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Name Test Bank Chapter 01: Multiple Choice
Descri ption Question pool for Chapter 01: Multiple Choice
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Question
The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
Answer
how and why people from diverse cultures are different.
how children learn to speak and understand language.
how and why people change across the life span.
how humans and animals are similar and different.
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Question
The study of human development is empirical, meaning that it is based on:
Answer
actual facts.
speculation.
common knowledge.
public opinion.
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Question
A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
Answer
focus on all kinds of people, young and old.
search for the meaning of life.
focus on middle-class American people.
use of subjective research methods.
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Question
Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
Answer
proteins.
nature.
nurture.
amino acids.
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Question
Even though both of LaMont's parents are less than five feet tall, LaMont has grown to a height of 5 feet, 11 inches. His parents lived through the
depression era, and LaMont has always had plenty of food and good medical care. His tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?
Answer
proteins
nature
nurture
genes
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Question
Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?
Answer
The relationship between the two moves only in one direction. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture
affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture has no effect on our genes.
The relationship between the two is clear. Genes (nature) determine our physical traits, while nurture affects the development of our
psychological and behavioral traits.
Nurture is the primary influence on our overall development. Genes only set the stage, and from the moment of birth nurture takes
over.
The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the
manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn, affects genes.
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Question
Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-deficit error?
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Answer
The mistaken assumption that a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically normal.
The scientific explanation which explains how behavioral deficits interfere with day-to-day functioning.
The mistaken assumption that there is no such thing as normal behavior because each individual is unique.
The mistaken assumption that all variations from normal behavior are a result of nature.
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Question
David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their children all have normal hearing. David and Nichole have decided to teach their daughter
Celeste, who is 3, American Sign Language. Based on the research of Goodwyn et al., why might David and Nichole be doing this?
Answer
Celeste will probably interact with deaf children at school, so she will be able to interact with all of her peers.
Children learn better when they use gestures as well as words when speaking.
Children who learn sign language develop better fine-motor coordination.
There is no reasonable explanation unless an extended family member is deaf.
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Question
Professor Nguyen is a developmental researcher who divides his research participants into groups according to their age. Professor Nguyen is
using which of the following to define developmental stages?
Answer
cognitive development
nature
chronology
culture
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Question
Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of human development discussed in the text?
Answer
biosocial development
cognitive development
psychosocial development
chronological development
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Question
A manner of studying human development that stresses the fluctuations that occur constantly throughout life is referred to as the:
Answer
plastic nature of development.
dynamic-systems theory.
life-span approach.
multicontextual effect.
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Question
You are a developmental researcher who believes that even a small change in one area of a person's life can lead to larger overall changes in that
person's development. Which of the following approaches best describes your thinking?
Answer
the biological approach
the cognitive approach
the systems approach
the chronological developmental approach
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Question
The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the following characteristic of the
life-span approach.
Answer
multidirectional
multidisciplinary
plasticity
multicontextual
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Question
Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which develop over time that appear to persist, unchanging, from one age to the next?
Answer
continuity
systems
discontinuity
critical period
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Question
Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which develop over time that appear quite different from those that came before?
Answer
continuity
systems
discontinuity
critical period
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Question
Which of the following aspects of development appears to fall under the category of a continuous, or persistent, personality trait?
Answer
intelligence
temperament
shyness
hardiness
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Question
It is much easier for children to learn a second language than it is for adults. This exemplifies a:
Answer
continuous period.
sensitive period.
critical period.
discontinuous period.
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Question
Assume that the ability to perceive differences in shape must be learned before the age of six years, or it can never be learned. If this is true, it is
an example of a(n):
Answer
initial learning period.
sensitive period.
continuity period.
critical period.
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Question
To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):
Answer
microscopic-systems approach.
ecological-systems approach.
physiological-systems approach.
chronological-systems approach.
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Question
An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:
Answer
J ean Piaget.
Sigmund Freud.
Urie Bronfenbrenner.
Erik Erikson.
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Question
According to the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David's family on his development is part of his:
Answer
macrosystem.
microsystem.
exosystem.
mesosystem.
