
)
and H
I
(2, t) are shosr
in Fig. 9-8 as a function of negative
x
at various valtn
of a)t. The standing-wave pattems exhibit a repetitic
period of ^/2. Md E and H are in phase quadmqtrc
(90' phasetshift) in both space and time. This behavic
is identical with that of the standing-wave pattems fc
voltage and current on a shorted transmission line. I
REVIEW OUESTIONS
Q9.1
What boundary conditions were used in the ded-
vations of the expressions for f and r ?
Q9.2
In the radar radome design of Example 9- I
,
all thc
incident energy in mediurn I ends up getting transmittcd
into medium 3, and vice versa. Does this imply that oo
reflections take place within medium 2? Explain.
Q9.3
Explain on the basis of boundary conditions why
it is necessary that f
:
-1
at the boundary between I
dielectric and a oerfect conductor.
EXEBCISE 9.1 To eliminate wave reflections, a dielectric
slab ofthickness d and relative permittivity s., is to be in-
serted between two semi-infinite media with relative
per-
mittivities n
:
I and sr.
=
16. Use the
quarter-wavc
^ r ^ O
(D
Zlf X LV'
I J : k t =
c 3 x l OE
, t L - t t u - J " \ r . ) ,
20n
3
(ra(vm),
2n
-,
=
U.J m.
K1
o
e' ao
At
/
:
1 GHz, copper is an excellent conductor because
5. 8 x 107
=l x l 0e>> l .
2nxl } ex( l 0- e/ 36n)
Use ofEq.
(7.132c) gives
r t c z = ( l +
j )
: 8. 25( l
+
i )
Since
4.,
is so small compared to
46
:
377
(Q)
for air, the
copper surface acts, in effect,like a short circuit. Hence,
^ 0 c " - 4 o
r :
- ' - t - r
rlc| *
49
Upon setting f
:
-
1 in Eqs.
(9. I I a) and (9. l2a) of Table
9-1, we have
Ere)
--iEik-jkrz -
"ikvy
:
-?j 2Ei si nkt z,
F i
f rr(z)
:
i
' o
1e-i krzysl kf t 1
ryl
^^
EI
: yZ
-
COS Kt Z.
4 l
: ( l + j ) [
ft
t / 2
1l
l 0- X
I
x 10e x4n
53 r' 10
(ma).
f
h
;-
II
nl
-ll
i =
(9.25a)
(9.2sb)
gI
Lc
u
--DO
.{r
itflL
o
,-2 SNELL'SLAWS
321
E(2, t)
ut
=
3trl2
r l
l l
dium2 (e2, p,6, o2), (See
(D)
^ JE;_ JE;
. - - - : - : .
Ject
+
Jec2
withe", = (e1
-
jo1/o)ande"r= (e2- jo2/o).
EXERGISE 9.3 Obtain exprcssions for the average power
densities in media 1 and 2 for the fields described by
Eqs. (9.22a) through (9.23b),
assuming medium I is
slighdy lossy with
4cr
approximately real.
4b..,
ailL
t l c
lttba
be
brrr
E ; A
t
(See
O)
t Fr t 2
S*,
=
i#L (e-h' ,
-
lll2eb,,1 ,
zt l ct
t F i 1 2
s,,,L.Zl rP:-9t- e
- ' " ' ( ; )
an
b
h r
l d
F
i
Figure9-E: Standing-wave pattems for fields E1(2, l) and
Hl
(2,
t) of Exampte 9-3.
snsformer technique to select d and el, for normally in-
-:dent waves at 3 GHz.
.-ns.
frz
:
4 and d
: (1.25
* 2.5n) (cm),
with
' = 0 ,
1 , 2 , . . . . ( Se e
O)
:GRCISE S.2 Express the normal-incidence re-
'rtion
coefficient at the boundary between two
:'rnmagnetic, conducting media in terms of their
mplex permittivities.
..m.
For incidence in medium |
(tr,
lto,
o) onto me-
g-2
Snel l ' s Laws
In the preceding sections we examined the reflection and
transmission properties of plane waves when incident
normally upon a planar interface between two different
media. We now consider the oblique-incidence case de-
picted in Fig. 9-9. The z
:
0 plane is the boundary
between two dielectric media characterized by
(e1, pq)
for medium I and (e2, p,) for medium 2. The two lines
with direction ki represent rays drawn normal to the wave-
front of the incident wave and, similarly, those along
k, and k1 represent the reflected and transmitted waves,
respectively. Defined with respect to the normal to the
boundary (the
z-axis), the angles of incidence, reflec-
tion, and transmission
(or
refraction) are, respectively,
9;,
Q,
and6t. These three angles are interrelated by Sxel/,s
/aws, which we will derive by considering the propaga-
tion of the wavefronts of the three waves. The incident
wave intersects the boundary at O and O'. The constant-
phase wavefront of the incident wave is AiO, and the
wavefronts of the reflected and transmitted waves are
322
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION
ANDTRANSMISSION
Figurr 9-9: Wave reflection and refraction at a Dlanar
boundary between different media.
A,O' and AlO', as shown in Fig. 9-9. The incident and
reflected waves propagale in medium I with the same phase
velocity upr
:
|
/
J
1,t 1
e
1,
nd the transmitted wave in me-
dium 2 propagates with a velocity zo2 :
l/Jlt2\.The
time it takes the incident wave to travel from Ai to O, is the
same as the time it takes the reflected wave to ravel from
O to A. and also the time it takes the transmitled wave to
travel from O to Ar . Since time is equal to distance divided
by velocity, it follows that
Ai O'
_
OT,
_oT,
uPr uPr up,
From the geometries ofthe three right triangles in Fig- 9-9,
we deduce that
Use of these expressions in Eq. (9.26)
leads to
,i:4 (Snell's
law ofreflection), (9.2ga)
sin
Q
up,
ttt,tt t
sin01 lh
,,1
t"r"z
(Snell's
law of refraction). (9.2gb)
Snell's law ofreflectbn states that the angleofreflectionis
equal to the angle ofincidence, and Sn elt\ lnw of refrao
doz provides
a relation between sin
g,
and sin
e
in rcnnr
of the ratio of the phase velocities.
The index of refraction
of a medium, n
,
is defined
as
the ratio ofthe phase velocity in free space (i.e.,
the speed
of light c.1 tcthe phase
velociry in rhe medium. Thus.
C
u n
(e.2e)
In view ofEq. (9.29),
Eq. (9.28b)
may be rewritten as
i
.-
n
d
I
I
sin
4
sin d;
n t I u . . t .
=
r : . / - .
( 9 . 3 0 )
nz
I F, 2e1,
For nonmagnetic
materials, p.r =
&r:
:
l, in which case
Ai O' : OO' s i n 0 i ,
d4:dasi no,,
O lr: 6
g'
"in rr.
(9.26)
(9.27a)
(e.27b)
(9.27c)
si n4 nt
l E: n)
* ' o ' = " r = / ; : ;
( f o r 4 1 = t t z \ '
1 B' 3 t )
where
4
=
"/pf!
is the intrinsic impedance of a dielec-
tri c medi um. Usuatl y, materi al s wi th hi gher densi ti es have
higher permittivities.
Air, with p. :
a. =
l, has an index
of refraction
no
:
l. Since for nonmasnetic materials
n -
./+,
a material is often refcrred
ri as ,ore dense
tllan a secotld material if the indes of refraction of the
fr,st
moterial is greater
than that of the second.
At normal incidence (Ai :
0), Eq. (9.31) gives 91
= 0,
as expected, and at oblique incidence
4
< di when
9.2 SNELL,SLAWS
ti
ri
I-
-
from Eq. (9.30) as
sin
g.
:
2
sin
g1l
n
I
tq=,.
/2
='l
"',
(rorP1
n2
e32a)
n l
--
tt).
(9.32b)
If
Q
exceeds d", the incident wave is totally reflected, and
the refracted wave becomes a nonuniform surface wave
that travels along the boundary between the two media.
This wave behavior is called total internal reflection .
