SREE SAKTHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KARAMADAI.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING.
Sub Code:CS2403
Subje! N"#e:D$%$!"& S$%'"& P(oe))$'% *R+ 200,-
C&")):I. /e"( CSE
S!"0 I'1"(%e:P.2A/A3ALASU3RAMANIAM4AP5ECE.
6ue)!$o' 3"'7
UNIT I Signals and systems 9
P"(!+A
1.A.1) What is a linear time invariant system? (APRIL/MAY 2008)
A system is said t !e time invariant system i" a time delay r advan#e " the in$%t si&nal
leads t an idenditi#al shi"t in the %t$%t si&nal. 'his im$lies that a time invariant system
res$nds idenditi#ally n matter (hen the in$%t si&nal is a$$lied. It als satis)es the
#nditin
R{x(n-k)}=y(n-k).
1.A.2) What is *n(n as aliasin&? ( APRIL/MAY 2008)
In si&nal $r#essin& and related dis#i$lines+ aliasin& re"ers t an e,e#t that #a%ses di,erent
si&nals t !e#me indistin&%isha!le (r aliases " ne anther) (hen sam$led. It als re"ers t the
distrtin r arti"a#tthat res%lts (hen the si&nal re#nstr%#ted "rm sam$les is di,erent "rm the
ri&inal #ntin%%s si&nal.
Aliasin& #an ##%r in si&nals sam$led in time+ "r instan#e di&ital a%di+ and is re"erred t as
tem$ral aliasin&. Aliasin& #an als ##%r in s$atially sam$led si&nals+ "r instan#e di&ital ima&es.
Aliasin& in s$atially sam$led si&nals is #alled s$atial aliasin&.
1.A.-) .e)ne R/0 in 12trans"rm. ( APRIL/MAY 2008)
'he re&in " #nver&en#e (R/0) " 3(1) the set " all val%es " 1 "r (hi#h 3(1)
attain )nal val%e.
1.A.4) .etermine the 12trans"rm " the se5%en#e 6(n)782+1+21+0+-9 (APRIL/MAY 2008)
3(1)72:131
21
2 131
22
:031
24
:-31
24
3(;)72:12
1
21
22
:-1
24
1.A.<) 0he#* (hether the system is linear y(n)7e
6(n)
(APRIL/MAY 200=)
Y1(n)7e
61(n)
Y2(n)7e
62(n)
y(n)7a1e
61(n)
:a2e
62(n
)222222222222222221
y(n)7e
(a16(n):a262(n))
22222222222222222222222222
e5%n 1> e5%n 2
? the system is nn2linear systems.
1.A.@) ?tate sam$lin& therem. (APRIL/MAY 200=)
?am$lin& is the $r#ess " #nvertin& a si&nal ("r e6am$le+ a "%n#tin " #ntin%%s time r s$a#e)
int a n%meri# se5%en#e (a "%n#tin " dis#rete time r s$a#e). ?hannnAs versin " the therem statesB
C2D
I" a "%n#tin x(t) #ntains n "re5%en#ies hi&her than Bhert;+ it is #m$letely determined !y &ivin& its
rdinates at a series " $ints s$a#ed 1/(2B) se#nds a$art.
A s%E#ient #nditin t re#nstr%#t x(t) "rm its sam$les is and e5%ivalently 'he t(
threshlds+ and are res$e#tively #alled the Fy5%ist rate and Fy5%ist "re5%en#y.
1.A.=) .e)ne L'I systems (Fv/.e# 2010)
'hese systems are als #alled linear translation-invariant t &ive the thery the mst
&eneral rea#h. In the #ase " &eneri# dis#rete2time (i.e.+ sam$led) systems+ linear shift-
invariant is the #rres$ndin& term. A &d e6am$le " L'I systems are ele#tri#al #ir#%its that
#an !e made %$ " resistrs+ #a$a#itrs+ and ind%#trs.
1.A.8) .i,erentiate linear and #ir#%lar #nvl%tin (Fv/.e# 2010)
1.A.G) ?tate sam$lin& therem and )nd Fy5%ist rate " the si&nal 6(t)7<sin2<0Ht:@#s@00Ht
(APRIL/MAY 2008)
'a*e '7.004 I"s71/' 7 2<0 J;. Ks72H"s72HL2< J;7<0H rad/se#
Km72H"m7@00H "m7-00 2"m7@00 ? the ny5%ist rate is 7 @00 J;.
1.A.10) ?tate and $rve the #nvl%tin $r$erty " 1 trans"rm (APRIL/MAY 2008)
1.A.11) Mind #nvl%tin " 8<+4+-+29 and 81+0+-+29 (APRIL/MAY 2008)
Y;)7J(;)3(;)
J(;)7<:41
21
:-1
22
:21
2-
and 3(;)7(1:-1
22
:21
2-
)
Y(;)7(<:41
21
:-1
22
:21
2-
)(1:-1
22
:21
22
) 7<:4;
21
:18;
22
:-G;
2-
:G;
24
:@;
2<
:10;
2@
y(n)78<+4+18+-G+G+@+109
1.A.12) Mind r6y and ry6 "r 6781+0+2+-9 and y784+0+1+29 (APRIL/MAY 2008)
3(;)7(1:21
22
:-1
2-
)I Y(;)7(4:1
22
:-1
2-
)
0rrelatin(r6y)7(1:21
22
:-1
2-
)(4:1
2
:-1
-
)71<:@1
21
:81
22
:121
2-
:@1:1
2
:-1
-
0rrelatin(ry6)7(1:21
2
:-1
-
)(4:1
22
:-1
2-
)71<:;
22
:-;
2-
:8;
2
:@;
21
:12;
-
:-;
1.A.1-) .etermine 1 trans"rm "r 3(n)72na
n
%(2n21) (APRIL/MAY 2008)
1.A.14) Mind (hether the si&nal Y(n)72n
2
3(n) is linear. (APRIL/MAY 2008)
Y1(n)72n
2
31(n) Y2(n)72n
2
62(n)
Y(n)72n
2
31(n) 2n
2
62(n)222221
Y(n)72n
2
(31(n):62(n))22222222
1>2 s the system is linear
1.A.1<) What is #a%sal system? (May/N%ne 201-)
'he system is said t !e #a%sal i" the %t$%t " the system at any time OnP de$ends
nly n $resent and $ast in$%ts !%t des nt de$end n the "%t%re in$%ts.
e.&.B2 y (n) 76 (n)26 (n21)
A system is said t !e nn2#a%sal i" a system des nt satis"y the a!ve de)nitin.