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Question
Within the ecological-systems approach, the customs of the society, as well as the economic and political philosophies of the nation, are all part of
the:
Answer
macrosystem.
microsystem.
exosystem.
mesosystem.
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Question
Within the ecological-systems approach, the connections among the various microsystems are part of the:
Answer
macrosystem.
microsystem.
exosystem.
mesosystem.
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Question
Cohort refers to a group of people who:
Answer
hold the same political beliefs.
are born within a few years of one another.
support each other in times of stress.
participate in a scientific experiment.
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Question
When people belong to different cohorts, they differ in:
Answer
membership in community groups.
socioeconomic status.
age group or generation.
ethnic or racial groups.
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Question
You and your high school classmates are part of the same:
Answer
social construction.
context.
socioeconomic status.
cohort.
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Question
The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same ______ circumstances.
Answer
educational
socioeconomic
historical
familial
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Question
Dora, who is 75 years old, disagrees completely with her teenage granddaughter about the proper role of women. Their arguments are most likely
to arise from differences in which context?
Answer
educational
ethnic
historical
socioeconomic
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Question
Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old songs. According to the
multicontextual characteristic of development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:
Answer
a cohort effect.
fond memories of high school.
her success beyond high school.
social context.
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Question
At 55 years of age, Ross lost his job and had to be retrained in a new field that required taking a course over the Internet. Never having gone
online, he was baffled while his younger classmates excelled. His frustration may be attributed to differences in the:
Answer
cultural context.
ethnic context.
social context.
historical context.
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Question
Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
Answer
culture.
ethnicity.
social standing.
race.
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Question
An individual's socioeconomic status includes:
Answer
ethnicity.
level of education.
political beliefs.
religion.
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Question
The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are
referred to as their:
Answer
culture.
cohort.
ethnicity.
environment.
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Question
Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:
Answer
A close loving bond can shield children against abuse.
More children than adults live in lower-income households.
American women tend to be shorter than American men.
American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents.
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Question
A researcher interested in making a multicultural comparison would be most likely to compare which of the following?
Answer
males and females
eight-year-olds and eighteen-year-olds
computer users and non-users
Australians and Canadians
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Question
Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China. While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they
were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to
understand that Han:
Answer
is rejecting his Chinese heritage to fit in with his American friends.
will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States.
is having difficulty finding his cultural identity because he is an adolescent.
is going through a sensitive period of development, so they need to be patient until he passes through this phase.
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Question
If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
Answer
nation.
racial group.
culture.
ethnic group.
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Question
In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the income for the family. This is an
example of:
Answer
an ethnic belief.
a racial bias.
a social construction.
heritage.
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Question
Which of the following has a strong influence on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race?
Answer
genotype
culture
social directives
stereotypes
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Question
According to research by Buckett, which of the following will be most adversely affected by disturbed sleep?
Answer
a Hispanic child from a wealthy family
children under the age of five years
infants who sleep in a room separate from their parents
an African American child from a low-income family
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Question
Which of the following factors correlates positively with violent delinquency?
Answer
SES and child abuse
race and SES
child abuse and ethnicity
SES and social class
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Question
The presence of which of the following genetic variations correlates positively with violent delinquency?
Answer
high-SES gene
high-MAOA gene
low-MAOA gene
low SES gene
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Question
Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:
Answer
motor neurons.
mirror neurons.
sensory neurons.
glial cells.
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Question
When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-old Leila stuck her tongue out in return. How might scientists explain her behavior?
Answer
Leila's behavior was strictly coincidental.
Mirror neurons were activated.
She was exhibiting early signs of high intelligence.
She was exhibiting the tongue-thrust reflex.
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Question
Our genetic structure is set:
Answer
after about 38 weeks of gestation.
during the last trimester before birth.
at the moment of conception.
after about 1 year of age.
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Question
How do infants react to their mothers when the mother speaks to them in a monotone, expressionless manner?
Answer
They laugh at her odd behavior.
They cry uncontrollably.
They will try to engage her and reach up to be held.
They tend to be wary and disengaged.
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Question
The notion of plasticity refers to the:
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Answer
fact that many academic fields contribute data and insight to the science of development.
universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings.
vast array of contexts in which development occurs.
ability of human traits to be molded during development.
