Subject: Chemistry Type of Lesson: Practical/demonstration.

Grade: 10 CSEC OBJ: Use the results from volumetric

analysis to calculate the concentration
and number of moles of reactants in a
solution.
Term: 3 UNIT: Mole Concept Volumetric Analysis
Duration: 90 minutes Lesson: 26 Titration and titration calculations
Week: 9

Objectives
As a result of this lesson, you should be able to:
1) calculate the volume and concentration of a solution of acid based on its reaction with a
standard solution.
2) titrate an acid of unknown concentration with a base of known concentration and use the data
collected to calculate the concentration of the acid.
3) explain in simple terms the concept of a limiting reagent and describe how chemical
reactions are affected by limiting reagents.

Prerequisite Student Knowledge
You should be familiar with:
1) the mole concept
2) preparing standard solutions.
3) manipulating a pipette, burette and conical flask during a volumetric analysis.
4) calculating molar mass and concentration of substances from given volume(s).


Important Points
Important points in this lesson:
1) Always carry out a rough titration before you do the other two or three titre volumes.
2) Review your notes on the reaction of acids and bases.
3) Review your notes on the role of indicators in acid-base chemistry.

Key Terms
Standard solution

standardization

molarity

Number of moles

Molar concentration

titration

Challenge Areas
Analyze the role of indicators in acid-base chemistry. Present a PowerPoint summarizing your
analysis.

Equipment/Material Needed
Laboratory equipment for conducting titrations; access to computer with internet source;
Calculator and laboratory notebook.


Note to Student

Review your notes on the concept of acids and bases and the colour changes of indicators in
varying pH.

Introduction
1) Introductory Activity
a. View the following video on this internet website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnQJ2q36d2E&NR=1
making standard solutions, and is illustrated with music).
b. Discuss with your teacher how the
reaction.

i. View this other tutorial about
acids, bases and indicators on the following website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJPLF96X8ec&NR=1
making an indicator)
ii. Note the various colours
mediums. Your teacher will tell you that it is for this reason that indicators are
used in titrations.
iii. View the following website for a tutorial on acids, bases, salts and pH:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF40cI2O16U&feature=related
iv. Write down these websites and any questions you might have while watching
so that you can ask your teacher to clarify them.


c. Wash your glassware
containers with the solutions they contain and write a list of the steps that you will
need to follow when doing a titration.

i. You will be provided with a standard solution of sodium hydro
ii. Write down the equation for the possible reaction between sodium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid. Your teacher will guide you to formulate a hypothesis
for the reaction.
neutralise a similar volume of NaOH)
iii. Assume that you are to determine the volume of hydrochloric acid solution
which will be required to neutralize a known volume of NaOH. (e.g. 25 cm
NaOH). Explain the procedure/ste
iv. Write the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid from the chalkboard. Determine the molarity of the acid.
Your teacher will tell you the molarity of the sodium hydroxide.)


d. Practice measuring volume using a burette and pipette.

i. Watch your teacher demonstrate how to measure the
using a pipette filler to measure 25 cm
ii. Your teacher will instruct you to measure 25 cm
demonstrated the technique.
Important Point


When we use the term
concentration we
usually mean molar
concentration.

Notes
We use indicators
to see the end-
point of a reaction
because they
change colour at
different values of
pH.

Notes

Number of
moles = volume
x concentration.



View the following video on this internet website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnQJ2q36d2E&NR=1 (This video is about
making standard solutions, and is illustrated with music).
Discuss with your teacher how the colour of the indicator changed du
other tutorial about
acids, bases and indicators on the following website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJPLF96X8ec&NR=1 (This one is on
making an indicator)
Note the various colours that indicators can assume in both acidic and basic
mediums. Your teacher will tell you that it is for this reason that indicators are
used in titrations.
View the following website for a tutorial on acids, bases, salts and pH:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF40cI2O16U&feature=related
Write down these websites and any questions you might have while watching
so that you can ask your teacher to clarify them.
Wash your glassware and set up your work stations for a titration exercise. Label your
containers with the solutions they contain and write a list of the steps that you will
need to follow when doing a titration.
You will be provided with a standard solution of sodium hydro
Write down the equation for the possible reaction between sodium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid. Your teacher will guide you to formulate a hypothesis
for the reaction. Possible hypothesis: (It will take the same volume of HCl to
a similar volume of NaOH)
Assume that you are to determine the volume of hydrochloric acid solution
which will be required to neutralize a known volume of NaOH. (e.g. 25 cm
NaOH). Explain the procedure/steps you will require to do so.
Write the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid from the chalkboard. Determine the molarity of the acid.
Your teacher will tell you the molarity of the sodium hydroxide.)
volume using a burette and pipette.
Watch your teacher demonstrate how to measure the volume of a solution
using a pipette filler to measure 25 cm
3
of water.
Your teacher will instruct you to measure 25 cm
3
of water after s/he
demonstrated the technique.
(This video is about
of the indicator changed during the
(This one is on
that indicators can assume in both acidic and basic
mediums. Your teacher will tell you that it is for this reason that indicators are
View the following website for a tutorial on acids, bases, salts and pH:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF40cI2O16U&feature=related .
Write down these websites and any questions you might have while watching
and set up your work stations for a titration exercise. Label your
containers with the solutions they contain and write a list of the steps that you will
You will be provided with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide.
Write down the equation for the possible reaction between sodium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid. Your teacher will guide you to formulate a hypothesis
will take the same volume of HCl to
Assume that you are to determine the volume of hydrochloric acid solution
which will be required to neutralize a known volume of NaOH. (e.g. 25 cm
3
ps you will require to do so.
Write the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid from the chalkboard. Determine the molarity of the acid.
Your teacher will tell you the molarity of the sodium hydroxide.)
volume of a solution
of water after s/he
iii. Your teacher will demonstrate how to measure a volume of titrant using the
burette and funnel. Follow your teachers instructions and then try to measure
your own. Fill your burette first above the 0 level and then slowly release the
stopper valve until meniscus is at the 0 level mark or below. You do not have
to begin the volume in the burette at the zero mark! Read the meniscus at eye-
level to avoid making errors.
iv. Fill your burettes with the solution for which you know its concentration.