;,f4pgle
...rl, Llghl Boam Passing lhrough a Slab
A dielectric slab with index of refraction r?2 is sur-
rounded by a medi0m with index ofrefraction n
l ,
as shown
in Fig. 9-11. lf 0i < 0c, show that the emerging beam is
parallel to the incident beam.
Solution: At the slab's upper surface, Snell's law gives
n l
sin 92
:
--:
sin 9t
n2
and, similarly, at the slab's lower surface,
l r
lql
sin 93
:
1?
si1 9,
:
n3
n 2 ^
-
Sl n d2.
n l
(9. 33)
\9.34)
E
-t
)l
l
J
B.
E
I
t
a
3
t
I
n2 > nl and 0y > 9iwhenn2 < nl. That is, if the wave
in ntediwn I is incident on a more dense tnediwn. as
i;t Fig. 9-10(o), tlle transmitted wave refracts inv,ardly
h,trtarcl the ?-axis,
and the opposite is true if the wave
is incident on a less tlense medium
[Fig.9-10(b)].
A
case of particular interest is when d1
:
n,/2, as shown
in Fig.9-10(c); inthis case, the refracted wave flows along
the surface and no energy is transmitted into medium 2.
The value of the angle of incidence
I
corresponding to
Q
=
tt
/2
is called the cnricdl angle 0" and is obtained
Figure 9.ll: The exit angle 03 is equal to the incidence
angle 0l if the dielectric slab has parallel boundaries and
is sunounded by the same index of refraction on both
sides
(Example
94).
( a) n1< n2 (b) n1> n2
(c)
\>
nzar,d 0i = ec
Figure 9-10: Snell's laws state that
4
=
0i and sin
fi
=
(n1/n2) si nQ. Refracti on i s
(a)
i nwardi f nl < n2and(b)
outward if nr > n2; and (c) the refraction angle is 90'
if n1 > n2 and 01 is equal to or greater than the critical
angl e 0"
=
si n-' (22/21).
324 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
Substituting Eq. (9.33) into Eq.
(9.34) gives
:
si n0r.
Hence, 0r
:
gr.
The slab displaces the beam's position,
but the beam's direction remains unchaneed. I
EXERCISE 9.4 In the visible part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, the index of refraction of water is 1.33. What is
the critical angle for light waves generated by an upward-
looking underwater light source?
Ans. 9.
:
48.8'. (See O)
EXERCISE 9.5 Ifthe light source ofExercise 9.4 is situated
at a depth of I m below the water surface and if its beam is
isotropic(radiatesinalldirections), howlargeacirclewould
it illuminate when observed fromabove?
Ans. Circle' s diameter: 2.28 m.
(See
S)
9-3 Fi ber 0pti cs
By successive total intemal reflections, as indicated in
Fig.9-12(a), light can be guided through thin dielectric
rods made ofglass or transparentplastic, known asopdcal
./fiDers.
Becausethe light is confined totraveling within the
rod, theonly loss inpowerisdue to refl ections atthe sending
and receiving ends of the fiber and absorption by the fiber
material
(becauseitis not a perfect dielectric). Fiber optics
is useful for the transmission of wide-bandwidth signals
and in a wide range of imaging applications.
An optical fiber usually consists of a cylindicalfiber
core with an index of refraction n
1,
surrounded by an-
other cylinder of lower index of refraction, n", called
a cladding, as shown in Fig. 9-12(b). The cladding
layer serves to optically isolate the fiber from adjacent
fibers when a large number of fibers are packed in close
proximity, thereby avoiding the leakage oflight from one
,'n
=
(fr) (*).'*
fiber to another. To satisfy the condition of total internal
reflection, the incident angle 93 in the fiber core must
bc
equal to orgeatcrthanthecritical angle d" fora wave in ttc
fibermedium(with zs) incidentupon the cladding mediug
(with n"). From Eq. (9.32a), we have
sin 0" (9.35)
To meet the total-reflection requirement that 0:
>
0c, it
is then necessary that sin 03
2
nrfns.The angle d2 is thc
complement of angle 03, and cos 92
:
sin 0:. Hence, the
necessary condition may be written as
t
(e.36)
Moreover, d2 is related to the incidence angle on the facc
ofthe fiber, Pi, by Snell's law:
sin 92
:
si n di , (9.37)
where n6 is the index ofrefractionofthemedium surround-
ing the fiber (n6 =
I for air and no
:
L33 if the fiber is in
water). or
"orB,
:
|-t
-
L
UsingEq. (9.38) in the left-hand side ofEq. (9.36)andthen
solving for sin 9i gives
nc
nf
cos 02
a
fl"
nf
nO
nf
(' o)' r, n,
ol ' "
. (9. 3s)
\ nf
, /
I
The acceptance dngle du is defined as the maximum valuc
of
Q
for which the condition of total intemal reflecdon
remains satisfied:
s i nd; :
I
@! - nf 1t t 2
si n4
=
l 1r; -
nf , )t / 2. (9. 40)
(e.39)
Tt
r
d
b
m
cl
!-O
r
d
fq
tr
aa
cb
9.3 FIBEROPTICS
115
(a)
Optical fiber
ro\-
rII
r bc
ttu
fb
t J5r
L.
I
t hc
,tbe
-%5,
hc.
d
t a
b
Acceptance cone
Figure 9'12: Waves can be guided along optical fibers as long as the reflection angles exceed the critical angle for total intemal
reflection-
,
Cladding
'Jt-Jl-lL +
Fr-{
Fr-*l
The angle 6u is equal to half the angle of the accep-
umc cone of the fiber. Any ray of light incident upon
rhe face of the core fiber at an incidence angle within
the acceptance cone can propagate
down the core. This
means that there can be a larger number of ray paths,
called modes, by which light energy can travel in the
.'ore. Higher-angle rays travel longer paths than rays that
propagate
along the axis of the fiber, as illustrated by
ihe thre modes shown in Fig. 9-13. Consequently, dif-
l'erent modes have different transit times between the
two ends of the fiber. This property
of optical fibers is
:alled modal dispersioz and has the undesirable effect of
:hanging the shape of pulses
used for the transmission of
High-order
mooe
Low-order
mode
Figurr 9-13: Distortion of rectangular purses
caused by modal dispersion in optical fibers.
3[ ,
|)t
b
h
(b)
Successive intemal reflections
= + N A A
t--+l
' t
Axial mode
digital data. Whenarectangularpulseof
lightincidentupon
thefaceofthe fibergets broken upinto manymodesand the
different modes do not arrive at the otherendofthe fiber at
thesametime, thepulse shapegets distorted, both in shape
and length. In the example shown in Fig. 9-13, the nanow
rectangularpulsesat
theinpur side oftheoptical fiber are of
width ri separated by a time duration I . After propagating
through the fiber core, modal dispersion causes the pulses
to look more like spread-out sine waves with spread-out
width r.Iftheoutputpulses
spreadoutsomuchthat
r > I,
the output signals will smear out, making it impossible to
read the transmitted message. Hence, to ensure that the
transmitted pulses
remain distinguishable
at the output
326 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
9-
side of the fibcr, it is necessary that r be shorter than I.
As a safety margin, it is common practice to require that
T
>
2t .
The spread-out width r is equal to the time delay Ar
between the anival of the slowest ray and the fastest ray.
The slowest ray is the one traveling the longest distance
and corresponds !o the ray incident upon the input face of
the fiber at the acceptance angle 6a. From the geometry of
Fig.9- I 2(b)andEq. (9.36),thisraycorrespondstocos d2
:
nc/nf. For an optical fiberoflength l, the length ofthe path
traveled bv such a rav is
I{lg&*l,.
Transmisslon Dala R8l6
on oplical Flisrs
A l
-km-long
optical fiber
(in
air) is made ofa fiber c6p
with an indcx of refraction of I .52 and a cladding with
an
index of rcfraction of L49. Determine
(a)
the acceptance angle 0", and
(b)
the maximum usable data rate that can be transmitted
through the fiber.
Solution:
(a)
From Eq.
(9.40),
I
si n0"
=
-6u' ! -
nz; t / 2
=
111. 52)2
-
11. 49; 21r12
:
9. 3,
n O '
which corresponds to 0a
=
17.50.
