30212

Prof. I ng.
Alessandro Mandolini, PhD

PI LE FOUNDATI ONS:
ADVANCES I N ANALYSI S AND DESI GN
H. Mirzabaigian: great uncertainties in predicting pile capacity
(prediction exercise published by Wheeler, 1999)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Alessandro Mandolini - Pile foundations: advances in analysis and design
2
I nternational Prediction Event I SC2
A. Viana da Fonseca & J .A. Santos, 2002: 33 predictors
Doha, J une 10
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2014
3
I nternational Prediction Event I SC2
A. Viana da Fonseca & J .A. Santos, 2002: 33 predictors
ND pile (bored)
Min 600 kN; Max 3300 kN
Max/ Min 5.5
ND pile (CFA)
Max/ Min 7
D pile (driven)
Max/ Min 6
Doha, J une 10
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2014
4
P. Sharp: A rethink of pile capacity based on wall roughness is needed

On the basis of the research work by Haberfield, 2002:

Wall roughness 2 mm skin friction q
s
= 1300 kPa

s
= 1900 kPa
Doha, J une 10
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2014
5
P. Sharp: A rethink of pile capacity based on wall roughness is needed

On the basis of the research work by Haberfield, 2002:

s
= 1300 kPa

s
= 1900 kPa
Doha, J une 10
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2014
6
Wall roughness R
t
= f(D
50
)
R. Katzenbach: I SSMGE CPRF Guidelines
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2014
7
Whatever the need of using piles is, the uncertainties in predicting their
response to axial loading inevitably reflect in uncertainties into design of

Traditional Pile Group Foundations
(i.e. neglecting the raft-soil contact)

or

Combined Piled Raft Foundations
(i.e. allowing for the contribution
of the raft-soil contact)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
8
Doha, J une 10
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2014
9
also ND piles (bored)
( )
( )
Doha, J une 10
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2014
10
= tan q
'
rf s
PREMI SES

Looking at pile shaft resistance, the skin friction q
s
(in the figure
s
) will
depend: (a) on the initial state of stress; (b) on the soil properties
changes due to pile construction; (c) on the fundamental mechanical
behaviour of the soil (e.g., for sandy soil: dilatancy, softening) in a thin
cylinder surrounding the pile, where strain localization concentrates
(shear band); (d) on the pile-soil interface (wall roughness):
PREMI SES

s
(in the figure
s
) will
Doha, J une 10
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2014
11
( ) + + =
=
tan q
tan q
'
L , h
'
C , h
'
ho s
'
rf s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
PREMI SES

s
(in the figure
s
) will
Doha, J une 10
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2014
12
( ) + + =
=
tan q
tan q
'
L , h
'
C , h
'
ho s
'
rf s
Fleming et al. (2009):
I f excavation is properly executed and high
fluidity concrete is then placed, it is reasonable to
Assume
h,C
= 0, implying that concreting
can reinstate the effective horizontal stresses existing
before drilling.
PREMI SES

s
(in the figure
s
) will
Doha, J une 10
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2014
13
( ) + =
=
tan K q
tan q
'
L , h
'
vo o s
'
rf s
Earth pressure coefficient at rest
Mayne & Kulhawy (1982) FHWA (2010):

= =
sin sin
NC , o o
OCR ) sin 1 ( OCR K K
Doha, J une 10
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2014
14
Doha, J une 10
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2014
15
'
vo
'
vo s
) tan K ( q = =

