Inception Report For Seven Market Centre-Full

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLC OF MALAWI
MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION AND WATER DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
AUSAID AGREEMENT NO.: 56007
and AUSAID AGREEMENT NO.: 55739
CONSULTANCY FOR DESIGN AND SUPERVISION OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEMES AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN LILONGWE, MULANE,
!OMBA AND MACHINGA DISTRICTS
INCEPTION REPORT
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MALAWI MALAWI
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Seven Market Centres Water Supply Project Draft Inception Report
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Chapita Consulting Engineers would like to accord special thanks to all those who worked
tirelessly and contributed to the development of this inception report. The process of
developing this report involved all key stakeholders. These include the Ministry of
Agriculture, Irrigation and ater !evelopment "MoI!#, Ministry of $ender Children and
Community !evelopment "M$C!#, Ministry of %ealth "Mo%#, &ational ater !evelopment
'rogram "&!'#, !istrict Council "!C#( and also involved various institutions surrounding the
seven market centres in )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts.
,pecial thanks are also e-tended to the following $overnment !epartments. &ational
,tatistical /0ce "&,/# who provided information with regard to water and sanitation.
A0".'-*5 %'& A))"#3+%,+.'5
A!C Area !evelopment Committee
Af!1 African !evelopment 1ank
C1M Community 1ased Management
C!A Community !evelopment Assistants
!C !istrict Council
!CT !istrict Coordinating Team
!EC !istrict E-ecutive Committee
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2
!%/ !istrict %ealth /0ce
!'! !irector of 'lanning and !evelopment
!/M !istrict /perational Manual
!/ !istrict ater /0ce
E3 European 3nion
EI1 European Investment 1ank
41/ 4aith 1ased /rgani5ations
%,A %ealth ,urveillance Assistants
)E! )ilongwe Education !ivision
M1, Malawi 1ureau of ,tandards
MI, Management Information ,ystem
M6E Monitoring and Evaluation
MoI! Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment
M$CC! Ministry of $ender, Children and Community !evelopment
Mo% Ministry of %ealth
M' Member of 'arliament
&$/ &on7$overnmental /rgani5ation
&,/ &ational ,tatistical /0ce
&!' &ational ater !evelopment 'rogram
/'EC /rgani5ation of 'etroleum7E-porting Countries
8,,' 8ural ater ,upply and ,anitation 'rogramme
,Ap ,ector ide Approach
TA Traditional Authorities
To8 Terms of 8eference
3&ICE4 3nited &ations International Children9s 4und
:!C :illage !evelopment Committee
:%C :illage %ealth and ater Committee
MA ater Monitoring Assistant
'C ater 'oint Committee
C.',#',5
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................... ;
Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................................... <
;.; $eneral 1ackground.................................................................................................. =
;.2 'urpose of the Inception 8eport................................................................................=
;.< 'ro+ect /b+ectives...................................................................................................... >
;.? ,cope of Consultancy ,ervices..................................................................................>
2.@ Consultancy ,ervices.................................................................................................. ;@
2.; ,igning of Contract.................................................................................................. ;@
2.2 Mobili5ation............................................................................................................. ;@
2.2.; 'ersonnel.......................................................................................................... ;@
2.2.; /0ces and EAuipments.......................................................................................;@
<.@ )iterature 8eview........................................................................................................ ;;
<.; ,takeholder Consultations Meetings........................................................................;;
<.2 !ata Collection and )iterature 8eview......................................................................;;
<.< Institution ,et 3p..................................................................................................... ;2
<.<.; Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment..................................................;2
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <
<.<.2 &ational ater !evelopment 'rogram..............................................................;<
<.<.< !istrict Council................................................................................................. ;<
<.<.? !istrict Coordinating Team "!CT#......................................................................;<
<.<.B $eneral Assembly.............................................................................................;<
<.<.C 3A 1oard....................................................................................................... ;?
<.<.= )ocal 3tility /perator........................................................................................;?
<.<.> ater 3sers...................................................................................................... ;?
?.@ ,ituation Analysis of Market CentreDs..........................................................................;B
?.; &athen+e Market Centre...........................................................................................;B
?.;.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. ;B
?.;.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ ;C
?.;.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ ;=
?.;.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................;E
?.;.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... ;E
?.;.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................;E
?.;.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................2@
?.;.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................2@
?.2 Gasiya Market Centre............................................................................................... 2;
?.2.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. 2;
?.2.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ 2;
?.2.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................2?
?.2.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... 2B
?.2.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................2B
?.2.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................2C
?.2.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................2C
?.< &saru Market Centre................................................................................................ 2=
?.<.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. 2=
?.<.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ 2>
?.<.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ 2>
?.<.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................<@
?.<.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... <@
?.<.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................<@
?.<.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................<@
?.<.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................<;
?.? &ta+a Market Centre................................................................................................ <;
?.?.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. <;
?.?.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ <2
?.?.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ <<
?.?.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................<?
?.?.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... <B
?.?.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................<B
?.?.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................<C
?.?.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................<C
?.B &sanama Market Centre.......................................................................................... <C
?.B.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. <C
?.B.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ <=
?.B.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ <>
?.B.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................<E
?.B.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... <E
?.B.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................?@
?.B.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................?@
?.B.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................?@
?.C Malosa Market Centre..............................................................................................?;
?.C.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. ?;
?.C.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ ?2
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?
?.C.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ ?<
?.C.? Available ater ,ources...................................................................................??
?.C.B ater Fuality.................................................................................................... ??
?.C.C ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................??
?.C.= ater ,upply Management...............................................................................?B
?.C.> 'otential ater ,ources....................................................................................?B
?.= &kando Market Centre............................................................................................. ?B
?.=.; )ocation and ,i5e.............................................................................................. ?B
?.=.2 ,ocio7Economic !ata........................................................................................ ?=
?.=.< Access to ,afe ater........................................................................................ ?=
?.=.? ater ,upply 4acilities......................................................................................?>
?.=.B ater ,upply Management..................................................................................?E
C.@ Approach and Methodology........................................................................................B;
C.; ,ocio7Economic Assessment....................................E""."@ B..9*%"9 '., &#A'#&.
C.2 4ormation and Training of 3As..............................E""."@ B..9*%"9 '., &#A'#&.
C.2.; 'reparation of constitutions..............................E""."@ B..9*%"9 '., &#A'#&.
C.2.< AcAuisition of a legal status and water licence. E""."@ B..9*%"9 '., &#A'#&.
C.< !esign, tendering and supervision of contract"s# for construction of piped water
supply schemes................................................................................................................. C;
C.<.; !esign of piped water supply schemes............................................................C;
C.<.< 'reparation of 1usiness 'lans...........................................................................>?
C.<.? Tendering of contracts for supervision of piped water supply schemes............>>
=.@ Monitoring and Evaluation.......................................................................................... E;
>.@ ork 'lan.................................................................................................................... EC
E.@ Challenges and 8ecommendations.............................................................................E=
;@.@ 8eferences.................................................................................................................. E=
Anne-es................................................................................................................................ E=
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B
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The $overnment of Malawi is committed to providing adeAuate, reliable and sustainable
water and sanitation services to the citi5ens of Malawi to meet the ever7increasing demand
for safe water for domestic, institutional, commercial and agricultural use, with emphasis on
the poor and rural communities.
Currently the $overnment of Malawi is undertaking the &ational ater !evelopment
'rogramme "&!'# which aims to build on the achievements made under the previous
pro+ects, and will be supported +ointly by development partners under the ,ector ide
Approach ",Ap# process. It is recogni5ed that a well7coordinated and integrated sector7
wide investment programme would be the most e0cient way of developing the water and
sanitation sector in Malawi. The development partners participating in the ,Ap include the
$overnment of Malawi, The African !evelopment 4und, A3,AI!, the orld 1ank, 3&ICE4,
/'EC, E3, and EI1. The initial pro+ected costs for the &!' were estimated at 3,H<@@
million and funding sourced were 3,H2?;.B million.
&!' is designed to assist in the implementation of the $overnmentDs water and sanitation
policies up to the year 2@;<. ,tarting in 2@@=, the programme is implementing pro+ects
designed to assist the $overnment of Malawi achieve improved management of the nationDs
water resources and ensuring the delivery of e0cient, reliable and sustainable water supply
and sanitation services that will beneIt an increasingly large number of people in the
country over time.
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The purpose of this Inception 8eport is show how the Consultant is going to fulIll the
implementation of this Consultancy as described in To8s. The Inception 8eport is divided in
the following Chapters. Chapter ;. Introduction, Chapter 2. Consultancy ,ervices, Chapter <.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C
!esk ,tudy, Chapter ?. ,ituation Analysis, Chapter B. Approach and Methodology, Chapter C.
Monitoring and Evaluation, Chapter =. ork 'lan, and Chapter >. Challenges and
8ecommendations
?.3 P".B#0, O)B#0,+3#5
The Consultancy is divided into two broad ob+ectives which include.
a# Community mobili5ation and training of for management of water supply
system
b# !esign, tendering and supervision of contract"s# for construction of piped
water supply schemes at market centres
?.7 S0.$# .1 C.'5(4,%'0- S#"3+0#5
As indicated in the T/8s in Anne- ; below, the Consultant will be e-pected to carry out the
following activities.
4amiliari5ation with the background to this pro+ect by reviewing e-isting documents on
previous works and the countryDs e-perience. !iscussion with line department o0cials
"e.g. ater, Community ,ervices and %ealth# and Community 1ased Management 3nits
as well as visiting market centre water supply pro+ects.
IdentiIcation and mapping out of catchment areas. Carrying out situational analysis for
provision of water, health, sanitation as well as catchment protection services.
IdentiIcation of stakeholders in the provision of water supply, health, sanitation and
catchment protection services.
Arranging and mobilising sensitisation campaigns in the pro+ect areas to ensure that
ideas of the community are incorporated in the design of water pro+ects and the
formulation of catchment rehabilitation works.
In Consultation with stakeholders, developing agreed strategies, work plans, budgets and
activity schedules for community based management for catchment protection, health,
sanitation and water supply.
,etting up of targets and measurable indicators for water supply, catchment protection,
health and sanitation components.
,etting up andJor strengthening district level committees, in the pro+ect areas, to provide
them with skills to manage sanitation, health, and water services and protect catchment.
Establishing 'ro+ect Management Committees and ater 3ser Associations to facilitate
implementation of the water supply, hygiene, sanitation and catchment protection
pro+ects.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =
Assist ater 3ser Associations in the development of management tools including fund
raising and Inancial management, monitoring and keeping of records of performance of
water points.
8eviewing e-isting training materials on hygiene, sanitation and water supply promotion
and making necessary improvements in liaison with the e-perts and stake holders. In
particular paying attention to safe and adeAuate disposal of waste water from water
sources within the community, safe and adeAuate disposal of sullage "grey water# and
solid waste management and disposal..
!rawing up plans for monitoring and evaluation of the community based management
system implemented and measuring their success against set targets and indicators.
Monitoring the success of the pro+ect in matching community demands and willingness
and ability to contribute towards water supply and sanitation improvement services.
8.0 C.'5(4,%'0- S#"3+0#5
8.? S+2'+'2 .1 C.',"%0,
The pro+ect commenced with the signing of the consulting contract on 2;
st
&ovember, 2@;;
after successful negotiations with the Client. The Consultant will abide to this contract
document in order to make sure that the pro+ect is running smoothly to achieve pro+ect
ob+ectives.
8.8 M.)+4+=%,+.'
8.8.? P#"5.''#4
The mobili5ation of pro+ect personnel started immediately after the signing of the
consultancy service contract. The mobili5ation process started with the formation of the
consultancy team itself which comprises of Team )eader, ,ocio7,cientist, %ydrologist, ater
,upply Engineers, Environmentalist and 1usiness Analyst.
Apart from the key personnel, the Consultant also mobili5ed 3A facilitators, Administrative
,ecretary, Auto7Cad Technician and !rivers during the community mobili5ation and training
phase.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >
8.8.? OC0#5 %'& ED(+$*#',5
The mobilisation e-ercise also includes the establishment of the o0ce with all the necessary
o0ce eAuipment and furniture. The o0ces are situated in Area ?=, oK M; Gamu5u
procession road in )ilongwe City. The pro-imity of the o0ces to $overnment /0ces and
!istrict Council o0ce facilitates smooth running of pro+ect activities when advance funding
is made by the client.
Apart from this permanent o0ces, the Consultant plans to establish its o0ces in the !CDs
o0ces in Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts.
The Consultant will initially use its four "?# four wheel drive vehicles while waiting for
procurement of four "?# vehicles meant for the pro+ect. These vehicles are made available.
3.0 L+,#"%,("# R#3+#:
In order for the Consultant to understand fully the scope of works under this Consultancy, it
was decided to carry out a desk study and collect all relevant information which is available
through stakeholder consultation meetings and Ield visits in the = market centres.
3.? S,%9#/.4&#" C.'5(4,%,+.'5 M##,+'25
The Consultant had a series of meetings with the following stakeholders. Ministry of
Irrigation and ater development, !istrict Council o0cials from )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba,
and Mulan+e !istricts as shown in Anne- ;.@ below.
3.8 D%,% C.44#0,+.' %'& L+,#"%,("# R#3+#:
The Consultant also collected various documents from Ministry of Irrigation and ater
!evelopment, !C o0ces, &ational ,tatistical Association "&,/#, other Consultants, and &on
$overnmental /rgani5ations "&$/s#. These documents include(
!istrict proIles for )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts
2@@> 'opulation and %ousing Census 8eport
Multiple Indicator Cluster ,urvey 8eports for )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and
Mulan+e !istricts
,ocial and $ender 8eport, ,upporting Malawi &ational !evelopment 'rogram
$uidelines for establishment of ater 3ser Associations in Malawi
ater ,upply and ,anitation !istrict /perational Manual
Implementation Manual for 'iped and 'oint ater ,upply ,ystems
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age E
Implementation manual for Market centreDs, Market Centers, ,urrounding :illages
'iped ater ,upply and ,anitation.
ater 3sers Association Training Manual
The ;E>C master study for urban and rural water supply in Malawi by Carbro
Consultants
These documents were thoroughly reviewed by the Consultants team and some relevant
information e-tracted to develop this Inception 8eport
3.3 I'5,+,(,+.' S#, U$
The Consultant reviewed a number of documents collected from &!' and !istrict Council
o0ces to come up with the institutional set up of the ater ,upply and ,anitation
'rogramme. The structure is described in Ig ; below.
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3.3.? M+'+5,"- .1 I""+2%,+.' %'& W%,#" D#3#4.$*#',
Irrigation and ater !evelopment ,ector is ranked as the second priority area in the Malawi
$rowth and !evelopment ,trategy "M$!,#. MIo! is made up of the following
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;@
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!epartments. ater 8esources, ater ,upply ,ervices, ,anitation and %ygiene ,ervices,
Irrigation, Management and ,upport.
The Mission statement of the Ministry of irrigation and ater !evelopment is to manage and
develop water resources for sustainable, eKective and e0cient provision of potable water,
sanitation and irrigation systems in support of MalawiDs economic growth and development
agenda.
The MinistryDs mandate is to ascertain a sustainable provision of water supply and sanitation
services and implementation of irrigation development programmes in order to contribute to
socio7economic growth in Malawi.
3.3.8 N%,+.'%4 W%,#" D#3#4.$*#', P".2"%*
At national level, the Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment is supported by &ational
ater !evelopment 'rogram to coordinate and supervise development programmes.
3.3.3 D+5,"+0, C.('0+4
The $overnment of Malawi adopted the !ecentrali5ation 'olicy to allow the people to take
an active role on issues of government, development and decision making on matters of
development. 4ollowing this, the Ministry of )ocal $overnment through the !istrict Council
formerly known as the !istrict Assembly has the mandate of coordinating and supervising
development programmesJ pro+ects in the !istrict. The !istrict Council will facilitate the
implementation of the 8ural ater and ,anitation 'rogramme at !istrict level and has the
following roles.
a# Information dissemination on 8,,' and encouraging community
participation
b# ,electing interested communities to be assisted
c# Monitoring of community pro+ects
d# Contracting private sector to drill boreholes
3.3.7 D+5,"+0, C.."&+'%,+'2 T#%* EDCTF
The !CT comprising of the !'!, !/, !C!/, !E%/, and !4/ provides day to day
leadership and coordination of water and sanitation activities. The team carries out planning
and administrative tasks to support the programme, serving as a communication link with all
stakeholders in the !istrict.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;;
3.3.5 G#'#"%4 A55#*)4-
$eneral Assembly "$A# shall be composed of members elected by the community from the
institutions surrounding the market place comprising of A!MA8C, health facilities, schools,
police, religious institutions, agro7dealers, trading centres, Area !evelopment Committee
and :illage !evelopment Committee. The composition of the $A shall be agreed with the
Client prior to commencement of establishment of 3As.
