COURSE OUTLINE

PAGE
P/rt 7 1! COMMUNICATION 88888888888888888+++ 6
6
1+1 P&r9o'# /2$ For-' o6 Co--&2%*/t%o2 8888888888 6
1+" T#*,2%*/: Co--&2%*/t%o2 8888888888888888 6
2.1.2 Standardi;ation AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. 6
2.1.1 #echnical Report Writing AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. -
2.1.+ )ictorial .o!!unication AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. 5
P/rt 7 " ! ENGINEERING DRAWING 8888888888888888+ 5
"+1 Pr#'#2t/t%o2 o6 E2g%2##r%2g (T#*,2%*/:0 Dr/;%2g' 888+++ B
1.2.2 (*ono!etric 4)ictorial< )ro=ections AAAAAAAAAAA.. B
Di!etric )ro=ection AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. B
Iso!etric )ro=ection ..AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. C
1.2.1 Orthographic )ro=ections AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA C
3a!ing of >iews AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. C
Standard Orthographic )ro=ections AAAAAAAAA. 2,
"+" St/2$/r$' 88888888888888888888888++ 21
1.1.2 )aper Si;es and "olding AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 21
1.1.1 Scales AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2+
1.1.+ Dines and Dettering AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 20
1.1.0 #itle Bloc% and )arts Dist AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2-
"+) Pr#9/r%2g E2g%2##r%2g Dr/;%2g' 88888 88888888 25
1.+.2 S%etches AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... 25
1.+.1 Eand drafts AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 2B
1.+.+ Detail 4Wor%ing< Drawings AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 2B
"+< Pr#9/r%2g D#t/%: Dr/;%2g' 8888888888888888 2B
1.0.2 So!e Basic Instru!ents and 8quip!ent ...AAAAAAAA 2B
1.0.1 ?eneral ?uidelines AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 1,
Spacing of >iews AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 1,
)ro=ection of >iews AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 12
1.0.+ Sectioning AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 11
1.0.0 Di!ensioning AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... 1+
"unctional Di!ensions AAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. 1+
3on9"unctional Di!ensions AAAAAAAAAAAA. 1+
(u*iliar$ Di!ensions AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 1+
1.0.6 So!e Special "eatures AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 16
#hreaded )arts AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. 16
Machines Eoles 4Drilled and Milled holes< AAAAAA. 1-
.ha!fers and .ountersin%s AAAAAAAAAAAA 15
Speciall$ #reated Surfaces AAAAAAAAAAAA.. 15
1.0.- #olerances and "its AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 15
"+= A''#-3:> Dr/;%2g' 8888888888888888888 1C
P/rt 7 )! E?ERCISES 8888888888888888888888+++ +,
REFERENCES 8888888888888888+888888+ 0
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# ) o6 ) "# 2,2
REFERENCES
1. S#IRDI3?, 3. 42CBC<: (n Introduction to #echnical Drawing F Metric 8dition
Del!ar )ublishers. (lban$, 3ew Gor%, pp. +5,
1. BE(3D(RI, >./., B&8EDM(33, 8.#., /8DD8R, &., O8E3I3?8R, . and #OM8S83, D.B.M. 42CB+<:
Drawing and Design: Data Boo% for Mechanical 8ngineering
3. SEI?D8G, .8. 42C55<: Mechanical 8ngineering Design
Mc?raw9Eill, /oga%usho Dtd, #o%$o
0. ORDO>, ). 42C5C<: "unda!entals of Mechanical Design F >ol. 2 F 6
MIR )ublishers, Moscow
5. "R83.E, #.8. and >I8R./, ... 42C--<: "unda!entals of 8ngineering Drawing F 1
nd
8dition
6. ?I8RS8./8, ".8., MI#.E8DD, (., S)83.8R, E..., EIDD, I.D. and DG?DO3, .#. 42CB-<:
#echnical Drawing F B
th
8dition
5. (n$ other Rele'ant Standard4s<
e.g. BS +,+:2-0 8ngineering Drawing )ractice
Wester!ann #ables for the Metal #rade
BS +5-+ #he International S$ste! of &nits 4SI< etc.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# < o6 ) "# 2,2
P/rt 7 1! COMMUNICATION
D#6%2%t%o2! .o!!unication is defined as, Hthe act of co!!unicating, that is, passing on news,
infor!ation, feelings etc.I 4O*ford StudentsJ Dictionar$ of .urrent 8nglish F 2CB6<
1+1 P&r9o'# /2$ For-' o6 Co--&2%*/t%o2
#he purpose of co!!unication F irrespecti'e of the for!K!eans in which it is con'e$ed F is to pass a
!essage fro! one entit$ 4a person or group of people< to another entit$ 4person or group< in the !ost
con'enient wa$ and with !ini!u! distortion or a!biguit$.
#he two !ain for!s of co!!unication are through /&$%o and 5%'&/: !eans. (udio !eans rel$ on
sound signals that are percei'ed b$ ears. Sound producingKrecei'ing de'ices are used for this purpose.
>isual !eans on the other hand, depend on light signals 4i!ages< that are percei'ed b$ e$es. I!age
producingKrecei'ing de'ices are used for this purpose. #his !a$ include things li%e te*t, drawings,
figures, photographs, 'ideo i!ages, #> i!ages, i!ages of real ob=ects etc. Other hu!an senses are
so!eti!es used for co!!unication 4e.g. a touch to attract attention, braille te*t for the blind, etc<.
1+" T#*,2%*/: Co--&2%*/t%o2
#echnical co!!unication is an ad'anced for! of co!!unication whereb$ people of the sa!e trade
4profession< can con'e$ !essages to one another !ore accuratel$ and precisel$. #o achie'e this, a
technical language, which is well standardi;ed, is needed 4e.g. botanical na!es for plant scientists, etc<.
2.1.2 Standardi;ation
Definition: HStandardi;ation is the process of for!ulating and appl$ing rules for an orderl$
approach to a specific acti'it$ for the benefit and with the cooperation of all concerned,
and in particular for the pro!otion of opti!u! o'erall econo!$ ta%ing due account of
functional conditions and safet$ require!ents.I
4ISO F International Organi;ation for Standardi;ation<
Standards are set at different le'els. #here are local standards, national standards, regional standards
and international standards. #$pical e*a!ples of the different le'els of standards !a$ include7
Docal Standards: S&( for!ats for writing 'arious acade!ic reports, Morogoro Municipal
standards for waste disposal, grading of product qualit$ in an industr$, etc.
3ational Standards: (ll #BS standards, standards set b$ local professional bodies e.g. the
8ngineersJ Registration Board 48RB<, DI3 4?er!an<, BS 4&./.<, ?OS# 4&.S.S.R.<, etc.
Regional Standards: Standards set for the 8ast (frican .o!!unit$, standards for the S(D.
region, e'en the (& can set standards for her !e!ber states, etc.
International Standards: ISO 4International Organi;ation for Standardi;ation<
DI3 F an internationall$ accepted ?er!an national standard
BS F an internationall$ accepted British national standard
It is alwa$s desirable to adhere to international standards, particularl$ the ISO standards that e!plo$ SI
units. Standardi;ation ser'es fi'e !ain ob=ecti'es7
.reation of unifor! ter!inolog$
Maintenance of a li!ited order of 'ariet$
Specification of functional uses and li!itations
8stablish!ent of una!biguous ob=ecti'e test !ethods and !aterial specification
.onduction of co!parati'e studies of 'arious standards
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# = o6 ) "# 2,2
1+"+" T#*,2%*/: R#9ort Wr%t%2g
Reports are written in accordance to accepted standards 4for!ats<. #here are so!e !ini!u!
require!ents, which the report has to satisf$ for it to be accepted. In an$ report, a !ini!u! nu!ber of
words F which sufficientl$ presents the !essage accuratel$ and precisel$ F is needed.
Require!ents for different reports 'ar$. "or instance, educational reports 4e.g. laborator$ practical
reports<, reports for se!inars and wor%shops, research reports, research findings for publication in
reputed scientific ournals, etc. Despite the !an$ 'ariations in the for!ats of reports, al!ost alwa$s a
technical report consists of the following parts7 (bstract, Introduction, Diterature Re'iew, Materials and
Methods, 8*peri!ental Setup, Results, Discussion 4often ti!es, the results are co!bined with
discussions<, .onclusions and Reco!!endations, References and (ppendices. It !ust be noted that
this is onl$ a general guideline and not a Hstrict biblical co!!andI. In real life, there is li%el$ to be so!e
!inor 4or e'en !a=or< 'ariations. (s a rule of thu!b, an$ technical report !ust be st$led and detailed to
focus on the intended reader4s<. "or instance, a report intended for a 'illage !eeting will differ
significantl$ in st$le and le'el of detail fro! a research paper intended for publication in a scientific
ournal.

