BLAKE Summary

LISTS OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 4: ANLE MODULATION
ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM a!" PM
CHAPTER #: TRANSMITTERS
CHAPTER $: RECEI%ERS
CHAPTER &: DIITAL COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER ': THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
CHAPTER (: DATA TRANSMISSION
CHAPTER 1): LOCAL AREA NET*ORKS
CHAPTER 11: *IDE AREA NET*ORKS AND THE INTERNET
CHAPTER 12: DIITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS
CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLE+IN AND MULTIPLE,ACCESS TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES
CHAPTER 1#: RADIO,*A%E PROPAATION
CHAPTER 1$: ANTENNAS
CHAPTER 1&: MICRO*A%E DE%ICES
CHAPTER 1': TERRESTRIAL MICRO*A%E COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1(: TELE%ISION
CHAPTER 2): SATELITE COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO
CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 23: PAIN AND *IRELESS DATA NET*ORKIN
CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS
CHAPTER 2#: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
ADDITIONAL NOTES: NA%IATIONAL AIDS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. It moves information from a source to a destination Communication System
1
BLAKE Summary
through a channel.
2. Elements of a communication system Source, Transmitter, Channel,
Receiver, Destination
3. Three essential elements of any communication
system
Transmitter, Receiver,
Channel
4. Sources of information signals Analog and Digital
5. Sources are often described in terms of the ___________
________ that they occuy
Frequency Range
!. The element of a communication system "herein the
signal "ill be driven out of the source to the channel.
Transmitter
#. This element of communication system can be a air
of conductors or an otical fiber or the free sace
"herein the signal is traveling to the receiver
Channel
$. In a free sace channel% ______ signal is re&uired to
avoid interference.
Carrier
'. (hen a carrier is used% the information signal can be
also called as __________ ______.
Modulating Signal
1). Since the carrier fre&uency is generally much higher
than that of the information signal% the fre&uency
sectrum of the information signal is often referred to
as _________.
Baseband
11. *odulation is done at the _______. Transmitter
12. This rocess ta+es lace at the receiver "herein the
signal has to be restored to its original baseband signal.
Demodulation
13. It states that the amount of information that can be
transmitted in a given time is roortional to band"idth
for a given modulating scheme..
Hartleys !a"
14. It refers to the combining of t"o or more information
signals.
Multi#le$ing
15. *ethods of multile,ing.
Frequency%Division
Multi#le$ing,
Time%Division Multi#le$ing
1!. (hen the available fre&uency is divided among the
signals% the rocess is +no"n as ______________
_________.
Frequency%division
Multi#le$ing
1#. In this rocess% the entire band"idth is used for each
signal% but only for a small art of time.
Time%Division Multi#le$ing
1$. It is the available band"idth of a communication
satellite divided among a number of transmitter-
receiver combinations.
Trans#onder
2
BLAKE Summary
1'. It is any undesirable change in an information signal. Distortion
2). . reresentation of a signal/s o"er or amlitude as a
function of fre&uency.
Frequency Domain
21. . "ay of reresenting the eriodic functions as a series
of sinusoids.
Fourier Series
22. .ny undesired disturbance that is suerimosed on a
signal and obscures its information content
&oise
23. 0oise "hich originates "ithin the communication
e&uiment.
'nternal &oise
24. 0oise outside the communication e&uiment. ($ternal &oise
25. 0oise generated by e&uiment that roduces sar+s. (qui#ment &oise
2!. 0oise that is originated from lightning. Atmos#heric &oise
2#. 1efer to no. 2$2 another name for this +ind of noise Static
2$. 0oise that comes from heavenly bodies that are
o"erful sources of radiation.
S#ace &oise
2'. This noise is roduced by the random motion of
electrons in a conductor due to heat.
Thermal &oise
3). This is due to random variations in current flo" in
active devices such as tubes% transistors% and
semiconductor diodes.
Shot &oise
31. 0oise that occurs in the artition of the 0egative and
3ositive elements in a semiconductor such as 45T.
)artition &oise
32. This noise is cause by variations in carrier density. ($cess &oise
33. 1efer to no. 342 another name for it. Flic*er &oise, )in* &oise
34. 0oise that many 6unction devices roduce due to cut-off
fre&uency reaching.
Transit%Time &oise
35. ratio of signal to noise o"er at a given oint in a
system.
Signal%to%&oise Ratio
3!. 7evice for dislaying signals in the fre&uency domain. S#ectrum Analy+er
3#. It is a figure to merit% indicating ho" much a
comonent% stage% or series of stages degrades the
signal-to-noise ratio of a system.
&oise Figure
3$. 1efer to no. 3'2 .nother name for that. &oise Factor
3'. It is the absolute temerature of a resistor that%
connected to the inut of a noiseless amlifier of the
same gain% "ould roduce the same noise at the
outut.
(quivalent &oise
Tem#erature
4). 1eresentation of a signal/s amlitude as a function of
time.
Time Domain
CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
1. . mi,er in "hich the inut fre&uencies are cancelled
and are therefore not resent at the outut.
Balanced Mi$er
3
BLAKE Summary
2. 1emoval of an un"anted signal by roviding a lo"-
imedance ath to ground.
By#assing
3. The total fre&uency range over "hich a 388 can become
loc+ed to a signal.
