L19-3D Survey Design

Day 1
Introduction
Data Acquisition
Analysis in the frequency domain
Basic Processing
Day 5
3-D acquisition
3-D imaging
3-D Survey design
Day 2
Statics
Velocity & rock properties
Synthetic seismogram generation
Filtering and sampling
Day 3
Stratigraphic Analysis
Amplitudes
Spatial filtering & analysis
Multiple suppression
Day 4
Modeling II
Imaging and migration
Migration application
Prestack / depth migration
Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Geology
Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Geology
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Outline
Outline
The dilemma in modern seismic acquisition
The dilemma in modern seismic acquisition
New acquisition techniques
save time and money...
But
Data Quality Suffers
Due to Poorer Subsurface Sampling
The Challenge: Obtain the proper balance
The Challenge: Obtain the proper balance
New acquisition techniques save money but degrade data quality.
High Data quality requires high acquisition and processing costs.
Cost versus data quality
Cost versus data quality
D
a
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a

q
u
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cost
A
B
Case A: Define trap
Need only reflector geometry
Low data quality allows lower effort
Small cost leads to large in quality
Case B: Reservoir Management
Need lots of detail
High data quality requires large effort
Large cost to gain small in quality
Note: We must consider both present and future business requirements
over the anticipated shelf life of the survey.
Poor communication: the road to failure
Poor communication: the road to failure
Good acquisition begins with a good design
Good acquisition begins with a good design
Survey
Design
Target
information
Sampling
theory
Time
Business
Needs
Experience
Model
studies
Interpretation
considerations
Field
techniques
Processing
considerations
Costs
$$$
Information integration requires a multi-disciplined approach
Seismic Interpreter
Seismic Interpreter
s role in
s role in
survey design
survey design
Starts the ball rolling
Provides input on
Business needs, target information
Interpretation experience / requirements
Operational constraints
Helps determine minimum acceptable data
quality
Contributes to cost / benefit analysis
Determining Acquisition Specifications
Design Initiation
Request from Business unit
Initial communication
Cost and timing estimate
Basic Input
Business/ imaging objectives
Experience (interpretation,
processing)
Multidisciplinary work session
Asia case history 3
Asia case history 3
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D design: Input
D design: Input
Business Objectives
Determine reservoir geometry & continuity in the section tested by
wells
Use seismic attributes to predict & map hydrocarbon distribution
for accurate volumetrics and well placement
Determine the structural framework for the deeper, untested
section and generate additional prospects
Products
Structure maps Hydrocarbon distribution maps
Seismic facies maps AVO analyses
Reservoir thickness maps Detailed Velocity Model
Constraints / concerns
Limited operational widow due to weather (130 -150 days)
Availability of equipment
Asia case history 3
Asia case history 3
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D design: Input
D design: Input
Target-specific information
Primary target Secondary target
Depth 1700 2400 m 2700 4200 m
Minimum thickness 20 m 40 m
Minimum fault throw 10 m 15 m
Minimum fracture width 150 m 250 m
Maximum structural dip 15
o
35
o
Initial structural
interpretation requires only
moderate quality, but
longer-term needs will
require high data quality
Structural and stratigraphic
interpretation require high
data quality
Data requirements
Experience for primary target
interval velocities range up to 3000 m / s
maximum frequency is 60 Hz
Geophysical requirements
& Survey Parameters
Resolution
Bin Size
Signal-to-noise ratio
Fold
Aperture
Asia case history 3
Asia case history 3
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D design: Resolution
D design: Resolution
primary target
primary target
R
V
= vertical resolution
V
INT_MAX
= maximum interval velocity
BW = bandwidth
BW
V
R
MAX INT
V
2

=
F
max
= 60 Hz BW = 50 Hz R
V
= 3000 / 2* 50 = 30m
R
LM
= lateral resolution
Min width = width of smallest feature = 150 m
# traces = no. traces to be confident that a feature is present
(assume a value of 3 is reasonable)
m
m
traces
width
R
LM
50
3
150
#
. min
= = =
Asia case history 3
Asia case history 3
-
-
D design: bin size
D design: bin size
= required migration aperture angle
=
sin
V
LM
R
R
6 . 0 sin = =
LM
V
R
R
R
V
= 30 m
R
LM
= 50m
= 37
o
For bin size determination, we use the larger of the migration
aperture angle or the maximum structural dip. In this case, 37
o
is larger than the maximum structural dip.
m
f
V
x
MAX
MAX INT
21
6 . * 60 * 4
3000
sin 4
= =
<