3.3.6 WUA B.%"&
3A board shall comprise =7;< members democratically elected from the $A by members of
the $A themselves who are able to read, write and understand simple English. There shall
also be a minimum of three independent members who shall note have the right to vote
consisting of the !istrict Commissioner, !istrict ater !evelopment /0cer, Traditional
Chiefs and other eligible members from the clergy "regardless of their religious a0liation#(
retired o0cers( or any person with inLuence.
The 3A board shall assist in opening of a bank account for the 3A with three signatories
namely Chairperson, Treasurer and ,ecretary. The bank account shall be opened in a bank of
the 3As choice.
3.3.7 L.0%4 U,+4+,- O$#"%,."
The local utility operator shall be recruited by the 3A board in accordance with appropriate
recruitment procedures. The operator shall be a Malawian and preferably from the same
area and in possession of a minimum !iploma in Civil Engineering, Irrigation Engineering,
Environmental %ealth, 1usiness Administration or any relevant Ield.
3.3.G W%,#" U5#"5
ater users shall be all individuals, households or institutions using the water supplied by
the scheme.
7.0 S+,(%,+.' A'%4-5+5 .1 M%"9#, C#',"#H5
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;2
The Consultant visited all the = market centres from "dates# to "dates# 2@;; with the aim of
gathering in7depth information with regard to the e-isting situation on location and si5e,
socio7economic data, access to safe water, water Auality, available water sources, water
supply facilities, and water supply management.
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&athen+e is found in )ilongwe in Central 8egion of Malawi. It is designated as a rural market
centre situated appro-imately 2B km east of )ilongwe City along &orth and ,outh sides of
)ilongweM1lantyre "M;# 8oad. $eographically, the market centre is at BE>@@@ E and
>??<@@@ &
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Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;<
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$reater commercial land usage is found on the ,outhern side where there is a market and a
Trading Centre. There are some medium density housing and villages of traditional semi7
permanent type.
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As a designated a rural market, &athen+e has an urban structure plan prepared by the Town
and Country 'lanning !epartment of Malawi $overnment. 3rban development has
concentrated on the southern side of the )ilongwe M 1lantyre "M;# 8oad and west of
&athen+e 8iver. Establishments at the centre include A!MA8C 4acility, 'rivate ,econdary
,chools, Tobacco $rading Centre, 'olice 'ost, Islamic Centre, :eterinary Clinic, %ealth Clinic,
Agriculture Training ,chool, 'rimary ,chool to the &orth, Commercial development restricted
to a few shops, restaurants, bars leisure centres and the &athen+e Catholic Mission
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There is an E,C/M power line providing electricity from the &ational $rid. The power line is
currently serving all institutions, small scale industrial and commercial facilities including
residential houses.
7.?.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &athen+e
has a population of ?,BE> people with an annual population growth rate of <.;N.
As a designated a rural market, &athen+e has an urban structure plan prepared by the
Market centres and Country 'lanning !epartment of Malawi $overnment. 3rban
development has concentrated on the southern side of the )ilongwe M 1lantyre "M;# 8oad
and west of &athen+e 8iver. Establishments at the centre include A!MA8C 4acility, 'rivate
,econdary ,chools, Tobacco $rading Centre, 'olice 'ost, Islamic Centre, :eterinary Clinic,
%ealth Clinic, Agriculture Training ,chool, 'rimary ,chool to the &orth, Commercial
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;?
development restricted to a few shops, restaurants, bars leisure centres and the &athen+e
Catholic Mission
$reater commercial land usage is found on the ,outhern side where there is a market and a
Trading Centre. There are some medium density housing and villages of traditional semi7
permanent type.
7.?.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
The community and public institutions at &athen+e Market Centre get their water mainly
from boreholes. ,ome of the boreholes particularly for institutions use electric powered
pumps to pump water to elevated plastic tanks. The water is then distributed through stand
pipes located outside residential houses. 4ew o0ces are Itted with waterborne sanitation
systems.
omen and children are the ones that collect, transport and store water. ater is a problem
at &athen+e Market Centre since most water points have low water tables such that women
and children walk long distances covering ; Gm searching for water. &ormally, women and
children spend ? to C hours in a day to fetch water due to long distance, long Aueues and
overcrowding at water points. %ence women wake up early to fetch water when the water
table is still high and even late at night to take advantage of small Aueues. Children in most
cases miss classes while some drop out of school to do household chores such as fetching
water and Irewood. omen are the ones who are disadvantaged as they have little time to
do income generating activities since they spend a lot of time carrying out household chores
hence a lot of women live in poverty.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;B
The Auality and long Aueues at some boreholes has forced women to use water from
&athen+e 8iver where they spend between ;B to <@ minutes. !etails on assessment of water
sources are presented in Table ;.@ below.
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I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,
,##
N.. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
&athen+e Trading
Committee
B boreholes The water is salty
&athen+e 'olice 3nit &one. 3se a
communal borehole
The water is a little bit salty
&athen+e %ealth
Centre
Tap water from a
borehole driven by
motori5ed pump
Test good but unreliable during electricity
power black outs
; 1orehole The water is a little bit salty
!5uka $irls 'rivate
,chool
Tap water from a
borehole driven by
motori5ed pump
power black outs
; 1orehole Test good but unreliable as it normally has
technical faults
Mwatibu 'rimary
,chool
; 1orehole The water is salty
&athen+e A!MA8C Tap water from
borehole driven by
motori5ed pump
power black outs
Mwatibu C!,, ; 1orehole The water is salty
&athen+e Market 3se water from
&athen+e river since
their borehole is not
working
The untreated water which is not reliable as
it increases the occurrence of water borne
diseases
7.?.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
Currently &athen+e mainly uses groundwater from boreholes eAuipped with Afridev hand
pumps. $roundwater source is not sustainable. The yields of e-isting boreholes are very low
in the range of dry to ;.@ lJs. Considering the number of boreholes and their yields, the
e-isting boreholes do not satisfy the present water demand and the type of system is not
convenient for urban setting. 1ecause of this, some residents opt for unprotected water
supplies including open hand dug wells and sometimes &athen+e 8iver. ,ome of the water
sources are shown below in Igure 2 and Ig <.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;C

F+2 8: A )."#/.4# %, M:%,+)( CDSS F+2 3: N%,/#'B# R+3#"
7.?.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
The analysis for physical, chemical and bacteriological composition carried out on water
samples from boreholes by Central ater Fuality )aboratory indicates that the Auality of the
water is suitable for domestic consumption, considering that the concentrations of Luoride,
iron and sulphate, which are problem elements in the 'recambrian 1asement Comple-
aAuifer, are very low.
7.?.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
&athen+e has no commercial reticulated water supply system. There is a motorised pump
Itted borehole at A!MA8C that supplies A!MA8C, 'olice 'ost, %ealth Clinic, 'ost /0ce and
;B other houses that buy water at a stand7 pipe. There is another motorised pump Itted
borehole serving Agriculture Trading Centre.
Ma+ority of the residents obtain their water from hand pump Itted boreholes "which need
repairs and maintenance from time to time# while some obtain water from hand dug wells.
There are also privately owned boreholes not accessible by the residents.
7.?.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
ater facilities for institutions are managed by the institutions that own them. A!MA8C
manages its small piped water system and the other institutions are responsible for their
boreholes. The community boreholes are managed by water point committees which
comprise of elected members from the beneIciary communities. :ibrancy of these
committees is variable depending on who is elected. The water point committees are
responsible for operation and maintenance of the borehole which is funded through cash
contributions from the beneIciary households.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;=
7.?.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
'reliminary Indings from desk studies and Ield observations were done after a thorough
analysis of the available water resources within easy reach of the market centre. These
comprised of surface and ground water resources.
The main river in the area is the &athen+e, which passes the market centre at the bridge on
M;. According to a study done by Carbro in ;E>C, at this point the river drains a catchment
area of about ;@@ km
2
. !ischarge records from e-isting gauging stations on &athen+e 8iver
show very low Lows during the dry season, making the surface water option an
unacceptable alternative J option for &athen+e ater ,upply using direct abstraction.
There are three dams south of &athen+e Market Centre( and from the Carl 1ro report, it is
clear that these dams would not be an ideal source of water supply for the market centre
because of their inadeAuate storage. This is further compounded by the limited areal e-tent
of the catchment, which limits inLows into the reservoirs and volume of storage.
ith the unreliability of surface water sources this means that &athen+e will be supplied from
ground water resources. The abstraction of ground water will mean using a number of
boreholes interconnected to meet the 2@<@ demand hori5on. %owever detailed surveys will
be carried out on both ground and surface water sources to ascertain the truthiness of the
facts from previous studies
7.8 <%5+-% M%"9#, C#',"#
7.8.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
Gasiya is located about B@km est7&orth7est and it is one of the market centres in
)ilongwe district in the Central 8egion. It is in Traditional Authority Ghongoni and is accessed
by two roads namely T<?C from MC and !;=E from ,;;=. It is located at B<E@@@ E and
>?=>@@@ & in the )ilongwe plain.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;>
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
V#2#,%,+.'
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& U5#
L%'& U5#
The market centre is surrounded by both smallholder tobacco gardens and small to medium
farms.
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
The centre has government agency o0ces namely, police unit and a primary school on the
eastern side of Mudi 8iver, Agriculture station, a court, A!MA8C depot. There are also local
authority facilities such as market. There is also a Tobacco Association of Malawi !epot.
Apart from the traders who run grocery shops, hawkers, restaurants and rest houses, there
are institutional houses for staK of various establishments in the area. The rest of the
settlements or buildings are residential homes for the resident community members. The
settlements are mainly located along the secondary roads passing through the market
centre
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.8.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &athen+e
has a population of 2,=E> people with an annual population growth rate of <.;N.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ;E
The centre has government agency o0ces namely, police unit and a primary school on the
eastern side of Mudi 8iver, Agriculture station, a court, A!MA8C depot. There are also local
authority facilities such as market. There is also a Tobacco Association of Malawi !epot.
Apart from the traders who run grocery shops, hawkers, restaurants and rest houses, there
are institutional houses for staK of various establishments in the area. The rest of the
settlements or buildings are residential homes for the resident community members. The
settlements are mainly located along the secondary roads passing through the market
centre. The market centre is surrounded by both smallholder tobacco gardens and small to
medium farms
7.8.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
Gasiya Market Centre is categori5ed into B areas namely Mbandanga, Imani, ,oweto ;,
,oweto 2 and Mchenga village. The social and gender study carried out by Cardno )td
"Australia# revealed that about =@N of C;; households use water from boreholeDs while the
rest use water from unprotected shallow wells. omen and children play a crucial role in
collecting, transporting and storing water. !ue to the limited number of boreholes, there are
long Aueues and overcrowding at boreholes as a result women and children spend < to ?
hours, a day collecting and transporting water. An average house of B people normally uses
>@ to ;@@ litres a day. hile women fetch water, they also have to collect Irewood, cook and
do some other household chores. Times spend to collect and transport water hinders them
from doing other income generating activities hence they still leave in poverty. Children
especially girls also miss classes and in certain cases they drop out of school as they spend
a lot of time performing household chores such as collecting and transporting water.
B= N of the key personnel from the public institutions interviewed described water from the
current water sources as salty and not safe to drink without treatment. ,ee Table 2.@ that
present the situation with regards to Auality and reliability of water sources.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2@
T%)4# 8.0: A55#55*#', .1 W%,#" S.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,,
##
N.. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
Gasiya Trading
Committee
2 boreholes The water test good but unreliable because of
the time taken to collect and transport the water
3nprotected
wells
ater with mud causing diarrhea and stomach
pains
Gasiya C!,, ; 1orehole The water is a little bit salty
3nprotected
wells
ater test good but has mud
Gasiya 'olice 3nit &one. but use a
nearby
Communal
borehole
;. The water is salty
Gasiya market 2. ; 1orehole <. The water is a little bit salty
Gasiya 'rimary ,chool ; 1orehole The water is salty
3nprotected
wells
Ghongoni %ealth
centre
2 1oreholes Test good and is reliable
Gasiya A!MA8C 3nprotected
wells
- The unprotected well has snakes
- ater test good but has mud
7.8.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
Gasiya mainly uses groundwater sources. Currently there are Ive boreholes at the market
centre with yields of between ;.@ lJs and <.@ lJs. There are also surface water sources the
nearest being Mudi 8iver which runs across the market centre. %owever, the river is wide
and shallow. The Lows of the river are reasonable( however there shall be need to carry out
detailed hydrological analysis of the Lows and identify a location for intake in the detailed
design stage if groundwater sources are chosen for the proposed water supply system. An
e-ample of the water sources is shown below in Igure ?
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2;
F+2: 7: A )."#/.4# %, <%5+-%
According to Carl 1ro 8eport, and conIrmed by the water Auality tests done for this report,
the water Auality from the e-isting water sources is variable "Carl 1ro International, ;E>>#.
The water from the old primary school borehole was reported to be very hard, saline, and
aggressive and stains clothes. %owever, the current borehole at the primary school drilled
about ;@@m away has better water Auality.

7.8.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
ater samples collected from two boreholes and from Mudi 8iver show very high values
"i.e., ;@E> 4C J ;@@ ml# rendering the water unsuitable for human consumption. The sulphate
and iron content of ground water is higher on the eastern side of the Mudi than on the
western side.
7.8.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
There is no piped water supply system at Gasiya. The main means of access of household
water are boreholes eAuipped with Afridev hand pumps and protected wells. There are Ive
boreholes one of which is not functional. The functional boreholes are located at the market
and shops "western side# and one at the primary school "on the eastern side#.
Each bore hole has two concrete sinks for washing. The waste water is disposed by means of
soak pits. Currently there are sanitation challenges on most of the boreholes. the drains and
soak pits are blocked by solid wastes such as plastic papers and rubbish and there is
stagnant water.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 22
7.8.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
The water sources are managed by the institutions and water point committees who are
responsible for operation and maintenance. In case of users other than institutions, the
beneIciary communities bear the costs for operation and maintenance.
7.8.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
According to the Carlbro 8eport of ;E>C, the main river in the area is the 1ua which runs
appro-imately ;@ km to the west of Gasiya through an area covered with dambos. In this
region, the 1ua is not perennial and hence not ideal water supply source for the market
centre. The other surface water supply body in the area is the Mudi, which passes through
the central part of the market centre. This river may reAuire storage if there is need to use it
as a water supply source.
The present ground water abstraction at Gasiya is limited to nine boreholes Itted with
Afridev hand pumps and one borehole eAuipped with a motori5ed pump at A!MA8C
premises. )ike the &athen+e boreholes, the yields vary from @.>; litres per second to <.@
litres per second. %owever, the hydrogeological analysis of the market centre showed that
some areas within the market centre might have good ground water potential, particularly
the western side of Mudi 8iver where the Auality of ground water may not pose problems
4indings from desk studies and Ield surveys indicate that Gasiya Market Centre may be
supplied from ground water resources considering that the Mudi 8iver may not sustain
adeAuate Lows during the dry season and that water abstraction from the 1ua 8iver may
not be a viable option. The Consultant came to this conclusion after a thorough analysis of
the available water resources within easy reach of the market centre. The abstraction of
ground water will mean using a number of boreholes interconnected to meet the 2@<@
demand hori5on. %owever detailed surveys will be carried out on both ground and surface
water sources to ascertain the truthiness of the facts from previous studies
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2<
7.3 N5%"( M%"9#, C#',"#
7.3.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
&saru is located about ?@km est7&orth7est and it is a market centres in Traditional
Authority Gabudula in )ilongwe district in the Central 8egion. It is accessed by secondary
road ",;;=# and a district road "!;>? 6 !;>B# from MC. It is connected to Gasiya by ,;;=
and !;=E. It is locates at BB?@@@ E and >?CB@@@ & in the )ilongwe plain.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
V#2#,%,+.'
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& U5#
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
&saru is a typical market centre in terms of its infrastructure development which comprise of
government institutions such as primary and secondary schools, Agriculture Training Centre,
A!MA8C and a trading centre which includes a rural market.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2?
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.3.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &saru has
a population of 2@?@ people with an annual population growth rate of <.;N.
&saru is a typical market centre which comprise of government institutions such as primary
and secondary schools, Agriculture Training Centre, A!MA8C and a trading centre which
includes a rural market.