(b)
From E{ (9.45),
l n e
I - _ - I ___
r m ( -
COSU2 nc
e,
be
h
oI
a[
OI
til
m
p,
tir
pl
la
is
rh
tn
ca
pl
pr
ui
tu
p(
al
tc
dl
e
c(
tr
and its travel time in the fiber at the velocity uo
--
c
I
nlis
(e.42)
The minimumtime of travel is realized bv the axial rav and
is given by
2 x 103 x 1. 52(1. 52
-
1. 49\
EXERCISE 9.6 If the index of refraction of the cladding
material in Example 9-5 is increased to 1.50, what would
be the new maximum usable data rate?
Ans. 7.4 (Mb/s). (See G;
9-4 Wave Refl ecti on and Transmi ssi on al
0bl i que l nci dence
For normal incidence, the reflection coefficient f and
transmission coefncient r of a boundary btween two
different media is independent of the polarization of the
incident wave, because the electric and magnetic fields
of a normally incident plane wave are both always tan-
gential to the boundary regardless of the wave polariza-
tion. This is not the case for oblique incidence at an anglc
l max
_
l ni
up cnc
I
T
(fr
-' )
(s) (e44)
(9. 41)
(bits/s). (9.45)
2lnr(nr
-
n")
3 x 1 0 8 x 1 . 4 9
:
4.e (MbA).
r
(9.43)
The total time delay is therefore
t
:
Lt
:
l6a1-lnt;n
:
As we stated before, to retrieve the desired information
from the transmitted signals, it is advisable that f, the
interpulse period of the input train of pulses, be no shorter
than 2r. This, in tum, means that the data rate (in
bits per
second), or equivalently the numberofpulses per second,
that can be transmitted throush the fiber is limited to
I
-
nf.
c
- l
I o - - i
I
2r Zl ns(n1
-
n")
h
d
cl
d
d
lt
l}ti
94 WAVEREFLECTIONANDJRANSMISSIONATOBLIQUEINCIDENCE
J Z I
blE
l | o
trcd
).3.
O,
+
0. A wave with any specified polarization
mav
be described as the superposition
of two orthogonally po_
larized warrs, one with its clectric ficld paralel
totheilane
of incidencc-and
it is calld paraltct polarization-__$nd
another with is electric field perpendicular
to the plane
of incidence-and
it is called parp
endicular polariza-
tion. The plane
of incidence
is defned
as the
plane
con_
taining the normnl to the boundary and the iirection of
propagation
of the incident wave- T-ltese two
polariza_
tion configurations
are shown in Fig. 9-14. in which ttre
plane
of incidence
is coincident
with the .t_z plane.
po_
larization with E perpendicular
to the ptane
oflncidence
is also called transverse
electric (IE)
polarization
be_
cause E is perpendicular
to the plane
of incidence,
and
that with E parallel
to the plane
of incidence is called
transverse magnetic (IM) polarization
because in this
case it is the magnetic field that is perpendicular
to the
plane
ofincidence.
Instead of solving the reflection
and transmission
problems
for the general
case of a wave with an arbi_
trary polarization,
it is more convenient in
practice
to
first decompose
the incident wave (Ei,
Hi) into a per_
ryngicu]arly
polarized
componenr (Ei,
Hl) ana a
iar_
allel polarized
component (8i,,
Hi,), and tien after-de_
rermining the reflected wavei
1E_,',
Hl) and (Ei,
Hi )
due to the two incident
components,
thJreflected
Laves
can be added together to give the total reflected wave
conesponding
to the original incident wave.
A similar
process
applies to the transmitted
wave.
9-4.1 Perpendi cul arpol ari zati on
In Fig. 9-15, we show a perpendicularly
polarized
inci_
dent plane
wave propagating
along the r;-direction
in di_
electric medium l. The electric fietd phasor
E1 point,
along the.y-direction,
and the associated
.agneti"
fi"la
phasgr
Hi. is along the y1-axis.
The directions
of El
and H! satisfy the condition
that E! x fri points
alon!
rt
fl
(a) Perpendicular
polarization
z = 0
(b)
parallelpolarization
l'igur 9-14:
The plane ofincidence
is the plane
contain-
ing the direction of wave travel, R, and the surface normal
to the boundary which in the present case is the
plane
of
thepaper.
A wave is
(at
perpendicularty
polarizid when
its E is perpendicular
to the plane
of incidence
and ft)
parallel polarized
when its E lies in the plane
ofincidence.
94
328 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
Re,
the propagation direction, i1. The expressions for such a
plane wave are given by
(9.46a)
(9.46b)
Substituting Eqs. (9.47
a) and(9.47b\into Eqs. (9.46a)ad
(9.46b) gives:
Incident Wave
itr:
g
nior-io"'
,
qi , - i
El o" - ; r , ' ' .
- " n t
E',
--
9
Elor-
ior,'
sinei+zcosdi),
fri
=
1-i cosa; *2si nd1)
- i
x
:]q
.,-ilr
(r sin
4+z
cos9,)
nr
c/l
st!
rnl
tcl
Pe
dc
si{
tn
ca
br
q
bc
6
n
di
|h
!0
F
where Eio is the amplitude of the electric field phasor
at .ri
:
0,
h
=
-Jpld is the wavenumber, and
qt :
Jp;/e I
is the intrinsic impedance, both for me-
dium l.FromFig.9-l5,thedistance.riandtheunitvectori,
maybeexpressedintermsofthe (.x, y,
z)
globalcoordinate
system as follows:
ti
:
-r sin
4
+ z cos 9i, (9.47 a)
i i
:
-i cos9i
+
i si n0i . (9. 47b)
With the aid of the directional relationships given h
Fig.9- l5 for the reflected and transmitted waves, the fielL
are siven bv:
(9.4&)
(9.48b|
WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT
Refected Wave
Er:98;e-itv,
=
iEloe-itt
(r sin4-z "*+),
CT
frr
-
i-
LJ-o
"-jrrr,
- " n r
- (i cos4*i si n4)
;
4!"-j tr(xsi no' -zcose,l
Il r
Transmitted Wave
fr,r:
g
E'ror-
i*ro
:
iEloe-jr:(r
sin ar+r cos
al,
q,, -
i,
Elo
r-;*,n
- " n z
=
1-i
cos 01 *
2 sin d,)
x
{!.
e-itr(r
sin',+r cosd,)
rl2
where 6. and 91 are the reflection and transmission angles
shown in Fig. 9- l5 and t2 and
72
are the wavenumber and
rntrinsic impedance of medium 2. Our goal is to charac-
lerize the reflected and transmitted fields in terms of the
parameters of the incident wave, which include the inci-
Jence angle di and the amplitude EiO. The four expres-
;ions given by Eqs. (9.49a) through
(9.49d)
contain four
unknown quantities: Eio, E!0,
4,
and
4.
Angles
4
and 0t
;an be related to
ff
bySnell'slaws,Eqs.
(9.28a)and(9.28b),
but we choose to keep them as unknowns for the time be-
rng, because we intend to show that Snell's laws can also
be derived by applying the fields' boundary conditions at
:
:
0. The total electric field in medium I is the sum of
'.he
incident and reflected electric fields: El
=
Ei + E1;
rnd the same is true for the total masnetic field in me-
f ium t: frl
=
fri +
fri nounaary condirions srare
that the tangential components of E and H must each be
Jontinuous across the boundary between the two media.
Field components tangential to the boundary are those
along i and
!.
Since the electric fields in media I
and? have
i-components
only, the boundary condition
for E is
1Ei,
+ Eir1l,_o
:
E'rrl,o.
(9.50)
Upon using Eqs. (9.48a), (9.49a), and (9.49c) in Eq. (9.50)
and then setting z
=
0, we have
E\oe-
i
kr x in
q
* E
roe-
i
kr' si" e,
:
E\oe-
i
k2' sin
q
.
(9. 51)
The boundary condition for the tangential component of
the magnetic field (i.e., the r-component) is
(frL
+ frL)|.=o
:
fiLl,=o,
e.sz)
o r G
F' FT
- l =Q
.s5
g
.-j rr,si np' +
l l 9cos4
e-i kt' si n4,
4t nl
:
_ 1J9
s., Ar r-j l rr
si nor.