Bin size = x
We usually choose a round number for bin size, say 20 m
Asia case history: 3
Asia case history: 3
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D fold prediction
D fold prediction
based on 2
based on 2
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D data
D data
Obtain acceptable 2-D data from area
Reduce data fold in data processing by discarding shot
records and/or receiver stations until data are no longer
acceptable
42 is the minimum acceptable fold on Asia data with 30 m
trace spacing
2-D Effort level = 2-D fold / trace spacing
Minimum acceptable 2-D effort level = 1.4
Determine 3-D fold with equivalent S/N, using empirical
relation between 2-D and 3-D effort levels
Design formulation
Geometry & methodology
Design evaluation
Fold / offset / azimuth analysis
Geometry / artifact modeling
Cost benefit analysis
Asia case history 3
Asia case history 3
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D design
D design
Possible Acquisition configurations
Possible Acquisition configurations
Scenario A
1 vessel
2 source arrays
6 streamers
Scenario B
1 vessel
2 source arrays
8 streamers
Scenario C
2 vessels
2 source arrays
9 streamers
Geometry artifact modeling
Geometry artifact modeling
Determine whether the magnitude of geometry-
induced artifacts will exceed an acceptable level
Artifacts
Artifacts
-
-
Crossline amplitude variations
Crossline amplitude variations
Asia c. h. 3
Asia c. h. 3
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-
D design
D design
-
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Acquisition window = 130
Acquisition window = 130
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150 days
150 days
3%
4%
A
m
p
l
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t
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d
e
Scenario A
(6 streamers)
92%
3%
5%
92%
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Scenario B
(8 streamers)
92%
4%
16%
A
m
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e
Inline position
Scenario C
(9 streamers)
Cost
Cost
-
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benefit analysis: decimation studies
benefit analysis: decimation studies
Simulate data that would have been acquired at lower cost
Processing
Assess impact of lower effort on meeting business needs
S/N analysis, seismic sections, maps, volumetrics
Typical cost distribution
Typical cost distribution
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3
3
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D surveys
D surveys
The principal cost drivers in
acquisition are
Fold
Bin size
Aperture
These factors control
Acquisition cost and time
Data quality and interpretability
Acquisition
Processing
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p
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The challenge:
obtain the survey with the best cost-benefit ratio.
Impact of fold on acquisition cost
Impact of fold on acquisition cost
Single source Dual source
Marine surveys
Area = 1 x 1km
Bin = 12.5 x 25m
40 inlines
80 stations
20 fold
4 lines per boat pass
10 boat passes
40 fold
2 lines per boat pass
20 boat passes
Lower fold Fewer boat passes Less time & money
Land surveys
Shoot every station Shoot every second station
Area = 1 x 1km
Bin = 12.5 x 25m
40 inlines
80 stations
4 lines per swath
40 fold
10 swaths x 80 shots/swath
800 shot locations
20 fold
400 shot locations
Lower fold Fewer shot locations Less time & money
Impact of fold on data quality
Impact of fold on data quality
As fold is decreased, S/N decreases
nonlinearly
Reflections are disrupted by noise
Weak reflections are impacted more
than strong reflections
Interpretation is more difficult
Auto-picking is less reliable
Maps have more non-geologic
irregularities
Seismic attributes are less sensitive
to changes in physical properties
3-D fold
S
/
N