7.3.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
&saru Market Centre is categori5ed into B areas namely &saru ;, &saru 2, &saru <, &saru ?,
&saru B. All these areas have boreholes e-cept for &saru < and &saru B. )ack of adeAuate
boreholes make accessibility to safe water a problem as women and children wait on long
Aueues at a particular water point spending ?@ minutes on a single trip to obtain 2@ litres of
water and normally having B to C trips a day to collect water. omen spend ? hrs a day
collecting and transporting water from the water sources to their respective homes. This
leaves women with less time on household chores rather than on income generating
activities as such a lot women live under poverty. !etails on the Auality and reliability of
water sources are presented in Table <.@
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2B
T%)4# 3.0: A55#55*#', .1 W%,#" S.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,,
##
N.. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
&saru Trading
Committee
< boreholes The water has a smell and is salty
S
&saru %ealth centre Tap water from a
borehole driven
by motori5ed
pump
The water test good but not reliable when there
are electrical power black outs
&saru market &one. 3se a
communal
borehole
&saru 'olice 3nit &one. but use a
nearby
Communal
borehole
The water has a smell and is salty
ater with mud
&saru ,econdary
,chool
?. Tap water from a
borehole driven
by solar energy
&ot reliable during clouds
&saru A!MA8C ; 1orehole The water has a good test but is unreliable as
women spend a lot of time at this borehole
3nprotected
wells
Gabuthu 'rimary
,chool
Tap water from
manual driven
borehole
The water smells
&saru 8esidential
Training Centre
7.3.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
&saru market centre is currently using ground water sources which are abstracted by means
of boreholes eAuipped with hand pumps and submersible pumps. /ther communities use
protected and unprotected wells. An e-ample of the water sources is shown below in Igure
;.<.;.<
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2C
F+2 5: A )."#/.4# %, N5%"( S#0.'&%"- S0/..4
7.3.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
ater samples were collected from three boreholes shows that the water is safe for human
consumption.

7.3.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
The communities use boreholes Itted with hand pumps while two institutions namely, &saru
%ealth Centre and $irls 'rivate ,chools have their own small private piped water supply
systems. The systems comprise of a borehole eAuipped with a submersible pump, a short
transmission main, 2@m
<
elevated plastic tanks and a small reticulation system covering the
institution and a few staK houses.
7.3.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
The small piped water supply systems are managed by the institutions while the boreholes
are managed by water point committees e-cept for one borehole which is privately owned
by a former member of parliament. The beneIciary communities are responsible for
operation and maintenance. In case of public boreholes the communities contribute money
through the water point committees for maintenance of the water sources. /n the other
hand the privately owned water sources are maintained by the owners
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2=
7.3.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
8esults of desk studies and Ield surveys show that the absence of perennial rivers in the
area precludes the possibility of using surface water resources as a source of water supply
for &saru Market Centre. &otable surface water bodies include &saru 8iver, which only
sustains Lows during the rainy season, and the two dams "Thumba and &saru# that are
currently used for irrigated agriculture hence the most feasible source of water supply for
&saru Market Centre may be abstraction of groundwater through boreholes which will then
be interconnected to meet the 2@<@ demand hori5on. The Consultant arrived at this
conclusion after a detailed analysis of available water resources within easy reach of the
market centre..
7.7 N,%B% M%"9#, C#',"#
7.7.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
&ta+a is a market centre in Machinga !istrict. It is located ?E kilometres north east of
)iwonde Market centres along 1akili Mulu5i %ighway. &ta+a Market centre is under TJA
Gawinga. &ta+a is a Lat area which lies at an altitude of about B@ m above sea level.
$eographically the centre lies between ==
@
;>D;?O and ==
@
2>D;?O easting and ><
o
B<DC>O and
><
o
BBDC>O northing.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2>
V#2#,%,+.'
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& (5#
The market centre has the following land use patterns which are agriculture, settlement,
commercial and public facilities. ,ettlement and agriculture are dominating ones.
Agricultural land use alone covers about B= percent of total land.
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
Commercial structures at the centre include rest houses, Chipiku store, ,outhern 1ottlers
depot, 'eoples Trading Centre, groceries and mai5e and rice mills. 'ublic facilities present
are &ta+a 'olice station, A!MA8C, &ta+a %ealth Centre, MT) e-change, primary schools and
community day secondary schools
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.7.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &ta+a has
a population of B>E; people with an annual population growth rate of 2.EN.
The market centre has the following ,ocio7Economic !ata patterns which are agriculture,
settlement, commercial and public facilities. ,ettlement and agriculture are dominating
ones. Agricultural ,ocio7Economic !ata alone covers about B= percent of total land.
Commercial structures at the centre include rest houses, Chipiku store, ,outhern 1ottlers
depot, 'eoples Trading Centre, groceries and mai5e and rice mills. 'ublic facilities present
are &ta+a 'olice station, A!MA8C, &ta+a %ealth Centre, MT) e-change, primary schools and
community day secondary schools
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age 2E
7.7.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
About CBN of ;<EC people around &ta+a Market Centre use boreholes as their main source of
water while the rest use water from streams, unprotected wells and gravity fed taps
abstracting the water from Chikala hills. omen are the primary collectors and transporters
of water from the boreholes to their houses. omen and children spend 2B to <@ minutes on
a single trip to fetch water from the water source to their house. An average house of B
people made B trips to the water source. omen spend a Auarter of their time collecting and
transporting water, this prevents them from doing other income generating activities that
can help themselves to sustain their livelihoods. !etails on the Auality and reliability of
water sources are presented in Table ?.@ below.
T%)4# 7.0: A55#55*#', .1 :%,#" 5.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,,
##
N. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
&ta+a Trading
Committee
= boreholes The water smells and is salty.
&ta+a market &one. 3se a
communal
borehole
The water is salty.
Michongwe 'rimary
,chool
&one. 3se a
communal
borehole
The water taste good but it is unreliable as
women and children more than 2 hours a day
collecting and transporting water
&ta+a 'olice 3nit
&ta+a 8ural %ospital ; 1orehole The water is salty.
&ta+a A!MA8C ; 1orehole The water is salty.
7.7.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
$roundwater is the most reliable source of water for the centre. ,urface water source is in
limited supply since the perennial rivers are about <@ km away in the Chikala %ills. Mben+ere
and &khande 8ivers which are within the centre are annual rivers. Gawinga $ravity 8ural
ater ,upply ,cheme which gets water from the Chikala %ills used to supply part of &ta+a in
the past but the system is not working as of now due to vandalism of pipes. An e-ample of
the water sources is shown below in Igure C.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <@
F+2("# 6: A )."#/.4# +' N,%B%
7.7.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
ater samples were collected from three boreholes shows that the water is safe for human
consumption.
7.7.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
There are about ;; hand pump Itted boreholes with one broken down. Mben+ere and
&khande 8ivers also provide water for domestic uses although these rivers are annual. As
already indicated above, previously the area was supplied from Gawinga gravity fed system
from Chikala hills but is not working due to pipe vandalism.
Three institutions which included Mben+ere ,econdary ,chool "M,,#, ,t. MaryDs 'astoral
Centre and &ta+a %ealth Centre "&%C# have pumping systems. M,, had a submersible
pump which discharges into 2@ m
<
elevated tank and supplies the school and seven staK
houses. The system at the 'astoral centre supplies the hostels and the church while the
system at the %ealth Centre supplies the centre e-cluding staK houses.
7.7.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
The management of water supply varies from one source to the other. 4or boreholes which
are Itted with handpumps, the management is through ater 'oint Committees. These
committee are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <;
community within the vicinity of the boreholes.The management of other institutional
systems are privately managed by the institutions themselves.
7.7.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
The absence of perennial rivers in the vicinity of the market centre makes it di0cult to use
surface water resources as a source of water supply for &ta+a Market Centre. %owever, as
pointed out above, the rehabilitation of Gawinga $ravity 4ed 8ural ater ,upply may
augment the water supplies for &ta+a.
4indings from desk studies and Ield surveys indicate that 1oreholes are the only potential
source of water supply to the market centre. The yields were noted to vary from @.?< litres
per second to ;.; litres per second. %owever, the yields could be enhanced with better
borehole siting and improved borehole construction methods.
7.5 N5%'%*% M%"9#, C#',"#
7.5.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
&sanama is another market centre in TA GawingaDs area and is about ;2 km to &ta+a. It is
located <> kilometres north east of )iwonde Market centres along 1akili Mulu5i %ighway.
&sanama is a Lat area which lies at an altitude of about B@ m above sea level.
$eographically the area lies between =C
o
=@D and ==
o
easting and between ><
o
?@D and ><
o
??D
northing.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <2
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
V#2#,%,+.'
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& U5#
)and at the market centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and public
facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock.
The main crops grown are tobacco, rice, mai5e, paprika and soya while livestock reared
include cattle and goats. ,ettlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mi-ture of
traditional, high density permanent and medium density housing type.
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
Commercial and public structures at the centre include wholesales, grocery shops, rest
houses, mai5e 6 rice mills, schools, &sanama %ealth centre, post o0ce and &sanama E.'.A.
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.5.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &sanama
has a population of ??;> people with an annual population growth rate of 2.EN.
)and at the market centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and public
facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock.
The main crops grown are tobacco, rice, mai5e, paprika and soya while livestock reared
include cattle and goats.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <<
,ettlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mi-ture of traditional, high density
permanent and medium density housing type. Commercial and public structures at the
centre include wholesales, grocery shops, rest houses, mai5e 6 rice mills, schools, &sanama
%ealth centre, post o0ce and &sanama E.'.A.
7.5.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
The study revealed that C@ N of ;@;< households use boreholes as their main source of
water. omen are the ones, whose role is to collect, transport and store the water. omen
spend <@ to <B minutes on a single trip and normally make C trips every day as such they
spend at least 2 hours every day to fetch water. The time spend at water points and also on
other household chores prevents women from doing income generating activities hence
poverty levels still remains the same.
The consultant also administered a number of Auestions to assess the water source currently
being used by the community and public facilities around &sanama Market Centre. ,ee Table
B.@ below.
T%)4# 5.0: A55#55*#', .1 W%,#" S.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,,
##
N. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
&sanama Trading
Committee
= boreholes The water smells and is salty.
&sanama market &one. 3se a
communal
borehole
The water is salty
&sanama 'rimary
,chool
&one. 3se a
communal
borehole
The water taste good but it is unreliable as
women and children more than 2 hours a day
collecting and transporting water
&sanama E'A ; 1orehole )ittle bit salty
&sanama C!,, ; 1orehole The water is salty
&sanama %ealth
Centre
Mlomba A!MA8C
7.5.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
$roundwater is the most reliable source of water for the centre. ,urface water source is in
limited supply since the perennial rivers are about <@ km away in the Chikala %ills. /ther
sources are unprotected shallow wells and streams. The most notable stream is Mwalasi
emanating from Chikala %ills.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <?

7.5.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
ater samples were collected from three boreholes show that the water is safe for human
consumption, e-cept for the feacal coliform count for Mgodi 4arm borehole that gave a value
of ;=C 4CJ;@@ ml.
7.5.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
There are about si- "C# hand pump Itted boreholes and several shallow wells. The most
notable stream is Mwalasi emanating from Chikala %ills. 'reviously the area was supplied
from MgodiJGawinga gravity fed system from Chikala hills but is not working due to pipe
vandalism as shown below in Igure =.
F+2 7: T/# "#*%+'5 .1 % "("%4 :%,#" 5($$4- $+$# F." <%:+'2% G"%3+,- F#&
W%,#" S($$4-
&sanama %ealth Centre had its own pumping system supplying the hospital and staK
houses. ,taK houses have stand taps.
7.5.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
committee are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the
community within the vicinity of the boreholes.
The management of other institutional systems are privately managed by the institutions
themselves.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <B
7.5.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
The absence of perennial rivers in the vicinity of the market centre makes it di0cult to use
surface water resources as a source of water supply for &sanama Market Centre. %owever,
as pointed out above, the rehabilitation of Gawinga $ravity 4ed 8ural ater ,upply may
augment the water supplies for the market centre.
1oreholes are the only source of water supply to the market centre. The yields were noted to
vary from @.B litres per second to ;.; litres per second. %owever, the yields could be
enhanced with better borehole siting and improved borehole construction methods.
7.6 M%4.5% M%"9#, C#',"#
7.6.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
&amwera Turn7oK also known as Malosa is located ?@ km from *omba. The area is found in
*omba !istrict. The average elevation at the centre of the area is about =C@ meters above
sea level and its coordinates are ;B
o
;=D, and <B
o
;2DE.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
V#2#,%,+.'
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <C
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& U5#
Around the market centre, there is smallholder farming taking place with cassava and rice
being the ma+or cash crops grown at &amwera Turn oK with mai5e as food crop. )ivestock
reared are cattle, pigs, goats and chickens.
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
'ublic facilities at the centre include post and telecommunications and A!MA8C. There is ,t.
)uke hospital under Anglican Church, full primary, secondary and nursing schools. The
centre has an urban structure plan and is connected to the national power grid.
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.6.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, Malosa
has a population of ?>=C people with an annual population growth rate of 2.@N.
'ublic facilities at the centre include post and telecommunications and A!MA8C. There is ,t.
)uke hospital under Anglican Church, full primary, secondary and nursing schools. The
centre has an urban structure plan and is connected to the national power grid.
Cassava and rice are ma+or cash crops grown at &amwera Turn oK with mai5e as food crop.
)ivestock reared are cattle, pigs, goats and chickens.
7.6.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
The main source of water at Malosa Market Centre is mainly from boreholes and Tap water.
The market centre comprises of the following chiefs. Pauma, Chipile, !isi, Awadi and
Malunga. The consultations with the trading committee indicated that the ma+ority "about
C@N# of ?>=C people drink water from improved sources such as boreholes and tap water.
)ow pressure in most taps has resulted in long Aueues and overcrowding at water points.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <=
This has further led to women walking long distances searching for water and in most cases
fetching water from unprotected wells as well as )ikwenu and )ifani rivers. omen usually
spend < hours per day collecting about ;2@ litres a day. The current water sources are not
reliable as with regard to the time spent to collect and transport water. omen do not have
ample time to do income generating activities that can improve and sustain their daily lives
as a result a lot of the women are living under poverty. !etails on the Auality and reliability
of water sources are presented in Table C.@ below.
T%)4# 6.0: A55#55*#', .1 W%,#" S.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,,
##
N.. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
Malosa Trading
Committee
= boreholes The water test good but is not reliable in terms
of time spent by women and children to access
safe water.
Malosa market 'iped water from
,t. )ukes
%ospital
The water test good and is reliable in terms of
time spent by women and children to access
safe water
Mawilo 'rivate ,chool ; 1orehole The water test good but is not reliable
Msambaisa 'rimary
,chool
; 1orehole The water test good but is not reliable in terms
of time spent at the water point
,t )ukes %ospital Tap water The water source is very reliable also shared
with surrounding villages
Malosa A!MA8C Communal Tap
water
The water test good but comes with mud
3se a communal
borehole
7.6.7 A3%+4%)4# W%,#" S.("0#5
Malosa Area has both surface and ground water sources. The perennial rivers available in
the areas are )ikwenu 8iver to the &orth and )ufani 8iver to the ,outh of the centre. An
e-ample of the water sources is shown below in Igure >.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <>
F+2 G: A )."#/.4# +' M%4.5%
7.6.5 W%,#" J(%4+,-
ater samples were collected from the intake point on )ikwenu 8iver, a borehole at
,ambaisa 'rimary ,chool and from a tap at Malosa MosAue shows that the water is safe for
human consumption.
7.6.6 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
Malosa has several boreholes that were drilled by Ministry of Irrigation and ater
!evelopment Itted with Afridev hand pumps. )ufani 8ural $ravity ater ,upply ,cheme
supplies the area around the ,outh of the centre and some stand taps are located within the
Malosa Market as well as &amwera TurnoK.
Mission institutions at Malosa are supplied from a water supply system whose source is
)ikwenu 8iver. There is an intake structure, new ground concrete storage tank and
reticulation which covers Malosa ,econdary ,chool, ,t )ukeDs %ospital, &ursing ,chool and a
)ay Training Centre.
7.6.7 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
committees are composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the
community within the vicinity of the boreholes.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age <E
The Anglican Church manages the institutional water supply system whilst the )ufani 8ural
ater ,upply ,cheme is managed by a water committee formed by the water users within
the scheme.
7.6.G P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
Malosa Market Centre is generally rich in both ground and surface water resources. The
Anglican Mission, comprising Malosa ,econdary ,chool, ,t. )uke &ursing ,chool, etc, gets its
water from a gravity fed water supply system that abstracts water from )ikwenu 8iver,
whereas the rest of the market centre gets it water from boreholes Itted with Afridev hand
pumps.
)ikwenu and )ifani 8ivers are dominant water bodies in the vicinity of Malosa Market Centre.
The Lows of these two perennial rivers are generally adeAuate to meet the water demand
for the market centre, but the water supply system would reAuire installation of storage
facilities in order to guard against water shortages associated with low Lows during the dry
season. 'revious studies proposed augmenting Malosa ater ,upply with water drawn from
!omasi 8ural 'iped ater ,cheme.