= =
sin sin
0
OCR ) sin 1 ( OCR K K
=
=
=

tan OCR ) sin 1 (
q
sin
'
vo
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014
16
=
=
=
=
sin
NC OC
NC
sin
'
vo
s
OCR
tan ) sin 1 (
tan OCR ) sin 1 (
q
Doha, J une 10
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2014
17
25 45 0,27
NC
0,30
practically constant
=
=
=
=
sin
NC OC
NC
sin
'
vo
s
OCR
tan ) sin 1 (
tan OCR ) sin 1 (
q
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d
e
p
t
h

z

[
m
]
[-]
any
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d
e
p
t
h

z

[
m
]
[-]
Doha, J une 10
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2014
18
25 45 0,27
NC
0,30
practically constant
=
=
=
=
sin
NC OC
NC
sin
'
vo
s
OCR
tan ) sin 1 (
tan OCR ) sin 1 (
q
any
= 25
= 45
q = 1000 kPa
= 16 kN/ m
3
Doha, J une 10
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2014
19
any
= 25
= 45
Doha, J une 10
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2014
20
Based on FHWA (2010) recommendations:

in order to develop greater values of skin friction q
s
at shallow depth,

over-consolidation must be invoked !!!
Approaches like that proposed by FHWA (2010) can be
useful in practice but they do not appear to be
supported by Science in the form of conceptual or
analytical models.

Closer scrutiny is needed, particularly where design
requires extrapolation outside the existing database.
Doha, J une 10
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2014
21
Mascarucci Y (2012).
Un nuovo approccio per la valutazione della resistenza laterale in terreni sabbiosi.
Ph.D. Thesis, Sapienza, University of Roma.

Mascarucci Y, Mandolini A, Miliziano S (2013).
Effects of residual stresses on shaft friction of bored cast in situ piles in sand.
J OURNAL OF GEO-ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Mascarucci Y, Miliziano S, Mandolini A (2014).
A numerical approach to estimate shaft friction of bored piles in sands.
ACTA GEOTECHNICA

Mascarucci Y, Miliziano S, Mandolini A (2014).
3M, an analytical method for the evaluation of shaft friction of bored piles in sands.
ASCE J OURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (under review)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
22
BASI CS FOR ND-PI LE (BORED) I N SAND

Approaching failure, large shear strains start to concentrate in a very thin soil
cylinder around the pile shaft (the shear band, SB)
(e.g. Frank 1974; Wernick 1978)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
ts
BT
'h
Terreno
di
Contrasto
PALO
R
u
PI LE
SB
SOI L
ho
23

The thickness t
s
of the SB mainly depends on the soil grading (typically 520
times the mean particle size, d
50
)
(e.g. Uesugi and Kishida 1986, Viggiani et al. 2001)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
ts
BT
'h
Terreno
di
Contrasto
PALO
R
u
PI LE
SB
SOI L
ho
24

Depending on the soil state (void index, e, and mean stress, p) the SB can
dilate or not. I f dilating, an outward radial displacement u
r
will occur.
Doha, J une 10
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2014
ts
BT
'h
Terreno
di
Contrasto
PALO
R
u
r
PI LE
SB
SOI L
ho
25

The outer soil will react to the displacement u
r
by an increase of the
horizontal stress
h,L
whose magnitude will mainly depend on the soil
stiffness (G).
(e.g. Wernick 1978; Boulon and Foray 1986)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
ts
BT
'h
Terreno
di
Contrasto
PALO
R
PI LE
SB
SOI L
ho
+
h,L
26
u
r
Doha, J une 10
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2014
r r 1 L , h
u
D
G 4
u k '
= = Cylindrical cavity expansion elastic theory:

27
Doha, J une 10
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2014
+ = = tan ) ' ( tan q
L , h
'
ho
'
h s
Available skin friction q
s
at ND-pile/ sandy soil interface:

+ = tan ) u
D
G 4
K ( q
r
'
vo o s
28
Doha, J une 10
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2014

+ = tan ) u
D
G 4
K ( q
r
'
vo o s
pile
R ts
shear
band
'hf='h0+'h
surrounding
soil
u
qs
w
2
tan t u
cs
p s r

= Mascarucci (2012)

Stroud (1971)
Mortara (2001)