Ca#ture Range
4. . small stab of &uart9 "ith attached electrodes: used as
a resonant circuit.
Crystal
5. It is to revent the undesired assage of signals
bet"een circuits.
Decou#le
!. . fre&uency multilier "hose outut fre&uency is t"ice
that of the inut signal.
Doubler
#. The fre&uency at "hich a ;<= oerates "hen its control
voltage is 9ero.
Free%running Frequency
$. . circuit "hose outut fre&uency is a small integer
multile of the inut signal fre&uency.
Frequency Multi#lier
'. . device that can roduce a large number of outut
fre&uencies from a smaller number of fi,ed-fre&uency
oscillators.
Frequency Synthesi+er
1). *ovement of a signal from one fre&uency to another
using a mi,er-oscillator synthesi9er.
Frequency Translation
11. . small length of "ire% connected at only one end as a
caacitance to ground.
,immic*
12. .n artificial ground% often consisting of an area foil left
on one side of a circuit board.
,round )lane
13. Total range of fre&uencies over "hich a 388% once
loc+ed% can remain loc+ed.
!oc* Range
14. This effect is in some amlifiers that the internal
caacitance of the active device can cause feedbac+
that roduces the same effect on the circuit as much
larger caacitance across the amlifier inut.
Miller (--ect
15. . nonlinear circuit designed to generate sum and
difference fre&uencies "hen t"o or more fre&uencies
are resent at its inuts.
Mi$er
1!. The number by "hich a digital divider chain divides.
Modulus
1#. . circuit "hose outut is roortional to the roduct of
the instantaneous amlitudes of t"o inut signals.
Multi#lier
1$. . means of avoiding instability in amlifiers by using
negative feedbac+.
&eutrali+ation
1'. . device "hose outut voltage is a function of the
hase difference bet"een t"o inut signals.
)hase Detector
2). . device that loc+s the fre&uency of a ;<= e,actly to
that of an inut signal.
)hase%loc*ed !oo# .)!!/
21. .n effect that occurs in some materials% such as &uart9
and some ceramics% "hereby a voltage is roduced
across the material "hen it is deformed.
)ie+oelectric (--ect
4
BLAKE Summary
22. . divider that recedes the main rogrammable divider
in a fre&uency synthesi9er.
)rescaler
23. In a fre&uency synthesi9er% it is the smallest amount by
"hich the outut fre&uency can be changed.
Resolution
24. The fre&uency at "hich a single comonent becomes a
resonant circuit% because the resence of stray
caacitance or inductance% or both.
Sel-%Resonant Frequency
25. . fre&uency multilier "hose outut fre&uency is three
times that of the inut signal.
Tri#ler
2!. . reverse-biased diode used as a voltage% variable
caacitor.
0aractor
2#. .n oscillator "hose fre&uency can be controlled by
changing e,ternal control voltage.
0oltage%Controlled 1scillator
.0C1/
2$. This oscillator tye can be recogni9ed by its use of a
taed inductor% art of the resonant circuit% to rovide
feedbac+.
Hartley 1scillator
2'. It/s an oscillator that uses caacitive voltage divider
instead of a taed inductor to rovide feedbac+.
Col#itts 1scillator
3). It is a variation of <olitts circuit% designed to s"am
device caacitances for greater stability.
Cla## 1scillator
31. This is tyically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or
out of the coil.
Slug Tuning
CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. . modulation scheme in "hich the amlitude of a high-
fre&uency signal is varied in accordance "ith the
instantaneous amlitude of an information signal.
Am#litude Modulation .AM/
2. The curve roduced by 6oining the tis of the individual
1> cycles of a modulated "ave
(nvelo#e
3. *easure of the e,tent of the modulation of a signal. Modulation 'nde$
4. *odulation of a greater deth than allo"ed. 1ver modulation
5. The o"er measured at modulation ea+s in an .* or
single-sideband signal.
)ea* (nvelo#e )o"er .)()/
!. Transmission of t"o searate information signals using 2uadrature AM
5
BLAKE Summary
t"o amlitude-modulated carriers at the same
fre&uency but differing in hase by ') degrees.
#. . signal comonent in a modulated signal% at a
fre&uency different from that of a carrier.
Side Frequency
$. .ll of the side fre&uencies to one side of the carrier
fre&uency.
Sideband
'. .ny .* scheme in "hich only one of the t"o sidebands
is transmitted.
Single%sideband
1). .n .* signal in "hich the carrier fre&uency comonent
is eliminated and only one or both sidebands are
transmitted.
Su##ressed%carrier Signal
11. It is a collo&uial term used to describe additional side
fre&uencies roduced by over modulation or distortion
in an .* system.
S#latter
12. . signal consisting of t"o audio fre&uencies% not
harmonically related% used to test single-sideband
transmitters.
T"o%tone Test Signal
13. The higher-fre&uency signal that is combined "ith an
information signal to roduce the modulated "aveform
is called ________.
Carrier
CHAPTER 4: ANLE MODULATION
1. . general term that includes fre&uency and hase
modulation.
Angle Modulation
2. It is the ability of an >* receiver to receive the stronger
of t"o signals% ignoring the "ea+er.
Ca#ture (--ect
3. The fre&uency of a signal before modulation is alied
and the o"er transmitted at the carrier fre&uency
varies "ith modulation for an >* signal.