1oreholes Itted with hand pumps provide water to the rest of the market centre not covered
by the surface water scheme. The yields vary from @.?< litres per second to ;.; litres per
second, but could be enhanced with better borehole siting and improved borehole
construction methods.
7.7 N9%'&. M%"9#, C#',"#
7.7.? L.0%,+.' %'& S+=#
&kando is a Market Centre in TA Puma in Mulan+e !istrict. It is located <@ kilometres north
west of Mulan+e 1oma along 8obert Mugabe %ighway. &kando is a fairly Lat area.
A00#55 ,. ,/# M%"9#, C#',"#
T.$.2"%$/-
G#.4.2-
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?@
S.+4 C/%"%0,#"+5,+05
V#2#,%,+.'
M#,".4.2+0%4 I'1."*%,+.'
L%'& U5#
)and in at the Market Centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and
public facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of
livestock. The main crops grown are mai5e, paprika and soya while livestock reared include
cattle and goats. ,ettlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mi-ture of
traditional, high density permanent and medium density housing type.
I'1"%5,"(0,("# D#3#4.$*#',
Commercial and public structures in the Market Centre include wholesales, grocery shops,
rest houses, mai5e 6 rice mills, schools, Thuchila %ealth Centre, post o0ce and Thuchila
E.'.A.
P.:#" S($$4-
residential houses.
7.7.8 S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 D%,%
According to the 2@@> population census carried out by &ational ,tatistical /0ce, &kando
has a population of 2,B;? people with an annual population growth rate of 2.;N.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?;
)and in at the Market Centre is mainly used for agriculture, settlement, commercial and
public facilities. The surrounding arable land is used for cultivation of crops and rearing of
livestock. The main crops grown are mai5e, paprika and soya while livestock reared include
cattle and goats. ,ettlement patterns at the centre are not distinct. It is a mi-ture of
traditional, high density permanent and medium density housing type. Commercial and
public structures in the Market Centre include wholesales, grocery shops, rest houses, mai5e
6 rice mills, schools, Thuchila %ealth Centre, post o0ce and Thuchila E.'.A.
7.7.3 A00#55 ,. S%1# W%,#"
=@N of households at &kando Market Centre get their water from boreholes. Pust like the rest
of the market centres visited women have a primary role in collection, transportation and
storage of water. InadeAuate number of water points has resulted in long Aueues,
overcrowding and a lot of Auarrels at water points. In most cases those women without
patient draw water from unimproved sources like Thuchila 8iver. In most cases women
spend < to ? hours a day collecting and transporting water from the sources to their homes.
Additionally, women also spend much time doing other household chores such as cooking
fetching Irewood +ust to mention a few, this prevents women from performing other income
generating activities that can improve their livelihoods as a result poverty levels still remain
the same.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?2
The Trading Committee and Gey 'ersonnel of public institutions were interviewed to assess
the current water sources. The Indings from the interviews reveal that all the respondents
regard their current water sources as being unreliable because of the Auality of water and
time spend to collect water. The table =.@ below describes the opinions of the trading
committee and key personnel interviewed.
T%)4# 7.0: A55#55*#', .1 W%,#" S.("0#5
I'5,+,(,+.'IC.**+,
,##
N.. .1 :%,#"
5.("0#5
R#*%"95
&kando Trading
Committee
= boreholes
Thuchila 8iver
- The water smells and is salty
- The Consultant observed that some
people used this water source for
drinking, bathing and washing
&kando market &one. 3se a
communal borehole
The water is salty
Thuchila C!,, ; 1orehole The water is salty
Thuchila 'olice 3nit &one. 3se a
communal borehole
The water test good and unreliable in terms
of time spent at a water point
Thuchila %ealth
Centre
Tap water from a
borehole driven by
motori5ed pump
power black outs
Chingoli 'rimary
,chool
; 1orehole B. 7 The water is salty
C. M The water source is unreliable as it usually
develop faults and has also low water table
&kando A!MA8C &one. 3se a
communal borehole
The water is salty
7.7.7 W%,#" S($$4- F%0+4+,+#5
There are about Ive "B# hand pump Itted boreholes and several shallow wells. The most
notable river is Thuchila 8iver emanating from Mulan+e Mountain. 'reviously the area was
supplied from &amitambo $ravity 4ed ,ystem from Mulan+e Mountain but is not working due
to pipe vandalism as shown below in Igure E.
Thuchila %ealth Centre and Thuchila Community ,econdary ,chool had its own pumping
system supplying the hospital, school and staK houses respectively. ,taK houses have stand
taps.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?<
F+2 9: A 3%'&%4+=#& $+$# 1." N%*+,%*). R("%4 W%,#" S($$4-
7.7.5 W%,#" S($$4- M%'%2#*#',
are Itted with handpumps, the management is through ater 'oint Committees. This
committee is composed of people who use the facility and they are elected by the
community within the vicinity of the boreholes. The management of other institutional
systems are privately managed by the institutions themselves.
7.7.6 P.,#',+%4 W%,#" S.("0#5
!esk studies and Ield visits have shown the river that Lows in the vicinity of &kando Market
Centre is not perennial and hence may not be relied upon as a sustainable source of water
supply. %owever, most of the rural settlements close to &kando get their water from the
e-isting gravity fed piped water scheme.
1oreholes Itted with hand pumps provide water to the market centre. As with other market
centers discussed in the preceding sections, the yields vary from @.<> litres per second to
;.2 litres per second. hile such yields may be su0cient for rural water supply, they are
obviously inadeAuate for a market centre.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ??
6.0 A$$".%0/ %'& M#,/.&.4.2-
COMPONENT ?: COMMUNITY MOBILISATION AND TRAINING FOR MANAGEMENT OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN MAR<ET CENTRES
The approach and methodology for this component is distinct from Component 2. !esign,
tendering and supervision of contracts of the pro+ect. This component involves mobili5ation
of communities and building capacity of the communities to manage the pro+ect sustainably.
In this regard the focus will be on understanding the community dynamics collect Aualitative
and Auantitative data on socio7 economic situation and, based on these aspects, undertake
capacity building for sustainable management of the water supply systems in accordance
with policy on water supply system management.
?.0 COMMUNITY MOBILI!ATION
The aim of community mobili5ation in this conte-t should be to ensure that there is a
demand for service among all potential users, to identify the preferences and priorities of
the communities, and to ensure that users are committed to operating and maintaining the
system before constructing a water system. Two key activities will be undertaken in order to
bring the community members into perspective and appreciate the pro+ect. These will
involve raising awareness among the diKerent segments of the community such as(
community key representatives or leaders, institutions such as school, health facilities,
community based organi5ations "C1/s#, and holding focus group discussions with the
community at large where men, women boys and girls will be represented. There will also be
consultations with stakeholders at the centre and at the local level. The rationale in these
processes is to instill a sense of ownership and responsibility of the pro+ect that will be
implemented.
?.? C.**('+,- A:%"#'#55
Awareness will include an element of changing peopleDs mindset at diKerent levels as the
issue of paying for water will be new in most of the market centres. 'roviding people with
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?B
information about the potential health beneIts of an improved water supply aKects how
they value their water source and thereby improves their willingness to sustain the system.
These awareness meetings will take place as follows(
?.?.? D+50(55+.' :+,/ ,/# C.**('+,- R#$"#5#',%,+3#
In every community there e-ist formal and informal leadership that act as key informants in
matters aKecting their communities. This category of people will be given special meeting to
bring into perspective the pro+ect and its activities and how it will beneIt the community
members. A participatory methodology will be used in order to e-tract as much information
as possible and e-tract suggestions to the pro+ect implementation in order to render it a
success. hile the discussions will be participatory in nature, they will be guided by a semi
structured checklist as a guide in the discussions.
Ma+or issues that shall be incorporated in the checklist of the community representative discussion
are.
hether the designed pro+ect solves the perceived problems and to satisfy the
priority needs of the community.
The level of demand of the intended water supply pro+ect in the proposed pro+ect
area and need of priority system to be developed
)evel of the community awareness and e-perience in the community development
pro+ect in general and in the water supply pro+ect in particular
Attitude of the community towards the e-isting water supply service and tariK rate
The level of community water committee activities and related issues.
illingness and ability to pay of the target group for the improved pro+ect at diKerent
levels of services "public standpipes, sharing a neighbourDs yard connection and
household connection#.
The e-pected impact of the proposed pro+ect on community social welfare
?.?.8 F.0(5 G".($ D+50(55+.'5
The focus group discussions will take a participatory approach and will draw the entire
community members who will be organi5ed into small groups. These groups will be given
various topics for discussion guided by the checklist. There will be a purposive sampling of
men, women, boys and girls only groups discussing diKerent topics regarding the pro+ect. In
plenary the community has to agree on the various topics as a way of consensus building.
,ome of the areas of the discussion shall include status of the water supply service in the
intended pro+ect area, their interest, roles, responsibilities and contribution in the e-isting as
well as in the intended water supply pro+ect at diKerent pro+ect phases, attitude on the
e-isting water supply service and tariK, willingness to pay, lay out of the distribution system,
location of the communal water points, economic and social condition of the market centres
in general and the non7safe water area in particular.
?.?.3 S,%9#/.4&#" C.'5(4,%,+.'5
At the centre, the Consultant shall carry out detailed stakeholder consultation meetings with
diKerent potential stakeholders including Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment,
&ational ,tatistical /0ce, 8egion ater 1oard, )ands, 4orestry. hile at the local level the,
!istrict Councils and its devolved sectors of education, health, water and irrigation,
community development will be met as well as the !istrict E-ecutive Committees, !istrict
Environmental sub Committees "!E,C# and the Area E-ecutive Committees. The district
development structures of :illage !evelopment Committees and Area !evelopment
Committees will also be met to solicit their ideas and recommendations.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?C
It will be important to hold separate discussions with institutions available in the market
centres such as schools, health facilities, community based organisation, faith groups, I$A
groups and market traders who will have a stake in the pro+ect.
At all the discussions a checklist will be used to guide the discussions and gather pertinent
and reliable information.
?.8 C.**('+,- C.*$%0,
,ince the pro+ect will take a community approach with the involvement of the communities
at every stage as key for sustainable implementation, prior to the main works for both
components, there will be need for a community compact on roles and responsibilities and
set time schedules for timely completion of the pro+ect activities. These will be signed
agreements with the communities and relevant community institutions with the pro+ect
management team detailing roles and obligations of the parties to the agreement. 4rom the
discussions with diKerent groups and stakeholders the consultant will design a community
compact document which will be an obligation agreement to both parties.
8.0 SOCIO6ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
The ,ocio7 economic assessment will involve a desk study and a baseline survey. The
Consultant will conduct desk reviews of the e-isting literature on water supply systems in
general and speciIcally for the market centers. The e-ercise will include collection and
analysis of data, and documentation of natural resources, demographic and socio7economic
statistics of the communities in order to synthesi5e this data into usable information. This
review process will help the Consultant increase the understanding of the area and the
communities and help identify information gaps that will need to be Illed in the detailed
baseline survey.
The 1aseline ,urvey is important to have pertinent and reliable information regarding the
overall feature of the pro+ect area and the socio economic characterises of the population
living in and around the market centres. The socio7economic assessment clearly indicates
the level of demand, views and attitudes of the communities towards the proposed pro+ect
and it helps to prioritise amongst the identiIed development activities based on the level of
demand of the pro+ect. Conducting baseline survey is the most e0cient and common
techniAue to collect socio7economic data which serves as a benchmark to measure the
performances of the pro+ect across the pro+ect lifetime.
O)B#0,+3# .1 ,/# S.0+.6E0.'.*+0 A55#55*#',
The general and speciIc ob+ectives of the socio7economic assessment include.
To assess the socio7economic conditions of the market centres.
To conduct baseline survey and analyse the water consumption and water demand,
living standards of the community, income level, willingness to pay and aKordability,
and other relevant information based on the survey Indings.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?=
To assess the demographic characteristics of the market centres including the
population si5e and analyse population pro+ection for the pro+ect life period.
To carry out ,ocial and Environmental Impact Assessment of the intended pro+ect and
identify its negative and positive impact and recommend appropriate mitigation
measures including the management plan.
8.8.? D#5+2' .1 S,(&- T..45
The Consultant will design study tools in consultation with the client. The tools developed
will match the type of stakeholder to which they will be administered. 4or e-ample, there will
be checklists and also semi-structured questionnaires to be administered to a representative
sample of the population. The quantitative data will be collected using designed
Auestionnaire. !uring the study, several other techniAues will also be deployed such as
Direct Observation to acAuire the reAuired information to greater depth. The Consultant has
mi-ed both Auantitative and Aualitative data collection approaches in order to ascertain the
reliability of data collected through data triangulation.
The consultant shall prepare structured Auestionnaires to conduct a household level survey.
1oth open and closed ended Auestionnaires shall be used for collecting Auantitative and
Aualitative data. Ma+or issues that shall be incorporated during the preparation of structured
Auestionnaires are.
The demographic characteristics of the water supply scheme, which shall include, the
proportion of the population with access to improved water supply and sanitation, the
total number of the household, se-, language, marital status, ethnic and religion
composition, educational status, employment and occupation, household members
daily occupied by activities. The consultant shall also collect information on the
number of social institutions, small and medium enterprises with access to improved
water supply and sanitation
Main water source, average number of hours per day that water supply is available,
average distance of water source in dry and rainy season,
ater demand of the household, amount of water used per capita per day time spent
to fetch water, distance for homestead to water point, and Aueuing time in dry and
rainy season, facility, purpose and amount of water uses, Auality and reliability of
water source.
Type of water supply connections in the system.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?>
Ma+or source of income of the household, total income and e-penditure of the
household, household e-penditure by type, amount of money daily spent to buy
water at dry and rainy season,
Ma+or health problem of the household, health education status "water, sanitation
and hygiene#, incidence of water born diseases, type of latrine and distance from
water source,
Awareness of the community on water conservation activities, attitude of the
community towards the current water service tariK "willingness 6 aKordability to
pay#,
illingness and ability to pay of the community towards the improved services by
type of water supply connection "individual and communal#,
Member of household responsibility in daily household activities.
Adverse impact of water supply services on girls to attend school and involve other
productive activity.
4uture plan of the household to change or to transfer the +ob.
8.8.8 S%*$4+'2
The Consultant will use simple random sampling to come up with representative and enough
sample for each market centre. The Consultant will use the information from the literature
review to determine the sample si5e so that information collected is a true representation of
the population under the targeted population. The population si5es for sampling will be
determined from the desk study well in advance so that realistic plans and methods are
deployed hence the formula below will be used to determine the sample si5e(
' K =
8
E?6$F $I#
8
here ' is desired sample si5e, = is the 57value yielding the desired degree of conIdence( $
is estimate of the population proportion( and e is the absolute allowable si5e of the error.
4rom e-perience, this formula has proved eKective in ensuring representativeness of the
sample to the population. %owever, considering that this is the Ield of social science EBN
conIdence level will be used.
After determining the sample, all possible respondents "households# will be listed and a
random and unbiased sampling techniAue will be applied in E-cel using the random
generator to randomly pick the respondents.
8.8.3 I&#',+A0%,+.' %'& T"%+'+'2 .1 R#5#%"0/ A55+5,%',5
,ince this e-ercise is designed to collect diverse information, the Consultant proposes to
engage the services of e-tension workers who will be enumerators. These e-tension workers
will be drawn from the concerned district councils. It is the ConsultantDs belief that the
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ?E
e-tension workers are e-perienced and have deeper knowledge of the communities and the
culture of the various communities in order for them to undertake a professional work. The
number of enumerators shall be determined based on the sample si5e.
The Enumerators will be assigned the role of administering Auestionnaires to the sampled
households in the study area while the consultant will concentrate on administering
checklists, conducting 4ocus $roup !iscussions and !irect /bservations because these
activities are more based on e-pert +udgment.
The consultant will orient and train them in the tools and techniAues to be used in the study
to standardi5e their understanding so that desired Auality and uniform data is collected.
8.8.7 P"#$%"%,+.' 1." F+#4& W."9
The Consultant will make proper preparation before going to the selected villages in the
target areas. Apart from making own preparations, the consultant will make sure target
groups are aware of the study process so that the respondents that can give relevant
information are not missed. The consultant will send introductory messages in the study
area. According to the district structure, the local councils are supposed to have a !E,C sub
committee of !EC which is part of the district council. !uring the preparation stage, the
Consultant will ensure that this committee is well informed to assist in conIrming the
sampled households in the site where various study activities are going to take place.