1.A.1@) .e)ne im$%lse res$nse " the system? (May/N%ne 2012)
In si&nal $r#essin&+ the im$%lse res$nse+ r im$%lse res$nse "%n#tin (IRM)+ " a
dynami# system is its %t$%t (hen $resented (ith a !rie" in$%t si&nal+ #alled an im$%lse.
Mre &enerally+ an im$%lse res$nse re"ers t the rea#tin " any dynami# system in
res$nse t sme e6ternal #han&e. In !th #ases+ the im$%lse res$nse des#ri!es the
rea#tin " the system as a "%n#tin " time (r $ssi!ly as a "%n#tin " sme ther
inde$endent varia!le that $arameteri;es the dynami# !ehavir " the system).
1.A.1=) 0he#* "r #a%sality and linearity y(n)76(n)26(n
2
2n) (May/N%ne 201-)
'he %t$%t " the system de$ends n the "%t%re val%es " the in$%t. s the system is
#alled #a%sal system.
Y1(n)761(n)261(n
2
2n) I y2(n)762(n)262(n
2
2n)
Y(n)761(n)261(n
2
2n):62(n)262(n
2
2n)
YP(n)761(n)262(n
2
2n):61(n)262(n
2
2n)
Y(n)>YP(n)
? the system is #alled nnlinear systems.
1.A.18) What are the advanta&es " .?P? ((Fv/.e# 200G)
: Linear and nnlinear math $eratins (r* ver a (ide dynami# ran&e " si&nal+ 2Q-1 t 2Q2-1
"r standard Ratin& $int. Als a s%ite " $eratins+ li*e #s()+ atan()+ s5rt()+ l&() are availa!le.
: Ji&her rder )lters #an !e im$lemented (ith a relatively l( in#remental #st. Additinal
memry and #m$%tatins nly.
: Milter desi&n te#hni5%es $rvide a relatively hi&h de&ree " "reedm in s$e#tral sha$in&+ as in the
Mre5%en#y ?am$lin& methd+ "r e6am$le.
: F t%nin& " anal& #m$nents (R+L+0) d%rin& $rd%#tin r d%rin& maintenan#e.
: Sd versin #ntrl. T%rn )lter #eE#ients int memry and these (ill never #han&e "rm ne
%nit t the ne6t.
: ?"t(are2!ased im$lementatins re5%ire n #%stm hard(are 2 U%st %se standard si&nal I//
!ards and (rite #%stm s"t(are.
: ?mall and r%&&ed im$lementatin %sin& mi6ed2ty$e VL?I+ #m!inin& !th .?P and anal& I// n
a sin&le #hi$.
1.A.1G) .e)ne im$%lse si&nal (F/V/.W0 200G)
An im$%lse "%n#tin is nt reali;a!le+ in that !y de)nitin the %t$%t " an im$%lse "%n#tin
is in)nity at #ertain val%es. An im$%lse "%n#tin is als *n(n as a Xdelta "%n#tinX+
alth%&h there are di,erent ty$es " delta "%n#tins that ea#h have sli&htly di,erent
$r$erties. ?$e#i)#ally+ this unit-impulse function is *n(n as the .ira# delta "%n#tin. 'he
term XIm$%lse M%n#tinX is %nam!i&%%s+ !e#a%se there is nly ne de)nitin " the term
XIm$%lseX.
1.A.20) What is meant !y aliasin&? J( #an it !e avided? (May/N%ne 200@)
Siven a $(er s$e#tr%m (a $lt " $(er vs. "re5%en#y)+ aliasin& is a "alse
translatin " $(er "allin& in sme "re5%en#y ran&e %tside the ran&e. Aliasin& #an
!e #a%sed !y dis#rete sam$lin& !el( the Fy5%ist "re5%en#y. 'he sidel!es " any
instr%ment "%n#tin (in#l%din& the sim$le sin# s5%ared "%n#tin !tained sim$ly "rm )nite
sam$lin&) are als a "rm " aliasin&. Alth%&h sidel!e #ntri!%tin at lar&e ,sets #an
!e minimi;ed (ith the %se " an a$di;atin "%n#tin+ the trade, is a (idenin& " the
res$nse (i.e.+ a l(erin& " the resl%tin).
1.A.21) Is the system Y(n)7lnC6(n)D is linear and time invariant. (May/N%ne 200@)
Jere the /%t$%t " the systems de$ends n $resent in$%t s the systems is #alled linear
systems.
'his systems did nt satis"y the TIT/ #nditin . s this system is said t !e linear system.
1.A.22) .etermine the ener&y " the se5%en#e 6(n)7(1/2)
n
nY0. (May/N%ne 2011)
W71/121/2 7 2 U%les.
1.A.2-) Mind )nal val%e " 6(n) i" 6(;)7(1:;
21
)/(120.2< ;
22
) (May/N%ne 2011)
Minal val%eB 3(1)7(1:1
21
)(120.2<1
22
)
3(1)7170I 3(1)7;70I
7(1:0)(12.02<)
7(1L0.=<)
3(1) 70.=<
1.A.24) What is ;er $addin& ? What are its %ses. (A$ril/May 2010)
Let the se5%en#e 6 (n) has a len&th L. I" (e (ant t )nd the F2$int .M'(FZL)
" the se5%en#e 6(n)+ (e have t add (F2L) ;ers t the se5%en#e 6(n). 'his is
*n(n as
;er $addin&.
'he %ses " ;er $addin& are
1) We #an &et !etter dis$lay " the "re5%en#y s$e#tr%m.
2)With ;er $addin& the .M' #an !e %sed in linear )lterin&.
1.A.2<) .e)ne symmetri# and anti2symmetri# si&nals (May/N%ne 200=)
Even signalB #ntin%%s time si&nal 6(t) is said t !e even i" it satis)es the
#nditin
6(t)76(2t) "r all val%es " t.
!! signalB he si&nal 6(t) is said t !e dd i" it satis)es the #nditin 6(2t)726(t) "r
all t.
In ther (rds even si&nal is symmetri# a!%t the time ri&in r the verti#al a6is+
!%t dd
si&nals are anti2symmetri# a!%t the verti#al a6is.
1.A.2@) What are the $r$erties " R/0? (May/N%ne 200=)
'he R/0 des nt #ntain any $les.
When 6(n) is " )nite d%ratin then R/0 is entire 12$lane e6#e$t 170 r 17.[
I" 3(1) is #a%sal+then R/0 in#l%des 17\
I" 3(1) is anti#as%al+then R/0 in#l%des 170.