r
a
t
i
o
We need to determine the best tradeoff between
data quality (Fold) and cost
Decimation studies are useful
Impact of bin size on acquisition cost
Impact of bin size on acquisition cost
Streamers at 200m Streamers at 100m
Marine surveys
Area = 1 x 1km
Inline spacing = 12.5m
80 stations
4 lines / boat pass
12.5 x 50 m bins
200m swath per boat pass
5 boat passes
12.5 x 25 m bins
100m swath per boat pass
10 boat passes
Larger bins Fewer boat passes Less time & money
Land surveys
Cables at 50m spacing
Area = 1 x 1km
Inline spacing = 12.5m
80 stations
4 lines per swath
Cables at 100m spacing
12.5 x 50 m bins
400 shot locations
12.5 x 25 m bins
800 shot locations
Larger bins Fewer shot locations Less time & money
Impact of bin size on data quality
Impact of bin size on data quality
As Bin Size is increased, spatial density decreases
Effort level decreases, leading to S/N ratio decrease
Lateral resolution decreases small features can be missed
More diffractions are improperly imaged (more migration
noise)
Interpretation and auto-picking are less reliable, due to
aliasing effects
Steeply dipping events are improperly imaged
Attributes are smoothed and their values can be clipped
We need to determine the best tradeoff between
data quality (bin size) and cost
Resolution equations / model studies are useful
Tradeoff must consider the impact on business needs
Impact of aperture on acquisition costs
Impact of aperture on acquisition costs
Image area
8km
6km
15
o
surface coverage case
30
o
surface coverage case
1000m 0m 475m
aperture
Image area = 48 sq. km
Surface coverage
15
o
case = 62 sq. km
30
o
case = 80 sq. km
Smaller aperture Fewer/ shorter lines Less time & money
Balancing cost
Balancing cost
vs
vs
data quality: aperture
data quality: aperture
30
o
case: 80 sq. km
20
o
case: 68 sq. km
10
o
case: 57 sq. km
Imagability considerations
Location of steeply dipping reflectors
How far beyond the image area do raypaths extend?
Lateral resolution needed near edge of image area
Impact of diffractions near edge of image area
Asia case history: costs & acquisition time
Asia case history: costs & acquisition time
Scenario A 6 streamers
Scenario B 8 streamers
Scenario C 9 streamers
Asia c. h.: benefit
Asia c. h.: benefit
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cost comparison
cost comparison
Requirement
Primary
target
Scenario
A
Scenario
B
Scenario
C
Vessels 1 1 2
Sources 2 2 2
Streamers 6 8 9
Bin size 12.5x20 12.5x20 12.5x25
Fold 54 54 54
Vert. resolution 20m 18m 18m 18m
Lat. Resolution 100m 86m 86m 108m
Capture angle 31
o
31
o
31
o
14
o
Predicted S/N Adequate adequate adequate adequate
Artifacts 8% max 4% 5% 16%
Cost ($M) 30.2 28.8 22.8
Time (days) 130-150 167 125 81
Asia c. h.: Impact of lateral resolution
Asia c. h.: Impact of lateral resolution
Requirement R
LM
< 100m R
LM
< 120m
Bin size 12.5x20m 12.5x25m
Fold 54 54
Lat. Resolution 92m 115m
S/N Adequate adequate
Cost ($M) 29 24
Time 126 98
Based on scenario B
A slight change in required resolution (from 100m to 120m) can
result in a significant savings in time (28 days) and money ($5M),
with only a small degradation in predicted data quality.
Survey design summary
Survey design summary
Key survey design to imaging target(s)
Assess tradeoffs between acquisition cost and data
quality
Choose field equipment and parameters to
Get energy into subsurface with good characteristics
Magnify reflection energy while suppressing noise
Be safe with low environmental impact
Design a 3-D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise
Time: 0.75 hour
Objective: To illustrate key steps in planning a 3-D seismic survey:
Required input, useful analysis, balancing quality & cost
Resources:
1: A plot of a Wiener spectrum obtained from a 2-D survey from the area
2: A map showing the target dimensions and maximum dips
3: A diagram showing raypath modeling from the target zone
4: A sketch map to use in determining surface coverage
5 :A plot of the relationship between 2-D effort level and 3-D effort level
6: A diagram of a simple geologic model and some seismic models
Prospect / equipment Information:
The target is at a depth of 3390 m.
The reservoir has beds on the order of 25 m in thickness.
The reservoir is dissected by shale-filled channels that are typically 150 m wide.
Interval velocities for the reservoir unit range between 2100 and 2300 m/s.
The area to be imaged is 10 km by 10 km
The seismic vessel can accommodate two source arrays and up to 8 streamers Each
streamer can be up to 4200 m in length
Design a 3
Design a 3
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D survey over the Theta
prospect Exercise
prospect Exercise
Figure 1
Wiener spectrum from 2-D data
near Theta Prospect
S/N =1
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
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D survey over the Theta prospect
Exercise
Exercise
Theta
Closure
Image Area
6 x 6 km
15
o
15
o
15
o
35
o
Figure 2
Structure Map of Theta Prospect
Figure 3
Ray Tracing: Theta Prospect
0 m
3390 m
2210 m
1840 m
260 m
730 m
1320 m
1500 m/s
1800 m/s
2000 m/s
2400 m/s
2570 m/s
2650 m/s
2700 m/s
2875 m/s
22.3
0
Sea Level
Sea Floor
Top of Target
Top of K
Top of Mio
2830 m
2480 m
2010m
1210m
35
0
Image area
10 x 10 km
Design a 3
Design a 3
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D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise
Figure 4
Surface Coverage Theta Prospect
Figure 5
Predict 3-D fold
from2-D Fold
Image
Area
6x6 km
Fringe to Capture Rays
based on dip/diffraction requirements
Fold Build-up
Fold Build-up
B
o
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S
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D
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c
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n
Image area
10 x 10 km
Fold build-up
Fold build-up
Fold build-up
Fringe to capture rays
Based on diffraction requirements
B
o
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s
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d
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t
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n
0
40
80
120
160
1 1.5 4 3.5 2.5 3 2
2-D Effort Level (2-D Fold / Trace spacing in m)
3
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D