8.8.5 D%,% C.44#0,+.'
To properly e-ecute the e-ercise or collect Auality data, the consultant will pre-test the tools
developed so as to standardi5e the ways of using them and acAuaint the study team to the
Auestions, areas of focus and the most appropriate ways of collecting the reAuired
information before the real e-ercise starts. 're7testing will also be part of training and
familiari5ation for enumerators and tools standardi5ation by the consultant himself. ,hould
irregularities occur, the relevant corrections will be made immediately before actual Ield
work. A pre7testing area will be chosen in agreement with the client. All data collection tools
that will be administered to target households, community leaders and any other groups of
people who may likely be unable to speak English will be administered using the appropriate
local languages. /nce the tools have been standardi5ed for irregularities, the study team will
set7oK for feld work to consult and collect information.
8.8.6 F+#4& W."9
The study methodology shall adopt 'articipatory 1aseline ,tudy Approach to collect
Auantitative and Aualitative primary and secondary socio7economic data of the pro+ect area
using participatory techniAues, such as 4ocus $roup !iscussions, household interviews,
mapping, scoring, ranking, key informant interviews and many other techniAues, the
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B@
Consultant will conduct Ield work in selected villages in the market centres. The e-ercise will
be conducted to gather socio7economic as well as ecological pieces of information on the
water resources management, hygiene and sanitation and livelihoods.
8.8.7 D%,% E',"- %'& A'%4-5+5
!ata collected will be systematically analy5ed to make sense of the data which will input
into the assessment of the current situation and form a base for the pro+ect indicators and
the monitoring and evaluation system. !ata entry clerks will be used to enter data and the
data analyst will analyse it using ,TATA software.
/ne data has been entered, the data entry team will engage in a double entry of BN of the
Auestionnaires to check for data inconsistencies, anomalies that might have occurred during
data entry as well as checking for missing data. 4urthermore preliminary descriptive analysis
using freAuencies will also be run to verify the consistency and reliability of the data.
In order to come up with a comprehensive report depicting the situation in the market
centres, the !ata Analyst will run freAuencies( cross tabulate some relevant categorical data
and prepare graphs to show the e-isting situation with regards to water and sanitation.
The data will be analy5ed in the following areas.
Fuantitative analysis
Fualitative parameters and 4ocus $roup !iscussions "issues with the common
themes will be grouped# and.
/n '8A and ')A the analysis will be done on the same spot as a triangulation and will
be integrated in the rest of the data.
8.8.G R#$.", W"+,+'2
After analy5ing the data, the consultant will produce a !raft 8eport summari5ing the
Indings, issues and recommendations. The 8eport will be submitted to the Client in hard
and electronic copies for comments and discussion before producing the 4inal report.
3.0 FORMATION AND TRAINING OF WUA5
The Consultant is tasked to facilitate the formation and training of ater 3ser Associations
"3As# in accordance with the legislation on formation and management of 3As in Malawi.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B;
The task therefore entails two crucial stages of formation and capacity building and will be
undertaken as follows(
3.? F."*%,+.' .1 WUA5
There are seven market centres and therefore seven 3As will be formed. In order to
properly establish the 3As there will be need to undertake the following activities(
3.?.? S#'5+,+=%,+.' .' WUA5
As this will be a new approach to rural and peri7urban water resources management,
sensiti5ing community members on the approach will be appropriate. The sensitisation will
target the !istrict Coordinating Team and !E,C, AECs, :!Cs, A!Cs and the various
community committees such as school, water point and health committees, village
representatives among others. These will be sensiti5ed on the processes of 3A formation,
roles and responsibilities, elections into 3As and the structure of the 3As. In return it is
anticipated that these will accordingly sensiti5e the general community of the new structure
to be created.
3.?.8 E4#0,+.' .1 WUA "#$"#5#',%,+3#5
It will be emphasised that participation in the 3A 1oard will be voluntary and only those
that demonstrate a spirit of voluntarism will be right candidates for the positions. In addition,
these listed Aualities of a member will be considered.
8esident in the area and available for meetings(
Ability to read, write and understand simple English(
!evelopment conscious(
'ossess leadership skills(
1e trustworthy(
And not have any criminal record
3.8 T"%+'+'2 .1 WUA5
e are mindful of the literacy levels of participants in 3As hence the training will employ
diKerent methods in adult learning to avoid monotony and raise the morale of the adult
learners. The capacity building e-ercise will hinge on the integration of theori5ation, abstract
conceptuali5ation, reLective observation and concrete e-perience so that adults are able to
appreciate the issues being discussed and be able to internali5e them into their everyday
practices and behaviours. In order for the training to be eKective, it will be designed and
delivered as discussed below.
3.8.? N##&5 A55#55*#',
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B2
Training needs will be gathered through desk study, the baseline study as well as
observations from the sensitisation meetings on 3As. A training plan will hence be
developed that will guide training of the 3As. It is recognised that 3A management has <
organs that have speciIc powers, functions and duties and these have diKerent needs
therefore. A typical training plan framework includes the category of trainees or type, the
current competences and reAuired competencies. These will generate the competence gaps
and inform in the design of the training manuals including the time frame for the training.
3.8.8 T"%+'+'2 M%'(%4 D#3#4.$*#',
There are several training manuals developed by the !epartment of Irrigation and ater and
other development partners in the water and sanitation sector. The consultant will review
these training manuals to incorporate the issues emanating from the market centers so that
the modules are tailored to the needs of the 3As in the market centres.
3.8.3 T"%+'+'2 D#4+3#"-
3.8.3.? F.0(5 A"#%5
Training will focus on four areas that are crucial in the sustainable operations of the water
supply system. These will be(
$eneral 3A operations
This will among other aspects focus on leadership, roles and responsibilities,
monitoring and supervision as well as community mobilisation
)egislation and registration
3As are registered under the Trustees Act that is diKerent from the Cooperative Act
and Companies Act. There are some areas of similarities that have to be noted and
those areas that are speciIc to the 3As that have to be understood to avoid
implementing under a diKerent law. The Consultant will facilitate the formulation of
the constitutions and the registration of the 3As for them to have the water licence.
8esource Mobilisation
This will include the determination of tariKs and the development of a business plan.
The Consultant will facilitate the development of the 1usiness plan for each centre.
The 1usiness plan will be a Inancial guide for resource mobilisation and utilisation.
/peration and Maintenance
The &ational ater 'oint mapping study of 2@@=, found that ?EN of all $ravity 4low
,chemes taps were not working as a result of vandalism and improper management.
This therefore calls for a well managed management system that will ensure timely
maintenance and provide management oversight. Capacity building in this aspect will
involve the various committees for the water and sanitation and also the mansons for
the sanitation element.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B<
3.3 T"%+'+'2 *.&#5
The Consultant will initially provide training to the various e-tension workers in the market
centres who will help in facilitating various training. The rationale of this methodology is to
provide capacity to which the community members should seek assistance in case of
capacity gap. /nce the e-tension workers are trained, the approach to training 3As will
take three modes( 8esidential, &on 8esidential and Gnowledge E-change.
3.3.? R#5+&#',+%4 *.&#
This is where the 3A members will be drawn to a central place for training. It is designed
that at least two 3As from the same district or sub7committees from two 3As will be
trained together for a number of days. Combining 3As or sub7committees will be cost
eKective and will ensure sharing of knowledge and e-periences. here the district has one
market centre such 3As will be trained separately without combining with another district.
This is in recognition of the diKerent schemes and also the diKerent cultures hence diKerent
issues to consider.
3.3.8 N.' R#5+&#',+%4
Training is a continuous process that involves mentoring and coaching. Inspite of the
residential training, due to diKerent literacy levels and knowledge absorption capacity, the
mentoring and coaching will continue in the schemes. The e-tension workers who are close
to the 3As will be responsible for undertaking this e-ercise periodically until the 3As
master the skills.
3.3.3 <'.:4#&2# E>0/%'2#
The Consultant is aware that there are some water supply systems that are currently
implementing the 3A arrangement in water supply management especially in the three
ater 1oards of 1lantyre, )ilongwe and &orthern 8egion. It will be necessary to provide a
platform for knowledge e-change with the 3As in these ater 1oards. Community to
community e-change visits will be undertaken with a belief that community members learn
best when they see what others are doing. This will also apply to the technical teams at
district as well as the local level.
E'3+".'*#',%4 I*$%0, A55#55*#',
The Consultant is going to carry out the EIA procees using the 27tier approach as shown
below.
?. S0"##'+'2
The screening process will assist the Consultant to acAuire information on.
8. P"#4+*+'%"- A55#55*#', ." S0.$+'2
C%,0/*#', P".,#0,+.'
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B?
3.7 O,/#" C".55 C(,,+'2 +55(#5, H-2+#'# %'& S%'+,%,+.'
Issues of %I:JAI!s, gender and environment will be integrated in the various training as
these have an inLuence in the implementation and actual operationalisation of the schemes.
hile considering the cross cutting issues the consultant will also consider the promotion of
hygiene and sanitation. To further engage communities in hygiene and sanitation promotion,
several incentive mechanisms will be introduced like sanitation model villages. It is a fact
that sanitation technology has a cost and this could be one of the detrimental factors to
technology adoption. In response, the Consultant will introduce a savings model that will
build a culture of incremental savings by household members towards the acAuisition of
sanitary facilities.
6.3 D#5+2', ,#'&#"+'2 %'& 5($#"3+5+.' .1 0.',"%0,E5F 1." 0.'5,"(0,+.' .1 $+$#&
:%,#" 5($$4- 50/#*#5
P4%''+'2 %'& M%'%2#*#',
The consultant understands that for any pro+ect to succeed there is need for community
participation in the planning, designing, implementation and management. Therefore the
Irst task will be to call for a meeting with diKerent stakeholders including local leadership,
women to introduce the pro+ect and engage them in the planning and designing the pro+ect.
The principle is to involve the diKerent groups of the communities from the start of the
planning process. This is particularly important because it is believed that water facilities
can be better managed if communities are taking more and more responsibilities for
operating, maintaining and managing the schemes. ,ince the assignment also involves
formulation of cost recovery strategy and tariK systems, it is eAually important to adopt the
design that is demand responsive.
B%5#4+'# S("3#- .1 <#- M.'+,."+'2 I'&+0%,."5
The consultant will carry out situation analysis in order to come up with the following points
that will guide in the choice of appropriate water supply system and the ultimate design.
!emand patterns
Consumption patterns and the desired level of service
'erception of beneIts of an improved water supply system including distance,
comfort, time gains, health, income generating activities, status.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age BB
Culture, beliefs and habits of diKerent user groups regarding water supply, sanitation
and hygiene, including an assessment of e-periences in the past community
pro+ects.
%ousing distribution "rich, intermediate and poor#
Income and willingness to pay "rich, intermediate and poor#
'resent and future availability of water resource "yield and treatment needed,
including seasonal variations#
The importance of alternative and traditional water points.
'resence, capacity and representativeness of organised community groups.
Managerial and technical capacity within the community, by class and se-.
)ink with local and district authorities including Central 8egion ater 1oard.
'otential technical options that match user preference, ability to pay, management
capacity, availability of spare parts and environmental conditions.
Capacity and willingness to pay for capital costs including contributions in kind.
The need to integrate sanitation, hygiene and wastewater management
6.3.? D#5+2' .1 $+$#& :%,#" 5($$4- 50/#*#5
The consultant understands that in order to serve present and future needs, the design must
be holistic to meet all basic needs, e-pandable and upgradable.
'rior to preliminary and detailed designs the Consultant will collect and review engineering
documents and e-isting data which will include geological, hydro7geological, hydrological,
soil characteristics, land use, vegetation cover, water Auality , meteorological and
population data from Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment, !istrict Council,
!epartment of Meteorology, Ministry of Agriculture, $eological !epartment and &ational
,tatistical /0ce respectively. Additionally, published or unpublished reports, maps, records,
and any other available information that might be reAuired for the purpose of the
assignment shall also be collected from the Client.
%. C.44#0,+.' %'& R#3+#: .1 P"#3+.(5 E'2+'##"+'2 D.0(*#',5 %'& E>+5,+'2
D%,%
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age BC
!ocuments regarding water supply development for the market centres prepared by diKerent
Consultants shall be collected. The Consultant shall endeavour to tap into the resources for
e-peditious approach in the overall design process. The e-isting studies would be reviewed
meticulously so that we can build on the e-isting data and information to upgrade the study
to current demand and population reAuirements. If the review of the study reveals the need
for additional data, information or investigation, appropriate step would be taken to achieve
this.
The Consultant shall study these reports and investigations made to uncover details
regarding water sources, design criteria used, water demand, water Auality issues, process
design, treatment chemistry and dynamics, operational and maintenance conditions, etc.
The need to review the previous studies is to check on applicability in the present conte-t
and completeness. It also gives a clue on the study gap and shall serve as a launching pad
for additional Ield investigation works, which in turn is a basis for the subseAuent
preliminary design activities. The review task shall focus, inter alias, on the following.
%ydrogeological and hydrological studies.
ater Auality analysis and treatment process designs.
ater resources and other environmental studies
'opulation and water demand assessment.
!esign criteria governing the available studies and their compliance with state7of7
the7art technologies for the water supply industry.
Materials selected for the various pipelines "to ensure that they can withstand subsoil
conditions and that they are not aKected by water Auality#.
Compliance with accepted standards of materials selected for the various water
supply system components to ensure their reAuired life e-pectancy, as well as ease
of operation and maintenance for electromechanical plants or eAuipment.
Checking of other related documents, and their validity to serve subseAuent activities.
R#3+#: .1 C(""#', W%,#" S.("0#5 %'& %4,#"'%,+3# ,#0/'.4.2+0%4 .$,+.'5.
The consultant understands that the main sources of water in all the seven centres are ground
water and surface water. The consultant shall assess the potential of each source in terms of yield,
water Auality, water treatability as well as sustainability. The consultant shall make a choice of the
system to be developed based on economic analysis particularly the levelised unit cost. here a
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B=
single source cannot oKer adeAuate service, the consultant shall strive to come up with an
augmented system that will combine two or more of ground orJand surface water sources to
ensure adeAuate supply and sustainability
The consultant shall choose workable and sustainable technological options for semi7urban
setting. It is clear that the schemes will need distribution systems with single or multiple pressure
5ones depending on the topography of the area and yield from a speciIc source. ater storage
reservoirs will be installed in strategic points capable of supplying areas within the pressure 5ones
by way of gravity. %owever, there will be need for pumping where water
1ased on the review, the Consultant shall either +ustify previous Indings and
recommendations as reLected in the reviewed documents, or suggest the need for revisions,
ad+ustments and complementary investigationsJstudies, supported by his own e-perience
and +udgment, and in full compliance with the reAuirements deIned in the T/8.
). P"#4+*+'%"- D#5+2'5
The preliminary engineering design shall be prepared by the Consultant for the diKerent
components of the water supply system. These shall be in su0cient detail for the
preparation of the cost estimates and for the reAuired Inancial plan. The preliminary
engineering design shall be based on the hydrological, hydrogeological and meteorological
data, topographical maps, relevant previous reports, and geotechnical investigations as
described above and shall reLect on the Indings of the previous studies and designs.
The scheme components that shall be reviewed shall comprise of the intake, treatment
plant, booster stations, all pipe works, storage facilities, pressure break tanksJpressure
reducing valves( rehabilitation and e-tension of e-isting works, si5ing of the volume of
works.
0. D#5+2' H."+=.'5 %'& P".B#0, P/%5#5
The planning for the Market Centres ater ,upply ,cheme aims to improve the water supply
situation for Market Centres, with the design hori5on for the scheme to be 2@<; assuming
year 2@;2 as a base year.
&. D#5+2' C"+,#"+%
The Consultant shall thoroughly investigate the design criteria set by the previous studies
and shall come up with ways to modifyJenrich the criteria set. In general, the design criteria
for the Market Centres ater supply ,cheme shall cover the following aspects.
%ydrological and hydro7geological characteristics of water sources
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age B>
ater Auality(
Climate(
per capita water consumption(
water demand forecast(
connectivity proIles for urban population(
target coverage "service level#(
%ydraulic condition(
4riction coe0cient(
criteria for scheme components, such as water abstraction, pumping, storage, water
treatment and water distribution.
The following elements of water supply scheme needs to be covered.
intake structure(
pump stations(
water treatment for surface water(
disinfection J chlorination(
pumping and gravity transmission mains(
distribution network and pipelines(
water storage facilities(
service connections J water points(
access and service roads(
power supply "%T lines#(
au-iliary buildings
/ther design criteria shall be considered during the course of the design activities. The design
criteria shall serve as guidelines for the subseAuent detailed engineering design. The design
criteria shall be prepared in consultation with the Client and the report shall be submitted to the
Client for approval before use of the proposed design criteria in the design process.
#. D#*.2"%$/+0 &#3#4.$*#', %'& 4%'& (5# $4%'
The main foundation stone of a realistic and viable pro+ect is a well7conceived assessment of
population and economic growth, supported by currentJfuture land use plans, and as far as
possible, an accurate pro+ection of water consumption and demand pattern. 8eliable
estimate of present and future demands Lows and discharge can only be determined based
on available and agreed demographic and economic pro+ections.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age BE
Therefore, the consultant shall carefully review the past reports on population growth and
discuss the conclusions with representatives of the Client and other relevant planning
authorities. The population forecasts of previous studies shall be reviewed and ad+ustment
shall be made based on recent census data and reports.