2) Calculating molar concentration and the number of moles.

a. Recall the equation for calculating the molar concentration
in g per dm
3
and in moles per dm
3
.



i. Recall how to calculate the number of moles and the molar mass of a
substance from the worked examples on mole concept and from your
homework tutorial.
ii. Listen to your teacher explain how you should also be able to calculate the
number of moles contained in a known volume of your standard solution.



b. Find the concentration of solutions and number of moles by completing examples
from your textbook.

i. View worked examples in this online tutorial presentation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BllRQAc76Y0&feature=PlayList&p=5FA
0C598551ECD50&index=66 ( titration calculation, finding concentration of
unknown solution).

c. Your teacher will explain how to record volumetric analysis in the laboratory
notebook.


i. Record your volumes obtained in the titration in a table similar to the one
outlined below:

Table 26.1: Burette readings
Readings Rough
Titration
1st 2
nd

Initial burette
reading (cm
3
)

Final burette
reading (cm
3
)

Titre volume
Try This!

Two reagents A and B
react in a molar ratio of
1:1. How many moles
of A will react exactly
with 50 cm
3
of B of
concentration 0.25 mol
dm
-3
?
Try This!

A solution of sodium
hydroxide had a
concentration of 0.2 mol
dm
-3
. What mass of
solute was contained in
250 cm
3
of the solution?

Try This!

A solution of silver
nitrate contains 17 g
dm
-3
. What is the
molar concentration of
the solution?

(cm
3
)



d. View the following tutorial on the following website and
make notes on how to carry out an acid base titration; Go to this website
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDzzMcrdyB4&NR=1


i. Make note of the techniques used in the video and the precautions to obtain
precision and accuracy.
ii. Ask relevant questions and try a few calculations which involve data gathered
from volumetric analysis. Your teacher will ask you to explain why doing a
rough titration would be necessary in a titration exercise.

Body of Lesson
1) Practical activity: conducting an acid- base titration in pairs then individually.

a. Conduct a titration to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution or
hydrochloric acid solution using the instructions in this practical worksheet. See
instruction for practical activity on page 41 CXC chemistry by Mike Taylor &
Tania Chung-Harris.

i. Listen to the instruction of your teacher on how work out number of moles
and concentrations using the titre volumes you obtained in your titration.
ii. Compare these results with the known standard and also compare your results
with your partners.
iii. Ask your teacher or classmates to assist you to identify any problems in your
technique(s) while conducting titrations.
iv. Record your observations and results using the table outlined earlier.

b. Use the results of a titration to determine the number of moles and concentration.

i. Your teacher will instruct you to use the V
1
and V
2
to calculate what volume of acid
was added to the solution.


Closure
In-Class Assignments

1) Write out the laboratory report for your acid-base titration and for preparing a standard
solution.


Out-of-Class Assignment
1) Write out the series of steps which you would use to conduct an experiment to determine the
acidity of three different brands of soda by adding a known volume of base until the reaction
is complete. State your conclusions in a presentation to your class.
Supplemental

Glossary of Terms
Standard solution

A solution of accurately known concentration

Titre volume

Volume of the solution that was used from the
burette to neutralize the reaction.

Molar
concentration

The number of moles of solute per litre of
solution.


CSEC Questions
January 2001, Paper 2
Recommended Materials
Internet source and computers inside the chemistry laboratory or in close proximity to it. Make
sure computers can access video link and view same.
Bibliography
Taylor, M. & Chung-Harris, T. (2006) CXC Chemistry. Macmillan Science series