o A3'tr/*t
#his is a brief su!!ar$ 426, F +,, words< of the wor% being reported. It is si!pl$ a s$nopsis of
what was done, wh$, how, the !ain findings, the !ain conclusions andKor reco!!endations.
(lthough the abstract appears first in the report, it is usuall$ written last after e'er$thing has
been put in place. &suall$ this is the !ost difficult part of the report to write, as it has to reflect
in a nutshell the rest of the reportL
o I2tro$&*t%o2
#his is the bac%ground infor!ation 4briefl$< =ustif$ing the wor% being reported. It is a s$nopsis
of what has been done prior to the present wor% 4reference to the literature<, strengths and
wea%nesses of the !ethods used in the past and what has been done in the present wor% that
distinguishes it fro! the past wor%s.
o L%t#r/t&r# R#5%#;
#his presents a detailed co'erage of what others ha'e done that is closel$ related to the present
stud$. #his has to reflect the scope of %nowledge 4!ost updated< that is reported in the
literature related to the wor% being reported in the present stud$. It for!s a sound basis for
!eaningful interpretation of the results obtained in the present stud$.
o M/t#r%/:' /2$ M#t,o$' (M#t,o$o:og>0
#he !aterials used 4sources and qualit$Kgrade<, !ethods used 4briefl$ e*plain each !ethod in
detail to enable the reader to replicate $our wor%, if dee!ed necessar$. "or standard !ethods,
!a%e reference to the standard4s< concerned 4e.g. ((..999999<, a brief account of how non9
standard e*peri!ents were done is usuall$ necessar$.
o R#'&:t' /2$ D%'*&''%o2
#his part is nor!all$ presented in tabular andKor graphical for!s. It is a brief discussion of !ain
findings based on the results obtained and e*perience of other wor%ers 4literature<. So!eti!es
the results are presented separate fro! the discussion.
o Co2*:&'%o2' /2$@or R#*o--#2$/t%o2'
Gour personal inferences regarding the results, $our reco!!endations for further wor%, etc. Gou
should be honest and ad!it !ain wea%nesses that !ight ha'e affected the results obtained in
$our reported wor% 4i.e. !ain sources of error F if an$<.
o R#6#r#2*#'
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# . o6 ) "# 2,2
(ll sources of infor!ation cited in the literature re'iew and elsewhere. ('oid including general
reading !aterials that were used to obtain a general bac%ground on the sub=ect !atter.
o A99#2$%*#'
(n$ rele'ant infor!ation, which $ou strongl$ feel is necessar$ for the wholeso!eness of the
report, but which could not be con'enientl$ fitted into the bul% of the report.
1+"+) P%*tor%/: Co--&2%*/t%o2
)ictorial co!!unication includes drawings and photographs. Drawings and photographs, where
appropriate, con'e$ the !essage !ore accuratel$ than a passage of words. )hotographs are !ore
accurate and so!eti!es the true colors of the ob=ect are displa$ed. Eowe'er, photographs are
e*pensi'e, less infor!ati'e and their !agnification is li!ited in ter!s of clarit$. On the other hand,
drawings are cheap, clearer and eas$ to understand. #he$ are therefore, in !ost cases, !ore preferred
than photographs.
P/rt 7 "! ENGINEERING DRAWING
Wh$ 8ngineering DrawingM
(s a "ood Scientist and #echnologist, $ou will ine'itabl$ be required to co!!unicate with different
people for different reasons. In so!e situations, co!!unications will be sufficientl$ ta%en care of b$ use
of plain te*t. Eowe'er in other situations, te*t alone !a$ not suffice and a !ore speciali;ed for! of
co!!unication 4technicalKengineering drawing< !a$ pro'e irreplaceabl$ useful.