The Consultant shall, in co7operation with the local authorities, brieLy review the e-isting
land use plans and incorporate the latest domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial
development and planning. !etails with regard to the basic planning principles and spatial
land use development shall be presented and discussed with the Client and other
stakeholders.
1. W%,#" C.'5(*$,+.' %'& D#*%'& P".B#0,+.'
The basic criterion for any planning pro+ect is the demand pro+ection of the beneIciaries and
the water demand forecast is one of the key factors in planning the water supply
infrastructure. Therefore, the determination of future water demands shall be taken very
seriously by the Consultant and discussed in detail with the Client during the Inal
development of the demand pro+ection. This activity shall take into consideration of previous
reports and conclusions made.
Consideration shall be given to diKerent categories of demand such as domestic, industrial,
institutional and commercial users. 4or each user group the type of water connection would
be analysed and speciIc water consumption Igures shall be developed.
ater demand pro+ections shall follow the established population forecasts. In addition,
water demand pro+ections in terms of average, ma-imum daily and peak hour reAuirements
shall be based on the following criteria.
,i5e of the market centres and the development standard.
Availability of other water sources.
Climatic condition of the area.
,ocio7economic status of the population and aKordability of servicesJability to pay for
the services by the consumers.
illingness of the community to pay for water.
'resent and future per capita water demand with respect to the various types of
consumer connections and mode of service.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C@
Estimate of leakage and unaccounted for water as well as programs for leakage
detection and reduction.
The market centres policy with respect to cost coverage by the consumers.
Capacity of the distribution network to meet the growing demands
2. R#3+#: .1 ,/# W%,#" S.("0# 1." ,/# W%,#" S($$4-
1ased on the established water reAuirement as described above, the Consultant shall re7
evaluate the proposed water sources to meet demands for proposed design hori5on. The
Consultant shall conduct a thorough evaluation and review towards establishing a conclusive
opinion based on sound engineering, economic and environmental considerations for the
proposed possible and potential water sources for the market centres.
8eview of water Auality characteristics report from previous studies can provide information
on chemical and physical properties of groundwater and surface water, including presence
of pollutants in raw water, providing an initial indication of treatment needs. 'roblems
arising from poor water Auality condition shall be checked during the re7assessment of the
sources in these areas and recommendations shall be given to improve or solve the
problem. Consultant shall arrange for sampling and testing of the Auality of the raw water.
/. T.$.2"%$/+0 5("3#-
1efore the topographic surveys are initiated, the identiIed sites and routes shall be
physically e-amined in order to conIrm their suitability and also to minimise any potential
damage to private properties, public roads and the e-isting utilities. The precise pipeline
alignment and location of structures shall be ultimately determined on the basis of
information form accurate surveys. All levels shall be referred to the mean sea level "masl#.
All surveying data shall be uploaded to the computer and prepared for AutoCA! utili5ation.
+. G#.,#0/'+0%4 S("3#-
The Consultant will carry out a geotechnical survey for all selected borehole sites in the
entire = market centres of )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts. The resistivity
survey methodology shall be employed using both the Terrameter <@@1 and Mini7sting
eAuipment. The technology will measure potential diKerences between two inner electrodes
by generating electricity through two outer electrodes. The resistivity survey gives
information on soil cover, weathered fractured 5one which is considered as the water
bearing 5one. The curves obtained from the Ield investigation will be incorporated in the
design report.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C;
Information on geotechnical investigation collected during the previous studies and design
works shall be used as the basis for the preliminary design of all the proposed scheme
components. The geotechnical data shall be reviewed and assessed for completeness and
acceptance for the foundation conditions of the proposed work in all appropriate places. The
information that shall be assessed includes formation of the sub strata, soil formation and
properties up to and below the lowest assumed level of e-cavation, groundwater conditions
and recommended soil bearing capacity and guideline for design of foundations. 4ield visual
observations shall be made to conIrm the situation from local conditions.
B. P"#$%"%,+.' .1 D#5+2' C%40(4%,+.'5
1ased on the Indings during the data analysis of the hydrological and hydrogeological
investigations for the water sources, the water supply data surveys, and the agreed design
criteria and dimensioning of system components, the Consultant shall prepare design
calculations for the intake structure, treatment plant, raw and clear water pumping stations,
service reservoirs, transmission and distribution mains.
The si5ing and design of pipelines, pumping stations and reservoirs shall consider criteria,
such as ease of operation, low investment and operation costs and availability of eAuipment
and spares on the local or regional market.
The calculated si5es "diameters, volume, etc.# of the components shall be used to develop
design layout plans and general arrangement drawings for all structure with su0cient plans
and sections to fully deIne the dimensions of the individual structures.
'reliminary estimates of ma-imum surge conditions along transmission lines shall be
determined to deIne the capacity of the installations. %owever, detailed dynamic water
hammer "surge# analysis calculations shall be carried out by the pump manufacturers as
part of their supply contract.
The design calculations, prepared by the ater ,upply !esign Engineer, shall be utilised as
a starting point to carry out their detailed design calculation and determine the reAuired
mechanical and electrical eAuipment. The Consultant shall utili5e the design calculations to
dimension the foundation and structural details of the buildings and all concrete facilities.
9. W%,#" 5.("0#5
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C2
In all these market centres the dominant water source shall be through boreholes as
discussed in the pro+ect appreciation chapter while for some market centres surface water
may be utili5ed. The decision on the choice of water source shall be made after hydrological
and hydro7geological investigations. If boreholes will be used they shall be interconnected
and be eAuipped with a submersible pump. The design and implementation for borehole
drilling shall follow the standard guidelines such as.
have riser pipe or casing e-tending at least C inches, and preferably ;2 inches, above
the Loor, and be eAuipped with Lange or suitable stu0ng bo-(
have riser pipe or casing Irmly connected to the pump structure to provide a water
tight connection.
have base of pump not less than C inches above pump room Loor(
have pump foundation and base designed to prevent water from coming into contact
with the +oint.
here a submersible pump is used.
The top of the casing shall be eKectively sealed against the entrance of water under
all conditions, including the vibration or movement of conductors or cables(
The electric cable from the pump control panel to the well shall be installed in electric
conduit and in a manner that it does not create a fall or tripping ha5ard( and
The electrical cable shall be Irmly attached to the riser pipe at 2@7foot intervals or
less.
4or surface water, abstraction of water shall be through rivers. ,urface water system shall
have a run7of the7river intake and gravityJpumping main transmission pipeline that convey
water into proposed water treatment plant.
4. R%: W%,#" P(*$+'2 S,%,+.'5
G".('&:%,#"
8aw water pumping wells and transmission mains shall.
%ave necessary motors and electrical controls and submersible pumps and motors
located above grade and protected from Looding(
1e accessible but have devices restricting access to only authori5ed personnel(
1e designed against Lotation(
1e eAuipped with removable or traveling screens before the pump suction well(
'rovide for introduction of chlorine or other chemicals in the raw water transmission
main if necessary for Auality control(
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C<
%ave valves and provisions for Lushing or cleaning by a mechanical device and
testing for leaks(
%ave provisions for withstanding surges and be protected against damage by Loating
debris where necessary(
&ot provide water services on raw water transmission mains to water treatment
facilities or provide pressure tanks and additional pumps to adeAuately supply any
services allowed( and
'rovide meters on any water services on a raw water transmission main.
S("1%0# W%,#"
After the Intake, the transfer "pumping# system between the impoundment reservoir "sump#
and the ater Treatment 'lant "T'# involve the deployment of raw water 1ooster 'ump
,tations "1',#. The primary consideration in the design of 1',s is that the Auality of pumped
water be maintained and that the operation of the 1',s does not cause water Auality
problems elsewhere in the water system.
The sumps "reservoirs# shall be designed to facilitate Lushing and cleaning. 1', and pump
sumps shall be 8C type structures. The area of the 1', shall be secured by perimeter fence.
The electrical and control eAuipment such as switchgear and operatorDs room including
sanitary facilities shall be housed in the main building.
It is foreseen that the 1', shall be developed in three stages. The Irst stage shall include
the completion of all civil works at the 1', sites, including access, power connection,
generator set and M6E plant for one working and one stand7by pumping unit. The second
and third stages shall involve only Mechanical and Electrical works.
The following design review issues shall be considered for 1', design.
;. 'ump e0ciency at the operating point"s#(
2. 'ump start7up and performance testing reAuirements(
<. 'ressure rating of pump casing and end connections(
?. %orsepower reAuirements at full load( identify operating e0ciency at full load, and specify
service factor(
B. Electric motor thermal overload protection(
C. Availability of electric power supply at the voltage, amperage, and in the phase
conIguration desired(
=. 'rovision of back7up power facilities,
>. 'otential for surge or transients "water hammer#(
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C?
E. &eed for treatment of pump station discharge "chlorination for e-ample#(
;@. 'ipe and eAuipment support reAuirements "thrust block or other restraint#(
;;. Maintenance reAuirements for access and eAuipment removal and replacement( and
;2. 1eneIt of installing a piping by7pass around the pumping eAuipment.
*. T"#%,*#', P4%',
ater treatment facilities are reAuired to bring the raw water abstracted from the source to
a potable Auality in compliance with the standards set by Malawi 1ureau of ,tandards. The
design of treatment processes and devices shall depend on evaluation of the nature and
Auality of the particular water to be treated and the desired Auality of the Inished water.
,urface water treatment plants shall be treated for cryptosporidium, giardia, bacteria and
viruses in accordance with the reAuirements of Malawi 1ureau of ,tandards through the
following treatment options. screening, aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand Iltration,
roughing Iltration, slow sand Iltration, and !isinfection. ,urface water treatment plants
shall provide for taste and odour control if there is any history or potential of taste and odour
problemsJcomplaints. ,urface water treatment plants shall be designed for control and
reduction of disinfection by7products and their precursors. %owever for surface water it shall
be a conventional treatment that allows treatment through appropriate processes that are
applicable for the raw water Auality.
ater treatment for ground water supply systems shall comprise of disinfection by
chlorination using dosing pumps housed in pump houses and the dosing is proposed to be in
line into the ':C pumping mains to avoid corrosion of pipes. In cases where the Auality of
water is bad, aeration, Luoridation and disinfection shall be promoted
The design of the raw water treatment plant is based on the raw water Auality and shall be
through simple treatment units such that the units shall operate hydraulically. The mi-ing
and dosing of chemicals shall be made as much as possible that every system operates by
gravity. This shall avoid the use of electro7mechanical eAuipment, which shall have problem
in operation especially because of lack of spare parts when there is break down. The design
incorporates piping arrangement for inlet, outlet and back7washing as well as drainage
system. The design for the treatment plant shall take into account the following conditions.
,election of the type of treatment plant suitable for the situation
Fuality of the raw water sources
)ocation of the treatment plant and the soil condition
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age CB
Total water demand of the market centres
/peration cost reAuired
!etermination of number of units reAuired
'iping system of the recommended treatment plant
%ydraulic characteristics of the system
Chemical feeding system
Construction material
/ther related issues
The design shall be based on the e-isting survey data prepared during the previous study
and design work. If new site is adopted then a surveying work shall be carried out.
'. C4#%" W%,#" P(*$+'2 S,%,+.'
Clear water pumping stations shall be mainly reAuired for clear water collection tanks at
water treatment plants to lift water to the reAuired service reservoirs. The clear water
pumping station shall be associated with area located at higher place than the water
sources.
The pumping stations shall be designed to accommodate the reAuired number of pumps
under a pump house to be located near by the clear water reservoir. The pump house shall
be made wide enough to allow proper ventilation, installation of pump control panels and
space for the operation and maintenance of the pump.
The recommended characteristics of the clear water pumps shall then be checked and
reviewed accordingly. The following are the ma+or items to be checked during the design.
Total pumping head and reAuired discharge at that head,
&umber of pumps reAuired to allow Le-ibility in operations,
Clear water Auality characteristics,
'ump characteristic curves against hydraulic conditions,
'ower reAuirement of the pumps,
E0ciency of the pumps,
'ump control system and surge control facilities and etc.
.. T"%'5*+55+.' M%+'
The design of transmission line involves primarily a determination of hydraulic adeAuacy,
structural compatibility, and economic e0ciency. The si5e of the transmission line is a
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age CC
function of the Low to be carried, the head available, and the character of the conduit
material and limiting velocity. The transmission main conveys water from sourceJtreatment
plantJwet well to the service reservoir. The pipe si5es adopted by the Consultant shall be
based on Colebrook hite and %a5en illiams formula and using their respective coe0cient.
'rior to the use of these formulae calibration shall be applied to conformity to the
the,urveying data shall be used on the e-isting and proposed transmission pipe route for
the design of the main.
The detailed design shall be accompanied by preparation of detailed plan and proIle
drawings to scales of ;.;,@@@ and ;.;@@ for the hori5ontal plan and vertical proIle using
AutoCA! respectively.
,tructures along the lines, crossings and valve chambers, and other special details shall be
designed and drawn to scales of ;.B@, ;.;@ or greater, as the case may be, to ensure proper
presentation of all the necessary details. The design drawings shall be of a detailed
standard, enabling the contractors to bid for the pro+ect components and commence work
without delay on the basis of these drawings.
The construction drawings shall cover pipelines, pipe accessories and related structures,
crossings of highways, roads, streams, bridges and culverts, surge protection elements and
associated Ittings and other related structures. The soil condition along the pipeline route
shall be checked.
The following details shall be shown on the topographical maps for transmission mains.
'roposed pipeline route centreline.
Alignment of proposed or e-isting roads along the pipeline.
)ocation of power and telephone poles, and underground cables.
8iver or stream crossings.
8oad or rail crossings and bridges and culverts.
1uilding outlines and any other physical elements relating to the pipelines.
$. C4#%" W%,#" R#5#"3.+"5 %'& S#"3+0# R#5#"3.+"5
The clear water reservoirJwet well shall be designed based on the ma-imum out put of the
pump and detention time reAuired. The service reservoir is provided to balance the
"constant# supply rate from the water sourceJtreatment plant with the Luctuating water
demand in the distribution area. A mass curve "supply and demand# shall be developed to
determine the storage capacity of the service reservoirs on the bases of pressure 5one.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C=
The e-isting location, capacity, structural condition and overall reservoir appurtenances shall
be checked for its adeAuacy and an upgrading design shall be carried out.The type of
reservoir structure and conIguration shall depend on the capacity and purpose of the
reservoir. $enerally, reinforced concrete structures shall be selected for the capacities
envisaged for the water supply systems in the pro+ect area. ,imilar reservoir as that of the
e-isting ones could be also adopted depending on the situation. 1asically the reservoirs
designed earlier would be adopted. The design of the reservoirs shall focus on the following
ma+or issues.
)ocation of reservoir in relation to supply area pressure 5oning of the network
Capacity of reservoir compared to peak demand
,tructural strength of the designed reservoirs
4oundation conditions at reservoir sites
!rainage condition of the site
Access road condition to the site
'iping system and level control conditions
$round level storage reservoirs shall be recommended considering topographical
conIguration, subsoil conditions, environmental aspects and type of structure selected. The
design review shall be based on available topographic survey data of the site from previous
study and design works.
)ayout drawings shall be drawn to scale of ;.;@@J;.B@. ,tructural drawings and details shall
be drawn to scales of ;.B@, ;.;@ and ;.B as reAuired.
D. D+5,"+)(,+.' N#,:."9 M.&#44+'2 %'& D#5+2'
The Consultant shall establish computeri5ed network model for the distribution system in
the Market Centres. The network model shall be based on e-isting data, maps and Indings
of the leak detection survey activities.
,i5ing of distribution system using a hydraulic analysis must, at a minimum, consider two
demand scenarios that are the 'eak %ourly !emand "'%!# at the reAuired pressure speciIed
in the design criteria and, if free Low is to be provided, the distribution pipelines must also
be capable of delivering the ma-imum day demand "M!!# rate, in addition to the free Low.
The pressure at the minimum Low "night Low#, the minimum and ma-imum velocities under
'%! condition shall be checked. The &etwork analysis shall take into account the water
demand categories such as house connections, yard connection, public tap, industrial and
commercial demands in diKerent areas based on the master plan and development of the
area.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age C>
The network model shall assist in the deInition of the most economical diameter of new
distribution pipes, and the identiIcation of appropriate boundaries of supply and pressure
5ones, following deIned and agreed design criteria "e.g. pressure levels in the system, si5e
of supply areas based on water production capacities, si5e of supply districts based on /6M
procedures etc.#.
