Economical Change-

As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing, production

shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories. Large portions of
the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centers
were found. The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the
proportion of capital invested per worker grew. New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers
took financial risks and reaped great rewards.
Effects-
The Industrial Revolution has changed the face of nations, giving rise to urban centers requiring vast
municipal services. It created a specialized and interdependent economic life and made the urban
worker more completely dependent on the will of the employer than the rural worker had been.

New Technology-
Before the 1760s, textile production was a cottage industry using mainly flax and wool. This industry was
very much home-based, "cottage" industries. In the 1760's, James Hargreaves improved thread
production when he invented the Spinning Jenny. By the end of the decade, Richard Arkwright had
developed the Water Frame. These inventions improved the quality of the thread, which meant that
the cotton industry was no longer dependent on wool or linen to make the warp. It also took spinning
away from the home-bases to specific areas where fast-flowing streams could provide water power for
the larger machines.
In 1770, John Kay's Flying Shuttle loom, (one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the
cotton industry), which had been invented in 1733 and doubled a weaver's productivity and was widely
in use. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver
at a loom. As early as 1691, Thomas Savery had made a vacuum steam engine. His design, which was
unsafe, was modified by James Watt in 1765 producing a separate condenser engine in 1774 and a
rotating separate condensing engine in 1781 and manufactured steam engines which could be used by
industry. In 1785, the Reverend Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom.
Problem Of energy-
The shortage of trees for lumber had led to the use of coal for heating, but coal mines constantly
flooded. Newcomen's steam engine, invented in 1705, was an inefficient but acceptable method of
pumping water out of the mines. It could not, however, generate power. The new textile machines
could be driven by water power, but that would have set severe limits to the available locations.
Furthermore, lack of lumber threatened to cut short the industrial growth. The iron industry consumed
large quantities of lumber to produce charcoal, needed for production of pig iron. The iron industry was
coming to a halt. Thus there was a great need of alternate sources of energy.
In the early 1760's through the 1780's, James Watt improved the design of the steam engine so that it
could generate power. This was the most important of all the inventions of the time because it enabled
coal to be burned to drive machinery. In the 1780's Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, and
steam-powered rolling mills. These developments revitalized the iron industry. All of the above
developments were to change the source of energy from wood to coal, and the preferred construction
material from wood to iron.
The Problem of transportation

The process would nevertheless have stagnated if there had not been a revolution in transportation.
Iron rails were developed for coal carts to be hauled to nearby water transport. The combination of iron
rails and the steam engine to transport people and goods was the railroad. This was the greatest
achievement in transportation since ancient times. Once accepted, it brought great numbers of
consumers within reach of the growing volume of goods being produced. It made a market economy
possible.

The Factory System
The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. This system replaced the putting-out system
(subcontracting work). The main characteristic of the factory system was the use of machinery, usually
powered by water or steam/The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when cotton
spinning was mechanized.
The first use of an integrated system, where cotton came in and was spun, bleached dyed and woven
into finished cloth, was at mills in Waltham and Lowell, Massachusetts. The Nasmyth, Gaskell and
Company's Bridgewater Foundry, which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use
modern materials handling such as cranes and rail tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items.
Richard Arkwright is the person credited with being the brains behind the growth of factories. After he
patented his spinning frame in 1769, he created the first true factory at Cromford, near Derby. The
factory system was a new way of organizing labour made necessary by the development of machines
which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for
the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week.

Effects
Overall, this practice essentially reduced skilled and unskilled workers to replaceable
commodities.Factory workers typically lived within walking distance to work until the introduction of
bicycles and electric street railways in the 1890s. Thus the factory system was partly responsible for the
rise of urban living, as large numbers of workers migrated into the towns in search of employment in the
factories. Until the late 19th century it was common to work 12 hours a day, six days a week in most
factories; however long hours were also common outside factories.
Debate arose concerning the morality of the system, as workers complained about unfair working
conditions. Many children earlier worked to earn money. This system displaced child labor
Socialism And Marxism
Socialism is an economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-
operative management of the economy. A socialist economic system would consist of a system of
production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs, so that
goods and services would be produced directly for use instead of for private profit driven by the
accumulation of capital.
Marxian socialism is philosophically materialist. Marxism and socialists inspired by Marxist theory, holds
that social mores, values, cultural traits and economic practices are social creations, and are not the
result of an immutable natural law. The ultimate goal for Marxist socialists was the emancipation of
labour from alienating work.
Marx and Engels held the view that the consciousness of those who earn a wage or salary class(labour or
working class). would be moulded by their conditions of wage slavery, leading to a tendency to seek
their freedom or emancipation by overthrowing ownership of the means of production by capitalists,
and consequently, overthrowing the state that upheld this economic order labour class(working class).
The history of socialism has its origins in the French Revolution of 1789 and the changes brought about
by the Industrial Revolution. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in
1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed 'scientific
socialism'. In the last third of the 19th century in Europe social democratic parties arose in Europe
drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party
when the party won the 1899 Queensland state election. These developments were significant as they
were the precedents of later socialist development in the 20
th
and 21th century.




Romanticism
Romanticism (or the Romantic era/Period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that
originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century; it was mainly a reaction to the Industrial
Revolution. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major
impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. It was associated with liberalism and
radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant. The
movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new
emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.

Romanticism is often associated with urbanization. Many of the Romantics emphasized urbanized mode
of living. Romanticism developed alongside it. Some of the poets considered a part of this aesthetic
movement place the city as the setting for their poems, thus creating urban poetry; the ways the
consumer-based economy, which was facilitated by urban life, influenced the Romantic poets
consideration of the world around them. During this time, the city also became an important site for the
art world, as there were many new forms of art that were displayed in the city.

Urbanization
One of the most profound effects of the Industrial Revolution, which developed rapidly in England
during 1750-1850 and spread to the continent after the Napoleonic Wars, was to stimulate the growth
of cities. Throughout Europe, only 17% of the population lived in cities in 1801. By 1851, the percentage
increased to 35%, and by 1891, it was 54%.
Growth accelerated and was most remarkable in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. An
industrial midlands involving the cities of Manchester, Birmingham and Leeds grew in an area which, in
the mid-eighteenth century, was almost entirely rural. Meanwhile the great cities of London, Paris,
Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Madrid, and New York grew dramatically.
The rate of growth was so rapid that city services could not keep pace. Cities were places where lack of
sanitation, accumulation of sewage, high rates of disease, high rates of crime, and desperate poverty all
existed. Heavy use of coal led to accumulations of dirt and grime. In the decade of the 1840's, city
reformers like Chadwick saw the connection between the lack of sanitation and the prevalence of
disease. It was the beginning of a public health movement which involved installation of sewage lines to
wash out the worst of the pollution. The increased production of iron made it possible to manufacture
the iron piping that was needed.
Urban improvements continued throughout the 19th century as technology offered new opportunities.
The original city had, of necessity, been a walking city, where everyone living there had to be able to
walk to work. This concentrated the workplaces and the homes of people of all classes in a small area.
The industrial factories created a suffocating atmosphere for living. The wealthy might escape through
the use of horse-drawn carriages, and major cities introduced horse-drawn buses for intra-city
transportation.
For a few decades, the horse was the mainstay of city travel. But, by the 1890's major cities had electric
generation plants which made the electric trolley car possible. Wealthy people could then live in the
surrounding countryside and commute to their places of business. It also became possible for middle
class people to find less congested living on the outskirts. Only the poor continued to be forced to live in
the midst of the dirt and grime in the central city.