P"(!+3
1.T.1) (i) e6$lain the #n#e$t " ener&y and $(er si&nals. Als #he#*s (hether the "ll(in&
si&nals are ener&y r
$(er si&nal.(12) (1)6(n)7(1/-)
n
%(n) (2)6(n)7sin ($L/4)n (12) (APRIAL/MAY
2008)
\ \
Wner&y 7 ] ^6(n)^
2
P(er71/(2F:1) ] ^6(n)^
2
n72 \ n72 \
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.:.34+
:.3;-
(ii)!rieRy e6$lain _%anti;atin.(4) (APRIAL/MAY
2008)
Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of mapping a
large set of input values to a smaller set such as rounding values to some unit of precision. A
device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called a quantizer. The round-off
error introduced by quantization is referred to as quantization error.
In analog-to-digital conversion, the difference beteen the actual analog value and
quantized digital value is called quantization error or quantization distortion. This error is either
due to rounding or truncation. The error signal is sometimes considered as an additional random
signal called quantization noise because of its stochasticbehaviour. Quantization is involved to
some degree in nearly all digital signal processing, as the process of representing a signal in
digital form ordinarily involves rounding. Quantization also forms the core of essentially all
lossy compression algorithms.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.:.:<3+:.<4-
1.T.2) #he#* the "ll(in& system "r linearity+ time invarian#e + #a%sality and sta!ility .
(APRIAL/MAY 2008)
(i) y(n) 7 eQ6(n) (ii)y(n) 7 6(2n:2). (1@)
C"u)"& :'he %t$%t " the systems de$ends n $ast and $resent val%es " the
in$%t and des nt de$end n "%t%re val%es " in$%t.
S!"!$:'he %t$%t " the systems de$ends nly n $resent val%e " the in$%t and
des nt de$end $ast and "%t%re val%e " in$%t.
T$#e $'="($"'e:'he %t$%t " the systems (ill nt vary (ith res$e#t t time
$erid.
YP(n2*)7y(n+*)
L$'e"($!>:'he systems (ill satis"y the TIT/ #ditins.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.:.?3+
:.?<-
1.T.-) (i) .etermine the 12trans"rm " 6(n)7#s(n %(n). (@) (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
\
3(1) 7 ] 6(n)1
2n
2\
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.:;+
2.:<-
(ii) state and $rve the "ll(in& $r$erties " 12trans"rmsB (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
(1)time shi"tin& (2)time reversal (-)di,erentiatin (4)s#alin& in 1 dmain.
(10)
Properties of Z-Transform
The z-transform has a set of properties in parallel ith that of the !ourier transform "and #aplace transform$.
The difference is that e need to pay special attention to the %&'s. In the folloing, e alays assume
and
Time Shifting
Proof:
(efine , e have and
The ne %&' is the same as the old one e)cept the possible addition*deletion of the origin or infinity as
the shift may change the duration of the signal.
Time Expansion (Scaling)
The discrete signal cannot be continuously scaled in time as has to be an integer "for a non-
integer is zero$. Therefore is defined as
Example: If is ramp
+ , - . / 0
+ , - . / 0
then the e)panded version is
+ , - . / 0
1./ + +./ , ,./ -
+ , -
1 + 1 , 1 -
here is the integer part of .
Proof: The z-transform of such an e)panded signal is
2ote that the change of the summation inde) from to has no effect as the terms s3ipped are all
zeros.
Time Reversal
Proof:
here
Scaling in Z-domain
Proof:
In particular, if , the above becomes
The multiplication by to corresponds to a rotation by angle in the z-plane, i.e., a frequency
shift by . The rotation is either cloc3ise " $ or counter cloc3ise " $ corresponding
to, respectively, either a left-shift or a right shift in frequency domain. The property is essentially the
same as the frequency shifting property of discrete !ourier transform.
Differentiation in z-Domain
Proof:
i.e.,
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.,+
2.:?-
1.T.4) (i) .etermine the inverse 1 trans"rm " 3(;)7(1:-; Q21)/(1:-;Q 21 :2; Q22) "r ^;^ Z2.
(8) (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.34+
2.3,-
(ii) #m$%te the res$nse " the system y(n)70.=y(n21)20.12y(n22):6(n21):6(n22)
(APRIAL/MAY 2008)
t in$%t 6(n)7 n %(n). (8)
?te$ 1BMind Y(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMind 3(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B )nd h(n) + )rst )nd J(;) %sin& "rm%la J(;)7Y(;)/3(;)
?te$ 4BMind the h(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.?;+
2.?<-
1.T.<) i.Mind the res$nse " the system "r the in$%t si&nal 6(n)781+2+2+-9`h(n)781+0+-+29
(APRIL/MAY 200=)
?te$ 1BMind Y(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMind 3(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B )nd h(n) + )rst )nd J(;) %sin& "rm%la J(;)7Y(;)/3(;)
?te$ 4BMind the h(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.?@+
2.;0-
1.T.@) ii.Mind the inverse 1 trans"rm " the system J(;)7 1/(121/21
21
)( 121/41
21
) (APRIL/MAY
200=)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.2.34-
1.T.=) Mind the #nvl%tin and #rrelatin " the "r 6(n)780+122+-+249 and h(n)780.<+1+2+1+.0.<9
(APRIL/MAY 2008)
?te$ 1BMind 3(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMindJ(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B asin& "rm%la )nd Y(;)73(;)J(;)
?te$ 4B ' )nd #nvl%tin y(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm
?te$ <B t )nd #rrelatin Y(;)73(;)3(1
21
)
?te$ @B )nd y(n) %sin" 1 trans"rm.
1.T.8) .etermine the im$%lse " the di,eren#e e5%atin y(n):-y(n21):2y(n22)726(n)26(n21)
(APRIL/MAY 2008)
?te$ 1BMind Y(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMind 3(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B )nd h(n) + )rst )nd J(;) %sin& "rm%la J(;)7Y(;)/3(;)
?te$ 4BMind the h(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.2.;?-
1.T.G) A linear shi"t invariant system has a %nit im$%lse res$nse h (n) 7% (2n). )nd the %t$%t i"
the in$%t is
3(n)7(1/-)
n
%(n)
(May/N%ne 201-)
?te$ 1BMindJ(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMind 3(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B )nd h(n) + )rst )nd J(;) %sin& "rm%la y(;)73(;)J(;)
?te$ 4BMind the h(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm.
*D(.S.P"&"'$4 D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%4A()!ed$!$o'4A'e 3oo7)
P=!.4L!d.420:0.P"%e.No.4.;;-
1.T.10) 0lassi"y+ e6$ress and e6$lain the vari%s ty$es " si&nals. (May/N%ne 201-)
C&"))$A"!$o') o9 S$%'"&)
Aln& (ith the #lassi)#atin " si&nals !el(+ it is als im$rtant t %nderstand the 0lassi)#atin"
?ystems.