Uesugi and Kishida (1986)
Viggiani et al. (2001)
6 . 0
cs

50 s
d n t =
n = 520
29
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014

+ = tan )] 6 . 0 tan d n (
D
G 4
K [ q
p 50
'
vo o s
30
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014

+ = tan )] 6 . 0 tan d n (
D
G 4
K [ q
p 50
'
vo o s
Stiffer (G), denser (
p
) and coarser (d
50
) soils larger q
s

31
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014
The effect of partial restrained dilatancy tends to reduce for
increasing pile diameter (D) smaller q
s

32

+ = tan )] 6 . 0 tan d n (
D
G 4
K [ q
p 50
'
vo o s
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014
The effect of partial restrained dilatancy tends to reduce for
decreasing ratio t
s
/ D = nd
50
/ D smaller q
s

33

+ = tan )] 6 . 0 tan
D
d n
( G 4 K [ q
p
50
'
vo o s
s
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Mascarucci et al. (2014): Naples Law Court Building
Bored pile L = 42 m; d = 1,5 m embedded in submerged silty fine sand
34
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Due to the very small values for the ratio t
s
/ D = nd
50
/ D, the
coefficient K tends to be coincident with K
o
(K/ K
o
1)
35

+ = tan )] 6 . 0 tan
D
d n
( G 4 K [ q
p
50
'
vo o s
s
at ND-pile/ clayey soil interface:
Doha, J une 10
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2014
36
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Lesson learned from experiments and theoretical
studies about ND-pile (bored)

The skin friction q
s
developed at the shaft of well-
constructed
(*)
bored piles embedded in sandy soil is
mainly governed by soil dilatancy and stiffness.

For given conditions, soil grading (d
50
) modulates
the magnitude of q
s
.

(*)
no significant changes of the soil stress state during the construction
(drilling and concrete placement) of the pile
37
Doha, J une 10
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2014
studies about ND-pile (bored)

The skin friction q
s
developed at the shaft of well-
constructed
(*)
bored piles embedded in sandy soil is
mainly governed by soil dilatancy and stiffness.

For given conditions, soil grading (d
50
) modulates
the magnitude of q
s
.

For bored piles in clay, dilatancy effects are
vanishing and stress history (OCR K
o
) plays a
major role

(*)
no significant changes of the soil stress state during the construction
(drilling and concrete placement) of the pile
38
DISPLACEMENT PILES
Doha, J une 10
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2014
DRI VEN, installed under axial dynamic axial force(s)

J ACKED, installed under static force(s)

SCREW, installed under static axial force and torque
39
DISPLACEMENT PILES
Doha, J une 10
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2014
DRI VEN, installed under axial dynamic axial force(s)

J ACKED, installed under static force(s)

SCREW, installed under static axial force and torque
Many types of piling
equipments and perforation
tools different effects on
the receiving soil
40
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Basu et al. (2010)

Soil stress changes induced
during the installation of a
jacked pile
41
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Basu et al. (2010)

Soil stress changes induced
during the installation of a
jacked pile
42
h
nearly
constant
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Pucker et al. (2012):
3D FEM analysis

I nfluence of the ratio V
z
/ V
r

on the horizontal stress
changes at varying distance
(1D and 3D) induced during
the installation of a screw
pile.

The figures report the results
for a penetration level z/ D =
6 and for V
z
/ V
r
= 5 (above)
and 10 (below)
43
Particle Flow
Code 3D v. 3.00
Itasca
Doha, J une 10
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2014
44
Valentino F (2014).
Analysis of installation and loading process for displacement piles by Discrete Element
Model
Ph.D. Thesis, Seconda Universit degli Studi di Napoli.
Doha, J une 10
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2014
45
BAUER FDP JACKED
J acked and Screw piles L = 8,45 m; D = 0,60 m

Horizontal stress changes at the end of insertion
h,INS
/
h0
Doha, J une 10
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2014
46
J acked pile L = 8,45 m; D = 0,60 m