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Question
The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David, demonstrates that severely disabled children:
Answer
should be cared for in special institutions.
may be integrated into public education.
may live reasonably normal lives.
may be limited in opportunities in order to be successful.
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Question
The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David, illustrates which of the following?
Answer
how poverty can disrupt development
the plastic nature of human traits
how ethnic and cultural values can interrupt the normal course of development
the inevitable fate of some individuals who are born with severe disabilities
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Question
The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the __________ characteristic of development.
Answer
multidisciplinary
multicontextual
plasticity
multidirectional
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Question
Which of the following best defines the term plasticity as it applies to human development?
Answer
Development takes place within multiple contexts.
Development processes do not always occur in a straight line.
Every trait within an individual can be altered at any point during the life span.
Many cultures within any given country affect the development of individuals within that country.
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Question
Rebecca experienced a traumatic event at the age of four. From that time forward, her development seemed to stagnate. At the age of six
Rebeccas family moved to a better neighborhood with better schools. After this move, not only did Rebeccas development begin to move forward,
but she excelled in many areas of development. This exemplifies which two characteristics of development?
Answer
multidisciplinary and multicontextual
multicontextual and multidirectional
plasticity and multidirectional
multidirectional and multicultural
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Question
In order to draw conclusions that are based on evidence, rather than opinion or wishful thinking, researchers use:
Answer
hypothetical questioning.
observational surveys.
the scientific method.
reflective thinking.
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Question
The scientific method:
Answer
is used only for the hardsciences, such as physics.
always involves conducting experiments.
requires systematic testing of hypotheses.
is not generally used in psychology, as it is quite susceptible to researcher bias.
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Question
The first step in the scientific method involves:
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Answer
posing a question.
running an experiment.
selecting a group of participants.
asking people to participate.
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Question
Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:
Answer
draw conclusions.
run an experiment.
select a group of participants.
develop a hypothesis.
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Question
Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner is referred to as:
Answer
scientific observation.
a correlational design.
cross-sectional research.
a laboratory experiment.
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Question
Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children. She asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that were focused on the candy
aisle. Her method of study is:
Answer
a survey.
scientific observation.
an experiment.
an exploration.
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Question
If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely
using:
Answer
the case-study method.
a controlled experiment.
cross-sectional research.
scientific observation.
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Question
If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could:
Answer
give half of them candy and see how many would share.
mingle with the children and ask them about sharing.
bring a small group into her laboratory and observe them eating.
watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in the school lunchroom.
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Question
Scientific observation permits:
Answer
the study of individuals behaving as they normally do.
determination of cause-and-effect relationships.
precise control of the environment.
systematic manipulation of variables.
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Question
Identify an example of scientific observation.
Answer
asking employers about their employee's assertive behavior
asking teachers to rate children's activity levels in the classroom
watching motherchild interactions at home
bringing people to a laboratory to measure memory ability
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Question
Scientific observation would probably be the best choice for a researcher interested in:
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Answer
beliefs of parents about the drinking behavior of their children.
adolescents' risky sexual behavior.
obtaining extensive information about a single adolescent's nutritional behavior.
the frequency of bullying during school recess periods.
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Question
Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research?
Answer
It must be done in a laboratory setting.
It cannot be generalized to other populations.
It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships.
It violates the ethical standards of research.
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Question
Experiments allow researchers to:
Answer
study the natural environment.
study the entire complexity and uniqueness of an individual.
inexpensively adhere to the scientific method.
determine a cause-and-effect relationship.
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Question
When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:
Answer
the case study.
scientific observation.
the experiment.
the survey.
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Question
Which of the following is the best definition of dependent variable?
Answer
It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable.
It is any unmeasured variable that is not controlled within the context of the experiment.
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
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Question
Which of the following is the best definition of independent variable?
Answer
It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable.
It is any unmeasured variable not controlled within the experiment.
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
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Question
An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be:
Answer
gender.
blood type.
eye color.
level of depression.
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Question
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of
preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This
study was:
Answer
a naturalistic observation.
an experiment.
a case study.
longitudinal research.