Carrier Frequency
4. It is the use of lo"-ass filter in a receiver to remove
the effect of re-emhasis on the fre&uency resonse.
De%em#hasis
5. The amount by "hich the fre&uency of an >* signal
shifts to each side of the carrier fre&uency.
Frequency Deviation
6
BLAKE Summary
!. I0 >* and 3*% the ea+ amount in radians by "hich the
hase of a signal deviates from its resting value.
Modulation 'nde$
#. >m "ith relatively lo" modulation inde,. &arro"band FM .&BFM/
$. It is the use of a high ass filter in an >* transmitter to
imrove the signal-to-noise ration: al"ays used "ith de-
emhasis at the receiver.
)re%em#hasis
'. It is the fre&uency of the unmodulated carrier of an >*
signal.
Rest Frequency
1). 1efer to no. '2 .nother name for it. Carrier Frequency
11. . secondary carrier that can carry an additional
modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the main
carrier.
Subcarrier
12. It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs "ith strong
>* signals.
Threshold (--ect
13. >* "ith a relatively large modulation inde,. 3ideband FM .3BFM/
14. This reresents normali9ed voltages for the various
fre&uency comonents of an >* or 3* signal.
Bessel Functions Table
ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM a!" PM
1. . tye of angle modulation "herein the fre&uency is
varied relative to the modulating fre&uency.
Fr-.u-!/y M0"u1a230!
2. It is the amount by "hich the fre&uency varies from
its unmodulated value.
Fr-.u-!/y D-43a230!
3. The total ;ariation in fre&uency. Carr3-r S53!6
4. It is the ratio of the actual deviation to the
ma,imum deviation multilied by 1))?.
P-r/-!2a6- 07 M0"u1a230!
5. In .*% 3 total is variable "hile in >* 3 total is _____. C0!82a!2
!. It is the boosting of the higher modulating
fre&uencies at the transmitter% in accordance "ith
re-arranged curve to imrove noise immunity at
>*.
Pr-,-m9:a838
#. The cutting of the higher modulating fre&uencies at
the receiver.
D-,-m9:a838
$. >orms of interference in >*. Ima6- Fr-.u-!/y;
7
BLAKE Summary
C0,/:a!!-1 3!2-r7-r-!/-;
A"<a/-!2 /:a!!-1
'. it is an effect of t"o stations being received
simultaneously.
Ima6- Fr-.u-!/y
1). It haens usually to mobile receivers "hen they
travel from one transmitter to the other.
C0,/:a!!-1 I!2-r7-r-!/-
11. It is the modulation "herein the hase of the carrier
is made roortional to the instantaneous value of
the modulating signal.
P:a8- M0"u1a230!
12. >* and 3m are indistinguishable for a single ______
________.
M0"u1a23!6 7r-.u-!/y
13. (hen modulating fre&uency is changed% 3*
modulation inde, ______ _______.
R-ma3!8 /0!82a!2
14. It is the rocess by "hich the modulating signal is
recovered from the modulated carrier% definitely
found in receivers.
D-m0"u1a230!
15. It has the function of selecting the desired signal
from all the other un"anted signals% amlifying and
demodulating it% and dislaying it in the desired
manner.
R-/-34-r
1!. T"o tyes of receivers.
Tu!-" Ra"30 Fr-.u-!/y;
Su9-r:-2-r0"y!- R-/-34-r
1#. <haracteristics of a tuned radio fre&uency receiver.
S3m91- 1063/a1 r-/-34-r;
S3m913/32y a!" :36:
8-!8323432y;
A136! a2 =r0a"/a82
7r-.u-!/3-8 #3#,1$4) >H?
1$. It is the ability to amlify "ea+ signals. S-!8323432y
1'. It is the ability to re6ect un"anted signals. S-1-/23432y
2). It is the ratio of gain at desired fre&uency to the
gain of image fre&uency signal.
Ima6- R-<-/230! Ra230
CHAPTER #: TRANSMITTERS
1. . scheme for +eeing a transmitter or receiver
tuned to the correct fre&uency.
Automatic Frequency Control
.AFC/
2. . circuit for +eeing the amlitude of a signal "ithin
rescribed limits.
Automatic%level%control
Circuit
3. .n amlifier stage used to isolate t"o other stages
from each other.
Bu--er
4. <hange of carrier amlitude "ith modulation in an
.* transmitter.
Carrier Shi-t
5. It is the system that rovides more gain for lo"- Com#ression
8
BLAKE Summary
level than for higher-level signals.
!. .ny system that generates >* "ithout using hase
modulation.
Direct FM
#. . device that allo"s a signal moving along a
transmission line in one direction to be measured.
Directional Cou#ler
$. .n amlifier "hich sulies the re&uired inut signal
o"er for a o"er amlifier.
Driver
'. . noninductive o"er resistor used to simulate an
antenna.
Dummy !oad
1). It is a ratio of time on to total time. Duty Cycle
11. It is the ratio bet"een largest and smallest signals
at a oint in a system.
Dynamic Range
12. The art of the transmitter that oerates at lo"
o"er levels.
($citer
13. It is the ability of a transmitter to tune raidly from
one oeration fre&uency to another.
Frequency Agility
14. .mlitude modulation of the outut element of the
outut stage of a transmitter.
High%level Modulation
15. .ny method that generates >* using a hase
modulator and an integrator.