Drawing 4=ust li%e photograph$< is one of the basic for!s of 'isual co!!unication. Drawing is used to
record ob=ects and actions of e'er$da$ life in an easil$ recogni;able !anner. #here are two !a=or t$pes
of drawings: artistic drawings and technical drawings.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# A o6 ) "# 2,2
Food
Scientist
Management Clients
Quality
Controllers
Government
Agencies
Engineers
Machine
Manufacturers
Spare parts
Manufacturers
???
(rtistic Drawings
#hese are a for! of freehand representation that !a%es use of pictures to pro'ide a general i!pression
of the ob=ect being drawn. #here are no hard rules or standards in the preparation of artistic drawings.
#he$ are si!pl$ drawn b$ artists, based !ore or less on oneJs talent and s%ills. (lthough these drawings
are often 'er$ attracti'e, the$ find 'er$ li!ited use in the world of science.

#echnical Drawings
#hese are detailed drawings drawn accuratel$ and precisel$. #he$ are pictures that ha'e been prepared
with the aid of !athe!atical instru!ents in order to record and trans!it technical infor!ation. #he$
pro'ide an e*act and co!plete description of things that are to be built or !anufactured.
o #echnical drawings do not portra$ the ob=ects the wa$ the$ directl$ appear to the e$e
o #he$ !a%e use of !an$ speciali;ed s$!bols and con'entions in order to trans!it technical
infor!ation clearl$ and e*actl$.
o #o understand and correctl$ interpret technical drawings, one needs to acquaint oneself with
the funda!entals of technical drawing F hence the purpose of this course.
"+1 Pr#'#2t/t%o2 o6 E2g%2##r%2g (T#*,2%*/:0 Dr/;%2g'
1.2.2 (*ono!etric 4)ictorial< )ro=ections
#hese are drawings in which the ob=ect is drawn in three di!ensions 4+9D<, i.e. three sides of the ob=ect
appear in one drawing. 3or!all$ onl$ one drawing is preparedKused.
o #he$ are used e*tensi'el$ in artistic drawing.
o ( three di!ensional 'iew 4i.e. shows length, width and height of the ob=ect si!ultaneousl$<
o )ro'ides onl$ a general i!pression of the shape of the ob=ect b$ allowing the obser'er to see
three of its sides as well as its three o'erall di!ensions
o (n e*act and co!plete description of its shape, particularl$ as applied to its slots on the
underside is lac%ing.
#wo standards are currentl$ used for a*ono!etric pro=ections: dia!etric pro=ection and iso!etric
pro=ection.
Di!etric )ro=ection
In dia!etric pro=ection, all di!ensions along two a*es are drawn to #R&8 SIN8. #he di!ensions along
the third a*is are E(D>8D. #his pro=ection is preferred when one 'iew of the ob=ect is to be e!phasi;ed
than the other two 'iews 4i.e. when that one 'iew is of !ore interest than the other 'iews<.
Ex/-9:#! ( cube of length D
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# B o6 ) "# 2,2
True
Size
Half
Size
42
o

o
!
!
Half !
S"#E $%
"&TE'EST
Iso!etric )ro=ection
In iso!etric pro=ection, all di!ensions along all the three a*es are drawn to #R&8 SIN8. Iso!etric
pro=ection is preferred when the three 'iews of the ob=ect are of equal i!portance for accurate
presentation of the ob=ect.
Ex/-9:#! .ube of length D
1.2.1 Orthographic )ro=ections
#o present an ob=ect in a unique wa$, generall$ !ore 'iews 4and so!eti!es sections< are required. In
orthographic pro=ection, the 'iews are seen in directions that !a%e right angles 4i.e. C,
o
< with each
other. #he nu!ber of 'iews needed should be sufficient to represent the ob=ect co!pletel$ and
con'enientl$, but it should be %ept to the !ini!u!. "or !ost purposes, three 'iews are usuall$
sufficient.
o 8ngineering 4#echnical< drawings usuall$ utili;e orthographic 'iews 4O>< rather than pictorial
'iews
o Orthographic 4O>< help to record the shapes of ob=ects e*actl$ and co!pletel$
o O> is a two9di!ensional 419D< drawing. It shows onl$ one side of an ob=ect and two of its
o'erall di!ensions
o ( !ini!u! of two O> is required to show the three di!ensions of an$ ob=ect and therefore to
describe its shape co!pletel$
So!e features of the ob=ect that do not directl$ appear on 'iewing the ob=ect fro! an$ specific direction
4%nown as hidden details< are shown on the drawing as dotted lines.
3a!ing of >iews
In orthographic pro=ection, three 'iews are nor!all$ drawn. #he three chosen 'iews !a$ be an$ of the
si* h$pothetical faces of the ob=ect. #hese 'iews are na!ed as shown below.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# C o6 ) "# 2,2
()
o
()
o
True
Size
!
!
!

#he "ront >iew 4(B.D< F abbre'iated as ">, is that 'iew of ut!ost i!portance in representing the
ob=ect 4nor!all$ the !ost co!plicated of all the 'iews< as seen when the ob=ect is placed directl$ in
front of the 'iewer. #his 'iew generall$ ser'es to represent the ob=ect 4e.g. a wor% piece< in the !ost
co!!on position in which it is used. It is nor!all$ the first 'iew to be drawn F other 'iews following
thereafter. #he Rear >iew F R> 48"?E< is directl$ opposite the "> at the bac% of the ob=ect. #he Right
Eand Side >iew F RES> 4B"?.< and the Deft Eand Side >iew F DES> 4(8ED< appear on the right and
left sides of the ob=ect, respecti'el$. #he #op 4(B"8< and Botto! 4D.?E< >iews are at the top and
botto! sides of the ">. (s $ou !ust ha'e noted, these si* 'iews are at right angles to one another.
Standard Orthographic )ro=ections
#wo standards are co!!onl$ in use in orthographic pro=ection of drawings7 the "irst (ngle )ro=ection
48uropean pro=ection< and the #hird (ngle )ro=ection 4(!erican pro=ection<. It should be noted that
corresponding 'iews are identical in both !ethods of pro=ection e*cept for their relati'e positions on the
drawing paper.
#he "irst (ngle )ro=ection
S$!bol:
In here, the front 'iew 4(< is the basis 4reference< and the other 'iews are drawn as OshadowsJ of that
'iew. #hat is, the left hand side 'iew for instance is drawn on the right side of the front 'iew. Si!ilarl$
the top 'iew 4plan< is drawn at the botto! of the front 'iew, etc.
#he #hird (ngle )ro=ection
S$!bol:
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1 o6 ) "# 2,2
#
!eft Han*
Si*e +ie,
-AEH#.
%ront +ie,
-A/C#.