(9.53)
42
To satisfy Eqs.
(9.51)
and
(9.53) forall possible values ofx
(all along the boundary), it follows that all three exponen-
tial arguments must be equal. That is,
t1 si n 0;
:
k1 si n 6'
:
ft2 5i 1Q,
(9.54)
which is known as the phase-matching condition. The
first equality in Eq.
(9.54) leads to
0t:0i (Snell' s law of reflection), (9.55)
and the second equality leads to
si n0t
_
/ <r
_
a. , t Ft er
_nt
sin
4
k2 toJUzez nz
(Snell' slawofrefraction). (9.56)
(9.49t)
(e.4eb)
(9.49c)
(9.49d)
I
r
t,
l
The results expressed by Eqs.
(9.55)
identical with those derived previously
and (9.56) are
in Section 9-2
330
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
9'
through consideration of the ray path traversd by the in-
cident. rcflected, and transmitted wavefronts.
In view ofEq.
(9.54), the boundary conditions given by
Eqs.
(9.51) and
(9.53) reduce to
Ero+ E\ o: E
Lo,
(9.s7a)
t o' 4(-r, , "
+
EI ^)
=
-t ot Q
E, , , n.
(9. 57b)
nr
-"
42
These two equations can be solved simultaneously to yield
the following expressions for the reflection and transmis-
sion coefficients in the perpendicular polarization case:
Ftf
zi o
r t
- I U
f2
cos 0;
-
[1
cos 01
q2cosqi
*
4r
cos4
'
2112 cos 0i
4,
cos dt +
4l
cos rr
(9.58a)
(9.58b)
These two coefficients, which formally are known as the
Fresnel reflection and transmissiott cofficientsfor per-
p e ndic ular p o larizatio n, are relate.dby
z r : 1* f r .
( 9. 59)
If medium 2 is a perfect conductor
(ar :
0), Eqs. (9.58a)
and
(9.58b) reduce to fa
:
-
I and z1
=
0, respectively,
which means that the incident wave is totally reffected by
the conducting medium.
For nonmagnetic dielectrics with pr : p2 = po and
with the help ofEq.
(9.56),
the expression for fr can be
written as
Since
(ez/er)
-
@z/n)",
this expression can also
bc
written in terms of the indices of refraction z1 and n2.
:ru
w.Yrlncldoilobllqu.ty
on N Soll Sur{rGe
Using the coordinarc syscm ofFig. 9- 15, a planc
waw
radiated by a distant antenna is incident in air upon a planc
soil surfacc at z
:
0. The electric field ofthe incident warrc
is given by
E
-
il0Ocos(or
-
nx
-
1.73trz)
(V/m), (9.61)
and the soil medium may be assumed to be a lossless dic-
lectric with a rclative permittivity of 4.
(a)
Determine kr, ft2, and the incidence angle 9i.
(b)
Obtain expressions for the total electric fields in air
and in the soil medium.
r
(c)
Determine the average
power density carried by thc
wave traveling in the soil medium.
Solution:
(a)
We begin by converting Eq. (9.61) into pha-
sor form, akin to the expression given by Eq. (9.46a):
fri
-
tl }Oe-i l tx-i t73.trz
:
i100e-i*t'i
(V/m), (e.62)
where r; is the axis along which the wave is traveling, and
kl xr : vy* 1. 73r 2.
Using Eq. (9.47a), we have
t1.r;
: /<1:r sin 9;
*
krzcos0i.
Hence,
tr sin 9i
:
z'
h
cos0i : 1' 73n,
which together give
(9.63)
k1
=
Jrz
|
\ 1. 73nt 2
=2n
l rad/ m).
n
Sir
Pe
m
1b
i s,
w
tn
dl
U:
oi : t an- r ( #) : r '
(e2l E)
-
si n2 0i cos 8i
-
F . -
(for pt1 :
1111.
cos 0i *
(e.60)
(e2l e)
-
si n2 0i
9.4 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT OBLIQTJE INCIDENCE
331
PI
t b .
.6t
'
di.-
The wavelength in medium I
(air)
is
2tr
1 1
:
- ; : 1 6 ,
f,r
and the wavelength in medium 2 (soil) is
. r r l
Lz:
----:
=
-
=0. 5m.
Je"
\/4
The conesponding wave number in medium 2 is
- 2 n
kz=
-: 4o
(rad/ m).
,'2
^ . =; ,
SinceE' is along
i,
it is perpendicularly polarized (i is per-
pendicular to the plane ofincidence containing the surface
normal 2 and the propagation direction i1).
(b)
Corresponding to 0i
:
30", the farsmission angle d1
is obtained with the help ofEq. (9.56):
k r ^ 2 r
si n0r:
-
si n1 =
-
si n 30"
:
0. 25
or
:
t 4. 5' .
With e1
:
eo and t2
:
tr2e0
:
4es, the reflection and
transmission coefflcients for perpendicular polarization
are determined wirh the help ofEqs. (9.59)
and
(9.60),
cos 01
-
Fr : =
_0.38,
r r : l * I . r : 0. 62.
Using Eqs. (9.48a)
and (9.49a) with Elo
:
100 V/m and
1i :
4,
the total electric field phasor in medium I is
El : E, ,
+Ei
:
i El oe-l tr(r
si nq+zcosdi )
*
9f
Eloa-
jlr (t tin'i-z cos
4)
:
i
lgge-.i
r"
'+ t -t3,t z')
-
?38e-
i @x-t.73,t2)
,
and the conesponding instantaneous electric field in me-
dium I is
E!(.r,
z,
r) =ne[E\ei^f
=
i[100
cos(arr
-
ttx
-
l.73ttz)
-
38 cos(arr
-
rt ! l.73tt
7)l
(V/m).
In medium 2, using Eq. (9.49c)
with Elo =
rr Elo gives
E":
9t
E1o"-
ir'('
sio dr+u cos ot)
=
t62e-
j
Qr
'+3'8h")
and, correspondingly,
E!(.r,
z, r)
:nelfr'r"i'')
-
j62cos(at -tx -3.87t2)
(V/m).
(c)Inmedium2,
4z
:
no/
Jeh
-
L2On
/
J4
:
60rr ((.)),
and the average power density carried by the wave is
I El t 2 t <. r \ 2
S"t"
=
r".rot
=
;Y+-
=
10.2
an2 z X OUz
(Wm2).
r
9-4.2 Parallel Polarization
If we interchange E and H of the perpendicular po-
larization situation, while keeping in mind the require-
ment that relates the directions of E and H to the direc-
tion of propagation
for each of the incident, reflected,
and transmitted waves, we end up with the geometry
shown in Fig. 9-16 for parallel polarization.
Now the
electric fields lie in the plane of incidence, and the as-
sociated magnetic fields are perpendicular
to the plane
of incidence. With reference to the directions indicated
in Fig. 9-16, the fields of the incident, reflected, and
transmitted waves are given by
I etr
r t h
F+
rc
-{
[6:.
tg
(e2/e)
-
sin2 01
cosQ
a
n/ (e2/ e1)
-
si n2f l
332
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
Figurt 9-16: Parallel polarized plane wave incident at an
angle 0; upon a planar boundary.
Incident Wave
fr,i
:9,r[oe-;t'',
: (i cosgl
-
2si n0) Ei pe-i kr
(r si nq+z cos di ),
(9.65a)
El l ^ E""
l l ' ,,
=g
-
rtu
"-i r' ,,
=
i :]9
?-i Ir{rs;q+2"*4,t.