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Question
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of
preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels. In this study, the independent
variable was the:
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Answer
viewing of the violent film.
level of aggression displayed before the film.
level of aggression displayed following the film.
children's home environment.
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Question
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of
preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. In this
study, the comparison group was the children:
Answer
who watched the violent film.
who watched the nonviolent film.
whose behavior was the inspiration for the study.
who watch at least four hours of television per day.
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Question
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______ group.
Answer
independent
dependent
experimental
comparison
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Question
In an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
Answer
dependent group.
significant group.
control group.
experimental group.
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Question
When differences between experimental and comparison groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:
Answer
significant.
insignificant.
effective.
ineffective.
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Question
When differences between experimental and comparison groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:
Answer
dependence
significance
meta-analysis
effect size
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Question
You are doing research looking at how a childs overall health, SES, and culture affect academic performance. Which of the following would you
use to determine this?
Answer
factor analysis
significance
meta-analysis
effect size
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Question
Which of the following is the best definition of odds ratio?
Answer
a number indicating the likelihood that experiment results occurred by chance
a number indicating the relationship between two variables in correlational research
a number measuring the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable
a number comparing a variable to a standard identified as 1
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Question
A reason why surveys might not be the most valid of research methods is because:
Answer
many people give inaccurate responses to impress the interviewers.
many people answer honestly but the interviewers do not believe them.
even a representative sample of people will be biased.
when asked the same questions again, responses differ.
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Question
Which of the following is an example of a survey method?
Answer
personal interviews
IQ test scores
height/weight statistics
school grades
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Question
To study people's thoughts about aging, a researcher would most likely use:
Answer
a laboratory experiment.
a survey.
naturalistic observation.
the case-study method.
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Question
A researcher has just completed a study of Princess Diana, including her family background, life history, and expressed opinions. This is an
example of:
Answer
the survey method.
representative sampling.
a case study.
objective testing.
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Question
The basis for a good case study is:
Answer
gathering information from as many people as possible.
gathering a single piece of data from a few individuals.
detailed information about a single individual.
asking the right questions.
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Question
Which of the following methods of research often provides a good starting point for further research?
Answer
experiments
case studies
meta-analyses
factor analyses
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Question
Compared with other methods, the case study has a major limitation in that:
Answer
it is less intensive and thus less informative.
it does not provide sufficient detail on the individual.
its conclusions might not apply to anyone else.
it requires the consent of the individual being studied.
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Question
Which of the following is the best definition of odds ratio?
Answer
a cross-sequential design
a cross-sectional design
a meta-sequential design
a longitudinal design
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Question
Ten years ago, Abram conducted an extensive review of research on the use of technology by a group of adolescents. When he submitted his work
last year for publication, it was rejected. What was the most likely reason?
Answer
Adolescent use of technology hasn't changed in ten years.
The historical context changed, rendering his research obsolete.
Little interest exists in researching the use of technology by adolescents.
Abram's hypothesis was incorrectly stated.
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Question
The quickest way to study changes over the life span is with:
Answer
cross-sectional research.
the case study.
cross-sequential studies.
longitudinal research.
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Question
In cross-sectional research on development, each of the groups studied is of a different:
Answer
sex.
social class.
age.
political affiliation.
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Question
A researcher was interested in finding out whether children's ability to exhibit self-control when offered unhealthy food changed with age. He asked
parents of three-year-old, six-year-old, and nine-year-old children to bring their children into the laboratory, where they were allowed to eat as much
candy, cookies, and cake as they wanted. The researcher then compared the amount of food eaten by children of the three different ages. This is
an example of:
Answer
a naturalistic observation.
cross-sectional research.
longitudinal research.
cross-sequential research.
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Question
Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-sectional research?
Answer
There are too many variables to keep track of.
Longitudinal changes are not easily measured.
Cohort differencesthat is, differences in background variables.
Cultural differences.
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Question
To study how members of a particular group change or remain the same as they grow older, the best method is:
Answer
cross-sectional research.
a survey at the end of the time period.
longitudinal research.
establishing an experimental group and a control group.
