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18-1 Section: Astronomy: The Original Science

1. In what way did people in ancient cultures mark the passage of time? ___________________________________________
2. What science did the study of the night sky eventually become?
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OUR MODERN CALENDAR
Match the correct e!nition "ith the correct term# $rite the letter in the s%ace
%ro&ie#
_________ 3. roughly the amount of time reuired for the moon to orbit once around the
!arth
_________ ". the time reuired for the !arth to orbit once around the sun
_________ #. the time reuired for the !arth to rotate once on its a$is
$'O(S $'O O) EARL* ASTRONOM*
_________ %. &ost early astronomers thought that the universe consisted of
a. the sun and the !arth. b. the sun and the planets.
c. the sun' the moon' and the planets. d. the sun' the moon' and the !arth.
_________ (. What was )tolemy*s theory of the universe?
a. +he !arth was at the center of the universe' and the sun' moon' and other planets revolved around it.
b. +he sun was at the center of the universe' and the !arth and the other planets revolved around it.
c. +he sun and the moon revolved around the !arth' but the other planets revolved around the sun.
d. +he planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits.
_________ ,. -ow long did )tolemy*s !arth.centered theory remain the popular theory for the structure of the universe?
a. about 1// years b. about #// years
c. over 1'#// year d. over #'/// years
_________ 0. Why was )tolemy*s theory of the universe helpful even though it was incorrect?
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_________1/. What was 1opernicus*s theory of the universe?
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_________11. Which astronomer*s theory led to ma2or changes in science and society?
a. -ubble b. 3rahe
c. )tolemy d. 1opernicus
_________12. What was 3rahe*s theory of the universe?
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_________13. Why was 3rahe*s work helpful even though his theory of the universe was incorrect?
a. -e accurately described the planets* orbits. b. -e made detailed measurements of the sun.
c. -e e$plained the sun*s role in the universe. d. -e made very precise observations of the
planets and stars.
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Holt Science and Technology 1 Studying Space
a. day
b. month
c. year
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_________1". What did 4epler believe about the universe?
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_________1#. What laws did 4epler state that are still in use today?
a. laws of planetary names b. laws of planetary motion
c. laws of solar motion d. laws of gravity
_________1%. Who was one of the 5rst scientists to use a telescope? ____________________________________________________
1(. What four discoveries did 6alileo make that showed planets are physical bodies like the !arth and not 7wandering
stars8?
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1,. What did 9ewton prove about gravity? _____________________________________________________________________
10. 9ewton*s laws of motion and gravity helped to e$plain many other scientists* observations. :or e$ample' what law
announced by 4epler was supported by 9ewton*s laws?
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MODERN ASTRONOM*
2/. What were two milestones in the development of modern astronomy? _____________________________________________
21. What did many astronomers believe about gala$ies prior to the 102/s?
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22. What did !dwin -ubble prove in 102"? _______________________________________________________________________
23. What belief of other astronomers did !dwin -ubble*s discovery con5rm?
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+,-- Section: .lanetary Motion
A RE/OLUT0ON 0N ASTRONOM*
1. -ow does !arth*s rotation determine whether it is day or night? __________________________________________________
Match the correct e!nition "ith the correct term# $rite the letter in the
s%ace %ro&ie#
_________ 2. the spinning of a body on its a$is
_________ 3. the path a body follows as it travels around another body in space
_________ ". a complete trip along an orbit
_________ #. the time it takes a planet to complete a single trip around the sun
%. ;ccording to 4epler*s 5rst law of motion' planets move in a<n= ______________________around the sun.
(. +he ma$imum length of an ellipse' or a planet*s orbit' is called its______________________.
,. ; planet*s ma$imum distance from the sun is the ______________________of its orbit.
0. ;ccording to 4epler*s second law of motion' how does a planet*s distance from the sun a>ect its motion?
1/. ;ccording to 4epler*s third law of motion' what information can be used to 5nd a planet*s distance from the sun?
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Holt Science and Technology 2 Studying Space
a. revolution
b. rotation
c. period of revolution
d. orbit
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_________11. What causes the planets that are closer to the sun to move faster?
a. gravity b. heat
c. magnetic 5elds d. solar energy
_________12. 9ewton discovered that the force of gravity depends on the distance between ob2ects and the ob2ects*
a. volume. b. circumference.
c. shape. d. mass.
_________13. +he force of gravity between two ob2ects increases if
a. they have smaller masses and are farther apart. b. they have smaller masses and are closer
together.
c. they have larger masses and are farther apart . d. they have larger masses and are closer
together.