/ottom +ie,
-#HGC.
Top +ie, -0!A&.
-A/%E.
'ear +ie,
-E%GH.
'ight Han* Si*e
A
/
C
E
%
G
H
In here, the front 'iew is the basis 4=ust as before< but the other 'iews are drawn as OreflectionsJ of that
'iew. #he left hand side 'iew is drawn on the left hand side of the front 'iew. Si!ilarl$, the top 'iew
4plan< is drawn at the top of the front 'iew.
Ex/-9:#! #he "ront >iew 4"><, Deft Eand Side >iew 4DES>< and #op >iew 4)D(3< of the gi'en ob=ect
SOLUTION 7 I
"irst (ngle )ro=ection
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 11 o6 ) "# 2,2
SOLUTION 7 II
#hird (ngle )ro=ection
"+" St/2$/r$'
8ngineering drawings, being one of the !an$ for!s of technical co!!unication, ha'e to fulfill so!e
accepted standards. #here are 'arious national, !ultinational and international standards, but the
current trend in !ost countries is to adhere 4adopt< the ISO standards. #hus for the purpose of this
course, we will adhere to the ISO standards.
1.1.2 )aper Si;es and "olding
#he ISO !ost reco!!ended paper si;es for technical drawings are %nown as ADFORMATS. Other
series, li%e the B9Series, are of lesser i!portance. In the (9"or!at series, the largest si;e is (,. #he si;e
of an (2 paper is half the si;e of (, while (1 is half the si;e of (2 and so forth. 3ote that a higher order
paper si;e 4which is alwa$s s!aller in si;e< is obtained b$ si!pl$ hal'ing the preceding si;e along its
longer side. "or technical drawings (0 is considered to be the s!allest paper si;e. S!aller9si;ed (9
"or!at papers 4i.e. (6, (-, etc< are 'er$ rarel$ used for technical drawings.
#he (9"or!at )aper Si;es
3O#8S:
4i< When a for!at s!aller than (0 is needed, it is obtained
b$ si!pl$ hal'ing (P along its longer side. "or instance
(6 has 12,9!! as its longer side and 41C5K1 Q 20B9
!!< as its shorter side.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1" o6 ) "# 2,2
For-/t C&t S,##t
(--0
(, B02 R 22BC
(2 6C0 R B02
(1 01, R 6C0
(+ 1C5 R 01,
(0 12, R 1C5
AA. AA.
4ii< "or!at (0 is e*clusi'el$ used in an upright position. #he other for!ats 4which are lager in
si;e than (0< !a$ be used in an upright position or hori;ontal position.
"olding
Onl$ for!at (0 is con'enient for filling. Other for!ats 4larger in si;e< e*ceed the si;e of the file and thus
!ust be folded before filing. Drawings which that do not need fastening are fold in a logical wa$ to gi'e
an (0 si;e. Eowe'er, for those drawings that !ust be fastened, the$ !ust be fold in a standardi;ed wa$
as follows.
For-/t A1 999 46C0 R B02 !!<

For-/t A" 999 401, R 6C0 !!<

#he ob=ects we encounter in our da$9to9da$ life are usuall$
either too large or too s!all to be drawn to their true si;e. "or
instance a car or a building can be drawn to its true si;e if, and onl$ if, we use a piece of paper that is
large enough to acco!!odate the true di!ensions of that car or building. But as we ha'e noted abo'e,
the largest si;e of paper 4under ISO standard< is (, 4B029!! R 22BC9!!<, which is a lot s!aller than
these ob=ects. #he discrepanc$ between the actual si;es of ob=ects and the si;e of the papers we use for
drawing necessitates us to prepare drawings that are either s!aller or bigger in si;e than the actual
ob=ects. #his is onl$ possible through the use of scales.
o ( scale is si!pl$ the ratio of the linear di!ension appearing on the drawing co!pared to the
corresponding linear di!ension on the ob=ect
o ( scale has no units as it is si!pl$ a ratio 4i.e. $%-#2'%o2 o2 $r/;%2g ! $%-#2'%o2 o2
o34#*t<
o Scales are used either for enlarge!ents or reductions
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1) o6 ) "# 2,2
1.1.1 Scales
21
243
414
2)4 3(454 3(454 32) 324
23)
324
2)4
42)
414
2
1