Co'!$'uou)+T$#e =). D$)(e!e+T$#e
As the names s%&&est+ this #lassi)#atin is determined !y (hether r nt the time a6is
(62a6is) is dis#rete (#%nta!le) r #ntin%%s . A #ntin%%s2time si&nal (ill #ntain a
val%e "r all real n%m!ers aln& the time a6is. In #ntrast t this+ a dis#rete2time si&nal is
"ten #reated !y %sin& the sam$lin& therem t sam$le a #ntin%%s si&nal+ s it (ill nly
have val%es at e5%ally s$a#ed intervals aln& the time a6is.
A'"&o% =). D$%$!"&
'he di,eren#e !et(een anal& and di&ital is similar t the di,eren#e !et(een #ntin%%s time
and dis#rete2time. In this #ase+ h(ever+ the di,eren#e is (ith res$e#t t the val%e "
the "%n#tin (y2a6is). Anal& #rres$nds t a #ntin%%s y2a6is+ (hile di&ital #rres$nds
t a dis#rete y2a6is. An easy e6am$le " a di&ital si&nal is a !inary se5%en#e+ (here the
val%es " the "%n#tin #an nly !e ne r ;er.
Pe($od$ =). A8e($od$
Peridi# si&nals re$eat (ith sme $erid '+ (hile a$eridi#+ r nn$eridi#+ si&nals d nt.
We #an de)ne a $eridi# "%n#tin thr%&h the "ll(in& mathemati#al e6$ressin+ (here t
#an !e any n%m!er and ' is a $sitive #nstantB
" (t) 7 " (' : t) (2.=)
'he "%ndamental $erid " %r "%n#tin+ " (t)+ is the smallest val%e " ' that the still
all(s the a!ve e5%atin+ W5%atin 2.=+ t !e tr%e.
C"u)"& =). A'!$"u)"& =). No'"u)"&
0a%sal si&nals are si&nals that are ;er "r all ne&ative time+ (hile anit#a%sal are si&nals
that are ;er "r all $sitive time. Fn#a%sal si&nals are si&nals that have nn;er val%es
in !th $sitive and ne&ative time.
E=e' =) Odd
An even si&nal is any si&nal " s%#h that " (t) 7 " (bt). Wven si&nals #an !e easily s$tted
as they are symmetri# ar%nd the verti#al a6is. An dd si&nal + n the ther hand+ is a
si&nal " s%#h that " (t) 7 b(" (bt)).
asin& the de)nitins " even and dd si&nals+ (e #an sh( that any si&nal #an !e
(ritten as a #m!inatin " an even and dd si&nal. 'hat is+ every si&nal has an dd2even
de#m$sitin. ' demnstrate this+ (e have t l* n "%rther than a sin&le e5%atin.
" (t) 7 (" (t) : " (bt)) :(" (t) b " (bt))
Ty m%lti$lyin& and addin& this e6$ressin %t+ it #an !e sh(n t !e tr%e. Als+ it #an !e
sh(n that " (t) : " (bt) "%l)lls the re5%irement " an even "%n#tin+ (hile " (t) b " (bt)
"%l)lls the re5%irement " an dd "%n#tin.
De!e(#$'$)!$ =) R"'do#
A deterministi# si&nal is a si&nal in (hi#h ea#h val%e " the si&nal is )6ed and #an !e
determined !y a mathemati#al e6$ressin+ r%le+ r ta!le. Te#a%se " this the "%t%re val%es
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4 D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%4 9ou(!1 ed$!$o'4 20::.P"%e 'o.:.22+:.34-
1.T.11) /!tain the 1 trans"rm and R/0 "r
i).6(n)72!
n
%(2n21)
ii). 3(n)7a
n
%(n)
1 trans"rm " the se5%en#e
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.4+
2.?-
1.T.12) Mind 6(n) i" the &iven
3(1)7(1:-1
21
)/( 1:-1
21
:21
22
) "r R/0 ^1^ 2
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.34+
2.3?-
1.T.1-) W6$lain the "ll(in& (ith s%ita!le e6am$les (May/N%ne 2012)
I. Linear systems ii. 'ime invariant systemsiii.0a%sal systems
emor!less s!stems
A system is memoryless if the output y4n5 depends only on )4n5 at thesame n. !or e)ample, y4n5 6 ")4n5$, is
memoryless, but the ideal delay
"inear s!stems
A system is linear if the principle of superposition applies. Thus if y+4n5is the response of the system to the
input )+4n5, and y,4n5 the responseto ),4n5, then linearity implies
Time-invariant s!stems
A system is time invariant if a time shift or delay of the input sequencecauses a corresponding shift in
the output sequence. That is, if y4n5 is the response to )4n5,then y4n -n15 is the response to )4n -n15.
!or e)ample, the accumulator systemis time invariant, but the compressor systemfor 7 a positive integer
"hich selects every 7th sample from a sequence$ is not.
#a$salit!
A system is causal if the output at n depends only on the input at nand earlier inputs. !or e)ample, the bac3ard
difference systemis causal, but the forard difference system
Sta%ilit!
A system is stable if every bounded input sequence produces a boundedoutput sequence8
)4n5 is an e)ample of an unbounded system, since its response to the unithich has no upper bound.
"inear time-invariant s!stems
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.?2+
2.;3-
1.T.14) .erive the relatinshi$ !et(een in$%t and %t$%t " L'I system in 1 trans"rm.
(May/N%ne 2012)
?te$ 1BMind Y(1) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ 2 BMind 3(;) %sin& 1 trans"rm
?te$ -B )nd h(n) + )rst )nd J(;) %sin& "rm%la J(;)7Y(;)/3(;)
?te$ 4BMind the h(n) %sin& inverse 1 trans"rm.
*D(.S.P"&"'$4 D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%4A()!ed$!$o'4A'e 3oo7)
P=!.4L!d.420:0.P"%e.No.4.2+4.3-
1.T.1<) 'est the sta!ility and #a%sality " the "ll(in& system
(Fv/.e# 200G)
i.Y(n)70s6(n) ii.Y(n)73(2n22)
C"u)"& :'he %t$%t " the systems de$ends n $ast and $resent val%es " the
in$%t and des nt de$end n "%t%re val%es " in$%t.