_________1". ;n ob2ect*s resistance in speed or direction is called
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_________1#. 6ravity causes bodies in the solar system to
a. repel one another. b. fall in a straight path.
c. stay in orbit. d. move in a circular path.
+1-- Section: Moons
1. 9atural or arti5cial bodies that revolve around larger bodies such as planets are called
________________________________.
2. !$cept for &ercury and ?enus' all of the planets have natural satellites called
_______________________________________.
3. What is the di>erence between a moon and a satellite? ________________________________________________________
L1na: The Moon o2 Earth
_________ ". -ow old were the lunar rocks brought back by the ;pollo missions?
a. 3 billion years b. about 3., billion years
c. about ".% billion years d. more than # billion years
#. What does the age of these rocks tell us about our solar system?
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%. What happens to impacts on the surface of bodies without an atmosphere?
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(. What were the three popular e$planations for the moon*s formation?
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,. What is the current theory about the origin of the moon? _________________________________________________________
0. What evidence supports the current theory about the origin of the &oon?
1/. @escribe how the moon*s appearance changes during the month.
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11._______+he di>erent appearances of the moon due to its changing position are called
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Holt Science and Technology 3 Studying Space
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12. What causes the di>erent appearances of the moon? ____________________________________________________________
13. Why do we always see the same side of the moon from !arth?
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1". When the moon is ______________________ ' the sunlit part of the moon that we can see is getting larger. When the
moon is ______________________ the sunlit part of the moon that we can see is getting smaller.
Match the correct escri%tion "ith the correct term# $rite the letter in the s%ace %ro&ie#
_________1#. when the moon*s shadow falls on part of the !arth
_________1%. when the shadow of !arth falls on the moon
_________1(. when the shadow of one celestial body falls on another
_________1,. when a thin solar ring is visible around the edge of the moon
_________10. when the moon*s disk completely covers the sun
2/. Why don*t we see solar and lunar eclipses every month? ________________________________________________________
_________21. Which of the following statements about moons in this solar system is 9A+ correct?
a. Bome orbit their planet backwards. b. &any may be captured asteroids.
c. Bome have very elongated orbits. d. 9one is as large as the terrestrial planets.
_________22. Why do scientists think the &artian moons may be asteroids caught by the planet*s gravity?
a. +hey are very small moons. b. +hey are very dark.
c. +hey are similar in composition. d. +hey are oddly shaped.
_________23. Who discovered the four largest moons of Cupiter?
a. 1opernicus b. 6alileo
c. 6anymede d. &ercury
2#. What evidence supports the idea that life could have evolved on !uropa? _____________________________________
2%. Why might +itan hold the key to learning more about the origin of life? _________________________________________
+,-+ Section: The S1n: O1r /ery O"n Star
_________ 1. +he sun is a large ball of gas made mostly of
a. o$ygen and carbon. b. hydrogen and helium.
c. nitrogen and sulfur. d. carbon dio$ide and o$ygen.
_________ ,. !arly scientists thought that the sun produced its energy by
a. rotating. b. e$panding.
c. collapsing inward. d. burning fuel.
_________1/. ;lbert !instein showed that matter and energy are
a. the same. c. unchanging.
b. opposites. d. interchangeable.
_________11. What formula did !instein use to show the relationship between matter and energy?
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Holt Science and Technology 4 Studying Space
a. eclipse
b. solar eclipse
c. lunar eclipse
d. total solar eclipse
e. annular eclipse
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a. E = mc c. M = ec
b. E = mc2 d. M = ec2
_________12. !instein*s formula states that energy euals mass times the
a. speed of light. b. suare of the speed of light.
c. fusion of hydrogen. d. fusion of helium.
13. +he process by which two or more low.mass nuclei combine to form another nucleus is called
______________________.
1". What happens as four hydrogen nuclei fuse? ___________________________________________
1#. !nergy is produced in the center' or ______________________' of the sun.
_________10. +he circulation of gases in the sun combines with the sun*s rotation to create
a. heat. b. radiation.
c. electric 5elds. d. magnetic 5elds.
2/. Why do some areas of the photosphere become cooler than surrounding areas?
21. 1ooler' dark areas of the photosphere of the sun are called ________________.
22. +he sunspot cycle lasts about ______________________years.
23.-ow might sunspot activity a>ect !arth?
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2". Degions of very high temperature and brightness on the sun*s surface are called______________________.
2#. -ow might !arth be a>ected by the eruption of solar Eares?
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Holt Science and Technology 5 Studying Space