E
f
f
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1
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m
)
?
North
?
Design a 3
Design a 3
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D survey
D survey
over the Theta prospect
over the Theta prospect
Exercise
Exercise
Figure 6
Gas-filled model
and its seismic
responses
Design a 3
Design a 3
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Part 1. Vertical Resolution
Calculate the vertical resolution that should be anticipated using equation 1 and
Figure 1 (for the bandwidth).
R
V
= V
int-max
/ ( 2 BW) (1 )
R
V
=
Is the anticipated vertical resolution less than or equal to the bed
thickness in the target?
_____YES ____NO
2. Lateral Resolution
The smallest feature to be interpreted is 100 m wide. Let us assume that we
need 3 traces to make a confident interpretation. Use equation 2 to determine
the required lateral resolution.
R
LM
= (min width) / (# of traces) (2)
R
LM
=
SOLUTION: Theta prospect Survey Design
Part 1. Vertical Resolution
Calculate the vertical resolution that should be anticipated using equation 1 and Figure 1 (for
the bandwidth).
R
V
= V
int-max
/ ( 2 BW)
R
V
= 2300 / (2 [65 5]) = 19.2 m
Is the anticipated vertical resolution less than or equal to the bed thickness in the target?
__X___YES ____NO
2. Lateral Resolution
The smallest feature to be interpreted is 100 m wide. Let us assume that we
need 3 traces to make a confident interpretation. Use equation 2 to determine
the required lateral resolution.
R
LM
= (min width) / (# of traces) (2)
R
LM
= 150 / 3 = 50 m
(Between 5 Hz and 65 Hz, the Wiener spectrum exceeds
0.5 and therefore S/N > 1.)
The max velocity in the reservoir zone is 2300 m /s.
Design a 3
Design a 3
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Part 3. Estimate bin size (x) from
x < V
tar
/ (4 * F
max
* sin )
= The larger of maximum structural dip or from the formula sin > R
V
/R
LM
V
tar
= interval velocity above the target .
x
west
= ______________
x
north
= ______________
For a survey that is close to a square in shape, we would shoot in the direction requiring the
smaller bin dimension. Based on the above considerations, we would shoot the Theta
survey with the in-lines oriented:
______ East - West ______ North - South
We recommend an in-line trace spacing of ________ meters
We recommend a cross-line trace spacing of ________ meters
3. Bin Size
the smaller of that needeed for lateral resolution and maximum dip
a) For lateral resolution (diffraction requirements)
Sin > R
V
/ R
lm
= 19.2 / 50 = 0.38 ,
res
= 22.3
o
b) For structural dip requirements:
for the west flank, maximum angle is 35, which exceeds
res
(22.3
o
)
(sin 35
o
=.57) x < 2650 / (4 * 65 * 0.57) =17.9 m
for the north, east, and south flanks, maximum angle is 15, which is less than
res
(22.3
o
) . Therefore, we use the resolution value. (Sin 22.3
o
= .38)
x < 2650 / (4 * 65 * 0.38) =26.8 m
For a survey that is close to a square in shape, we would shoot in the direction
requiring the smaller bin dimension. Based on the above considerations, we would
shoot the Theta survey with the in-lines oriented:
_X___EAST-WEST ____NORTH-SOUTH
We would recommend an in-line trace spacing of: __15__meters
and we would recommend a cross-line spacing of: __25__meters
Survey Surface Coverage
Survey Surface Coverage
Prospect
Full-fold
Seismic line
Shots occupy a distance = prospect length + Aperture
Left
+ Aperture
Right
+ 1/2 spread
Line length = positions occupied by either sources of receivers = prospect length +
Aperture
Left
+ Aperture
Right
+ 1 1/2 spread
Aperture Aperture
Shot point 1
Shooting direction
(off-end shooting)
streamer
Last shot
point
Full-fold buildup
(1/2 spread)
Full-fold buildup
(1/2 spread)
Design a 3
Design a 3
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4. Surface Coverage
To determine the surface coverage, we need to consider the image area plus the fringing
area on each side needed to capture the necessary seismic energy. In the cross-line
direction, we need the target width plus aperture needed to capture rays reflected from
the steepest dips. In the inline direction, we need the target length plus aperture to
capture rays reflected from the steepest dips, plus half the cable length (to allow for the
build up of fold).
Use Figure 3 to complete the following chart:
Max dip angle (or
diffraction need)
Required
aperture A
Half cable
length B
North flank
East flank
South flank
West flank
Use Figure 4 and equations 5 and 6 to determine the surface coverage
In-line dimension = Target + East Flank (A+B) + West Flank (A+B) (5)
=
X-line dimension = Target + North Flank (A) + South Flank (A) (6)
Solution: Theta prospect Survey Design
4. Surface Coverage
Max dip angle (or
diffraction need)
Required
aperture A
Half cable
length B
North flank
22.3
o
1210 0
East flank
22.3
o
1210 2100
South flank
22.3
o
1210 0
West flank
35
o
2010 2100
Note half cable length added at both ends, which simplifies data acquisition.
Use Figure 4 and equations 5 and 6 to determine the surface coverage
Inline dimension = Target + East Flank (A+B) + West Flank (A+B) (5)
= 10 000 + 1210+ 2100 + 2010 +2100 = 17 420 m
X-line dimension = Target + North Flank (A) + South Flank (A) (6)
= 10 000 + 1210 + 1210 = 12 240 m
Design a 3
Design a 3
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prospect Exercise
prospect Exercise
5. Number of In-Lines & Traces (or Cross-Lines)
The number of in-lines equals the cross-line dimension divided by the
cross-line spacing plus one extra line
# in-lines =(N-S surface dimension / x-line bin size) + 1 (7)
=
The number of traces per in-line equals the in-line dimension divided by
the in-line trace spacing plus one extra trace
# traces = (E-W surface dimension / in-line bin size) + 1 (8)
=
5. Number of In-Lines & Traces (or Cross-Lines)
The number of in-lines equals the cross-line dimension divided by the
cross-line spacing plus one extra line
# in-lines =(N-S surface dimension / x-line bin size) + 1 (7)
= (17 420 / 25) + 1 = 491 lines
The number of traces per in-line equals the in-line dimension divided by
the in-line trace spacing plus one extra trace
# traces = (E-W surface dimension / in-line bin size) + 1 (8)
= ( 12 240 / 15) +1 = 1162 traces
Design a 3
Design a 3
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D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise: 6. desired fold
D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise: 6. desired fold
For many surveys, the only existing seismic data are 2-D surveys. First, we perform a fold
decimation study to simulate lower fold data with existing surveys. Next, we estimate the lowest
fold we can have and still meet business needs. Then, we use an empirical relationship to