'ndirect FM
1!. Transmitter o"er amlifier stage immediately
before the outut stage.
!o"%level Modulation
1#. .n oscillator "hose fre&uency is controlled by a
binary number "ritten to an internal register.
&umerically%controlled
1scillator
1$. 1atio of the o"er outut of a device to the total
o"er re&uired from its o"er suly.
1verall (--iciency
1'. It is the absence of surious signals in the outut of
a transmitter.
S#ectral )urity
2). .n emission from a transmitter other than the
carrier and sidebands re&uired by the modulation
scheme in use.
S#urious Signal
21. Imortance of transmitter efficiency.
Ma$imum energy conversion,
reasonable cost e--iciency
CHAPTER $: RECEI%ERS
1. The communications channel immediately above or
belo" the desired channel in fre&uency.
Ad4acent Channel
2. The ne,t communications channel beyond the
ad6acent channel.
Alternate Channel
3. . combined mi,er and local oscillator that uses one
transistor or tube for both.
Autodyne Converter
4. . circuit to ad6ust the gain of a system in
accordance "ith the inut signal strength.
Automatic ,ain Control .A,C/
5. 1eduction of gain for a "ea+ signal due to a strong
signal close to it in fre&uency.
Bloc*ing
!. . bandass filter using ie9oelectric ceramic Ceramic Filter
9
BLAKE Summary
elements.
#. . combination of a mi,er and a local oscillator that
is used to move a signal from one fre&uency to
another.
Converter
$. a bandass filter that uses ie9oelectric &uart9
element.
Crystal Filter
'. <ircuit to recover the baseband signal from a
modulated signal.
Demodulator
1). It is a seciali9ed microrocessor designed to
erform arithmetic oerations on digiti9ed
communication signals.
Digital Signal )rocessor
11. .ny detector for >* or 3m signals. Discriminator
12. .n .* demodulator that "or+s by rectifying the
signal and lo"-ass filtering the result.
(nvelo# Detector
13. The first stage of a receiver. Front (nd
14. It is the alication to a mi,er of a signal from a
local oscillator that oerates at a fre&uency above
that of the incoming signal.
High%side 'n4ection
15. In a fre&uency converter% it is a second inut
fre&uency that roduces the same outut
fre&uency.
'mage Frequency
1!. . fre&uency to "hich a signal is shifted as an
intermediate ste in recetion or transmission
'ntermediate Frequency .'F/
1#. .n oscillator used in con6unction "ith a mi,er to
shift a signal to a different fre&uency.
!ocal 1scillator
1$. .lication to a mi,er of a signal from a local
oscillator that oerates at a fre&uency belo" that of
the incoming signal.
!o"%side 'n4ection
1'. . bandass filter that uses mechanical resonators. Mechanical Filter
2). 8o"-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate
regeneration of the carrier at the receiver.
)ilot Carrier
21. . detector for suressed-carrier .* signals that
"or+s by multilying the signal "ith a regenerated
carrier.
)roduct Detector
22. The strength of an unmodulated carrier that
reduces the noise outut of an .* receiver by a
secified amount.
2uieting Sensitivity
23. >* detector that is based on a ')-degree hase
shift net"or+.
2uadrature Detector
24. >* detector. Ratio Detector
25. It is the ratio of signal-lus-noise and distortion to
noise-lus-distortion.
S'&AD
2!. . meter on a receiver that indicates the strength of
the received signal.
S%meter
2#. The ability of a receiver to re6ect signals of
fre&uencies other than the fre&uency to "hich the
Selectivity
10
BLAKE Summary
receiver is tuned.
2$. The ability of a receiver to receive "ea+ signals "ith
a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
Sensitivity
2'. >or a bandass filter% it is the ratio bet"een the
band"idths for t"o secified amounts of
attenuation.
Sha#e Factor
3). It is the reduction in effective cross-sectional area of
a conductor "ith increasing fre&uency.
S*in (--ect
31. It is the recetion of signals at fre&uencies other
than that to "hich the receiver is tuned.
S#urious Res#onse
32. . system that disables the outut of a receiver in
the absence of a suitable signal.
Squelch
33. It is a receiver in "hich the signal is moved% using a
mi,er% to an intermediate fre&uency before
demodulation.
Su#erheterodyne Receiver
34. The filter that uses acoustic "aves on the surface of
a substrate to achieve the desired resonse.
Sur-ace%Acoustic 3ave Filter
35. It is the ad6ustment of t"o or more tuned circuits so
that they can be tuned simultaneously "ith one
ad6ustment.
Trac*ing
3!. It is a receiver in "hich the signal is amlified at its
original fre&uency before demodulation.
Tuned%radio%-requency .TRF/
Receiver
3#. The >m signal strength "ith defined deviation%
re&uired to roduce a secified SI0.7 in the
receiver.
5sable Sensitivity
CHAPTER &: DIITAL COMMUNICATIONS
1. 7istortion created by using too lo" a samling rate
"hen coding an analog signal for digital
transmission.
Aliasing
2. . data code that uses both olarities of voltage and
current.
Bi#olar Code
3. 7evice that converts samled analog signal to and
from its 3<* or delta modulation e&uivalent.
Coder%decoder .codec/
4. <onversion of samled analog signal into a 3<* or
delta modulation bitstream.
