Description of Fluid in Motion

1
Lecture4
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 4: Descriptions of Fluid in Motion
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Description of Description of
Fluid in Motion Fluid in Motion
FluidinMotion
Isabel Loop Isabel Loop Vortex Motion Vortex Motion
2
ChapterSummary
Introduction
Introduction
SteadyandUnsteadyFlows
Pathline,Streakline andStreamline
RealandIdealFluids
LaminarandTurbulentFlows
FlowDimensionality
FrameofReference
Lagrangian VsEulerian Viewpoint
4.1Introduction
Fl id ti b 3 ti
Fluidmotionsaregovernby3conservation
laws mass,momentumandenergy
conservation
Basicconceptswillbeintroducedasabasis
foranalyzingfluidmotion f y g f
3
4.2.SteadyandUnsteadyFlow
SteadyandUnsteadyFlow:
S eady a d U s eady o
Ifflowparametersisnotchangingwithtimetheflow
fieldissaidtobeSTEADYFLOW
Ifitischangingwithtime=>UNSTEADYFLOW
Steady-Flow Unsteady-Flow
0
u
=
0
u
Time, t
u
Time, t
u
Probe
0
t
=
0
t

4.2.SteadyandUnsteadyFlow
SteadyandUnsteadyFlow:
S eady a d U s eady o
Steady-Flow Unsteady-Flow
Harrier VTOL
Fighter Plane
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4.3.Pathline,Steakline &Streamline
PhysicalObservationsofFlowPattern:
ys ca Obse a o s of o a e
Afewtechniquesareavailabletodescribeflowpattern
Pathline ~Linestracedoutbyindividualparticlesoffluids,
Canbeobservedbyfollowingthepathofamarkerasit
movesinthefluid
Path of marker
A
B
Pathline through A
Pathline through B
If further markers were inserted at A & B and
pathlines were coincident, flow is STEADY
PhysicalObservationsofFlowPattern:
ys ca Obse a o s of o a e
Streakline ~Tracedobservedwhenadyeorsmokeis
continuouslyinjectedatafixedpointorpointswithina
flowfield
Fluid Flow
Streaklines
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Streaklines :
Physical Observations of Flow Pattern : -
4.3. Pathline, Steakline & Streamline 4.3. Pathline, Steakline & Streamline
Streamline ~ Lines representing the direction of velocity
throughout the flowfield at any instant in time. Thus there is
no flow across streamlines. Snapshot of streaklines
Uniform flow
0
u
=
Tangent = velocity
Non-uniform flow
s
0
s
u
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Physical Observations of Flow Pattern : -
Physical Observations of Flow Pattern :
Properties of Streamlines : ~
velocity components normal to streamlines is zero
In unsteady flow, shape changes with time
In steady flow, unchanging with time and coincident with pathlines
and streaklines
They vary in spacing - indicates the velocity variation
Follows shape of solid boundaries except when separation occurs
They cannot intersect
Stream-surface - A surface formed of streamlines
Stream-tube - Stream surface wrap around to form a tube
Pathlines Vs Streaklines Vs Streamlines
: -
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Pathlines Vs Streaklines Vs Streamlines : -
((a) t =4 s.(b) t =7 s. (c) t =10 s. a) t =4 s.(b) t =7 s. (c) t =10 s.
Real Vs Ideal Fluid : -
4. 4.44. . Real and Ideal Fluid Real and Ideal Fluid
Ideal fluid - fluid with no viscosity and incompressible. Fluid
slip at solid boundary. Velocity exist at the wall.
Real fluid -
No slip condition at the wall. No tangential velocity at the wall
Boundary Layer exists near the wall
Velocity profile developed - varies in traverse direction
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Real Vs Ideal Fluid : -
4. 4.44. . Real and Ideal Fluid Real and Ideal Fluid
Laminar and Turbulent Flow: -
Laminar Flow - steady no mixing smooth appearance E g
4. 4.55. . Laminar and Turbulent Flows Laminar and Turbulent Flows
Laminar Flow steady, no mixing, smooth appearance. E.g.
Flow of fluid with high viscosity, honey, lubrication oil
Turbulent Flow - with mixing action throughout the flow-field
with formation of eddies : characterized by statistical
fluctuation about mean value
Govern by Reynolds number , Re =ud/
Laminar flow
Re < Re
crit
Turbulent flow
Re > Re
crit
'
_
u u u + =
=
T t
t
_
udt
T
1
u
9
Laminar and Turbulent Flow (Reynolds Experiment): -
4. 4.55. . Laminar and Turbulent Flows Laminar and Turbulent Flows
Flow Dimensionality : -
4. 4.66. . Flow Dimensionality Flow Dimensionality
y
the minimum number of space coordinates required to
specify it
One-Dimensional Flow - Velocity profile is uniform at any
station - e.g. Ideal fluid flow in pipe or duct.
Two-Dimensional Flow - Flow of real fluid in duct with
infinite width in cartesian x-y coordinates - Axi-symmetric infinite width in cartesian x-y coordinates - Axi-symmetric
flow in circular pipe in cylindrical x-r coordinates
Three-Dimensional Flow - Flow of real fluid in duct with end
effects in x-y-z cartesian coordinates
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Flow Dimensionality : -
4. 4.66. . Flow Dimensionality Flow Dimensionality
y
1D Flow - uniform vel profile 2D Flow - velocity varies in x & y
2D Axi-symmetric flow General 3D Flow
Frame of Reference
4. 4.77. . Frame of Reference Frame of Reference
f f
The laws of mechanics are still applicable if the frame of
reference is moving at a constant velocity in straight line
It is easier to analyze Steady flow cf. Unsteady flow
Sometimes convenient to change frame of reference from a fixed
coordinates to moving coordinates (relative frame)
STEADY
UNSTEADY
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Analyzing Fluid Flow - LAGRANGIAN Vs EULERIAN
4. 4.88. . Lagrangian Lagrangian Vs Vs Eulerian Eulerian
y g
LAGRANGIAN Viewpoint : -
Following the movement of individual fluid particle with time.
Many particles followed and interaction considered.
Control mass Approach (as in Thermodynamics 1)
velocity description : u = u(t) = u
x
i + u
y
j + u
z
k : tangent to
streamline streamline
LAGRANGIAN
APPROACH
EULERIAN Viewpoint : -
4. 4.88. . Lagrangian Lagrangian Vs Vs Eulerian Eulerian
p
Focus on certain point in space and describe the motion of fluid
particles that pass this point as time goes on.
Control Volume Approach (as in Thermodynamics 1)
velocity description : u = u(x,y,z,t) = function of position along
a streamline and time
EULERIAN
APPROACH
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End of End of Lecture Lecture 4 4

Description of Fluid in Motion

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