estimate the 3-D fold that will give us a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio that is comparable to that of
the minimum-fold 2-D data. For the Theta prospect, assume
1) a 2-D line exists with 15-m trace spacing.
2) a fold decimation study concludes that 40-fold 2-D data has the minimally acceptable S/N
Calculate the 2-D effort level for 40 fold data with 15-m trace spacing, using equation 9
2-D Effort = 2-D fold * 1000/trace spacing (9)
=
Using the empirical relationship in Figure 5, estimate the equivalent 3-D effort level
3-D Effort =
Calculate the 3-D fold needed to obtain an acceptable S/N level, using equation 10
3-D Effort = 3-D Fold * 1000/in-line bin * 1000/x-line bin (10)
Rearranging terms:
3-D Fold = 3-D Effort / (1000 /in-line bin * 1000/x-line bin) (11)
3-D Fold =
: 6. desired fold
: 6. desired fold
Calculate the 2-D effort level for 40 fold data with 15-m trace spacing,
using equation 9
2-D Effort = 2-D fold * 1000/trace spacing (9)
= 40 * 1000 / 15 =2667
Using the empirical relationship in Figure 5, estimate the equivalent 3-D
effort level
3-D Effort = 62 000
Calculate the 3-D fold needed to obtain an acceptable S/N level, using
equation 10
3-D Effort = 3-D Fold * 1000/in-line bin * 1000/x-line bin (10)
Rearranging terms:
3-D Fold = 3-D Effort / (1000 /in-line bin * 1000/x-line bin) (11)
3-D Fold = 62 000 / (1000/15 * 1000/25) = 23
0
40
80
120
160
1 1.5 4 3.5 2.5 3 2
2-D Effort Level (2-D Fold / Trace spacing in m) x1000
3
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)
2-D Effort Level = 1000 * 2-D Fold / Trace Spacing
= 40 000 / 15 = 2667
3-D Effort Level = 62 000
Design a 3
Design a 3
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7. Realizable Fold (permitted by equipment)
We have estimated the fold that we would like the survey to have. Now
we have to consider whether the available equipment will permit that
fold level. The realizable fold is a function of the shot point interval, the
group interval in the streamers, and the number of traces that the
streamer length will allow.
a) If there is only one source array, the shot point interval is simply the
interval at which the guns are fired. With multiple source arrays, the fact
that the arrays are fired alternately must be taken into account. Let us
assume two source arrays in which alternate arrays fire at an interval
equal to the in-line bin size. For this situation, we can use equation 12 to
determine the effective shot point interval.
eSPI = # sources * in-line bin size (12)
=
Design a 3
Design a 3
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prospect Exercise:
prospect Exercise:
7.
7.
Realizable Fold
Realizable Fold
(cont.)
(cont.)
b) The group interval (GI) is the distance hydrophone array
centers are separated in the cable. Normally, the inline bin
size = GI/2. Therefore,
GI = 2* inline bin size
=
c) The number of traces (NT) can be obtained using equation 13.
NT = (cable length / group interval) (13)
=
d) We can now calculate the realizable fold using equation 14
Fold = NT * GI / (2 * eSPi) (14)
: 7.
: 7.
realizable fold
realizable fold
Let us assume two source arrays in which alternate arrays fire at an interval equal to the
in-line bin size. For this situation, we can use equation 12 to determine the effective
shot point interval.
eSPI = # sources * in-line bin size (12)
= 2 * 15m = 30m
b) The group interval (GI) is the distance hydrophone array centers are separated in the
cable. Normally, the inline bin size = GI/2. Therefore, GI = 2* inline bin
size
= 2 * 15m = 30m
For the Theta survey, we assume that a streamer with group interval of 30 m is available.
c) The number of traces (NT) can be obtained using equation 13.
NT = (cable length / group interval) (13)
= (4200 / 30) = 140
d) We can now calculate the realizable fold using equation 14
Fold = NT * GI / (2 * eSPi) (14)
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise: 8. 3 scenarios
D survey over the Theta prospect Exercise: 8. 3 scenarios
We have determined the set of geophysical parameters that are required for the Theta survey. We
have also started to consider the type of available equipment. There is more than one way to
collect the data while maintaining these requirements. For the Theta survey, let us consider
the following three scenarios:
Scenario A: Dual Source with Four Streamers
Scenario B: Dual Source with Six Streamers
Scenario C: Dual Source with Eight Streamers
If the boat is able to accommodate a maximum of 1000 channels, could each streamer be 4200 m
long? Complete the following chart to find out:
# streamers # traces # channels
Scenario A
Scenario B
Scenario C
Scenario C would need more than 1000 channels to accommodate 4200 m cables. How many
traces could we have for Scenario C given the limitation of 1000 channels?
NT = # Channels / # Streamers (15)
What would be the impact on realizable fold (use equation 14)?
Fold =
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
D survey over the Theta prospect Solution: 8. 3 scenarios
D survey over the Theta prospect Solution: 8. 3 scenarios
We have determined the set of geophysical parameters that are required for the Theta survey. We have also
started to consider the type of available equipment. There is more than one way to collect the data while
maintaining these requirements. For the Theta survey, let us consider the following three scenarios:
Scenario A: Dual Source with Four Streamers, Scenario B: Dual Source with Six Streamers
Scenario C: Dual Source with Eight Streamers
If the boat is able to accommodate a maximum of 1000 channels, could each streamer be 4200 m long?
Complete the following chart to find out:
# streamers # traces # channels
Scenario A
4 140 560
Scenario B
6 140 840
Scenario C
8 140 1120
Scenario C would need more than 1000 channels to accommodate 4200 m cables. How many traces could we
have for Scenario C given the limitation of 1000 channels?
NT = # Channels / # Streamers (15)
= 1000 / 8 = 125
What would be the impact on realizable fold (use equation 14)?
Fold = 125 *30 / (2 * 30) =63 (which is acceptable). However, decreasing
the number of channels by decreasing the maximum offset would make
velocity analysis less precise.
b) Now we want to consider the magnitude of acquisition artifacts relative to the geologic
response. Let us assume that seismic modeling indicates a gas sand will have a response
of 6,000 amplitude units and a water sand will have a response of 18,000 amplitude units.
Modeling of geometry-induced artifacts has determined the minimum and maximum
amplitudes for each scenario in the presence of constant geology. Calculate the amplitude
range and the ratio of the amplitude artifact range to the expected geologic range.