Horizontal stress changes:
- at the end of insertion (I NS)
- after removal of jacking load, i.e. End Of Construction (EOC)
- after loading (L) at w = 10%D
loose medium dense
Doha, J une 10
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2014
studies about D-pile (jacked). On the overall:

in medium to dense sand, the soil changes occurred
during the construction envisage the amount of
available skin friction during subsequent loading.
47
loose medium dense
Doha, J une 10
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2014
studies about D-pile (jacked). On the overall,

in loose sand, the increase of
h
during the pile
insertion over most of the pile length ......
48
loose medium dense
Doha, J une 10
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2014

...... then reduces to values smaller than geostatic
......
49
loose medium dense
Doha, J une 10
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2014

...... and partially recovered during loading stage,
often resulting in values which are close to
geostatic (no significant advantages vs ND-pile)
50
loose medium dense
Doha, J une 10
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2014
51
I nstallation energy for jacked and screw piles
v A
T v F
E
b
+
=
Van Impe 1994
Jacked ( = 0):
Screw FDP:
+
+
+
=
v A
T v F
v A
T v F
E
b
b
b b
A
F
v A
v F
E

=
Doha, J une 10
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2014
52
I nstallation energy, E / resistance, Q
lim
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46
E

/

Q
l
i
m
(
k
N
m
/
m
3
/

k
N
)
n (-)
Infisso
FDP
For looser sandy soils (n), jacked piles are less effective (E/ Q
lim
)
porosity, n (-)
jacked
Doha, J une 10
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2014
53
I nstallation energy, E / resistance, Q
lim
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46
E

/

Q
l
i
m
(
k
N
m
/
m
3
/

k
N
)
n (-)
Infisso
FDP
jacked
screw FDP
porosity, n (-)
For looser sandy soils (n), jacked piles are less effective (E/ Q
lim
)

The contrary is true for screw FDP (E/ Q
lim
)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
Theoretical studies like those here presented can
greatly help piling industry in conceiving more
convenient design methods (i.e., bored piles) and
piling equipment / shape and size of perforation tools
(jacked and FDP).
54
Doha, J une 10
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2014
55
RESEARCH PROJ ECT UFRG/ SUN

SI TE LOCATI ON: BRAZI L,
Doha, J une 10
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2014
56
RESEARCH PROJ ECT UFRG/ SUN

SI TE LOCATI ON: BRAZI L

I NTERNATI ONAL
PI LE PREDI CTI ON EVENT, 2015
Pile type Details Dia. [m] L/D Load Test Instrumentation
Non
displacement
Bentonite
1,0 to 1,2
25
Static
Fully instrumented
along the shaft
Polymer
CFA
Polymer Osterberg
CFA
0,60
Dynamic
CFA
Static
Displacement Full to be
decided
In spite of significant advances in understanding mechanisms that
determine the shaft friction and end-bearing capacity of different
types of pile, design methods still heavily rely on empirical
correlations.
Doha, J une 10
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2014
57
In spite of significant advances in understanding mechanisms that
determine the shaft friction and end-bearing capacity of different
types of pile, design methods still heavily rely on empirical
correlations.
The development of new piling equipments and perforation tools
undoubtedly takes place at a speed higher than the capability of
implementing rational approaches to understand what really
happens into the soil during the construction of a pile

trial and error site procedure often managed by site engineers
(and not specialists) to solve a specific problem on a specific type

NOT EXPORTABLE EXPERIENCE
Doha, J une 10
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2014
58
Despite adverse comments by some of the Pioneers in
Soil Mechanics (and despite attitude of Civil Engineers
to not modify their daily practice), there is a significant
role for scientific methods in pile design.
(Randolph, 2003)
(Mandolini, now)
Doha, J une 10
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2014
59
Prof. I ng. Alessandro Mandolini, PhD
PI LE FOUNDATI ONS:
ADVANCES I N ANALYSI S AND DESI GN

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= = Cylindrical cavity expansion elastic theory:

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