In addition, the network model shall ensure that Low velocities shall not e-ceed or be below
deIned criteria. The hydraulic analysis shall be e-ecuted for the distribution pipes for
various planning hori5ons and demand scenarios up to 2@2@ as stated in the T/8.
The hydraulic analysis and simulation of the network systems shall be carried out with
aterCA! or Epanet computer software. All e-isting and new distribution pipelines shall be
si5ed on the basis of the detailed hydraulic calculations carried out with aterCA! JEpanet.
$round level data from topographical survey shall be used to determine pipeline levels,
pipeline proIles shall be plotted as longitudinal sections, where appropriate and details of
mains shall be developed and shown on longitudinal section or separate drawings if
necessary to indicate.
)ine valve positions(
ashout and scour valves, if applicable(
!epth and cover to pipes(
Thrust and anchor blocks(
'ipe crossing and culverts( and etc.
Typical drawings for valves chambers, thrust blocks, manholes and other appurtenant
structures shall be prepared to minimi5e design and construction time and costs.
The results of the hydraulic analyses shall provide the hydraulic conIguration of the
distribution system, indicating all hydraulic parameters such as Low rates, velocities, water
levels, pressures and similar parameters.

The layout maps shall be drawn using scales of ;.B@@J;.2B@ or any other suitable scale.
,tructures and piping details shall be designed and drawn to the scales of ;.B@ andJor ;.;@
as reAuired. Master plans with topographic features for the market centres shall be collected
from the respective municipalities or from the Client. ,urveying shall be carried out on the
e-isting if surveying data is not available and proposed distribution network pipe route for
the design of the distribution system.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age CE
". P"#55("# B"#%9 T%'9IP"#55("# R#&(0+'2 V%43#5
The Consultant shall review the design 'ressure 1reak Tank "'1T# and updated wherever
reAuired in the distribution network to reduce the high pressure. 'ressure tanks are used in
con+unction with well pumps and when water is re7pumped, such as from a reservoir into a
distribution system. The pressure tank makes it possible to deliver water within a selected
pressure range without the necessity of operating pumps continuously or having the pumps
start every time there is a minor call for water on the distribution system.
'ressure tanks shall be located above normal ground surface and be completely housed.
Enough space shall be provided around the tanks for inspection and maintenance.
'ressure tanks shall have bypass piping to permit operation of the system while it is being
repaired or painted. ,ampling taps shall be provided before and after the pressure tank.
An automatic pressure release valve( mechanical means for adding air, including an air Ilter(
and sight glass or other tank level indicator shall be provided for maintenance of proper air
versus water volume in the pressure tank at all times. An access hatch, drain, pressure
gauge and pressure switch shall also be provided.
5. C.**('%4 W%,#" P.+',5
Communal water points or public fountains are AuantiIed based on the coverage area and
are sub+ect to change depending on the communities needs. 1ased on the agreed design
criteria with the Client, the ma-imum number of household per one public fountain e-pected
to serve at a ma-imum walking distance shall be decided. The fountains shall be protected
with fences and shall be free from any pollution problem.
,. E4#0,".6M#0/%'+0%4 ED(+$*#',
The electro7mechanical eAuipment reAuired for the water supply pro+ect shall be determined
from the design of the system components based on the diKerent conditions such as.
!ischarge and pumping heads for pumps.
,ystem pressure for valves, water meters, foot valves, Loat valves and air release
valves.
Electrical control panels for pumps depending on the capacity and number of pumps.
Type of Ittings on the rising mains, distribution network and in reservoirs based on
the water Auality and system pressure.
Chemical dosing systems depending on the type and system chosen.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =@
Electrical cables to run the systems.
D. P.:#" S($$4-
'ower supply shall be reAuired for the systems which use pumps to lift water to diKerent
locations. ater ,upply ,ystem, which shall run by gravity, may also reAuire power supply
system for alumination or chlorine dosing purpose depending on the type and location of the
system components and comple-ity.
The power reAuirement for electro7mechanical eAuipment shall be determined based on the
capacity and characteristics of the pumps and the eAuipment. 'ower reAuired for
illumination at diKerent sites shall also be determined based on the function of the system.
After the power reAuirement is determined then the si5e and length of the cables reAuired
shall be determined. The layout of the cables shall be drawn on maps showing location and
method of installation of the cables.
It is also reAuired to provide standby generator which shall be used during the failure of electricity.
(. A(>+4+%"- B(+4&+'25
Au-iliary buildings may be reAuired for the smooth operation of the system. The following
condition shall be seen during the design of the au-iliary buildings.
AdeAuacy of the si5e of the buildings
Construction material
)ocation of the diKerent buildings in relation to their services
4oundation condition of the building sites
,tandard of the building
,tructural calculations shall be performed for all ma+or reinforced concrete works, steel works
and civil structures, in accordance with locally approved standards and Code of 'ractice.
/n the bases of the structural calculations and designs, construction and reinforcement
drawings shall be prepared to a level of detail appropriate for the particular structure. These
drawings shall show all necessary detailing of reinforced steel, construction +oints, e-pansion
+oints, openings etc. to enable contractors to fully price and construct the structures.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =;
3. A00#55 R.%&5
The provision of access and service roads is reAuired for servicing various permanent
structures J facilities such as. T', ', and reservoirs. All these facilities shall be represented
in the ater ,upply ,cheme.
Culverts and river crossings shall be checked for their capacities and locations. The reAuired
type of Ills and pavement material shall be checked and ad+usted to the standard reAuired by
the Client. The design of the access roads shall be based on the survey data available from
the previous works. !etailed access road design shall be considered under the construction
work by the contractor as this can be based on the route used by the contractor for
construction purposes.
6.3.8 D#,%+4#& D#5+2'
This consists of detailed design of the scheme, and the social and environmental impact
assessment of the pro+ect.
%. D#,%+45 .1 %0,+3+,+#5
The detailed design and tender documents preparation shall be in su0cient detail to permit
computations of the engineerDs cost estimate and tendering works.'riority components of the
work shall be selected based on the established selection criteria such as communityDs need
"consultation#, technical, economical and environmental factors, etc.
The detailed design shall cover each components listed below based on the Indings in
preliminary design phase of the pro+ect and shall be submitted in a draft and Inal version. The
report shall reLect on the design criteria applied, contain the hydraulic and design
calculations, present the result of geo7technical site investigations, design calculations,
provide Igures, tables photos, maps and schematic layouts needed to illustrate the design.
The actual volume and scope of work shall be determined after the completion of the
preliminary design. As stated in the T/8 the detail design shall include at least the following
activities.
preparation of the design, technical speciIcations, construction drawings and bills
of Auantities for the treatment plant, booster stations, all pipe work and storage
facilities, pressure break tanksJpressure reducing valves, rehabilitation and
e-tension of e-isting networks works to cover areas e-periencing low pressures.
The design shall include detail si5ing of the works including hydraulic design and
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =2
dimensioning of treatment works and hydraulic calculations for transmission mains
and designing of additional distribution mains.
%ydraulic calculation for primary and secondary distribution networks taking
diKerent pressure 5oning into account
!etermine capacity and location of treated water reservoirs and treated water
pumping stations and pumps.
4oundation Investigation to determine the bearing capacities of soils for the
treatment water structures, service reservoirs, transmission pipeline routes and
booster stations
!etail design of all electro7mechanical eAuipment and power supply system with
all dimensions, layout plans and appropriate locations, and detailed installation
drawings and speciIcations.
!esign of all hori5ontal and vertical bends, gate valves, Lushing valves, air
release valves and all other necessary Ittings for the piping
'reparation of speciIcation of pipelines and cover material type, type of trench
bedding and Ill
Carry out structural design of buildings, thrust blocks, valve chambers, river and
road crossings
'reparation of Auantity take7oK and bills of Auantities and schedule of materials
as appropriate
'reparation of EngineerDs conIdential cost estimate of works to completion with a
separate estimate of cost of construction supervision
'repare construction program and tender documents based on the African
!evelopment 1ank "Af!1# standard contract document
The detail design report shall contain standard and detail drawings, speciIcation, and the
bill of Auantities along with cost estimates. The cost estimates shall be developed
considering the contracts prices of recently e-ecuted similar pro+ects in Malawi. 'rices or
import items shall be collected for items to be imported into the country during construction
supervision phase. 4or all design elements, works and supplies covered by the engineering
design, Auantities shall be estimated concerning.
)and acAuisition(
,tructural, supply and installation reAuirements(
Additional Ield investigations(
Electro7mechanical reAuirements(
Ta-es and levies.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =<
). P"#$%"%,+.' .1 D"%:+'25
The detail design drawings of the various water supply system components shall take the
form of working drawings to allow determination of reasonable Auantities of works and
materials for the various components of the water supply systems as well as realistic cost
estimates.
A separate volume of the design report "in A< format# shall be issued with all the drawings
and layouts prepared during the design phase of the pro+ect for contractual purpose. The
documents shall be submitted in hard copy and as well in digital copies. All drawings shall be
established as CA! drawings and at a suitable scale for the intended purpose.
0. P"#$%"%,+.' .1 )+445 .1 D(%',+,+#5
1ill of Auantities for each component of the water supply system shall be prepared from the
detail design drawings. The bill of Auantities shall include all sorts of works that reAuire
measurements and payment for the work e-ecuted.
1ill of Auantities for items that can be measured shall be prepared in deIned meteric units or
numbers or pieces while items that cannot be measured shall be prepared in lump sum. The
bill of Auantities for each component shall be prepared separately.
&. P"#$%"%,+.' .1 0.5, #5,+*%,#5
Engineer9s cost estimates shall be prepared on the basis of established prevailing market
prices for civil engineering works "material and workmanship#, as well as Auoted prices from
various suppliers for speciIc items such as electro7mechanical plant. The unit prices used in
the cost estimation shall be compared with available information from similar works
completed recently or ongoing pro+ects in the country. The unit prices shall take into account
the standard and workmanship Auality reAuired for accomplishing the work.
6.3.8 P"#$%"%,+.' .1 T%"+;5
4inancial and economic analysis is important to assess the proposed pro+ect Inancial
viability and economic desirability against the designed ob+ectives, and shall be used to
develop an investment plan. It helps to plan the operations, investments and Inance of the
market centres water utilities in a sustainable and aKordable way. The following ma+or
issues shall be done in the Inancial and economic study of the proposed pro+ect.
The demand analysis shall be carried out based on the current population and growth
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =?
rate of the market centres.
An appropriate Inancial model shall be prepared to clearly describe and advise the
1oard about the implication of diKerent technical options on tariK.
Community shall be consulted to prepare the design as their preference shall be
taken into account to prioriti5e the work.
Identify a ceiling for investment during the preparation of diKerent preliminary
options. In line with this, the e-pected scope of the work, service level, tariK
implication, investment reAuired for immediate rehabilitationJe-pansion as well as for
future e-pansion shall also be taken into account.
The tariK rate shall be developed on cost recovery basis and the pro+ected tariK
schedule and per capita costs shall be checked against the willingness and ability to
pay by the community.
Investment plan based on the priority of the work shall be prepared and the
corresponding Inancial plan shall be done for rehabilitation and e-pansion works.
The recurrent costs for implementation as well as for operation and maintenance cost
for diKerent development alternatives shall be estimated.
The ma+or operation and maintenance e-penditures such as manpower cost "based
on the reAuired additional personnel for operation and the current labour cost in the
market centres#, chemical cost "based on the Auantity of water to be produced and
the chemical consumption per cubic metre of water#, energy "based on cost of
energy per cubic metre of water produced and energy used for some other
purposes#, transportation "based on the transport reAuirement and transport tariK
charged as per the local regulation# shall be .
8evenue and e-penses based on the recommended tariK and costs of production
shall be calculated.
4inancial analysis based on the standard Inancial model shall be prepared to
evaluate the viability of the pro+ect. In line with this, the discounted cash Low, proIt
and loss statement, balance sheet, 4inancial &et 'resent :alue "4&':#, 4inancial
Internal 8ate of 8eturn "4I88# and ,ensitivity and 8isk analysis shall be carried out.
Economic analysis shall be done based on the national parameters and conversion factor to
calculate the Economic &et 'resent :alue "E&':#, Economic Internal 8ate of 8eturn "EI88#
and 1eneIt Cost 8atio "1C8# to e-amine the desirability of the pro+ect to the national
economy as well as to the well7being of the beneIciaries.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =B
6.3.3 P"#$%"%,+.' .1 B(5+'#55 P4%'5
This e-ercise calls for the preparation of 1usiness 'lans based on the current data "social,
Inance, economic, technical and others# and in consultation with the 8egion ater 1oard,
operator and other potential stakeholders. The business plan shall be developed as per the
diKerent pertinent data collected during the preliminary design period and Inancial analysis
carried out for the proposed pro+ect.
The consultant shall follow the following ma+or steps to develop the business plan.
,ituation Analysis of the market centres. Assessing the current Inancial, technical
and operation situation.
'ro+ect Assessment. Conducting a pro+ect Qbase caseO Inancial situation
e-trapolating on e-isting and modiIed conditions and trends.
Investments 'lanning. !eveloping investment plans based on identiIed potential for
increased customer base and revenues from e-isting customers including savings
associated with each ma+or investment.
8eturn on Investment. 4or each ma+or investment emanating from ,tep < above, we
shall calculate return on investment and also provide information on increase in
customers, sales volume, incremental revenues and e-penses.
4unding. 'ropose Inancial plan for capital cost and sales, identifying proportion of
investment to be funded through loans and proportion to be funded from
$overnment grants taking into account on7lending terms.
/n7)ending Arrangements. !eveloping strategies for eKective on7lending
arrangements.
Cost 8ecovery. !eveloping cost recovery strategies, identifying needed changes to
tariK structure, timing of investments, sources and cost of Inancing, increases or
decreases in operating costs through an iterative process "sensitivity analysis# using
the 1usiness 'lanning spreadsheet model.
'erformance Indicators. Identifying baseline indicators that shall be used to assess
performance. These include Inancial and operational indicators.
,trategies. 8ecommending strategies for improving Inancial viability.
The consultant shall adopted 'articipatory Approach to collect pertinent information from
diKerent concerned groups. The methodology include. review of secondary data related to
business plan, discussion and consultation meeting with potential stakeholders, interview of
management of involved institutions, stakeholder analysis and Ield survey.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =C
%. R#3+#: .1 S#0.'&%"- D%,%
All available secondary data including. business plan, water management policy, strategy,
proclamations, implementation manuals, guidelines, study documents, relevant water
supply issued papers and other relevant documents etc. shall be reviewed.
). C.'5(4,%,+.' *##,+'2 %'& &+50(55+.'
A detailed consultation meeting and discussion shall be conducted with the water service
management, operators, and members of the water board, concerned potential stakeholders
and other concerned o0cials about the e-isting water supply services situation in the
pro+ect areas.
0. I',#"3+#:
The consultant shall carry out an interview with management of involved institutions among
important stakeholders to gather detail information regarding the performance and the
current situation of the water supply service as well as their roles, responsibilities and
contribution.
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The baselines information of the business plan shall be reviewed and updated based on the
baseline survey that shall be carried out in the study.
#. D#,%+4#& %0,+3+,+#5 ,. )# 0%""+#& .(, ,. ($&%,# ,/# )(5+'#55 $4%'
The following are the details activities that shall be carried out to review and updated the
1usiness 'lan and related Cost 8ecovery 'lan for Market Centres ater ,upply ,cheme.
The business plan baseline information shall be reviewed and updated as per the
current baseline survey that shall be carried out in the proposed pro+ect study. The
baseline survey helps to clearly understand the present demographic characterises,
social and economical situation of the market centres in general and water supply
condition in particular.
'opulation pro+ection and demand analysis for improved service, production, sales,
collection and operating and maintenance costs, connection fee and debt service
shall be reviewed and updated. Implementation strategies shall be revised and
recommended accordingly.
Consultation meeting and discussion shall be held with the water service
management, operators, members of the water board, concerned potential
stakeholders including Ministry of Irrigation and ater !evelopment, )ands and
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ==
%ousing and Market centres 'lanning, 4orestry and &atural 8esources, 4inance and
&ational ,tatistical /0ce, !istrict Council, ,econdary ,chool, 'olice, 'risons,
8egional Education /0ce and other concerned o0cials about the e-isting water
supply services situation in the pro+ect areas.
The community attitude towards the development pro+ect shall be reviewed J carried
out to ensure the priority needs of the community and the level of demand of the
intended pro+ect in the proposed pro+ect area.
The willingness and ability to pay of the beneIciaries for the improved pro+ect at
diKerent levels of services "public standpipes, sharing a neighbourDs yard connection
and household connection# shall be revised. The consultant shall also consult the
Consumer Association of Malawi to discuss on the general customers e-perience in
the water sector as well as on the proposed tariK.
The aKordability level of tariK rate based on the revised consumption pattern and
household income of the family shall be done.