Coding
5. <ombination of comression at the transmitter and
e,ansion at the receiver of communication system.
Com#anding
!. .mlification of a signal in such a "ay that there is
less gain for higher-level inut signals than for
lo"er-level inut signals.
Com#ression
11
BLAKE Summary
#. <onversion of a 3<* or delta modulation bitsream
to analog samles.
Decoding
$. . coding scheme that records the change in signal
level since the revious samle.
Delta Modulation
'. It is filtering of signals by converting them to digital
form.
Digital Signal )rocessing
.DS)/
1). Samling of an analog signal using a samle-and-
hold circuit.
Flat%to##ed Sam#ling
11. .nother name for aliasing. Foldover Distortion
12. These are bits added to a digital signal to hel the
receiver detect the beginning and end of data
frames.
Framing Bits
13. . system for translating logic ones and 9eros into
voltage or current levels for transmission.
!ine Code
14. Samling of an analog signal to +no" if it follo"s
the original signal for the duration of the samle.
&atural Sam#ling
15. . logic system in "hich a lo" level reresents logic
one and a high level reresents logic 9ero.
&egative !ogic
1!. . data line code in "hich the voltage or current
does not necessarily return to 9ero bet"een bits.
&on%return%to%+ero Code
.&R6/
1#. . logic system in "hich a high level reresents logic
one and lo" level reresents logic 9ero.
)ositive !ogic
1$. . series of ulses in "hich the amlitude of each
ulse reresents the amlitude of the information
signal at a given time.
)ulse%am#litude Modulation
.)AM/
1'. . series of ulses in "hich the amlitude of the
information signal at a given time is coded as a
binary number.
)ulse%code Modulation .)CM/
2). . series of ulses in "hich the duration of each
ulse reresents the amlitude of the information
signal at a given time.
)ulse%duration Modulation
.)DM/
21. . series of ulses in "hich the timing of each ulse
reresents the amlitude of the information signal
at a given time.
)ulse%#osition Modulation
.))M/
22. .nother name for ulse-duration modulation.
)ulse%"idth Modulation
.)3M/
23. 1eresentation of a continuously varying &uantity
as one of a number of discrete values.
2uanti+ing
24. Inaccuracies caused by the reresentation of
continuously varying &uantity as one of a number of
discrete values.
2uanti+ing (rrors
25. 1efer to no. 242 .nother name for it. 2uanti+ing &oise
2!. . device that decodes and recodes a digital signal
as "ell as amlifying it.
Regenerative Re#eater
2#. *ethod of data comression by encoding the length Run%length (ncoding
12
BLAKE Summary
of a string of ones and 9eroes.
2$. . line code in "hich the voltage or current returns
to 9ero at the end of each bit eriod.
Return%to%+ero Code .R6/
2'. . device that detects the amlitude of an inut
signal at a articular time.
Sam#le%and%hold Circuit
3). It is an error condition that occurs "hen the analog
signal to be digiti9ed varies too &uic+ly for the
system to follo".
Slo#e 1verload
31. . line code in "hich the olarity of the voltage
remains the same at all times.
5ni#olar Code
32. It is a circuit for digiti9ing voice at a lo" data rate. 0ocoder
33. *odern communication systems are often a mi,ture
of _______ and _________ sources and transmission
techni&ues.
Analog,
Digital
34. _________ _________ ______ have better erformance
and use less band"idth than e&uivalent analog
systems.
Modern Digital Systems
35. It re&uires that the amlitude of each samle of a
signal be converted to a binary number.
)CM
3!. It transmits only one bit er samle. Delta Modulation
3#. The S@0 ratio for either 3<* or delta modulation
signals can often be imroved by using __________.
Com#anding
3$. It eliminates redundant data bits. !ossless Com#ression
3'. It comromises signal &uality in order to reduce the
bit rate.
!ossy Com#ression
4). It is a combination of modulation and demodulation. Modem
41. Ae sho"ed mathematically that it is imossible to
reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from
eriodic samles.
Harry &yquist
42. It rovides strong timing information regardless of
the attern of ones and 9eros.
Manchester Code
43. *anchester code is also a tye of _________
_________.
Bi#hase Code
44. In 1B coding% the system used in telehony is
_________.
Alternate Mar* 'nversion
.AM'/
45. It states that the amount of information transmitted
is roortional to both band"idth and time.
Hartleys !a"
4!. It is used mainly for digital communication. TDM
13
BLAKE Summary
CHAPTER ': THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
1. .n area consisting of several central offices and
handled by a local carrier.
!ocal Access and Trans#ort Area
.!ATA/
2. The lin+ from the central office to an individual
subscriber/s remises.
!ocal !oo#
3. It is the method of roviding high-seed data
transmission on t"isted-air telehone loos by
using high-fre&uency carriers.
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber
!ine .ADS!/
4. In IS70% these are channels that carry
subscriber communication.
Bearer Channels
5. 7escribed as the used of bits that normally
carry ayload information for other uroses
such as controlling the communication system.
Bit Robbing
!. It is addition of bits to a bitstream to
comensate for timing variations.
Bit Stu--ing
#. It is the failure to connect a telehone call
because of lac+ of system caacity.
Call Bloc*ing
14
BLAKE Summary
$. S"itch in the telehone system that connects to
local subscriber lines.