1!.65b)
t '
'
nt
'
nl
Refected Wave
El,
--
l,tl,o"-to'"
: (i cos4
+ 2si n 0,) El ,oe-
i
k' t' "i "e' -z cos e),
(Q.65c)
:
-5,
Ei o
,-ro' ,'
"i ne.-!cosd' ),
7l l
Transmitted Wave
E1
:1r;o"-;t'"
= (icosdi
-
isinfl)Ef,oe-ikzG
tin&+zcosq),
(9.6i)
Ft rt
iI,
=9
!-lo-
r-it
' ,
-
9"10
"-lrrt' rio4+zco' c). (9.650
t t
' n 2 ' n 2
By matching the tangential components of fr and f,
h
the two media at z
:
O, as we did previously in thc
perpendicular-polarization case, we again obtain the
rc-
lations defining Snell's laws, as well as the following ex-
prcssions for theFre snel rcflection and transmission ca
fficients for
parallel polarizatian:
Eli"
f'
:
--":
Eio
Ft
",t0
Ei,o
(9.66a)
(9.66b)
42
cos
4
-
4l
cos 9i
4zcos4* [ 1
cos01
'
2q2 cos 0i
4,
cos Ar
+
4l
cos rt
The preceding expressions can be shown to yield the rel}
tron
r n : ( l * f 1 )
cos
q
(9.67)
cos
4
We noted earlier in connection with the perpendicular-
polarizadon case that, when the second medium is a per-
fect conductor with
rz
=
0, the incident wave gets totally
reflected by the boundary. The same is true for paralld
polarization; setting
42
:
0 in Eqs. (9.66a) and
(9.66b)
gives f1
:
-1
and z1
=
0.
For nonmagnetic materials, Eq. (9.66a) becomes
-(e2/e)
cosQ *
(e2le)
-
sin2 0;
( e2l er ) cos4+ (ezle)
-
sin2 0i
(for p,1 :
1tr1.
(e.68)
To
II
rll
r r
of
ts
t$'
B,
dx
ls
l r
of
Hi
=- i
' "
"
nr
+,
Tb
t !
(9.65d)
94
WAVE REFLECTION ANDTRANSMISSION AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
333
9-65cr
p.656
l f r r
in Sc
he rc-
ng er-
tf o>
6ar
f t ,
c rclr-
bulr-
r F-
rdh
ralld
,.6{t
Per0sndicular Polarizalion
For perpendicular polarization,
the Brewster angle
fo1
can be obtained by setting the numerator ofthe expression
for f1, given
by Eq. (9.58a),
equal to zero or, equivalently,
when
?2
cos 8i
=
?r
cos
4.
(e.69)
After (1)
squaring both sides of Eq. (9.69), (2)
using
Eq. (9.56), (3) solving for01, and then denoting d; as
fo1,
we have
sin ds1
:
(e.70)
Beeuse the denominator ofEq. (9.70) goes to zero when
Itt
:
lr2,
0Br does not exist
for
nonmagnetic matertals.
Parallel Polarizalion
The value of 91, denoted 6B
,
at which fl
:
0 can be
found by setting the numeratorofEq. (9.66a)
equal tozero.
The result is identical with Eq. (9.70),
but wirh p and e
interchanged. That is,
sin
fop
-
(9. 71)
For nonmagnetic materials,
Io illustratethe angularvariations of the magnitudesof f
1
rnd f1, in Fig.9-17 we show plots for waves incident in
rironto three different types ofdielectric surfaces: dry soil
s.
:
3), wet soil (e. :
25), and water (e. :
8 I
).
Foreach
Dfthe surfaces,
(
|
)
fr
:
ft at normal incidence (ft :
Q;,
as expected, (2)
lfrl
:
lfrrl
:
I at grazing
lncidence
4
:
90"), and (3)
f goes to zero at an angle labeled the
BrcN'ster angle in Fig. 9-17. For nonmagnetic materials,
r.he
Brewsterangle exists only forparallel polarization,
and
rts valuedependsontheratio (2/el
),
as we will see shortly.
.lt the Brewster angle, the parallel-polarized component
of the incident wave is totall| tran.tmitted into medium 2.
9-4.3 Brewster Angle
The Brewster angle
fo
is defined as the incidence angle d1
at which the Fresnel reflection coefficient f
:
0.
rbl t
:
stn
, _]
: t a n '
E
\/
I +
(rlr2)
(for p.1 :
tt).
(9.72)
el
The Brewster angle is also called the polarizittg an-
g/e.
This is because, if a wave composed of both per-
pendicular and parallel polarization components is in-
cident upon a nonmagnetic surface at the Brewster
angle
fo1,
the parallel polarized component is totally
1
-
(pae2/ p.2e)
|
-
Q.Lt/tr)z
Wet soil
(e,=25)
Dry soil
( e. =3)
- -
-
- '
l0 20 30 40 50
(0s
dry soil) (AB wct soil)
Incidence angle d; (Degrees)
Figure 9-17: Plots for
lfl l
and
lfn I
as a function ofQ for
a dry soil surface, a wet-soil surface, and a water surface.
For each surface,
lfl |
:
0 at the Brewster angle.
1- ( e1p. 2/ e2p)
|
-
( t
1/ e) 2
Lasers
Lasers are used in CD and DVD
players,
bar-code
readers, eye surgery and multitudes of other sys-
tems and applications. A laser
-
acronym for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
-
is a source of monochromatic (single wave-
length), coherent (uniform wavefront), narrow-beam
light, in contrast with other sources of light (such
as
the sun or a light bulb) which usually encompass
waves of many different wavelengths with random
phase (incoherent). A laser source generating Mi-
crowaves is called a maser. The first maserwas built
in 1953 by Charles Townes and the first laser was
constructed in 1960 bv Theodore Maiman.
TECTINOLOGYBRIEF:
Basi c Pri nci pl es
Despite its complex quantum-mechanical
an atom can be conveniently modeled as a
cleus
(containing protons
and neutrons)
by a cloud of electrons. Associated with the
or molecule of any
given material is a
set of
quantized (discrete) energy slales (
that the electrons can occupy. Supply of
(in the form ol heat, exposure to intense light,
other means) by an elternal source can cause
electron to move from a lower energy state to
higher energy
(excited) state. Exciting the
is called
pumping
because it leads to
the
population
of electrons in higher states
Spontaneous emission of a
photon (light
o
tc
h
b
tc
H
h
l"
ta
el
o
h
i,
el
lL
atl
H
b
t=
rf
rt
; C
l l
, r
!3
lr
nr
tl
occurs when the electron in the excited state moves
to a lower state
(B),
and stimulated emission
(C)
happens when an emitted photon
"entices"
an elec-
tron in an excited state of another atom to move
to a lower state, thereby emitting a second pho-
ton of identical energy, wavelength, and wave-
lront (phase).
Pri nci pl e of 0perati on
Highly amplified stimulated emission is called las-
ing. The lasing
medium can be solid, liquid, or
gas.
Laser operation is illustrated in
(D)
for a ruby crys-
tal surrounded by a tlash tube (similar
to a cam-
era flash). A perfectly reflecting mirror is placed
on one end of the crystal and a
partially
reflect-
ing mirror on the other end. Light from the flash
tube excites the atoms; some undergo spontaneous
emission,
generating photons
that cause others
to undergo stimulated emission; photons
moving
along the axis of the crystal will bounce back and
forth betweell the mirrors, causing additional stimu-
lated emission (i.e., amplification), with only a frac-
tion of the photons
exiting through the partially re-
flecting mirror. Because all of the stimulated photons
are identical, the light wave generated
by the laser
is of a single wavelength.
Wavel ength (Gol or)
of Emi tted Li ght
The atom of any given
material has unigue energy
states. The difierence in energy between the excited
high energy state and the stable lower energy state
determines the wavelength of the emitted
photons
(EM
wave). Through proper
choice of lasing ma-
terial, monochromatic waves can be
generated
with
wavelengths in the ultraviolet, visible, infrared or mi-
crowave bands.
336
transmitted iltto the second medium, and only the perpen-
dicularly
polarized component is reflected by the surface'
Nahtral light, including sunlight and light gencratcd by
most manufactured sources, is considercd unpolarized be-
cause the direction of the electric field of the light waves
varies randomly in angle over the plane
Perpendicular
to
the direction of propagation. Thus, on average half of the
intensity of natural light is perpendicularly polarized and
the other halfis parallel polarized. When unpolarized light
is incident upon a surface at the Brewster angle, the re-
flected wave is strictly
perpendicularly polarized. Hence,
the reflection
process acts as a polarizer.