Acquisition footprint Amp Range as
Min Amp. Max Amp Amp. Range % of Geologic Range
Scenario A -800 900
Scenario B -1100 1200
Scenario C -1800 1900
Figure 6 shows a simple model of two gas traps. We assume that amplitude is directly
proportional to the thickness of the gas sand at a trace location. The edges of the reservoir
and the boundaries where the sand is 100% gas-filled can be interpreted readily on the
ideal response. We have superimposed on the ideal response the amplitude variations
assumed for each scenario. How does your confidence in picking the edges of the reservoir
and the 100% gas-filled boundaries vary with the number of streamers?
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
b) Now we want to consider the magnitude of acquisition artifacts relative to the geologic
response. Let us assume that seismic modeling indicates a gas sand will have a response
of 6,000 amplitude units and a water sand will have a response of 18,000 amplitude units.
Modeling of geometry-induced artifacts has determined the minimum and maximum
amplitudes for each scenario in the presence of constant geology. Calculate the amplitude
range and the ratio of the amplitude artifact range to the expected geologic range.

Acquisition footprint Amp Range as
Min Amp. Max Amp Amp. Range % of Geologic Range
Scenario A -800 900 1700 14
Scenario B -1100 1200 2300 19
Scenario C -1800 1900 3700 31
Figure 6 shows a simple model of two gas traps. We assume that amplitude is directly
proportional to the thickness of the gas sand at a trace location. The edges of the reservoir
and the boundaries where the sand is 100% gas-filled can be interpreted readily on the
ideal response. We have superimposed on the ideal response the amplitude variations
assumed for each scenario. How does your confidence in picking the edges of the reservoir
and the 100% gas-filled boundaries vary with the number of streamers?
Confidence decreases as the number of streamers increases from A to C and the
artifact amplitudes become a larger fraction of the geologic amplitudes .
( ) p p g
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
prospect Exercise
prospect Exercise
c) Now we want to consider some cost factors. Assume that
mobilization costs are $150k (fixed for each scenario) and that each
boat pass costs $30k for A, $32k for B and $34k for C.
Complete the following table:
In-lines per
Boat Pass
# In-Lines
(from page 3)
# Boat
Passes
Cost
Scenario A
Scenario B
Scenario C

Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
prospect
prospect
-
-
solution
solution
c) Now we want to consider some cost factors. Assume that
mobilization costs are $150k (fixed for each scenario) and that each
boat pass costs $30k for A, $32k for B and $34k for C.
Complete the following table:
In-lines per
Boat Pass
# In-Lines
(from page 3)
# Boat
Passes
Cost
Scenario A
Scenario B
Scenario C
8
12
16
491
491
491
62
41
31
$2010k
$1462k
$1204k
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
9. Recommendations

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each scenario
Advantages Disadvantages
Scenario A

Scenario B

Scenario C

Keeping in mind the need to balance data quality and cost, which of the three
scenarios would you recommend?
Why?

Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
prospect
prospect
-
-
solution
solution
9. Recommendations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Scenario A 70 fold is possible
smallest acquisition footprint
Highest data quality
Highest cost
Longest acquisition time
More traces than C
Scenario B 70 fold data
only minor increases in
acquisition footprint
Costs more than C
More ship time than C
More traces than C
Scenario C Costs the least
Shortest acquisition time
Fewest traces to process
Only 63 fold
Less accurate velocities
Largest acquisition footprint
Lowest data quality
Design a 3
Design a 3
-
-
-
-
solution
solution
Keeping in mind the need to balance data quality and cost, which of the three scenarios would
you recommend?
A matter of opinion, but B may be the best of the three options.
Why?
Scenario B has the same fold as A and the acquisition footprint is
only slightly worse than A. Based on Figure 6, the edges of a gas
reservoir should be interpretable with a fair degree of confidence.
The cost of B is about 73% the cost of A ( and 66% of the acquisition
time). Based on the available information, the small degradation in
data quality expected in going from Scenario A to Scenario B should
be worth the savings of 27% ($548 000).
One would need a better understanding of the business need and the
impact that the predicted changes in data quality would have on
meeting that need before making a final decision.
3
3
-
-
D Land Survey Design Exercise
Specifications:
Depth to Objective = 4500 m
Bin Size = 25 m square
CMP Fold = 30
CMP Recording with a Symmetrical Split Spread
Step 1. Find the Station Spacing or group interval.
Step 2. Determine the Maximum Offset.
For a first estimate, we can use 85-95 % of the depth of the objective. We usually
choose a round number in this range.
Step 3. Determine the number of stations on each side of the symmetrical split spread.
Step 4. Determine total number of stations recorded per line for each shot.
3
3
-
-
-
-
page 2
page 2
Step 5. Determine the number of active receiver lines per shot.
Depends upon the amount of equipment available, the objective and the terrain. Assume
no problem with objective or terrain and we have a 1000-channel recording system.
Step 6. Determine Receiver line spacing
200 m is very narrow, 400 m is normal, 600 m is wide. Lets use a normal spacing.
Step 7. Determine Shot Spacing Crossline to Receivers
The crossline shot spacing normally sets the bin size in this direction.
Step 8. Determine Crossline Fold
Let us shoot in one lane and roll one line.
Step 9. Determine Inline Fold
The desired fold is one of the specifications, and crossline fold was computed in step 8.
Step 10. Determine Shot Spacing Inline with Receivers
Since the group interval and the number of inline stations has been determined, the inline
shot spacing determines the inline Fold.
3
3
-
-
Solution
Solution
Specifications:
Depth to Objective = 4500 m
Bin Size = 25 m square
CMP Fold = 30
CMP Recording with a Symmetrical Split Spread
Step 1. Find the Station Spacing or group interval.
The Station Spacing is normally two times the Bin Size.
25 m Bin x 2 = 50 m Station Spacing
Step 2. Determine the Maximum Offset.
For a first estimate, we can use 85-95 % of the depth of the objective. We usually
choose a round number in this range.
Maximum Offset = 4500 m x 90% = 4050 m
Let us round the distance to 4000 m. 1
3
3
-
-
D Land Survey Design Exercise Solution (cont)
Step 3. Determine the number of stations on each side of the symmetrical split spread.
4000 m Offset Range divided by 50 m Stations = 80 Stations
Step 4. Determine total number of stations recorded per line for each shot.
Split spread 80 stations x 2 = 160 stations per line
Step 5. Determine the number of active receiver lines per shot.
Depends upon the amount of equipment available, the objective and the terrain. Assume
no problem with objective or terrain and we have a 1000-channel recording system.
With 160 stations per line and 1000 channels available, we can have
Six active lines using a total of 960 stations live per shot.
Step 6. Determine Receiver line spacing
200 m is very narrow, 400 m is normal, 600 m is wide. Lets use a normal spacing.
400 m 2
3
3
-
-
int
int
*
2 shotline
recline Swathlines
NC =
Step 7. Determine Shot Spacing Crossline to Receivers
The crossline shot spacing normally sets the bin size in this direction.
25 m bin size x 2 = 50 m cross-line shot spacing
Step 8. Determine Crossline Fold
Let us shoot in one lane and roll one line.
Crossline Fold = 6 / 2 * 1 = 3
Step 9. Determine Inline Fold
The desired fold is one of the specifications, and crossline fold was computed in step 8.
Crossline Fold = 3, desired fold = 30 Inline fold = 10.
Step 10. Determine Shot Spacing Inline with Receivers
SI
GI TR
NI *
2
=