Central 1--ice
'. It is a communication system in "hich a
dedicated channel is to set u bet"een arties
for the duration of the communication.
Common%channel Signaling
1). . control system for telehone s"itching that
sets u one call and then goes on to set u
another call "ithout being tied u for the
duration of the first call.
Common Control
11. . s"itching system that uses a matri,
arrangement of incoming and outgoing lines.
Cross#oint S"itch
12. Interference bet"een t"o signals multile,ed
into the same channel.
Crosstal*
13. In IS70% it is the communication channel used
for setting u calls and not for user
communication.
Data Channel
14. It is a signaling using combinations of t"o audio
tones transmitted on the voice channel.
Dual%tone Multi-requency Dialing
.DTMF/
15. .nother name for central office. (nd 1--ice
1!. It is the use of otical fiber for telehone
connections tom individual customers.
Fiber%in%the%loo# .F'TF/
1#. It is a s"itching net"or+ that relies on a
comuter to find the most direct route bet"een
t"o oints.
Flat &et"or*
1$. . tye of communication system that allo"s
communication in both directions
simultaneously.
Full Du#le$
1'. . fre&uency-division multile,ing scheme that
allo"s t"elve voice signals to be transmitted in
one channel.
,rou#
2). It is a seciali9ed transformer that allo"s
telehone voice signals to travel in both
directions simultaneously on a single t"isted-
air loo.
Hybrid Coil
21. Telehone system using digital local loos for
both voice and data% "ith the codec in the
telehone e&uiment.
'ntegrated Services Digital
&et"or* .'SD&/
22. . fre&uency-division multile,ed signal
consisting of si, mastergrous or 3!))
voiceband channels.
7umbogrou#
23. .nother name for bit stuffing. 7usti-ication
24. <ollo&uial term for subscriber line interface
card.
!ine Card
25. Inductance added to a t"isted-air telehone !oading Coil
15
BLAKE Summary
line to reduce its losses for voice fre&uencies.
2!. Small data net"or+ covering one or several
buildings.
!ocal Area &et"or*
2#. . fre&uency-division multile,ed signal carrying
1) suergrous or !)) voice channels.
Mastergrou#
2$. . system for setting u long-distance calls using
airs of tones sent along voice channels.
Multi-requency Signaling .MF/
2'. . term used to describe a telehone instrument
that is ready for use% handset is lifted from its
cradle.
1-- Hoo*
3). . term used to describe a telehone instrument
is ready to receive a ring signal.
1n Hoo*
31. . control or suervisory signal that is
transmitted on a voice channel% but at dc or at
such a fre&uency that it "ill not be heard.
1ut%o-%band Signal
32. . communication system that "or+s using data
divided into relatively short transmissions called
ac+ets.
)ac*et%s"itched &et"or*
33. 3lace "here one telehone net"or+ connects to
the other.
)oint o- )resence .)1)/
34. 7ialing that "or+s by interruting the dc loo
current.
)ulse Dialing
35. The eariece of the telehone. Receiver
3!. The red "ire in a telehone circuit that normally
has negative olarity.
Ring
3#. Signal sent by the net"or+ to the calling
telehone to indicate that the called telehone
is ringing.
Ringbac* Signal
3$. . lo"-level voice signal sent to a telehone
receiver from the transmitter in the same
telehone.
Sidetone
3'. System used in telehony "hich transmits all
call setu information on a ac+et-data net"or+
that is searate from the voice channels used
for telehone conversations.
Signaling System Seven .SS8/
4). . s"itch that connects only to other s"itches
and not to individual customers.
Tandem 1--ice
41. The green "ire in a telehone loo that
normally has ositive olarity.
Ti#
42. . long-distance telehone s"itch. Toll Station
43. The layout of a system such as a telehone
net"or+.
To#ology
44. .TCT trademar+ for 7T*> dialing. Touch%tone Dialing
45. The microhone in a telehone. Transmitter
4!. . connection bet"een telehone offices. Trun* !ine
4#. The signal loss in decibels bet"een the 0ia &et !oss .0&!/
16
BLAKE Summary
transmitting and receiving ends of telehone
connection.
4$. The central office suly is the _______. Battery
4'. The circuit board that connects a local loo to
the central office.
Subscriber !ine 'nter-ace Card
.S!'C/
5). . fre&uency-division multile,ed signal
consisting of three 6umbogrous or 1)%$))
voiceband channels.
Su#er4umbogrou#
51. . s"itch that connects central offices together. Tandem 1--ice
52. The first automatic telehone s"itch is invented
by
Almon B9 Stro"ger
53. The crossbar system used relays for _______. Memory
54. The on-hoo+ voltage. :; 0 dc
55. The off-hoo+ voltage at hone. < to => 0 dc
5!. The off-hoo+ current. ?@ to ;> mA
5#. The dial tone fre&uencies. @<> and ::> H+
5$. The ringing voltage at office. =>> 0 ac
5'. The ringing voltage at hone. ;> 0 ac
!). The ringbac+ voltage fre&uencies. ::> and :;> H+
!1. The busy signal fre&uencies. :;> and AA> H+
!2. The function of the line card can be
remembered by using the mnemonic ________.
B1RSCHT
CHAPTER (: DATA TRANSMISSION
1. .n error control system based on the reetition
of data bloc+s that contain errors.