REVIEW OUESTIONS
Q9.4
Can total internal reflection take place for a wave
incident in medium 1
(with
n1) onto medium 2 (with n2)
when n2 > nr?
Q9.5
What is the difference between the boundary con-
ditions applied in Section 9-1.1 for normal incidence and
those applied in Section 94.1 for oblique incidence with
perpendicular polarization?
Q9,6
Why is the Brewster angle also called the polariz-
ing angle?
Q9.7
At the boundary, the vector sum of the tangential
components of the incident and reflected electric fields
has to be equal to the tangential component of the trans-
mitted electric field. For ".,
:
I and sr,
:
16, de-
termine the Brwster angle and then verify the valid-
ity of the preceding statement by sketching to scale the
tangential components of the three electric fields at the
Brewster ansle.
CHAPTERg WAVEREFLECTIONAND
Ans. f1
- -0.48,
zr
:
0.52, I"[
:
-0.16'
zr
=
0.58.
EXERCISE 9.8 Detcrminc the Brewster angle for tlrs
boundary of Exercise 9.7.
Ans.
fu
=
63.4'.
(See O)
EXERCISE 9.9 Showthattheincident,reflected,andtrary.
mitted electric and magnetic fields given by Eqs. (9
ttuough
(9.65f) all have the same exponential
phase
tion along the.r-direction.
Ans. With the help of Eqs. (9.55) and
(9.56), all six
are shown to vary as -lrrr
sin4.
(See
(D)
9-5 Refleclivity and Transmissivity
The reflqrtion and transmission coefncients represent
ratios of the reflected and transmitted electric field
plitudes to the amplitude of the incident wave. We
examine power ratios, and we start the process by
sidering the perpendicular polarization case. Figure 9
shows a circular beam ofeletromagnetic energy
upon the boundary between two contiguous, lossless
dia. The area of the spot illuminated by the beam is
and the incident, reflected, and transmitted beams
electric-field amplitudes Elo, Eio, and Elo,
The average power densities carried by the incident,
flected, and transmitted beams are
EXERCISE9.T Awaveinairisincidentupontheflatbound-
ary ofa soil medium with e.
: 4 and p, :
I at 9i
:
50'.
Determine f1,4, f
n,
and 11.
(See O)
r r i 12
sl =; l ,
( e
t r; r t 2
si
:
r:-!9!.
(9.
-
znl
J, L
:
t F t 1 2
r
"
_L0
l
...':-'
242
9.5 REFI.ECTIVTTYANDTRANSMISSIVITY
Medi um I (er, pr)
Figure 9-18: Reflection and transmission of an incident
circular beam illuminating a spot of size A on the inter-
face.
where
4y
and
?2
are the intrinsic impedances of media 1
and 2, respectively. The cross-sectional areas of the inci-
dent, reflecrcd, and transmitted beams arc
Tllre reflectivily R (also
called rele ct4nce in optics) is
defined as the ratio of the reflected power
to the inci-
dentpower. Therefl ectivity forperpendicularpolarization
is then
R, =4- l El ol 2c os 4
-
Pl
lElnl2
cos 0i
: lElo I'
l r l ol
'
(e.76)
lt-anl-
9.65er
e firn-
Ent M
tl dl -
I t n
D
C{r-
re 9l l
riE
6-i tEs
a r . - !
E
arrc+
ld-
where we used the fact that
4
:
8,
in accordance with
Snell's law of reflection. The ratio of the reflected to inci-
dent electric field amplitudes,
lElolEiol,
is simply equal
to the magnitude ofthe reflection coefncient f1. Hence,
R1
:
lf1l2,
(9.77)
and, similarly, for parallel polarization
(9.74a)
(9.74b)
(9.74c)
and the corresponding average powers carried by the beams
:u
Ai : Ac o s d i ,
A, : A cos9r ,
At : Ac o s 4 ,
T\e transmissivit! T (or transmittance in optics) is de-
fi nedastheratioof thetransmittedpowertoincidentpower:
R,,
=
l i
=
;1,,;2.
(e.78)
T,
:
PI-
-
lEttol2
tlr
-
ptr
lE\olz nz
AcosQ
A cos d;
:
l r,l ,
(o' "o.9,' )
. el ea)
\ 42cosEl
r ,
=
S: l r , t ' ( n' "o"r ' ) .
( e. 7eb)
'
| i
'
\ 42coso; /
ffn"o"e,,
I t i t t 2
f,f
o.o,4,
Pi
=
sl e,
=EU-
tro"g,.
Pl
:
sler
:
Pi
:
sl e.:
(9.7
5a)
(e.75b)
(9.7sc)
The incident, reflected. and transmitted waves do not
have to obey any such laws as conservation of electric
field, conservation of magnetic field, or conservation of
power density, but they do have to obey the law of con-
servation of power. In fact, in many cases the transmit-
ted electric field is larger than the incident electric field.
Conservation of power requires that the incident power be
338
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
or
cqual to the sum of the reffected and transmitted
powers.
That is, for perpendicular polarization, for example,
Pi : Pi +Pl ,
(e.80)
ff
o"o"'
:ll' -o-l' A"o' e'
+
l 11ol '
e "or q.
( 9. s1)
'
2nz
Use ofEqs.
(9.76), (9.79a), and (9.79b) leads to
q F -
g. ;
b t
o t r
01
(degrees)
Figure 9.19: Angular plots for
(R1,
In) for an air-glass
intrface.
R r * T r : 1 ,
R1 +
Ti l
: 1,
(9.82a)
(9.82b)
11112
+ trrt2
(H#)
:t (e.83a)
l rnl 2
+
tr1t2
(ffi #)
:t (e.83b)
Solution: Frorn Eq. (9.56),
51nB
:
11
5in9'
:
n2
or
f
sin 60'
5
-
n r 7
Figure9-l9showsplotsfor(R[,
11)asafunctionofd;
foran
air-glass interface. Note that the sumof Rn and T1 is always
equal to l, as mandatedbyEq.
(9.82b). Wealsonotethat, at
the Brewster angle 0s, Rn
:0andT1 :
1.
Table9-2
provides a summaryof the generalexpressions
for f, r, R, and Z for both normal incidence and oblique
incidence.
ErNmdsig-? Beam ol Light
A 5-W beam oflight with circular cross section is inci-
dent in air upon a plane boundary of a dielectric medium
with an index ofrefraction of5. Ifthe angle ofincidence is
60' and the incident wave is parallel polarized, determine
the transmission angle and the powers contained in the
reflected and transmitted beams.
0t : 10" '
With ezler
= nllnl
: (5)2 =
25, the reflection coeffi-
cients for parallel polarization can be computed by apply-
ing Eq. (9.68fas follows:
-
(s2/sl
)
cos 6i +
f t :
(szltr
) cos 9i +
J
rcz/ei
-
sin2 o,
-25cos60"
+ v55:
rr%0"
________________
_ n /1<
25 cos 60" + /25
-
si n2 60'
The reflected and transmitted powers are then
Pi
:
Pi l rrl '
:
5(0.435)2
=
o.esw,
P,i :
ti
-
Pf
:
s
-
o.e5
:4.05 w. I
Ba
A t
d
a l
lr
aut
cq
ca!
ar!
sto
bar
a b
.\
( t 2/
t )
IECHNOL@Y BRIEF: BAR{ODE.READERS
339
lo|\-
I
Bar-Gode Readers
q
bar code @nsists of a sequence of parallel
bars
ot certain widths, usually printed
in black againsi
a white bac*ground, configured to represent a
par-
ticular binary code of information about a
product
and its manufacturer. Laser scanners can read the
code and transter the information to a computer, a
:ash register, or a display screen. For both station-
ary scanners built into checkout counters at grocery
stores and handheld units that can be Dointed at the
oar-coded obiect like a
gun,
the basic operation of
a bar-code reader is the same
Basi c 0perati on
The scanner uses a laser beam of light pointed
at
a multitaceted rotating mirror, spinning at a high
speed on the order of 6,000 revolutions per
minute
(A).
