ABILITY

1 can : I can speak Japanese( present ability)

2. could: I could run fast when I was young( past ability)
3. to be able to :I will be able to pass the exa under these circustances ( future
ability)
!.can " #bs of perception$to express a present ability through one of the senses
I can see the birds %ying fast.
&.cannot : lack of the ability
PERMISION
1.'an : (ou can borrow this pen
2. ay : )hey ay do exactly as they like ( foral perission )
3.*e could go to any place we liked ( perission in the past )
!.to be allowed+to be peritted to: *e were allowed to go to the cinea last week
& ight ( to express perission connected to the past ) : ,e ight go out where#er
he wanted
PROBABILITY
1.*ill :)he price will go up
2. -hall :I shall be lea#ing as soon as I a ready.
3.ust : (ou ust be the author of the book.
!.should+would+ought to " perfect in/niti#e ( probability in the past )
-he ought to ha#e been hoe by now
&.could+ight+ay " perfect in/niti#e ( it is probable that sth was the case but
you are not sure 01
)hey ay ha#e secretly arried
POSSIBILITY
1.can : we can swi2 if the weather is /ne
2. could : 3on4t go there2it could be a setup
3.ay+ight " well : strong possibility : (ou ight well be right.
!.would" perfect in/niti#e : possibility in the past : 3enial would ha#e been useless
&. could+ight " perfect in/niti#e : possibility in the past although it did not in fact
happen
It could ha#e been awful
5. ipossibility : could not+cannot
It couldn4t possibly be poison
ADVICE
1.should : (ou should learn this by heart
2.ought to : (ou ought to ind the tra6c rules
3. had better : -he had better work harder
!.If I were you7+If I were in your shoes..
&. It is ad#isable+it is recoended " should.
5 .would rather+better
OBLIGATION
1.ust : (ou ust wake up early
2.ha#e to : 8xternal obligation: *e had to do what we were told
3.ought to : oral obligation : )hey ought to be ashaed of what they ha#e done
!.-hould : duty : (ou should do the 9ob we are paid for.
& be to : necessity : : I to wear this dress at the party ;
REGUEST
1.will : inforal : <o2 will you help e ;
2.can : siple and direct way : 'an I ask a =uestion ;
3.'ould : ore polite : 'ould I 9ust interrupt a inute ;
!. can4t :ore persuasi#e re=uest :'an4t we ha#e soe usic ;
&. ay+ight : foral re=uests: <ay I step in ;
ORDER
1.shall : regulations >ooks shall be returned in a week
2.will : in a direct way : *ill you pack up and lea#e ;
3.would : in a polite way : *ould you ask the to lea#e;
!.ust : (ou ust coe at once.
&.ustn4t: interdiction : (ou ustn4t say a word about this
WOULD
1.polite re=uests
2.preferece : would rather+ would sooner
3.repeated action in the past
!.after ?wish@+@if only ?
&.future in the past
5. present and perfect conditional
A.probability : this woan would be his sister
B.willingness : I explained to her that she had to go there whether she would or
would not ( Caidos)