Automatic Request -or
Transmission .AR2/
2. 4its that do not carry the message. Bit 1verhead
3. .ddition of e,tra bits to a data bloc+ to avoid
the accidental generation of a flag attern.
Bit Stu--ing
4. . set of rules that translates alhanumeric
characters into binary numbers.
Character Code
5. 1efer to no. 42 .nother name for it.
Character Set,
Data Code
!. .n error-detecting method in "hich the binary
number corresonding to the grou of bits to be
chec+ed is divided by a redetermined binary
number.
Cyclic Redundancy Chec*ing
.CRC/
#. . telehone connection via the ublic s"itched
telehone net"or+.
Dial%u# !ine
$. .n error correcting system in "hich errors are
corrected at the receiver using redundant
transmitting data "ithout using retransmission
re&uests.
For"ard (rror Correction .F(C/
'. . grou of bits sent bet"een framing signals in
a bit-oriented synchronous communication
Frame
17
BLAKE Summary
system.
1). . data-comression scheme that uses fe"er
bits to reresent more fre&uently occurring
characters or bits atterns.
Hu--man Coding
11. . line condition corresonding to a binary one. Mar*
12. Simultaneous transmission of multile data bits
using several channels.
)arallel Transmission
13. . data-comression scheme that relaces
reeated characters or bit atterns "ith a code
indicating the character and the number of
reetitions.
Run%length (ncoding
14. . data transmission using only one channel. Serial Transmission
15. . line condition corresonding to a binary 9ero. S#ace
1!. This bit alerts the receiver to the beginning of a
transmitted character by changing the line from
the mar+ to the sace condition.
Start Bit
1#. This bit mar+s the end of transmitted character. Sto# Bit
1$. . device% generally an I< that converts from
arallel to serial format.
5niversal Asynchronous
Receiver%Transmitter .5ART/
1'. 7ata that consists of alhanumeric characters
must first be encoded using a ____________
___________.
Character Code
2). It actually involves synchroni9ing the
transmitting the receiver cloc+s at the start of
each character.
Asynchronous Communication
21. It must be converted from arallel to serial form
before being transmitted and bac+ to arallel
form at the receiver.
Com#uter Data
22. Since noise is resent in all communication
systems% ______ "ill occur.
(rrors
23. Errors can be detected and corrected by adding
_________ __________.
Redundant 'n-ormation
24. ____ data is imortant to ensure its rivacy. (ncry#tion
25. It is originally used "ith electromechanical
teletye machines.
Baudot Code
2!. 1efer to no. 252 It has been designated as
____________ by <<ITT.
'nternational Telegra#h Al#habet
&umber ? .'TA?/
2#. The most common code for communication
bet"een microcomuters.
American Standard Code -or
'n-ormation 'nterchange .ASC''/
2$. Sometimes .S<II codes are e,ressed in
________ or ________ notation.
Decimal,
He$adecimal
2'. The transmitter and receiver are synchroni9ed
to the same cloc+ fre&uency.
Synchronous Communication
3). it involves the addition of one e,tra bit to the
bits that encode a character.
)arity
31. It is a data-transfer rotocol for microcomuters BM1D(M
18
BLAKE Summary
that in its original and most basic form% uses
this method.
32. They allo" single errors in a bloc+ of data to be
corrected "ithout any need for retransmission.
Hamming Codes
CHAPTER 1):LOCAL AREA NET*ORKS
1. The information signal on 8.0. Baseband
2. . system in "hich the baseband signal is used
to modulate a higher-fre&uency carrier signal.
Broadband System
3. . system for controlling net"or+ traffic.
Carrier Sense Multi#le Access
"ith Collision Detection
.CSMACCD/
4. a net"or+ in "hich a hysical connection from
one end to the other of a data ath is
maintained for the duration of a eriod of
communication.
Circuit%s"itched &et"or*
5. The loss of data that occurs "hen t"o stations
transmit at the same time on a net"or+.
Collision
!. .n Ethernet cable that has the transmit and
receive connections reversed at one end.
Crossover Cable
#. . tye of 8.0 that has a logical bus structure
using <S*.@<7.
(thernet
$. . net"or+ "ith one or more seciali9ed nodes
that contain files and oerating soft"are for the
net"or+.
Client%server &et"or*
'. 1efer to no. $2 another name for it. File Server
1). T"o-"ay communication in both directions at
the same time.
Full Du#le$
11. The central connecting oint of a star net"or+ to
"hich all other nodes connect.
Hub
12. . tye of 8.0 that is a hysical star and logical
to+en-ring.
'BM To*en%ring System
13. . small data net"or+ that tyically oerates
"ithin one building or a locali9ed grou of
!ocal%area &et"or* .!A&/
19
BLAKE Summary
buildings.
14. The hub of an I4* to+en ring net"or+. Multistation Access 5nit .MA5/
15. . term used to describe a comuter oerating
system that allo"s multile rograms to run
simultaneously "ithout interfering "ith each
other.
Multitas*ing
1!. . lug-in circuit board for a comuter that
contains the necessary hard"are and firm"are
to connect the comuter to the local area
net"or+.
&et"or* 'nter-ace Card
1#. =ne station that is attached to a net"or+. &ode
1$. The smallest bloc+ of data transmitted over a
net"or+.
)ac*et
1'. The net"or+ in "hich all nodes can contribute
net"or+ resources and also run local rograms.