S!"b&e: "r any val%e " n the %t$%t " the systems (ill $rd%#e the #nstant
%t$%t (ith res$e#t t the in$%t.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.:.?3+
:.;3-
1.T.1@) Mind the ne sided 1 trans"rm " dis#rete se5%en#es &enerated !y the
mathemati#ally sam$lin& " the "ll(in&
#ntin%%s time "%n#tin (Fv/.e# 200G)
i.3(t)7sin(t ii.6(t)7#s(t
' )nd 1 trans"rm " the se5%en#e
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.:;+
2.:<-
1.T.1=) .e)ne #rrelatin and !rin& %t the di,eren#e !et(een #nvl%tin and #rrelatin.
(May/N%ne 200@)
A convolution $) "' $'!e%("& !1"! eB8(e))e) !1e "#ou'! o9 o=e(&"8 o9 o'e 9u'!$o'") $! $)
)1$9!ed o=e( "'o!1e( 9u'!$o'.
"ou can use correlation to compare the similarity of two sets of data. Correlation computes a
measure of similarity of two input signals as they are shifted by one another.
#he correlation result reaches a maximum at the time when the two signals match best
'he di,eren#e !et(een #nvl%tin and #rrelatin is that convolution is a fltering operation
and correlation is a measure of relatedness of two signals
"ou can use convolution to compute the response of a linear system to an input signal. $onvolution
is also the time-!omain e%uivalent of &ltering in the fre%uency !omain.
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.2.::42.:?-
1.T.18) .etermine the 1 trans"rm " the si&nal 6(n)7a
n
%(n)2!
n
%(2n21) and $lt the R/0.
(May/N%ne 200@)
' )nd 1 trans"rm " the se5%en#e
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.?+
2.;-
1.T.1G) Mind the system "%n#tin " the system des#ri!ed !y y(n)780.</C(12.=<;
21
)(121
2
1
)D96(n) (May/N%ne 200@)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.2.3,-
1.T.20) Mind the system "%n#tin " the system des#ri!ed !y y(n20.=<y(n21)2:0.12<y(n2
2)76(n)26(n21) and $lt the $les and ;ers " J(;).
(May/N%ne 200@)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.;3+
2.;?-
1.T.21) ?tate and $rve sam$lin& therem. (May/N%ne 2011)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e
'o.:.:;,+:.:<2-
1.T.22) Mind the 1 trans"rm " i.6(n)7a
n
%(n)ii.y(n)7a
n
%(n)2!
n
%(2n21)
iii.((n)7a
n
#scn%(n)
Wrte the R/0 "r all the a!ve #ases. (May/N%ne 2011)
' )nd 1 trans"rm " the se5%en#e
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.4+
2.2.;-
1.T.2-) Mind the inverse 1 trans"rm " 6(;)7;
2
:;/(;21/-)
-
(;21/4) "r the R/0 ^;^Z1/2
(May/N%ne 2011)
*P.R"#e)1b"bu4D$%$!"& )$%'"& 8(oe))$'%49ou(!1 ed$!$o'420::.P"%e 'o.2.?0+
2.?:-
UNIT II FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATIONS 9
P"(!+A
2.A.1) .e)ne .M' $air. (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
2.A.2) .ra( the !asi# !%tterRy str%#t%re "r .I'MM' and .IM MM' Al&rithms. (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
2.A.-) .ra( the Radi6 4 MM' .IM T%tterRy dia&ram.(MAY/NaFW 200=)
2.A.4) .i,erentiate .M' and .'M'(Fv/.e# 2010)
2.A.<) Mind .M' "r 81+0+0+19(APRIL/MAY 2008)
2.A.@) J( .M' is #m$%ted %sin& MM' al&rithm.(May/N%ne 201-)
2.A.=) ?tate the advanta&es " MM' ver .M's (May/N%ne 2012)
2.A.8) Mind the .M' "r 6(n)7a
n
%(n).(F/V/.W0 2011)
2.A.G) 0al#%late the n%m!er " m%lti$li#atins needed "r the .M' #m$%tatin " F7-2 $int
se5%en#e %sin& MM'
al&rithm.(F/V/.W0 2011)
2.A.10) List any "%r $r$erties " .M'.(Fv/de# 200G)
2.A.11) .e)ne .M' $air.(May /N%ne 200@)
2.A.12) .i,erentiate !et(een .I' and .IM MM' al&rithm.(May /N%ne 200@)
2.A.1-) Sive relatin !et(een 12dmain and "re5%en#y dmain(May /N%ne 2012)
2.A.14) 0al#%late the .M' " the se5%en#e 6(n)781+1+22+29(Fv/.e# 200G)
2.A.1<) Mentin the a$$li#atins " MM' al&rithm.(Fv/.e# 2011)
2.A.1@) .istin&%ish #ir#%lar shi"tin& and shi"tin& in .M' (May/N%ne 2011)
2.A.1=) Mind the .M' /M y(n)7d(n)2d(n2n0):d(n:n0)? (May/N%ne 2012)
2.A.18) What is Radi622 MM' . (May/N%ne 2012)
2.A.1G) .ra( the !%tterRy str%#t%re " .I' al&rithm.(May/N%ne 200=)
P"(!+3
2.T.1) .erive and dra( the R( &ra$h " the Radi622 .IM MM' al&rithm "r the #m$%tatin " 82
$nit .M'. (10)
(APRIAL/MAY 2008)
2.T.2) (hat are di,eren#es and similarities !et(een .I' and .IM MM' al&rithm? (@) (APRIAL/MAY
2008)
2.T.-) #m$%te the 82$int .M' " the se5%en#e 6(n) 781+2+-+4+4+-+2+19 (10) (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
2.T.4) ill%strate the #n#e$t " #ir#%lar #nvl%tin $r$erty " .M'. (@) (APRIAL/MAY 2008)
2.T.<) 0m$are the #m$%tatinal #m$le6ity " dire#t #m$%tatin " .M' Vs MM' al&rithm
(May/N%ne 201-)
2.T.@) Write a detailed te#hni#al nte n the %se " MM' al&rithms in linear )lterin& and #rrelatin
(ith an e6am$le.
(May/N%ne 201-)
2.T.=) 0m$%te the .M' " the si&nal 6(n)70snH/2 "r F74 %sin& .I'2MM' al&rithm..ra( the R(
dia&ram. ?h( all the
0m$%tatins. (May/N%ne 201-)
2.T.8) 0m$%te the .M' "r the se5%en#e 81+2+0+0+0+2+1+19 %sin& Radi622 .IM2MM' Al&rithm.(1@)
(APRIL/MAY 200=)
2.T.G) W6$lain the $r$erties " .M'
1.'ime shi"tin& 2.0nvl%tin -.'ime reversal 4.0m$le6 #nU%&ate $erty.