323 16 16 16 324
23)
324
323
2
1

#he reco!!ended scales in 8ngineering Drawing are

#rue Si;e 1!1
Scales for Reduction
1!"
1!"
1!"
1!=
1!=
1!=
1!1
1!1
1!1
Scales for 8nlarge!ent
"!1
"!1
"!1
=!1
=!1
=!1
1!1
1!1
1!1
#he scale of 2:2 4read as one9to9one< i!plies the ob=ect has been drawn to true si;e. ( scale of sa$ 1:2
4read as two9to9one< i!plies that the ob=ect has been enlarged twice its true si;e. ( scale of 2:1 4read
as one9to9two< i!plies that the ob=ect has been reduced to its half si;e, etc.
1.1.+ Dines and Dettering
Dines
In 8ngineering Drawing, we !a%e use of different lines and line st$les to con'e$ the desired !essage.
#hese lines differ in 4i< thic%ness and 4ii< st$le. #$pical uses of these lines are su!!ari;ed below.
T>9# o6 L%2# /2$ D#'%g2/t%o2 A99:%*/t%o2'
R#*o--#2$#$
:%2# t,%*E2#'' F--G
PAPER SIZE
A<@A)@A" A1@A
(:
( continuous thic% line
2. Ob=ect line ,.6 ,.5
B:
( continuous thin line
2. Di!ensioning line
1. )ro=ection or e*tension lines
4used to pro=ect points fro! one 'iew to
another<
+. Eatching
0. Outlines of ad=acent parts
6. Outline of re'ol'ed 'iews or
re'ol'ed sections
-. Deaders for notes
5. I!aginar$ outlines
,.16 ,.+6
.:
( continuous wa'$ line
2. Brea% line of part 'iews and part
sections when brea% lines are not
center lines
,.16 ,.+6
D:
( short thin dashes
2. 3on9'isible outline 4hidden<
4+ F 09!! stro%es, 2 F 19!! spaces<
,.16 ,.+6
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1< o6 ) "# 2,2
8:
( thin chain line
2. .enter lines and pitch circles
1. path lines for indicating !o'e!ent
andKor e*tre!e positions
+. oulines positioned in front of a
section
0. "olding edges in de'elop!ents
,.16
,.+6
":
( thin chain line with thic%
e*tre!ities
2. .utting or 'iewing planes
,.6K,.16 ,.5K,.+6
?:
( thic% chain line
2. indication of surfaces with
supple!entar$ or different
treat!ents
,.6 ,.5
Eidden Dines
8ach end of a hidden line should touch the ob=ect line
( hidden line should not touch an ob=ect line if it is an e*tension of the surface the ob=ect line
represents
#he stro%es of parallel hidden lines that are relati'el$ close together should be staggered
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1= o6 ) "# 2,2
7ES
7ES
&$
$
7ES &$
.orners of hidden lines should be solid
Dettering
Dettering used in engineering drawing is referred to as a S%2g:# StroE#, Co--#r*%/: Got,%*.
#he !ain ad'antage of this font is that it is eas$ to read. #his !a%es the infor!ation on engineering
drawing eas$ to understand. #he letters can be !ade either freehand or b$ use of lettering de'ices. #he
general construction of 'ertical gothic letters and nu!erals is shown below 4ne*t page<.
Eints on Dettering
#o sa'e ti!e, use a guide lining de'ice
#he reco!!ended height of lettering is +9!!
During initial learning period, !a%e a point of concentrating on hand control
8ndea'or to !a%e $our hand do what $ou want it to do and not otherwise. Re!e!ber $our fingers
are not used to such !o'e!ents, so the$ ha'e to be trained until hand control beco!es effortless
Do not guess at the construction of letters and nu!erals. &se the sa!ple letter
Ma%e letters and nu!erals as wide as the$ are high with indi'idual letters of a word al!ost touching
Spacing between words is a !atter of =udg!ent and tends to i!pro'e with practice
Dines of lettering should be spaced the sa!e distance apart
Do not atte!pt to erase guide lines after lettering has been co!pleted
Fo2t! Square512 B# Fo2t S%H#! 26
1.1.0 #itle Bloc%s and )arts Dists
#itle Bloc%
In e'er$ engineering drawing, a #itle Bloc% is included at the botto! right9hand corner. #he #itle Bloc%s
are locall$ standardi;ed but should be designed in such a wa$ that it can be easil$ understood. #he
infor!ation needed in an$ standard #itle Bloc% is nor!all$:
o 3a!e of the "ir!KSchoolK.ollege
o 3a!e of the Ob=ect 4Wor% piece<
o 3u!ber of the drawing 4particularl$ useful for reference where !ore than one drawing are
concerned 999 t$picall$ in asse!bl$ drawings<
o "or!at of the paper used 4paper si;e<
o Scale used
o Di!ensioning unit 4usuall$ !illi!eters 999 !!<
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1. o6 ) "# 2,2
A
/
B
3
C
*
D
$
E
#
F
6
G
g
H
,
I
%
I
4
K
E
L
:
M
-
N
2
O
o
P
9
J
1
R
r
S
'
T
t
U
&
V
5
W
;
?
x
Y
>
Z
H
1 " ) < = . A B C
o S$!bol for the !ethod of pro=ection used
o Date when the drawing was finished
o 3a!e of the drafts!an 4draughts!an< 999 e.g. student na!e if it is a nor!al class e*ercise
o 3a!e of the person who chec%ed the drawing
o Re!ar%s
#he #itle Bloc% used at the then "acult$ of 8ngineering 4&ni'ersit$ of Dar es Salaa!< is shown below.
"or the purpose of this course, we will adopt the sa!e.
+, 0,
)RO8.#IO3: S.(D8: DR(W3:
DIM83SIO3: ?RO&): Foo$ S*%#+ K T#*,2+
D(#8: .E8./8D:
R8M(R/S:
SO/OI38 &3I>8RSI#G
O" (?RI.&D#&R8
3(M8 O" OB8.#: DRW. 3O. "ORM(#
6, B0 +,

)arts Dist

#he )arts Dist is an essential co!ponent in an$ asse!bl$ drawing. It is usuall$ drawn on top of the #itle
Bloc%. #he )arts Dists usuall$ ha'e the sa!e width as the #itle Bloc%, i.e. 2B,9!!. #he height depends
on the nu!ber of ite!s to be included. #he following infor!ation is usuall$ included in the )arts Dist7
o ( 999 )art reference nu!ber
o B 999 3a!e of the part
o . 999 3u!ber of parts required in an asse!bl$
o D 999 Material used to !anufacture the part
o 8 999 Indication of standard or di!ension
o " 999 Drawing nu!ber
4(< 4B< 4.< 4D< 48< 4"<
R8".
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22 0B 22 +1 +1
0-
"+) Pr#9/r%2g E2g%2##r%2g Dr/;%2g'
&suall$ engineering drawings 4of real life ob=ects< are prepared in three stages7 s%etches, handdrafts
and detail drawings. #his sequence is not 'er$ binding but !ost wor%ers find it 'er$ useful to wor% in
that order.
1.+.2 S%etches
S%etching is al!ost alwa$s the first step in the preparation of 8ngineering Drawings 48D<. #he wor%
piece 4ob=ect< is carefull$ studied and all the necessar$ di!ensions are !easured. #he 'iews that are
necessar$ to co!pletel$ describe the ob=ect are 'er$ roughl$ drawn 4free hand<. (ll di!ensions are
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1A o6 ) "# 2,2
34
34
32)
32)
indicated on the s%etch as dee!ed necessar$. In !ost situations, a*ono!etric 'iews of the ob=ect are
drawn. S%etches are ne'er sub!itted an$where. #he$ are =ust drawn to assist $ou at a later ti!e when
preparing standard drawings. #hat is, the onl$ purpose of preparing s%etches is to enable $ou to transfer
useful infor!ation fro! the spot to a con'enient place where $ou can actuall$ prepare acceptable 8Ds.
"or this reason, there are no hard rules or general guidelines with respect to s%etches. 3e'ertheless,
s%etches should be drawn accuratel$ so that the$ !a$ pro'e useful at a later stage.