The rotating mirror creates a ian beam to il-
luminate the bar code on the obiect. Moreover, by
exposing lhe laser light to its many facets, it deflects
the beam into many-different directions, allowing the
obiect to be scanndb over a wide range of
positlons
and orientations. The goal
is to have one of those
directions be such that the beam reflected by the
bar code ends up traveling in the direction of, and
captured by, the light detector (sensor),
which will
read the coded sequence (white
bars reflect laser
light and black ones do not) and convert it into a bi-
nary sequence of ones and zeros (B).
To eliminate
interference by ambient lights, a
glass
filter is used
as shown in (A)to
block out all light except for a nar
row wavelength band centered at the wavelength of
the laser light.
340
CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
PR(
Tbble 9-2: Exprcssions for f, r, i, md T for wavc incidence from a mcdium with intrinsic impedance
4l
onto a medium
with
intinsic impodancc
a2.
Angles
Q
end
&
rrt tbc angles of incidence and tBnsmission' respectivcly.
Property
Nonnal Incidnce
0 i = f i = Q
Perpendicuhr
Polerization
P.rallel
Polarizption
Reflection
cofncient
n 1
- n r
42+nl
42
cos
q -
4t
cos 0r
?2
cos4 +
?l
cos4
F1
42
cos er
-
4l
cos 9i
12
cos Ar +
lt
cosAi
T[ansmission
coefncient
2rlz
q 2 + 4 \
242cos0i
42
cos
q
+
4l
cos 0r
2n2 cos 0l
ttl
?2
cos 0t +
4l
cos0i
Relation of f to z r : 1 * f r r : 1 - | f r r n = ( l + r 1 1 1 {
-
COS rt
Reflectivity
o - t cl 2
81
:
l r 1l 2
R1
=
l f
112
Transmissivity r
=
r, r, (#)
. n ' c o s A
fr
=
l?,1 l'
-::--------
42
COS ti
. nr cOS 0'
7rr
=
l rrrl ' ?
- '
42COSdi
Rlation of R to f r = l - R 7 r : l - R r
l t
= 1 - Ri l
Notes: (1) sin&
=
JplifllEi$sinQ;(2) 41
:
Jiller:Q)
tt2:
J
pzFal (4) for nonmagnetic
medt a.
42/ n |
:
nr / nz
PRI
Sccl
dl l
9.1'
of l
less
toll(
r r )
, b)
i c
I
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
The relations describing the reffection and transmis-
sion behavior of a plane EM wave at the boundary
between two different media are the consequence of
satisfying the conditions ofcontinuity of the tangen-
tial components of E and H across the boundary.
Snell's laws state that d1
=
Q
and
o By successive multiple reflections, light can bc
guided through opSical fi bers. The maximum datarale
ofdigital pulses that can be transmitted along optical
fibers is dictated by modal dispersion.
At the Brewster angle for a given polarization, tbc
incident wave is transmitted totally across the bound-
ary. For nonmagnetic materials, the Brewster anglc
exists for parallel polarization only.
Any plane wave incident on a plane boundary can bc
synthesized as the sum of aperpendicularly polarizcd
wave and a parallel polarized wave.
Transmission-line equivalent models can be used to
characterize wave propagation, reflection by, and
transmission through boundaries between diffa-
ent media.
6 n
r E
tal
. g
sin 9r
: (nr/nz) sin0i.
For media such thatn2 < nl, the incident wave is re-
flected totally by the boundary when
I
>
9", where
g.
is the critical angle given by 8c
:
5in
-l1n2
/n 1
).
-E
?ROBLEMS
341
sIO\
! Flrh
t u
-c-
F
t hr
iF!
! r
l - !
F
PBOBLEMS
Secllon 9-1: Relleclion and Tnnsmissi0n
rt llormal lncldence
9.1* A plane wave in air with an electric field amplitude
of I 0 V/m is incident normally upon the surface of a loss-
tess, nonmagnetic medium with e, =
25. Dctermine the
-ollowing:
ra) The reflection and transmission cofficients.
rb) The standing-wave ratio in the airmedium.
ic) Theaveragepowerdensities oftheincident, refl ected,
and transmitted waves.
9.2 A plane wave traveling in medium I with e.r
:
2.25
r
normally incident upon medium 2 with ea
:
4. 9615
redia are made ofnonmagnetic, non-conducting materi-
ls. Ifthe electric field ofthe incident wave is given by
Ei
:
i4cos(62
x l0er
-
30zr) (V/m)
a) Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and
magnetic fields in each ofthe two media.
b) Determine the average power
densities of the inci-
dent, reflected and transmitted waves.
t^3
A plane wave traveling in a medium with er, =
9
.
normally incident upon a second medium with e.,
:
-
Both media are made ofnonmagnetic, non-conducting
:aterials. If the magnetic field of the incident plane wave
,
given
by
H\ =
i2 cos(2tr x l}et
-
ky) (A/m)
a) Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and
magnetic fields in each of the two media.
b) Determine the average power densities of the inci-
dent, reflected, and transmitted waves.
'Answer(s)
available in Appendix D.
I Solution available in CD-ROM.
9.4 A 200.MH4 left-hand circularly polarized plane
wave with an electric field modulus of 10 V/m is normally
incidcnt in air upon a dielectric rnedium with e.
-
4, and
occupies the region defined by
z
>
0.
(a)
Write an expression for the electric field phasor
of
the incident wave, given that the field is a positive
maxi mum at z
=
0andt : 0.
(b)
Calculate the reflection and transmission
coeffi-
cients.
(c)
Write expressions for the electric field phasors
of the
reflected wave, the transmitted wave, and the total
field in the region
3
<
0.
(d)
Determine the percentages
of the incident average
power reflected by the boundary and transmitted into
the second medium.
9.5* Repeat Problem 9.4, but replace the dielecrric me-
dium with a poor
conductor characte ized by t
,
:
2 .25
,
&.
=
l, and o
:
l0-4 S/m.
9.6 A 50-MHz plane wave with electric field amplitude
of30 V/m is normally incident in air onto a semi-infinite,
perfectdielectric
medium withe. :
36. Determinethefol-
lowing:
(a)
f
(b)
The average power densities of the incident and re-
flected waves.
(c)
The distance in the air medium from the boundary to
thenearestminimumof
theelectric fi eldintensity,
lE l.
9.7* What is themaximumamplitudeof
thetotal electric
fieldin the air medium of Problem 9.6, and at what nearest
distance from the boundary does it occur?
9.8 Repeat Problem 9.6, but replace the dielectric me-
dium with a conductor with e,.
:
1, p. :
1, and
o
: 2. 78
x l 0- r S/ m.
342 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
PJ
9.9* The three regions shown in Fig. 9-20 contain perfect
dielectrics. For a wave in medium l, incident normally
upon the boundary * z
=
-d,
what combination of e.,
and d produccs no rcflection? Express your answers in
lermsofer,
,
er, and the oscillation frequency ofthe wave,
/.
J*
d--------1
z =
- d
z = 0
Figure 9-20: Dielecric layers for Problems 9.9 to 9.1l.
9.10 For the configuration shown in Fig. 9-20, use
transmissionline equations
(or the Smith chart) to
calculate the input impedance at z
:
-d
for et,
:
1,
e,,
:
9, e,,
=
4, d
--
1.2 m, and
/
:
50 MHz. Also de-
termine the fraction of the incident average power density
reflected by the structure. Assume all media are lossless
and nonmagnetic.
9.11. Repeat Problem 9.10, but interchange er, and err.
9.12 Orange light of wavelength 0.61 pm in air enters
a block of glass with ot
=
2.25. What color would it
appear to a sensor embedded in the glass?The wavelength
ranges of colors are violet
(0.39
to 0.45
plm),
blue
(0.45
to 0.49 pm), green (0.49 to 0.58 prm), yellow (0.58
to
0.60
pm), orange
(0.60
to 0.62 pm), and red (0.62
ts
0.78
pm).
9.13* A plane wave of unknown frequency is normally
incident in air upon the surface of a perfect conductor.
Using an electric-field meter, it was determined that the
total electric field in the air medium is always zero when
measured at a distance of 2.5 m from the conductor
sur-
face. Moreover, no such nulls were observed at distances
closer to the conductor. What is the frequency of the in-
cidcnt wave?