An appropriate and practicable tariK structure considering the economic, Inancial,
social and eAuity factors of the water supply pro+ect shall be developed to enhance
the e0ciency of the water board so as to provide the reAuired demand service to the
customers.
,takeholder analysis shall be carried out to clearly deIne their roles, responsibilities
and contributions of potential stakeholders in the proposed pro+ect. There shall also
be a need to deIne clearly the Inancial responsibilities of stakeholders, including the
community, national government, local authorities, &$/s, donors, and possibly
others such as individuals or the private sector. !eIning Inancial responsibilities
includes determining who is Inancially responsible for which costs, and over what
period of time.
/perational improvement plan shall be revisedJ prepared in detail to improve the
operation e0ciency of the water supply service.
The capacity building plan shall be reviewed and updated to strengthen the
institutional capacity of the water service. This include water board "planning,
oversight#, operator staK, "operations, Inancial management, customers service,
performance monitoring#, institutional framework, trainings for water board and staK
member, the reAuired sta0ng level, guidelines and manuals, +ob training,
procurement facilities etc.#
Investment plan as per the pro+ect design period and based on the result of Inancial
and economic analysis shall be revised and incorporated. The return on investment
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =>
shall be clearly presented as it ensures the Inancial sustainability of the pro+ect and
also help to prioriti5e investment decision.
Market study shall be revisedJcarried out to formulate an appropriate market strategy
of the market centres water supply service.
Environment, social and resettlement costs that shall be incurred due to the
implementation of the envisaged pro+ect shall be estimated at the detail design
phase based on the data gathered during the preliminary design and the proposed
mitigation plan.
4inancial analysis including discounted cash Low, proIt and loss statement, balance
sheet, 4inancial &et 'resent :alue "4&':#, 4inancial Internal 8ate of 8eturn "4I88# and
,ensitivity and 8isk analysis shall be revised and updated. !uring Inancial analysis,
the consultant shall not incorporate any investment costs "raw water source,
treatment plant transmission lines, booster stations, service reservoirs and
distribution lines# that incurred to provide a social service to semi urban and urban
poor. Income from this sector shall be considered to meet the operational costs.
4inancial plan for the capital cost and sales shall be revisedJupdatedJprepared based
on the identiIed portion of investment through !ebt "loan# and EAuity "grant from
$overnment of Malawi#. The consultant shall also consider the on7lending terms
during Inancial plan preparation.
Economic analysis shall be done based on the national parameters to calculate the
Economic &et 'resent :alue "E&':#, Economic Internal 8ate of 8eturn "EI88# and
1eneIt Cost 8atio "1C8# to e-amine the desirability of the pro+ect to the national
economy as well as to the wellbeing of the beneIciaries.
!etail strategies to improve the 4inancial :iability of the scheme shall be developed
and presented in the business plan. Ma+or areas recommended to be improved
includes. strategies on reducing overheads cost and increasing proItability, ways of
involving stakeholders in improving customer service, revenue collection, improving
e0ciency and eKectiveness in overall performance of the 1oard in the areas of
personnel, Inance and operations including mechanisms for reducing un7accounted
for water, prioriti5ing investments and spending considering the cash Low
Luctuations, designing sensiti5ation programmes to promote water conservation,
steps on how to enter into performance agreements with community liaison groups,
tariK setting strategies that are based on cost recovery principles taking into account
customersD willingness to pay and aKordability, improving connection policies that
shall enhance ma-imi5ation of the number of individual connections on the
reticulation system considering willingness to pay and aKordability.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age =E
6.3.7 T#'&#"+'2 .1 0.',"%0,5 1." 5($#"3+5+.' .1 $+$#& :%,#" 5($$4- 50/#*#5
After completion of the detail design report, the Consultant shall prepare tender documents
to allow for the bidding process. Tender documents shall be prepared in accordance with the
standard bid documents for Africa !evelopment 1ank "Af!1#.
%. P"#$%"%,+.' .1 B+& D.0(*#',5
The tender documents shall include general and particular speciIcations for various
components of the waterworks, including eAuipment, materials, workmanship, reAuired tests
and guarantees, and a description of the manner in which the work is to be carried out.
The schedules and bills of Auantities shall show the Auantities of work arranged according to
trades for each component of the works. These shall be set up as numbered items to be
priced by the bidders at unit prices and total costs which, when added up, would show the
total amount of the tender.
here reAuired, the Auantities shall also contain schedules of charges for the use of plant
and labour in order to obtain from the bidders binding prices to be applied in the case of
special or e-tra work.
All Tender !ocuments prepared by the Consultant shall comprise computerised 1ill of
Fuantities "1oFDs# by using spreadsheet software to allow for easy preparation and
application of unit costs in the process of preparation of conIdential cost estimates. Tender
!ocuments for all contracts shall be accompanied by a C!7disk containing computeri5ed
1oFDs, which in return shall have to be Illed out by contractors.
This procedure shall speed up the process of preparing bids by the contractors and reduce
the duration of the evaluation process done by the Consultant. The computeri5ed 1oF disk
shall allow contactors to Ill in unit prices only. All calculations shall be done automatically by
predeIned formulas which are protected and not accessible to the contractors. This
procedure shall limit the risk of numerical errors and allow easy comparison of diKerent bids.
After submission of the draft tender documents a period of ;B days has been allowed in the
work program during which the Client can check the draft version and recommend changes.
After review and comment, if any, the Inal tender documents shall be submitted in their
Inal form for distribution to interested bidders.
Technical ,peciIcations and Construction $uidelines shall be prepared for those works,
which shall be implemented by the Community themselves. Among others such Technical
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >@
,peciIcations and Construction $uidelines shall be prepared for pipe installation and
construction of storage tanks and public taps.
The bid document shall include the following sections. ,ection ; 7 Instructions to 1idders
"IT1#, ,ection 2 7 1id !ata ,heet "1!,#, ,ection < 7 Evaluation and FualiIcation Criteria
"EFC#, ,ection ? 7 1idding 4orms "1!4#, ,ection B 7 Eligible Countries "E)C#, ,ection C 7
orks 8eAuirements "8F#, ,ection = 7 $eneral Conditions of Contract "$CC#, ,ection > 7
'articular Conditions of Contract "'CC#, ,ection E 7 Contract 4orms "C/4#
). I'3+,%,+.'5 1." )+&5
The pro+ect shall be announced in the &ational news papers. Interested parties shall be
invited to submit their AualiIcations for short listing as a candidate to implement one or
more package of works.
Additionally, an advertisement for )ocal 3tility /perator shall also be announced in the
&ational newspapers. This shall be done with support and coordination of the 3A board
and the !istrict Councils of )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts.
0. G(+&%'0# .1 B+&&#"56 P"#$%"%,+.' .1 T#'&#" B+&5
The Consultant shall guide the selected Tenderers and attend to the 're7bid meetings to
answer all relevant Auestions and to prepare the 're7bid Minutes, which shall be sent to all
participants within one week after the meeting was held. The Consultant shall assist with
site visits. A si- "C# weeks tender period has been scheduled from the invitation for
tendering till the submission, to prepare the Tender 1ids.
&. E3%4(%,+.' .1 B+& D.0(*#',5
In accordance with the procedures of the Client and the 1ank and using the previously
deIned Tender Evaluation Criteria, the submitted Tender !ocuments shall be evaluated. The
results of the Tender evaluation shall be recorded in a Tender Evaluation 8eport, which shall
be submitted to the Client, together with a recommendation with respect to the Contractor
to be selected.
A detailed comparison shall be made of the rates and prices.
The evaluation process shall assess the contractors in terms of eligibility of the Irm,
e-perience, Inancial capacity, human resource, adeAuacy of the construction programme,
method statements, resources and other details submitted by the Tenderers together with
the overall conformity of the bid with the tender documents.
If necessary, clariIcations shall be sought from Tenderers, especially on any conditions
which Tenderers may include in their bids, as well as opinions given as to whether they shall
be accepted or re+ected.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >;
#. C.',"%0, N#2.,+%,+.' %'& A:%"& .1 C.',"%0,5
The Consultant shall participate as an advisor to the Client in any Inal contract negotiations
and prepare a draft letter of acceptance for the Client to be issued to the successful
Tenderers.
7.0 M.'+,."+'2 %'& E3%4(%,+.'
Monitoring of the pro+ect will involve the collection of routine data that measure progress
toward achieving pro+ect ob+ectives. It will also track changes in program performance over
time. Its purpose is to permit the Consultant and other stakeholders to make informed
decisions regarding the eKectiveness of pro+ect and the e0cient use of resources. To be
most eKective, Monitoring will be conducted at every stage of the program, with data
collected, analy5ed, and used on a continuous basis. Monitoring will focus on the
implementation process and will answer these key Auestions.
%ow well has the program been implementedR
%ow much does implementation vary from site to siteR
!id the program beneIt the intended peopleR

Evaluation is fundamentally an e-ercise to help the Consultant understand how, and to what
e-tent, the pro+ect is responsible for particular, measured results. In this case baseline
collected from the = market centres will be compared with end of term pro+ect data to
measure how well the pro+ect activities have met e-pected ob+ectives andJor the e-tent to
which changes in outcomes can be attributed to this pro+ect.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >2
M6E is a continuous process that will occur throughout the life of a pro+ect and will help the
Consultant.
Make informed decisions regarding program operations and service delivery
based on ob+ective evidence
Ensure the most eKective and e0cient use of resources
/b+ectively assess the e-tent to which the program is having or has had the
desired impact, in what areas it is eKective, and where corrections need to be
considered
Meet organi5ational reporting and other reAuirements
As tools to support and improve performance, monitoring and evaluation will be done in
partnership with communities, women, men, and community leaders. The 3As will
spearhead monitoring at community level.
In this pro+ect, the Consultant has used a log frame as a Le-ible tool for planning, managing,
M6E and reporting. The log frame summari5es, in a standard format.
S hat the pro+ect is going to achieveR
S hat activities will be carried out to achieve its outputs and purposeR
S hat resources "inputs# are reAuiredR
S hat are the potential problems which could aKect the success of the pro+ectR
S %ow the progress and ultimate success of the pro+ect will be measured and
veriIedR
The )og 4rame is shown in Table <.@ below
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age ><
T%)4# 3.0: L.2 1"%*# M%,"+>
C.*$.'#', I'&+0%,." D%,% S.("0#5 R+595 %'&
A55(*$,+.'5
O)B#0,+3# ?: C.**('+,- *.)+4+=%,+.' %'& ,"%+'+'2 .1 WUA5
I*$%0,5:
E0ciency and
eKectiveness of
3As in
management of
water supply facilities
.
,ustainability of
water supply
facilities
Amount of revenue
collected through
tariKs
4inal construction
report, %ealth
8eports
$overnment 'olicy
well understood by the
stakeholders
There is coordination
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
:arious stakeholders
AdeAuate funding in
place.
Institution set up in
place
O(,0.*#5:
Establishment of =
3As
%iring of 3tility
/perators
&o of 3As
established
&o of 3tility
operated hired
through
competitive
process
4inal construction
report
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
O(,$(,5:
'reparation of =
business plans
'reparation of =
independent
constitutions by
3As
&o of
comprehensive
and detailed
business plans
prepared
&o of independent
constitutions
're7construction
training report,
baseline survey
reports
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >?
AcAuisition of a legal
status by each 3A
developed
&o of 3As
acAuiring a legal
license
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
A0,+3+,+#5:
4acilitate the
acAuisition of a legal
status and water
license for 3As.
4acilitate the
development of
constitutions for
3As.
4ormation and
establishment of
3As
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >B
C.*$.'#', I'&+0%,." D%,% S.("0#5 R+595 %'&
A55(*$,+.'5
O)B#0,+3# 8: D#5+2' %'& T#'&#"+'2 .1 C.',"%0,E5F 1." C.'5,"(0,+.' .1 W%,#" S($$4-
S-5,#*5
I*$%0,5:
%ouseholds from the
= market centres
have access to safe
water.
Improvement in
Economic activities.
8educed cases of
waterborne
diseases recorded
in health facilities.
&o of households
accessing safe
water within B@@m.
4inal construction
report, %ealth
8eports
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
O(,0.*#5:
Construction of
reticulated and
commerciali5ed water
supply systems to
support the 2@<@
population
&o of reticulated
water supply
systems
constructed
4inal construction
report
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
O(,$(,5:
!esign of water
supply systems to
support the 2@<@
population
&o of 3As
established
&o of
comprehensive
and detailed
business plans
1id documents and
preliminaryJdetaile
d design reports,
'rogress reports,
Inal reports
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >C
IdentiIcation of
contractors to
construct the water
supply systems
'reparation of tariKs
prepared
Topographic
surveys done,
$eophysical
surveys done, 1ill
of Fuantities
established,
Cost estimates
established,
!rawings
prepared, TariKs
prepared
&o of bidders
awarded contracts
through
competitive
process
TariKs developed
minus recovery
'rogress reports,
4inal construction
report
'rogress reports,
4inal construction
report
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
A0,+3+,+#5:
'reparation of bid
documents and
selection of bidders.
!esign and
supervision of the
construction of water
supply systems for
the = market centres.
$overnment 'olicy
stakeholders
between &!',
Consultant, !C and
AdeAuate funding in
place.
place
G.0 W."9 P4%'
The pro+ect will take ;> months and will mainly consist of a C months phase in which
Management ,ervices "preparation of constitutions, registering of 3As, Training and
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >=
Establishment of 3As and identiIcation of Contractors#, !esign and construction
supervision will be performed in the ;2 months period
The scheduling of the activities follows the pro+ect cycle.
Training and Capacity 1uilding(
,urvey and preliminary studies
%ydrological studies
%ydro7geological surveys and studies
!esign of water supply schemes
tendering(
Construction supervision.
The schedule is derived from the reporting reAuirements as speciIed in the T/8. At the start
of the Consultancy, the Management Consultant will select and train 3A members who will
play a ma+or role in design, construction and /6M of the water supply facilities.
The training of these 3As is in the beginning of the pro+ect focused on community
mobili5ation and planning aspects and at a later stage on water supply construction and
operation and maintenance of water supplies. The /6M support to these 3As will also start
as soon as the construction of ma+or parts of the supply has been completed. 4igure "# shows
the activity schedule.
9.0 C/%44#'2#5 %'& R#0.**#'&%,+.'5
The Consultant has come up with the number of challenges based on the site visits and
Indings from each market centre. The table "# below provides a list of challenges and
recommendations.
T%)4# EF: L+5, .1 C/%44#'2#5 %'& R#0.**#'&%,+.'5
C/%44#'2#5 R#0.**#'&%,+.'5
The boundaries of the market centres are
not well deIned as they have no
structural J lay7out plans.
The Consultant will seek clariIcation from the
Client as the assignment of carrying out its
own surveys to come with structuralJlay7out
plans has not been included in the Inancial
proposal.
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >>
8esistance from some institutions to
amalgamate to the water supply systems
to be developed since they are going to
pay water fees
)ack of M6E systems has aKected the
sustainability of similar pro+ects
!evelop an M6E system "including all
monitoring forms and procedures# with the
3As trained, updating and managing the
system. The system must be designed
realistically to reLect the human and resource
capacity of the market centres.
!evelop a user friendly M6E database to
capture and retrieve the data on all
Consultancy activities.
)ack of ownership of the water facilities 'roper training of 3As.
4ormation of active and gender balanced
3As.
!rilling success rate is very low in some of
the market centres where underground
water is the potential source i.e. &athen+e
!rilling boreholes beyond ?B metres.
Carrying out detailed $eophysical survey of
borehole ,ites.
Intermittent power supply in all the
market centres is a big challenge for
water supply systems
Incorporation of standby generators
?0.0 R#1#"#'0#5
!istrict proIles for )ilongwe, Machinga, *omba and Mulan+e !istricts
2@@> 'opulation and %ousing Census 8eport
Multiple Indicator Cluster ,urvey 8eports for )ilongwe !istrict, Machinga, *omba and
Mulan+e !istricts
,ocial and $ender 8eport, ,upporting Malawi &ational !evelopment 'rogram
$uidelines for establishment of ater 3ser Associations in Malawi
ater ,upply and ,anitation !istrict /perational Manual
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age >E
Implementation Manual for 'iped and 'oint ater ,upply ,ystems
Implementation manual for Market centreDs, Market Centers, ,urrounding :illages 'iped
ater ,upply and ,anitation.
ater 3sers Association Training Manual
The ;E>C master study for urban and rural water supply in Malawi by Carbro Consultants
A''#>#5
Terms of 8eference
)ist of 'eople Met
,tructuralJ)ay7out 'lans
Chapita Consulting Engineers 'age E@

Inception Report For Seven Market Centre-Full

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THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLC OF MALAWI

MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION AND WATER DEVELOPMENT

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