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Question
A researcher interested in how computer abilities change with age examines the computer skills of 14-year-olds and 20-year-olds. She finds that
the computer skills of the 20-year-olds are better than those of the 14-year-olds. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this result?
Answer
higher intelligence of 20-year-olds
lack of control group
cohort differences
better verbal comprehension of 20-year-olds
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Question
If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders
and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:
Answer
longitudinal research.
cross-sectional research.
cross-sequential research.
a replication study.
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Question
A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty years, when they are 10, 20, 30, and 40 years old, is conducting:
Answer
cohort research.
longitudinal research.
continuous research.
cross-sectional research.
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Question
Longitudinal research tends to be:
Answer
more surprising in its results than cross-sectional studies.
less time consuming than cross-sectional studies.
more common than cross-sectional studies.
not worth doing.
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Question
Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to:
Answer
disentangle differences due to chronological age from differences related to historical period.
disentangle differences in groups of individuals who are of different ages.
reduce sample bias.
conduct research over only a small time period.
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Question
A cross-sequential design:
Answer
examines a single group of people who are the same age at one point in time.
examines two or more groups of people who are of different ages at one point in time.
follows a single group of people over an extended period of time.
follows two or more groups of people who are of different ages over a period of time.
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Question
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake and his hunger is:
Answer
positive.
negative.
zero.
causal.
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Question
After he got his first job and a regular paycheck, J uan found himself buying more and more DVDs, especially as he got pay raises. The correlation
between the size of his paycheck and the DVDs is:
Answer
positive.
negative.
zero
causal.
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A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in
the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
Answer
experimental
correlational
observational
descriptive
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If you find a correlation between school grades and school attendance, you can conclude that:
Answer
high attendance and high grades tend to occur together.
high attendance causes high grades.
smart children often miss school.
smart children enjoy school.
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Question
Which of the following would be an example of qualitative data collection?
Answer
Interviewing all of the siblings of a pair of conjoined twins and asking them about their personal interactions.
Documenting how many hours of television an eight-year-old child watches per week.
Observing and documenting the number of aggressive behaviors demonstrated by three-year-olds in a day care setting.
Measuring the heights and weights of a group of preschoolers.
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Quantitative information always involves:
Answer
data on subjects.
obtaining much information from research participants.
numerical data.
studying people over a period of time.
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Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
Answer
anecdotal.
qualitative.
quantitative.
hypothetical.
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J ulie is demonstrating probability to a group of school-age children by repeating flipping a coin and predicting heads or tails. The data she collects
is:
Answer
hypothetical.
correlational.
quantitative.
qualitative.
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Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable to numbers is:
Answer
quantitative.
qualitative.
correlational.
hypothetical.
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Which of the following is a strength of qualitative research?
Answer
It is easy to interpret because the results are expressed in numbers.
It is less vulnerable to bias than quantitative research.
It is easy to replicate.
It allows us to summarize cultural and contextual diversity and complexity.
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The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:
Answer
policies and procedures.
participant rules.
code of ethics.
conditions of liability.
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Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For
guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:
Answer
policies and procedures.
code of ethics.
participant rules.
conditions of liability.
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Question
When doing research with children, which of the following must be obtained?
Answer
the children's birth records
the names of the children's biological parents if the children are adopted
the parents' informed consent
the names of the children's peers
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The initials IRB stand for:
Answer
Institutional Research Board.
International Research Board.
Internal Review Board.
Intelligence Research Board.
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Researchers obtain informed consent of individuals participating in their studies to ensure the participants understand that:
Answer
participation is voluntarily, confidential, and harmless for all.
they will be paid for their participation.
researchers are not liable for unanticipated outcomes.
their names will be published in the final research report.
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In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written
permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as:
Answer
holding harmless.
informed consent.
release of liability.
rite of research.
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An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is:
Answer
halting the study if harm is suspected.
changing the data to support the hypothesis.
obtaining informed consent.
maintaining confidentiality.
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In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the
research process?
Answer
keeping the research separate from the participants at all times
keeping the names of the research participants anonymous
providing details of the study which will allow for replication
using the same research team for replicating future studies
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Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
Answer
may be researched quickly.
may be researched inexpensively.
are of major importance to society.
are politically correct.
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