(Fv/.e# 2011)
2.T.10) /!tain the #ir#%lar #nvl%tin " the se5%en#e i" 31(n)781+0+1+09 and
62(n)781+1+1+19 (Fv/.e# 2011)
2.T.11) ?atatin& the relevant e5%atins !tain the ei&ht $int .I'2 MM' al&rithms (May/N%ne
2012)
2.T.12) ?tate and $rve the time shi"tin& $r$erty " .M' .(May/N%ne 2012)
2.T.1-) An 8 $int se5%en#e is &iven !y 6(n)782+2+2+2+1+1+1+19 #m$%te 8 $int .M' " 6(n) !y
i.Radi622 .I' MM' ii.RA.I3 .IM2MM' (Fv/.e# 200G)
2.T.14) asin& .M'2I.M' methd + $er"rm #ir#%lar #nvl%tin " the se5%en#es 6(n)781+2+0+19
and h(n)782+2+1+19
2.T.1<) ?tate and $rve the #ir#%lar #nvl%tin $r$erty " .M'.
2.T.1@) Mind .M' " 3(*) &iven !el( 3(*)782+1+-+0+49
2.T.1=) ?tate and $rve the m%lti$li#atin in time $r$erty " .M'.(May/N%ne 2012)
2.T.18) asin& MM' al&rithm )nd the res$nse " an L?I system (ith im$%lse res$nse
h(n)781+2+219 "r the in$%t 6(n)782+249
(A$ril/May 2010)
2.T.1G) .erive the "re5%en#y res$nse " linear $hase MIR )lter " rder F(dd) (ith symmetri#
#nditin.(A$ril/May 2010)
2.T.20) Mind the linear #nvl%tin " 6(n)781+2+-9 (ith h(n)782+49 %sin& .M' and I.M'.
(Fv/.e# 2010)
UNIT III IIR FILTER DESIGN 9
Pat!A
-.A.1) ?tate the #nditin "r linear $hase in MIR )lters "r symmetri# and anti2symmetri#
res$nse.
(APRIAL/MAY 2008)
-.A.2) What is #alled $re (ar$in&? (APRIL/MAY 2008)
-.A.-) 0m$are IIR and MIR di&ital )lters. (Fv/.e# 2010)
-.A.4) What are the vari%s desi&n methds availa!le "r IIR )lters (May/N%ne 201-)
-.A.<) ?tate any t( $r$erties " #he!y#hev )lters. (May/N%ne 2012)
-.A.@) What is the $rin#i$le " im$%lse invarian#e methd.(F/V/.W0 2011)
-.A.=) 0m$are anal& and di&ital )lter (Fv/.e# 200G)
-.A.8) ?*et#h the ma$$in& " s2$lane and ;2$lane in !ilinear trans"rmatin (Fv/.e# 200G)
-.A.G) Mind the trans"er "%n#tin "r nrmali;ed T%tter(rth )lter " rder 1 !y determinin& the
$le val%es.
(May/N%ne 200@)
-.A.10) Why (e & "r anal& a$$r6imatin t desi&n a di&ital )lter?(May/N%ne 2012)
-.A.11) Why im$%lse invariant methd is nt $re"erred in the desi&n " IIR )lter ther than
l( $as )lter?
(Fv/.e# 2011)
-.A.12) What is the main !Ue#tive " im$%lse invarianttrans"rmatin. (May/N%ne 2011)
-.A.1-) Mentin t( im$rtant "eat%res " T%tter(rth )lters. (May/N%ne 2012)
-.A.14) What is (ra$in& e,e#t? What is its e,e#t n ma&nit%de and $hase res$nse?
-.A.1<) What is dead !and?
P"(!+3
-.T.1) .esi&n a di&ital T%tter(rth )lter satis"yin& the "ll(in& #nstraints (ith '71se#.%sin&
Tilinear trans"rmatin.
(12) (APRIL/MAY 2008)
0.=0=7e ^J(eUc)^7e 1 "r 0 7 e $ /2
^J(eUc)^7e0.2 "r -$/4
-.T.2) .esi&n and reali;e a T%tter(rth di&ital )lter "r the "ll(in& s$e#i)#atinsB (APRIL/MAY
2008)
Pass !and &ain re5%iredB 22dT
Mre5%en#y %$t (hi#h $ass2!an!d &ain m%st remain mre r less steady "17-00 J;.
Am%nt " atten%at%in re5%iredB 2-0 dT
Mre5%en#y "rm (hi#h the atten%atin m%st start "27@<0 J;.
-.T.-) .erive the im$%lse invariant trans"rmatin and !tain the "re5%en#y relatinshi$
-.T.4) .esi&n a #he!y#hev anal& l( $ass)lter that have 2- dT #%t, "re5%en#y " 100 rad/se#
and a st$ !and atten%atin 2< dT r &reater "r all radian "re5%en#ies $ast 2<0 rad/se#. $lt
20l&^J(UK)^ "r y%r )lter and sh( that y% satis"y the re5%irements at the #riti#al "re5%en#ies.
(May/N%ne 201-)
-.T.<) 0nvert the anal& )lter (ith system "%n#tin Ja(?) int di&ital )lter %sin& !ilinear
trans"rmatin
Ja(?)7?:0-/(?20.-)
2
:1@ (May/N%ne 201-) (May/N%ne 2012)
-.T.@) /!tain dire#t "rm2I #anni#al and $arallel "rm reali;atin str%#t%res "r the system &iven
!y the di,eren#e e5%atin y(n)720.1y(n21):0.=2y(n22):0.=6f(n)2.2<26(n22)
(May/N%ne 2012)
-.T.=) Wn%merate the vari%s ste$s invlved in the desi&n " l( $ass di&ital T%tter(rth IIR )lter
(May/N%ne 2012)
-.T.8) W6$lain the #n#e$t " IIR )lter desi&n %sin& a$$r6imatin derivative.(Fv/.e# 2011)
-.T.G) 0m$are Tilinear trans"rmatin and im$%lse invariant methd.(Fv/.e# 2011)
-.T.10) 0m$are the im$%lse invariant and !ilinear trans"rmatin (Fv/.e# 200G)
-.T.11) A$$ly the !ilinear trans"rmatin "r the "ll(in& (Fv/.e# 200G)
i.Ja(?)72/(?:1)(?:2) (ith '71 and )nd J(;)
ii.Ja(?)72?/(?2:0.2?:1) WI'J '71 and )nd %t J(;)
-.T.12) W6$lain the desi&n $r#ed%re "r l($ass di&ital !%tter(rth IIR )lter (Fv/.e#
200G)
-.T.1-) Mind the %t$%t res$nse " the system &iven the in$%t si&nal 6(n)781+22+-+229 and
im$%lse res$nse h(n)782+2-+49
(May/U%ne 200@)
-.T.14) /!tain the dire#t I+ #anni# "rm and $arallel "rm reali;atin str%#t%res "r the
system &iven !y the di,eren#e e5%atin.Y(n)720.1y(n21):0.=2y(n22):0.=6(n)20.2<26(n22)
(May/N%ne 200@)
-.T.1<) /!tain a $arallel reali;atin "r the "ll(in& J(;)7(8;
-
24;
2
:11;22)/(;21/4)(;
2
2;:1/2)
%se dire#t "rm II reali;atin "r ea#h se#tin.