1.+.1 Eand Drafts
Eand Drafts are actuall$ proper 8D drawn free hand. #he si!ilarit$ between a s%etch and a hand draft is
that the$ are both drawn free hand. But unli%e s%etches, hand drafts are drawn following all the rules
and guidelines go'erning 8Ds. Eand drafts are drawn roughl$ to scale and all the necessar$ di!ensions
are indicated. Onl$ those 'iews, which are necessar$ to co!pletel$ describe the ob=ect, are presented.
#he hand draft is then gi'en to the drafts!an who HcopiesI the sa!e into a proper 8D. #his ensures
that the drafts!an produces an 8D in e*actl$ the sa!e wa$ as $ou want it to appear. In short, a hand
draft sa'es $ou ti!e and effort that $ou will otherwise need to prepare a proper 8D, hence enabling $ou
to lea'e the later e*ercise to a drafts!an.
G8S 3O
1.+.+ Detail 4Wor%ing< Drawings
Detail drawings 4also %nown as wor%ing drawings< are 8Ds presenting single ite!s 4ob=ectK!achine
co!ponentKwor% piece etc<. #he$ are !eant to enable the person in a wor%shop to produce 4b$
!achiningKcastingKforgingKfabricating etc< the desired ite!. Such details as di!ensional tolerances,
surface finish, special treat!ents, !aterial to be used for the co!ponent etc are specified. #he nu!ber
of 'iews to be presented depends on the co!ple*it$ of the ite!. In !an$ situations, sectional 'iews are
included to show hidden details that could not con'enientl$ and e*plicitl$ appear in an$ e*ternal 'iew.
#he scale used for the detail drawing should allow a clear understanding of the drawing 4i.e. use
enlarge!ents andKor reductions as $ou find it appropriate<. So!eti!es =ust a s!all portion of the
drawing is enlarged to show all the details. Such partial enlarge!ents are nor!all$ included in the sa!e
drawing. When the ite! is drawn !uch enlarged, it is reco!!ended to add a picture 4drawing< to true
si;e for !ore infor!ation.
"+< Pr#9/r%2g D#t/%: Dr/;%2g'
1.0.2 So!e Basic Instru!ents and 8quip!ent
Detail Drawings are prepared with the aid of special instru!ents andKor equip!ent. It would ha'e been
e*tre!el$ difficult for !ost people to prepare 8Ds according to the required standardsKspecifications
without the aid of such instru!ents. #he following are the basic drafting tools worth understanding:
i< #9Square
#his is one of the oldest drawing instru!ents that still finds wide spread use both in the industr$
and in schools.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1B o6 ) "# 2,2
3)
4
4
3)
#he si;e of a #9Square is deter!ined b$ its blade length. Blade lengths of -,9!!, C,9!!, 21,9
!! and 26,9!! are co!!on.
&S8S: T #he #9Square is used pri!aril$ as a guide for drawing hori;ontal parallel lines.
T It can also be used when drawing inclined lines, =ust li%e an$ other rule.
ii< )arallel Rule
#his is a straight edge that is per!anentl$ !ounted on a drawing board or drafting table b$
!eans of pulle$s and guide ropes.
It enables us to draw hori;ontal lines quite fast.
iii< Set Square
Set Squares 4SSs< are transparent, triangular9shaped drawing instru!ents that are used with
either a #9Square or parallel rule for drawing 'ertical or inclined lines.
SSs contain angles !ost co!!onl$ used in technical drawing, i.e. +,
o
, 06
o
, -,
o
and C,
o
.
#he heightKlength of SSs is t$picall$ 269c!, 1,9c!, and 169c!.

C,
o
K -,
o
K +,
o
C,
o
K 06
o
K 06
o

i'< Drafting Machine
#his is a !achineKde'ice with two scales set at right angles to one another.
It can be !o'ed easil$ and quic%l$ to an$ location on the drawing surface.
#he edges of the scale are used for !easuring as well as for drawing.
'< Rule Scale
#his is a !easuring instru!ent and should not be used to draw line
#he$ are a'ailable in flat and triangular st$les. #he triangular st$le is !ore co!!on in schools
#he$ can be used to prepare drawings to: full scale 4true si;e, reduced scale and enlarged scale
'i< Wooden )encil
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# 1C o6 ) "# 2,2
A set of rules
#ra,ing ta8le
)encils in general 4including wooden pencils< are graded depending on the degree of hardness.
#he$ include7
T hard range 4e.g. hard blac% 999 EB< which are used for accurate la$out wor%
T !ediu! range 999 for general drawing and s%etching
T soft range 999 used e*clusi'el$ for art wor%
'ii< Mechanical Drawing )encils
#hese are si!ple, efficient drawing aids that consist of an outer and gripping housing which hold
the lead.
Onl$ the lead wears out while the housing re!ains intact
"or the sa!e housing, $ou !a$ use leads of different hardness depending on the dut$ at hand
'iii< 8rasing Shield
#his is a 'er$ thin plastic 4or !etal< instru!ent that has a nu!ber of holes of 'arious shapes
and si;es on it
#he shield per!its erasure to be !ade within confined areas of a drawing, other infor!ation
re!aining in place
1.0.1 ?eneral ?uidelines
Spacing of >iews
Spacing of 'iews on the drawing paper is e*tre!el$ i!portant. #he general appearance of the drawing
is significantl$ affected if the different 'iews are poorl$ spaced. Spacing of 'iews requires us to place the
'iews on the drawing paper such that the spaces between the 'iews and between the 'iews and the
li!its of the drawing space are roughl$ equal 4hori;ontall$ and 'erticall$<.
Steps
2. Decide on the 'iews to be drawn 4i.e. ">, DES> and #><
1. Deter!ine the e*tre!e di!ensions of the different 'iews to be drawn
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# " o6 ) "# 2,2
7
7
7
9 9 9
#ra,ing 0aper -%ormat A-???)
#ra,ing Space
+ie,s -%+: !HS#: T+.
;ear an* tear margins -4<mm.
%iling margin -24<mm.
+. Deter!ine the required space, based on the scale to be used, both along the hori;ontal and
'ertical directions
0. Di'ide the Hfree spaceI into three equal portions, both hori;ontall$ and 'erticall$. #his will gi'e
$ou R and G
E?AMPLE! Eori;ontal Spacing.
Ob=ect Si;e 4a9!! R b9!! R c9!!<
Drawing Space 4hori;ontal Q d9!!<
Eori;ontal "ree Space Q 4Eori;ontal Drawing Space< F 4Occupied Space< Q d F 4c T b<
R Q 4Eori;ontal "ree Space<K43u!ber of Spaces< Q Ud F 4c T b<VK+
)ro=ection of >iews
(s pointed out earlier, for !ost cases, three 'iews are sufficient to co!pletel$ define the co!ponent
4i.e. "ront >iew 999 ">, Deft Eand side >iew 999 DES>, and #op >iew 4)lan< 999 #><. When drawing these
'iews, one !a$ start with an$ 'iew. Eowe'er the co!!on practice is to start with the ">. Once the first
'iew has been correctl$ drawn, with all the di!ensions correctl$ !easured, the second 'iew is drawn
!uch faster b$ pro=ecting 4i.e. transfor!ing< !ost of the di!ensions fro! the first 'iew. #he third 'iew
is drawn without ta%ing an$ new !easure!ents. #he use of speciall$ designed drawing facilities 4e.g. a
drawing table, a #9Square, set Squares etc, or drafting !achine< si!plifies this tas%.
E?AMPLE!

Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "1 o6 ) "# 2,2
a
b
c
c 8
a
9 9
9
$/=ECT
*
A
44
o
Alternative > 3 -angle 8isector > 44
o
at A.
Alternative > 2 -?uarter circle at A.
a
c
e
*
8
a
8
c
*
e
$8@ect
1.0.+ Sectioning
"or co!ple* co!ponents with a nu!ber of hidden details, e*ternal 'iews !a$ not be enough to enable
!achining of such co!ponents. In such cases, sectioning is reco!!ended.
Sectioning is achie'ed b$ assu!ing an i!aginar$ cuttingKsectioning plane 4or se'eral planes< passing
through the detail of interest. #he Hcut sectionI, as it would appear, is drawn. #he position of the cutting
plane is indicated b$ a thin, long chain, line with thic% e*tre!ities 4Dine #$pe "2, pg. 20<. #his chain line
is labeled with capital letters with the direction of 'iewing indicated b$ arrows. #he capital letters are
placed behind the arrows in the direction of 'iewing. #he la$ out of sections and the designationKna!ing
of sectional 'iews is the sa!e as for the corresponding ordinar$ e*ternal 'iews.
?eneral Eints
So!eti!es, onl$ a s!all portion of the co!ponent is sectioned to indicate the feature of interest
)arts 4features< behind the sectioning plane are not shown, e*cept when clarit$ requires this
Eatch the solid part of the co!ponent that is Hcut throughI b$ the sectioning plane. Eatching lines
are thin, parallel lines usuall$ drawn at an angle of 06o to the outlines or the center lines of the
ob=ect. #he spacing of these lines depend on the si;e of the drawing
So!e standard partsKfeatures are usuall$ not sectioned 4e.g. shafts, bolts, nuts, ri'ets, %e$s, pins,
ridges, ribs, etc<
"or s$!!etrical co!ponentsKfeatures, onl$ half of the co!ponent is sectioned along the line of
s$!!etr$
Sections through two intersecting cutting planes are drawn as if these sections were in one plane
E?AMPLE!
Ob=ect:
SOLUTION
8I#E8R 4Section (9(< OR 4)art Section (9(<
1.0.0 Di!ensioning
#o enable productions of !achine partsKco!ponents, all the rele'ant di!ensions ha'e to appear on the
drawing. #he practice is that an$ di!ension is shown onl$ once in that 'iew in which it appears !ore
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "" o6 ) "# 2,2
#rille* hole:
A3)<mm:
6<mm *eep
A
A
e*plicitl$. "or this reason, it is not surprising that !ost of the i!portant di!ensions appear in the front
'iew. Repetitions are discouraged unless clarit$ necessitates this. #o %eep the drawing clean, it is
ad'ised to put all the di!ensions outside the drawing, e*cept where and when this is una'oidable.
#here are three t$pes of di!ensions7 "unctional Di!ensions 4"D<, 3on9"unctional Di!ensions 43"D< and
(u*iliar$ Di!ensions 4(D<
"unctional Di!ensions 4"Ds<
#hese are di!ensions, which directl$ dictate the functioning of the co!ponent. #hat is a "D is a
di!ension defined on the basis of the function of the product and the !ethod of locating it in
an$ asse!bl$ of which it !a$ for! part of, e.g. the dia!eter of a shaft, the length of a bolt, etc.
3on9"unctional Di!ensions 43"Ds<
#hese are di!ensions, which do not directl$ affect the functioning of the co!ponent but ha'e to
be specified to enable production of that co!ponent, e.g. the si;e of a bolt head.
(u*iliar$ Di!ensions 4(Ds<
#hese are di!ensions which should not necessaril$ appear on the drawing but are so!eti!es
included to a'oid calculations or when the$ would pro'ide additionalKuseful infor!ation. (Ds are
usuall$ written in brac%ets.
E?AMPLE! ( bolt
?eneral Eints on Di!ensioning
3O#8 that all HrulesI on di!ensioning are =ust guidelines. &se co!!on sense depending on
circu!stances 4i.e. there are no strict rulesKregulations on di!ensioning<
In !etric s$ste!, all linear di!ensions are considered to be in !illi!eters
Show full si;e di!ensions regardless of the scale used in the drawing