NI
GI TR
SI *
2
=
The In
The In
-
-
Line Shot Spacing =
Line Shot Spacing = SI = (160 / 2) * (50 m / 10) =
400 m.
400 m.
3
The Active Spread
The Active Spread
Six Lines with 160 Stations per line.
Six Lines with 160 Stations per line.
Eight Shots are
Eight Shots are
recorded before the spread is rolled.
recorded before the spread is rolled.
Exercise
Exercise
Solution
Solution
Inline GI = 50 m Inline Bin Size = 25 m
Crossline SI = 50 m
Crossline Bin Size = 25 m
Receiver Line Spacing = 400 m
Wide line spacing poor
sampling of shallow data.
3
3
-
-
-
-
page 3
page 3
Step 11. Determine shot pattern (orthogonal, brick, triple
brick, or slant).
The objective is a good Offset Distribution. Using
acquisition planning software, small models should be
laid out; shots and live patches simulated; and offsets and
azimuths displayed. The results of the modeling can be
studied and different geometries can be compared
The final choice depends on the terrain and the type of
source that can be used. The orthogonal pattern is usually
avoided, because of its poor offset distribution.
Five steps in survey design
Five steps in survey design
1. Determine imaging objective
Depth, resolution, data quality
2. Gather information
Seismic lines, velocity information, topographic maps
3. Analyze variables
Past experience, fold decimation, max frequency
4. Calculate parameters
Stack bin, vertical resolution, migration aperture
5. Create implementation plan
Surface coverage, source, acquisition geometry
Survey Design: Summary
3-D design procedure is explicitly tied to survey
objectives
Communication and active participation by
interpreters, processors, and acquisition specialists is
essential
Business unit specifications in terms of structural and
stratigraphic objectives must be translated into
geophysical specifications
Vertical resolution R
V
depends upon bandwidth and int. velocity
Lateral resolution depends upon migration capture angle and R
V
S/N based upon experience with previous surveys and empirical
relationships
-
-
II
II
Resolution and S/N requirements determine bin
size, fold and aperture
Bin size and aperture take into account both diffraction
capture angle and maximum structural dip
S/N and fold are determined empirically
Survey design requires a tradeoff between quality
and cost
Least expensive approach (in time and money) often
produces artifacts that degrade seismic attributes
Objective is to obtain acceptable resolution, S/N, and
acquisition footprint at the lowest cost and shortest
acquisition time.
Economics of various acquisition geometries are
calculated based on available acquisition equipment

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