(May/N%ne 2011)
-.T.1@) W6$lain the di,erent (ind(s %sed in MIR )lter desi&n.(May/N%ne 2011)
-.T.1=) A T%tter(rth l( $ass has t meet the "ll(in& s$e#i)#atins B
Pass !and &ain " 21d! at 4rad/se#+ st$ !and atten%atin &reater than20d! at 8 rad/se#.
determine the trans"er "%n#tin " the l(est rder t meet the a!ve s$e#i)#atins.(May/N%ne
2012)
-.T.18) W6$lain the ma$$in& !et(een ? $lane and 1 $lane is dne %sin& !ilinear
trans"rmatin methd.
(May/N%ne 2012)
-.T.1G) Siven the anal& trans"er "%n#tin J(s)7C(?:0.1)/(?:0.1)
2
:GD )nd J(;) %sin&
(Fv/.e 2010)
i. Im$%lse invariant methd ii.Tilineartrans"rm.
-.T.20) .etermine the $le ;er "r the system des#ri!ed !y di,eren#e e5%atin
y(n)2-/4y(n21):1/8 y(n22)76(n)26(n21)(May/N%ne 200=)
-.T.21) A$$ly !ilinear trans"rmatin t J(s)7 2/(?:1)(s:2) (ith '71 se# and )nd J(;).
(Fv/.e# 2011)
-.T.22) /!tain the .ire#t "rm2I+ #as#ade and $arallel "rm reali;atin "r the "ll(in&
system.
Y(n) 7 20.2y(n21) : 0.< y(n22) : @ 6(n) : 4.< 6(n21) : 0.8 6(n22).
UNIT I" FIR FILTER DESIGN 9
Pat!A
4.A.1) Write $r#ed%re "r desi&nin& MIR )lters %sin& (ind(s. (APRIL/MAY 2008)
4.A.2) What are the "eat%res " MIR )lters?(May/N%ne 201-)
4.A.-) /!tain #as#ade "r reali;atin " system "%n#tin 1:</21
21
:2 1
22
:2 1
2-
(May/N%ne 201-)
4.A.4) ?tate 0nditin "r MIR )lters have linear $hase.(may/U%ne 2012)
4.A.<) Write the ste$s invlved in MIR )lter desi&n (Fv/.e# 200G)
4.A.@) Write the e6$ressin "r gaiser Wind( "%n#tin (Fv/.e# 200G)
4.A.=) ?tate the advanta&es ad disadvanta&es " MIR )lter ver II )lter (May/N%ne 200@)
4.A.8) List %t the di,erent "rms " str%#t%ral reali;atins availa!le. (May/N%ne 200@)
4.A.G) What des "re5%en#y (ra$in&? (May/N%ne 200@)
4.A.10) Write the e5%atin " Tartlett and hammin& (ind(. (May/N%ne 200=)
4.A.11) .e)ne symmetri# and ant symmetri# MIR Milters
4.A.12) What is verR( limit #y#le s#illatins.(A$ril/May 2010)
4.A.1-) .e)ne limit #y#le.(May/N%ne 2011)
4.A.14) .e)ne $(er s$e#tral density?(Fv/.e# 2011)
4.A.1<) J( verR( limit #y#les #an !e eliminated.(Fv/.e# 200G)
4.A.1@) J( (ill y% avid limit #y#le s#illatins d%e t verR( in additin? (May/N%ne
200@)
4.A.1=) .e)ne &i!!s $henmenn.(Fv/.e# 2011)
4.A.18) J( r%ndin& is $re"erred ver tr%n#atin in reali;in& di&ital )lters.(May/N%ne 2012)
Pat!#
4.T.1) !tain the #as#ade and $arallel reali;atin " the system des#ri!ed !y (APRIAL/MAY
2008)
y(n)7 20.1y(n21):0.2y(n22):-6(n):-.@6(n21):0.@6(n22). (10)
4.T.2) dis#%ss a!%t any three (ind( "%n#tin %sed in the desi&n " MIR )lters. (@) (APRIAL/MAY
2008)
4.T.-) .esi&n a l( $ass MIR )lter "r the "ll(in& s$e#i)#atins %sin& re#tan&%lar (ind(.
(May/N%ne 201-)
Mre5%en#y " $ass !and ed&eB -000 J; I &ain in $ass !andB22dT
Mre5%en#y "rm (hi#h st$ !and !e&insB -000 J;
Sain in st$ !and B 2<0 dT I sam$lin& "re5%en#y 1- *J;
4.T.4) Write a detailed te#hni#al nte n the "re5%en#y sam$lin& te#hni5%es. (May/N%ne 201-)
4.T.<) .esi&n an MIR linear )lter a$$r6imatin& the ideal "re5%en#y res$nse (May/N%ne 201-)
Jd(eic) 7 1 "r ^ ^ hH/@
70 "r H/@h^ ^eH/-
71 "r H/h^ ^e H
.etermine the #eE#ients " a G )lter (ith Jannin& (ind(.
4.T.@) W6$lain in detail a!%t "re5%en#y sam$lin& methd " desi&nin& an MIR )lter (May/N%ne
201-)
4.T.=) ?tate the iss%es in desi&nin& MIR )lter %sin& (ind( methd.(May/N%ne 2012)
4.T.8) W6$lain the ty$e21 and ty$e22 desi&n " MIR )lter %sin& "re5%en#y sam$lin& te#hni5%e.