Di!ension in a !anner that !a%es it unnecessar$ to calculate an$ required si;e infor!ation
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# ") o6 ) "# 2,2
&%#
&%# &%# %#
%#
-A#.
2) 2) 2)
-3B3.
-3B2.
-3B4.
"or an$ feature, place the di!ensions where the feature appears !ost e*plicitl$
Di!ension an$ feature onl$ once 4i.e. no repetitions are allowed<
Di!ension ob'iousl$ identical features onl$ once
1.0.6 So!e Special "eatures
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "< o6 ) "# 2,2
/A#
-not recommen*e*.
G$$#
-recommen*e*.
A
3
A
2
'
So!e features that we encounter are either too difficult to draw as the$ appear or the$ appear too often
such that si!plified s$!bols are co!!onl$ used in their place. #he$ are !a$ such features, but for our
purpose we will consider =ust a few of the! that are relati'el$ !ore co!!on. #hese will include7
threaded parts, !achined holes, chaufers, countersin%s and speciall$ treated surfaces.
#hreaded )arts
#hreads are !achined according to different standards. Eowe'er, the trend nowada$s is to !achine
threads 4and other standard features< according to ISO standards. ( letter HMI followed b$ a nu!ber
designates the si;e of the threads. #he HMI stands for !etric and the nu!ber that follows thereafter
indicates the dia!eter 4in !!< of the shaft upon which the threads ha'e been !achined. Male threads
4e.g. on a bolt< and fe!ale threads 4e.g. on a nut< of the sa!e si;e are designated b$ the sa!e M9
nu!ber. #his nu!ber actuall$ specifies not onl$ the si;e of the threaded part but also the si;e of the
bolt head and the si;e of the nut 4if all are !ade in accordance to the ISO standard<. 3O#8 that b$
specif$ing the thread si;e 4the M9nu!ber< auto!aticall$ co'ers such details as7 the no!inal dia!eter,
the pitch, the pitch dia!eter, the !inor dia!eter, the !a=or dia!eter, the 'arious radii etc.

E?AMPLE! M2, F Male and "e!ale threads
SOLUTION!
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "= o6 ) "# 2,2
A
Ma@or #iameter
0itch #iameter
&ominal #iameter
Minor #iameter
pitch
M(D8 #ER8(DS "8M(D8 #ER8(DS
8I#E8R
OR
Machines Eoles 4Drilled and Milled holes<
Drilled Eoles
Drilled holes are distinguished fro! holes !achined b$ other !ethods b$ their characteristic
tapered end. #he shape of the drill bit brings about the tapered end.
Milled Eoles
&nli%e drilled holes, !illed holes ha'e a flat end.
.ha!fers and .ountersin%s
(t the end of each shaft or an$ drilledK!achined hole, a s!all tapered end is !achined =ust to eli!inate
the sharp edge. #his is i!portant because
#he sharp edge !a$ hurt people during handling andKor on asse!bling
#he sharp edge wears and tears fast
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# ". o6 ) "# 2,2
M3)
32)
o
.ha!fers .ountersin%

Speciall$ #reated Surfaces
If the surface de!ands special treat!ents 4e.g. to be co'ered b$ wear resistance !aterial, special
lacquer etc<, this has to be shown on the drawing. #his is indicated on the drawing as follows:
1.0.- #olerances and "its
#olerance is si!pl$ defined as Hthe degree 4e*tent< of acceptable inaccurac$I
It describes di!ensional accurac$Kinaccurac$
#olerance is necessar$ under !ass production
(bsolute si;e 4no!inal si;e< is onl$ theoreticalKh$pothetical
#olerance specifies the acceptable upper and lower li!its for a gi'en no!inal si;e
&suall$ two e*tre!e conditions are of interest: tight fit and loose fit
E?AMPLES
1! PIN /2$ RING
Gou !a$ need a tight fit or a loose fit between a pin and a ring F depending on circu!stances
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "A o6 ) "# 2,2
2 9 44
o
44
o
2
E"THE'
$'
2 9 44
o
Specially treate* surface
-specify the treatment.
SOLUTION
4(< #ight "it
4B< Doose "it
"! LOCOMOTIVE TYRE AND WHEEL
( 'er$ #ight "it
"+= A''#-3:> Dr/;%2g'
(s the na!e indicates, asse!bl$ drawings are nothing !ore but a collection of detail drawings 4each of
which for!s part of that asse!bl$< put together in a logical wa$. #he drawing ser'es so!eone who is to
asse!ble the indi'idual parts so as to get a single unit in its wor%ing condition.
3O#8S
Onl$ the e*ternal e*tre!e di!ensions of the asse!bl$ are indicated
8ach co!ponent is identified b$ its part reference nu!ber. #his nu!ber is used in the parts list
4where details of that part are indicated e.g. the drawing nu!ber for its detail drawing<.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "B o6 ) "# 2,2
;heel
Tyre
'"&G
2)
0"&
'"&G
2) -C)5)3: <).
-2)5)))) D2)5)3)).
2) -C): <)5)3.
-31511)) D 2)5)))).
2)
0"&
2) -C): <)5)3.
-31511)) D2)5)))).
2) -C)5)3: <).
-2)5)))) D 2)5)3)).
'"&G
Sectional 'iews are in !ost cases preferred as the$ show in a detailed for! how the parts
interact in an asse!bl$
Onl$ one 'iew is nor!all$ drawn, unless where the unit is so co!ple* such that the interaction
of all parts can not be clearl$ presented in one 'iew
If the unit has one or !ore !o'ing parts, the e*tre!e positions of the !o'ing part are
indicated in dotted lines 4and the di!ensions<. #his allows for consideration on space li!itation
during installation
Detail specifications of the indi'idual parts are ne'er shown on an asse!bl$ drawing 4as the$
alread$ appear on the respecti'e detail drawing of the respecti'e part<
E?AMPLE!
Draw an asse!bl$ of two stainless steel plates 4SS +,-< held together b$ a bolt and a nut 4SS +2B<.
Ballegu, W R W and Mpagalile, P/g# "C o6 ) "# 2,2
3
2
(
4
E
SOLUTION
6 3ut 2 SS +2B M2, ,,6
0 Washer 2 SS +2B M2, ,,0
+ )late W 1 2 SS +,- F ,,+
1 )late W 2 2 SS +,- F ,,1
2 Bolt 2 SS +2B M2, ,,2
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3O#8 that !aterials SS +,- and SS +2B are different
P/rt 7 )! E?ERCISES
8*ercises will be gi'en in class as dee!ed appropriate.
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