MATHEMATICS

TEXT BOOK




CLASS VIII
(a+b)
2
=a
2
+2ab+b
2
Dear students,
We use a lot of math, knowingly or
unknowingly, in our daily life, we try to discuss such
mathematical ideas from this class onward. By looking a
little deeper into ideas, this book tries to develop the
habit of generalization.
In it, you will find examples which make
you think about the relations between cause and effect. It
also gives you various opportunities to form your own
opinions and express them with confidence.
With the help of the teacher, you can observe
things in new ways, discover new facts through
experiments and find the reasons for many things
Let the learning of math be full of joy for you.

With love,
Director


FACTORISATION
You have already been introduced to the concept of
factorization in class VII. Hear we will study the
meaning of factorization and the methods of
factorizing various types of polynomials in more
detail.
Type 1. Monomial factors
You have been told that the basis for multiplication
of polynomials is the distributive property of
numbers. This property states
Multiplication
a (b + c) = a b + a c
factorising
This shows how, a sum of two terms, which have a
factor in common, can be expressed as a product.
Thus, the factor a in each term on the left side can
be taken out as a common factor of the whole
expression and we can write a b + a c=a (b +c)
Just as in 21=3$7, 3 and 7 are factors of 21, so in a
b + b c=a(b + c) , a and b + c are factors of ab +ac. A
factor such as a is a common monomial factor in
the terms ab and ac. Just as we divide 21 by 3 to
find the factor 7, so we divide each term of ab + ac
by a to find the factor (b + c).
In 6p+6q , the common monomial factor is 6, and
p+q is the other factor. Notice that you usually do
not factorise the number when you are factorizing a
polynomial. You do not need to write 6p+6q
as2$3(p+q).
Again you can factorise 28x
3
-70x
2
in the following
ways,
14(2x
3
-5x
2
) ; x (28x
2
-70x) ; x
2
(28x-70) ;
2x (14x
2
-35x); 14x(2x
2
-5x); 14x
2
(2x-5)
The accepted correct way is to write
28x
3
-70x
2
=14x(2x-5).
Notice that 14x
2
is the greatest common factor of
the terms of the given polynomial. It is understood
that in complete factorization the greatest common
factor is to be removed even if it is not a prime
number.
Ex.1. factorise : (a) 6y + 18
(b) -15m
2
+ 5
(c) 4 x
2
-8x+12.
Sol. (a)6y+18=6(y+3)
(b)-15m
2
+5=5(-3m
2
+1) or -5(3m
2
-1)
(c)4x
2
-8x+12=4(x
2
-2x+3).
Ex.2. factorise: x y +x
Sol. The common factor is x, and dividing each term
by x we obtain the other factor y+1.
So xy +x=x(y+1)
Ex. 3. Factorise: 25a
2
+5ab.
Sol.25a
2
+5ab=5a(5a+b)
Exercise(a)
Factorise completely by removing a monomial
factor:
1.3y-9 2.5x+10 3.6x
2
+11x 4.x
2
y+xy
2

5.4+12x
2
6.12p
5
+16p
4
-20p
3


Type II. When the common factor is a polynomial
Form :x(a +b) +y(a+b)+z(a+b)
In ab +ac =a(b+c) , for all a,b,c.
you may replace a, b, c, by expression involving
more that one term, e.g.,
(x+5)x+(x+5)y=(x+5)(x+y).
(a-1)(x+4)+(a-1)(y-5)=(a-1)[(x+4)+(y-5)]=(a-1) (x+y-1)
And also ,x(a+b)+y(a+b)+z(a+b)=(a+b)(x+y+z).
Ex.1 Factorise: x(a+b)
2
+y(a+b)
4
+z(a+b)
3
.
Sol. The greatest common factor is (a+b)
2
.
So x(a+b)
2
+y(a+b)
4
+z(a+b)
3
=(a+b)
2
{x+y(a+b)
2
+z(a+b)}.

Exercise (b)
Factorise:
1. (x+3)x+(x+3)y 2.2(x-a)
2
+4m(x-a)
3.(p+q)
2
+3(p+q) 4.(x+y)
2
+(x+y)

Factorising trinomials of the form x
2
+bx+c
Ex.1. factorise: x
2
+6x+8
Sol. First check to see if there is a common
monomial factor. Since there is none, we can start
the trial and error factorizing into the product of
two binomial as follows:
First clue: since the product of the linear terms of
the binomials must be x
2
, therefore are of the form
shown at the right.
(x+?)(x+?)
Second clue: The product of the constant terms of
the binomials must be8. The factors of 8 are 1,2,
4,8. Thus , the constant term should be 8$1 or 2$4.
Of these, we choose that pair the sum of whose
components gives the coefficient of the middle
term6. The sum of 2 and 4 is 6. Therefore, 2 and 4
are the second terms of binomials.
(x 2)(x 4)
Third clue: The product of the constant terms, of
the binomials must be 8. Therefore , both constant
terms must be positive numbers or both must be
negative numbers. Hence, the only integral choices
are 2,4,or -2.-4, since the middle term is +6x, we
choose +2 and+4.
Study the following also: Factors
(1) X
2
+2x-8 (x+4)(x-2)
(2) X
2
-2x-8 (x-4)(x+2)
In (1) , since the product is negative, one constant
term should be positive and the other negative.
Since the middle term is +2x, the greater constant
term should be positive and the smaller negative.
Therefore we choose +4 and-2.
In (2), since the middle term is -2x, the greater
constant term should be negative, and the smaller
positive. Therefore, we choose +4 and +2.
Ex.2. factorise : (a) x
2
+9x+20 (b)x
2
+7x+12
Sol.(a) we have to find two numbers whose sum is
+9 and the product is +20.
These numbers are 5 and 4.
Exp. = x
2
+9x+20
=x
2
+5x+4x+20
=x(x+5)+4(x+5)
=(x+5)(x+5)
(b) we have to find two numbers whose product is
12 and the sum is -7. The numbers are -4 and -3.
Exp.= x
2
-7x+12
=x
2
-4x-3x+12
= x(x-4)-3(x-4)
=(x-4)(x-3).
Ex.3, factorise :(a) x
2
+5x-24 , (b)x
2
-11x-80.
Sol. (a) The two numbers ,whose product is -24 and
the sum is 5, are 8and -3.
X
2
+5x-24=x
2
+8x-3x-24
=x(x+8)-3(x+8)
=(x+8)(x-3).
(b) The two numbers whose product is -80 and the
sum is -11, are -16 and +5.
Exp. =X
2
-11x-80=x
2
-16x+5x-80
=x(x+16)+5(x-16)
=(x+16)(x+5).

Exersice(c)
1.x
2
+7x+12 2.m
2
+13m+42 3.a
2
+25a-54
4.y
2
-10y+16 5.48+22x-x
2
6.x
2
-29x+204