I 9,1,1 Consider a thin film of soap in air under illumina-
tion by yellow light with I
:
0.6 pm in vacuum. If thc
film is treated as a planar dielectric slab with e.
:
1.72,
surrounded on both sides by air, what film thickness
would produce strong reflection of the yellow light at
normal incidence?
9.15- A 5-MHz plane wave with electric field ampli-
tude of 20 (V/m) is normally incident in air onto the
plane surface of a semi-infinite conducting material widl
,
: 4, p,:t l. and o
:
100 (S/m). Determine the
average power dissipated (lost) per unit cross-sectional
area in a 2-mm penetration of the conducting medium.
9.16 A 0.5-MHz antenna caried by an airplane flying
over the ocean surface generates a wave that approaches
the water surface in the form of a normally incident
plane
wave with an electric-field amplitude of 3,000
(V/m).
Seawater is characterized by e'
:
72.
lL:
l,ando
=4
(S/m). The plane is trying to communicate a message
to a submarine submerged at a depth d below the water
surface. If the submarine's receiver requires a minimum
signal amplitude of 0.1
(pVlm). what is the maximum
depth d to which successful communication is still
pos-
sible?
g
9.
tt
fit
s
d.
CT
n
7
rl
Pc
PROBLEMS
343
Figure 9-21: Prism of hoblem 9.17.
tII;-
lq.
lhc
L:t
[-
DCS
in-
ON
I r,o
I t o
&r-
lh.
72^
Ki
l r
S8clions 9-2 ald 9-3: Snell' s Laws and Fibel oplics
9.17- A light ray is incident on a prism in air at an
angle d as shown in Fig. 9-21. The ray is refracted at the
first surface and again at the second surface. In terms of
the apex angle
@
of the prism
and its index ofrefraction n,
determine the smallest value of d for which the ray will
emerge from the other side. Find this minimum d for
n: 1. 5 andd =
60' .
9.18 For some types of glass, the index of refraction
laries with wavelength. A prism
made of a material with
n
:
l . 7l
-
: :
l o,
JU
.r'here
.1.6 is the wavelength in vacuum, was used to dis-
:erse white light as shown in Fig. 9-22. The white light is
Figure 9-23: Periscope prisms
of
problem
9.19.
incident at an angle of 50"
,
the wavelength
i,s of red light
is 0.7 pm,
and rhat of violet light is 0.4 pm.
Determine
the angular dispenion in degrees.
9.19- The two prisms in Fig. 9-23 are made of elass
with z :
1. 52. What fraction of the power
density cairied
by the ray incident upon the top prism emerges from the
bottom prism?
Neglect multiple intemal reflections.
9.20 A light ray incident at 45. passes
through two die_
lectric materials with the indices of refraction and thick_
nesses given in Fi
9.9-24.If
the ray strikes the surface of
the first dielectric at a height of 2 cm, at what heieht will
it strike the screen?
9.21* Figure 9-25 depicts a beaker containing a block
of glass
on the bottom and water over it. The slass block
contains a small air bubble ar an unknown dJnth below
the water surface. When viewed from above ai an ansle
of 60", the air bubble appears at a depth of 6.g l cm. Wf,ar
is the true depth of the air bubble?
F
ft
iL
a
rd
l
t3
b
F
F
F
I
>
().6
in pm)
E
l[
: 4
Fi gure 9-22: Pri sm of Probl em 9.18.
344 CHAPTER 9 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION
PI
T
2rm
t
L-l-r-.
'
3cm 4cm 5cm
Figure 9-Z: Light incident on a scren through a multi-
layered dielectric (Problem 9.20).
-f
|
6. 8l cm
Apparent position
of air bubble
Air bubble
Figure 9-25: Apparent position ofthe air bubble in Prob-
l em 9.21.
9.22 A glass semicylinder with n
:
1.5 is positioned
such that its flat face is horizontal, as shown in Fig. 9-26,
and its horizontal surface supports a drop of oil, as also
shown. When lieht is directed radiallv toward the oil.
total intemal reflection occurs if
g
exceeds 60". What
is
the index of refraction of the oil?
Figure 9-26: Oil drop on the flat surface of a glass
semi-
cylinder (Problem
9.22).
9.23- A, penny lies at the bottom of a water fountain
at a depth of 30 cm. Determine the diameter of a piece
of paper which, if placed to ffoat on the surface of the
water directly above the penny, would totally obscure the
penny from view. Treat the penny as a point
and assume
that n
:
1.33 for water.
9.24 Suppose that the optical fiber of Example 9-5 is
submerged in water (with
n
:
1.33) instead of air. De-
termine 0a and
/p
in that case.
9.25- Equation (9.45) was derived for the case where
the light incident upon the sending end of the optical
fiber extends over the entire acceptance cone shown in
Fig. 9- l2( b ). Suppos,5: the incident light is consrrained to
a narrower range ex'tending between normal incidence
and 0'
,
where 0' < 0^-
(a)
Obtain an expression for the maximum data rate
/p
in terms of 8'.
(b)
Evaluate
/p
for the fiber of Example 9-5 when
e'
: 3. .
$r
al
l s
(r
(l
(
l l
(
'g
rn
9.
6
I
IE
LS
P(
it
F
I
D
6
in
PROBLEMS
345
5 i :
De-
Ssc'lions 9-4 and 9-5: Rellecliol and Transmissi0n
al oblique Incidence
9.26 A plane wave in air with
Ei
:
i
l0e_j(3,+4.) (v/m)
is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material,
with e.
:
4, 6gsupying the half-space z -
0. Determine:
(a) The polarization of the incident wave.
(b) The angle of incidence.
(c)
The time-domain expressions for the reflected elec-
tric and magnetic fields.
(d) The time-domain expressions for the transmitted
electric and magnetic fields.
(e) The average power density carried by the wave in
the dielectric medium.
9.27 Reoeat Problem 9.26 for a wave in air with
fri=$2x l0_2 e-
j
\8,+62)
(A/m)
incident upon the planar boundary ofa dielectric medium
(z >
0) with e'
=
9.
9.2E Natural light is randomly polarized, which means
that, on average, half the light energy is polarized along
any given direction
(in
the plane orthogonal to the di-
rection of propagation) and the other half of the energy
is polarized along the direction orthogonal to the first
polarization direction. Hence, when treating natural light
incident upon a planar boundary, we can consider halfof
its energy to be in the form of parallel-polarized waves
and the other half as perpendiculady polarized waves.
Determine the fraction of the incident power reflected by
the planar surface of a piece of glass with n
:
L5 when
illuminated by natural light at 70'.
9.29* A parallel-polarized plane wave is incident from
aL onto a dielectric medium with er
:
9 at the Brewster
anglc. What is thc refraction angle?
C C.SO A perpendicularly polarized wave in air is
obliquely incident upon a planar glass-air interface at an
incidence angle of 30". The wave frequency is 600 THz
(l THz: l0l2 Hz;, which corresponds to green light, and
the index of refraction of the glass is 1.6. If the electric
field amplitude of the incident wave is 50 V/m, determine
the following:
(a)
The reflection and transmission coefficients.
(b) The instantaneous expressions for E and H in the
glass medium.
9.31 Show that the reflection coefficient f1 can be writ-
ten in the following form:
-
sin(0r
_
4)
-
sin(4 +
4)
9.32 Show that for nonmagnetic media, the reflection
coefficient f1 can be written in the following form:
--
tan(4
-
4)
"
ran(pr
+ Oi)
9.33- A parallel-polarized
beam of light with an elec-
tric field amplitude of 20 (V/m)
is incident in air on
polystyrene with
4..
:
I and e,
:
2.6. If the incidence
angle at the air-polystyrene planar boundary is 50', de-
termine the followins:
(a) The reflectivity and ilansmissivity.
(b) The power carried by the incident, reflected, and
transmitted beams if the spot on the boundary illu-
minated by the incident beam is I m2 in area.
9.34-9.37 Additional Solved Problems
-
comDlete
solutions on C.
ETE
i(i
! l n
dt o
re