(May/N%ne 201-)
4.T.G) W6$lain in detail the MIR )lter desi&n %sin& (ind(in& methd.(F/V/.W0 2011)
4.T.10) !tain the dire#t "rm str%#t%re " MIR )lter "r 1:21
21
2-1
22
241
2-
:<1
24
(F/V/.W0
2011)
4.T.11) W6$lain the desi&n " MIR )lter %sin& gaiser (ind(s.(F/V/.W0 2011)
4.T.12) W6$lain anti symmetri# and symmetri# linear $hase MIR )lters.(F/V/.W0 2011)
4.T.1-) .esi&n a l($ass )lter %sin& re#tan&%lar (ind( !y ta*in& G sam$les " c(n) and
(ith #%t, "re5%en#y " 1.2 rad/se#.(Fv/.e# 200G)
4.T.14) .esi&n a linear $hase l($ass )lter (ith #%t, "re5%en#y " H/2 rad/se# %sin&
"re5%en#y sam$lin& te#hni5%es
('a*e F71=)
(Fv/.e# 200G)
4.T.1<) /!tain the transversal str%#t%re and linear $hase reali;atin str%#t%re "r a )lter !y
(n)780.<+2.88+-.404+2.88+0.<9
(May/N%ne 200@)
4.T.1@) .esi&n a di&ital )lter (ith
Jd(e
Uc
)7 1 "r *70+1+2+-+4
0.4 "r *7<
0 "r *7@+= %sin& Jammin& (ind(. .ra( the "re5%en#y res$nse.
(May/N%ne 200@)
4.T.1=) .esi&n an MIR )lter satis"yin& the "ll(in& s$e#i)#atins i$h0.1d! I i$Y0.1d! c$ 7
20 rad/se# cs7-0 rad/se#
cs"7100 rad/se#. (Fv/.e# 2011)
4.T.18) .etermine the "re5%en#y res$nse " MIR )lter de)ned !y y(n)70.2<6(n):6(n2
1):0.2<6(n22) . (Fv/.e# 2011)
4.T.1G) .es#ri!e the #hara#teristi#s " the vari%s (ind(s %sed "r desi&n " MIR )lters.
(May/N%ne 2012 )
4.T.20) W6$lain "re5%en#y sam$lin& methd " desi&nin& MIR )lter. .erive the "re5%en#y
res$nse and sh( that it has
linear $hase (Fv/.e# 2010)
4.T.21) Mind the system "%n#tin and the im$%lse res$nse " the system des#ri!ed !y the
di,eren#e e5%atin
y(n)76(n):26(n21)246(n22):6(n2-) (May/N%ne 200=)
4.T.22) .esi&n a )lter (ith (May/N%ne 200=)
Jd(e
2Uc
) 7e2U-c "r 2H/4 hch H/4
70 "r H/4 hch H
asin& a Jannin& (ind( (ith F7=.
4.T.2-) 0nsider the trans"er "%n#tin J(;)7J1(;) (here J1(;)71/(12a1;
21
) and J2(;)7(12a21
2
1
) ass%me a170.< and a270@ and )nd the %t$%t r%nd , nise $(er.(.e# 200G)
4.T.24) .erive the 5%anti;atin in$%t nise $(er and determine the si&nal t nise rati.
(F/V / .W0 2011)
4.T.2<) Limit #y#le s#illatins (ith an e6am$le.(F/V / .W0 2011)
4.T.2@) W6$lain shrtly a!%t si&nal s#alin&.(A$ril/May 2010)
UNIT " APPLICATIONS 9
P"(!+A
<.A.1) What are the "a#trs that inR%en#e the sele#tin " .?Ps?(May/N%ne 2012)
<.A.2) What are the di,erent !%ses " 'M? -200<46 $r#essr and list their "%n#tins.(May/N%ne
2012)
<.A.-) What are the shi"t instr%#tins in 'M? -20 0<46?(A$ril/May 2010)
<.A.4) List the n2#hi$ $eri$herals " 0<46 $r#essr.(Fv/.e# 2010)
<.A.<) List the vari%s re&isters %sed (ith ARAa.(A$ril/May 2010)
<.A.@) What are the advanta&es and disadvanta&es " 0<46 ar#hite#t%re?(Fv/.e# 2010)
<.A.=) What is meant !y v#der.(Fv/.e# 2011)
<.A.8) .e)ne 5%anti;atin nise.(Fv/.e# 2011)
<.A.G) .istin&%ish Vn Fe%mann and Jarvard ar#hite#t%res.(Fv/.e# 2011)
<.A.10) Write a!%t the a##%m%latrs in 'M?-200<43.(May/N%ne 2011)
<.A.11) Mentin t( advanta&es " Jarvard ar#hite#t%res.(May/N%ne 2012)
<.A.12) What is sta#* addressin&?(May/N%ne 2012)
<.A.1-) What are the di,erent sta&es " $i$elinin&? (A$ril/May 2010)
<.A.14) What are the "eat%res " 'M?-200<4 ds$$r#essr.(A$ril/May 2010)
<.A.1<) What are the di,erent !%ses " 'M?-200<3.(Fv/.e# 2010)
<.A.1@) Mentin any t( $r#essrs that s%$$rt )6ed $int $eratin in 'M?-20#<3
series.(Fv/.e# 2011)
<.A.1=) .e)ne m%ltirate si&nal $r#essin&?
P"(!+3
<.T.1) W6$lain !rieRy a!%t (May/N%ne 2012)
i.M%ltirate si&nal $r#essin& ii.V#der
<.T.2) W6$lain the a$$li#atin " .?P in ?$ee#h $r#essin&?(Fv/.e# 2011)
<.T.-) What is a v#der? W6$lain (ith a !l#* dia&ram?(May/N%ne 2012)
<.T.4) .es#ri!e the "%n#tin " n #hi$ $eri$herals " 'M? -20 0 <4 .?P $r#essr.
<.T.<) What are the di,erent !%ses " 'M? -20 0 <4 and their "%n#tins? (A$ril/May 2008)
<.T.@) .is#%ss in detail the vari%s 5%anti;atin e,e#ts in the desi&n " di&ital )lters. (A$ril/May
2008)
<.T.=) W6$lain in detail a!%t the a$$li#atins " P.?P (Fv/.e# 2011)
<.T.8) W6$lain !rieRyB(Fv/.e# 2011)
i. Vn Fe%mann ar#hite#t%re
ii. Jarvard ar#hite#t%re
iii. VLIW ar#hite#t%re
<.T.G) W6$lain in detail a!%t(May/N%ne 2012)
i. MA0 %nit
ii. Pi$elinin&
<.T.10) .ra( and e6$lain the ar#hite#t%re " 'M? -200<46 $r#essr (Fv/.e# 2010)
<.T.11) W6$lain in detail a!%t the Addressin& mdes " 'M? -200<43 (Fv/.e# 2010)
<.T.12) .ra( and e6$lain the ar#hite#t%re " 'M?-200<0 $r#essr(Fv/.e# 2010)
<.T.1-) W6$lain in detail a!%t MA0 %nit and $i$elinin& (ith re"eren#e t 'M?-200<0.
(A$ril/May 2010)
<.T.14) Write an assem!ly lan&%a&e $r&ram "r linear #nvl%tin %sin& 'M?-200<0.
(Fv/.e# 2011)