)eer%to%#eer &et"or*
2). . net"or+ node dedicated to interfacing
bet"een the net"or+ and one or more rinters.
)rint Server
21. . modem that modulates data onto a very high
fre&uency carrier.
Radio%-requency Modem .RF/
22. . net"or+ toology in "hich data circulates
from one comuter to the ne,t in se&uence.
Ring
23. . device that lin+s t"o or more net"or+s. Router
24. . net"or+ toology in "hich all nodes are
connected individually to a central oint.
Star
25. In an Ethernet net"or+% it is the device that can
send incoming ac+ets to one of several
destinations.
S"itch
2!. . method of net"or+ control that involves a
short ac+et that circulates around the net"or+.
To*en )assing
2#. 1efers to the messages to be transferred over a
net"or+.
Tra--ic
2$. The ratio bet"een the velocity of roagation of
electromagnetic energy through a medium or
along a transmission line and the seed of light
in vacuum.
0elocity Factor
2'. . large net"or+ e,tending over an area greater
than that of a city.
3ide%area &et"or* .3A&/
3). 3ossible data net"or+ arrangements in a small
8.0.
Star,
Ring,
Bus
31. The largest (.0. 'nternet
32. Ethernet "as originated by _______. Bero$
33. The year that IEEE began to draft standards for
8.0s.
=D;>
34. It is used for the slo"est 1) *b@s version of
Ethernet.
Coa$ial Cable
20
BLAKE Summary
35. This is used by most 1) *b@s and 1)) *b@s
Ethernet installations.
5nshielded T"isted )air .5T)/
Cable
3!. It is a secial cable that consists of t"o arallel
"ires "ith a grounded shield around them.
T"ina$ Cable
3#. The effect of a s"itch is to greatly reduce
________.
Contention
CHAPTER 11: *IDE AREA NET*ORKS AND THE INTERNET
1. .ny comuter net"or+ that e,tends for more
than a short distance such as a building or
related grous of buildings.
3ide%area &et"or*
2. . system that allo"s users to access documents
from "idely searated sources on the Internet.
3orld 3ide 3eb .333/
3. . versatile data-transmission system using 53-
byte ac+ets and designed o enable various
+inds of data.
Asynchronous Trans-er Mode
.ATM/
4. . net"or+-to-net"or+ connection that asses
only data addressed to a node in the other
net"or+.
Bridge
5. . method of organi9ing a net"or+ in "hich a
hysical ath is dedicated to communication
bet"een t"o node for the duration of
communication.
Circuit S"itching
!. The second layer of the =SI model. Data !in* !ayer
#. . data-communications rotocol created by
7igital E&uiment <omany for its
minicomuter roducts.
D(C &et"or* Architecture .D&A/
$. . method "hereby messages can be left for
individual net"or+ users.
(lectronic Mail .e%mail/
'. . rogram in T<3@I3 rotocol that allo"s for the
transfer of both binary and te,t files bet"een
comuters "ith other"ise incomatible
oerating systems.
File%trans-er )rotocol .FT)/
1). . soft"are to revent unauthori9ed access to
comuters on a net"or+ by comuters outside
the net"or+.
Fire"all
11. . bit or se&uence of bits that indicates the Flag
21
BLAKE Summary
beginning or end of a ac+et.
12. . ac+et-transort rotocol% similar to D.25 but
"ith less error connection
Frame Relay
13. . comuter system that rovides modern
access to the ublic at no charge.
Freenet
14. . device used to connect comuters or net"or+s
running incomatible oerating systems.
,ate"ay
15. . se&uence of bits at the beginning of a ac+et%
containing information about the tye of ac+et
and@or routing.
Header
1!. . data-transfer that allo"s &uic+ transitions by
simly clic+ing on a highlighted "ord or icture
"ith a mouse.
Hy#erte$t Trans#ort )rotocol
.HTT)/
1#. . "orld"ide ublic net"or+ of net"or+s that
connects a very "ide variety of comuters%
alications% and users.
'nternet
1$. . suite of rotocols that allo"s a "ide variety of
comuters to share the same net"or+.
Transmission Control
)rotocolC'nternet )rotocol
.TC)C')/
1'. . net"or+ that encomasses a city and its
environs.
Metro#olitan%area &et"or*
.MA&/
2). . rivate net"or+ that uses the same T<3@I3
rotocol suite as the Internet.
'ntranet
21. The third layer of the =SI rotocol model. &et"or* !ayer
22. Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a "ide
variety of sub6ects% accessible via the internet.
&e"sgrou#s
23. . system for organi9ing data-transmission
rotocols develoed by the IS=.
1#en Systems 'nterconnection
.1S'/ Model
24. . "ay of organi9ing a net"or+ so that small
bloc+s of data are routed individually from
source to destination.
)ac*et S"itching
25. The lo"est level of the =SI rotocol model. )hysical
2!. . formal set of conventions governing the
format and the timing of messages.
)rotocol
2#. . device used to e,tend a net"or+ or other
digital communication system by regenerating
bits and restoring voltage levels and timings to
their original values.
Re#eaters
2$. . device used to interconnect net"or+s. Router
2'. The art of the T<3@I3 suite that allo"s for email
over the Internet and similar net"or+s by
secifying the control messages used in mail
transfer.
Sim#le Mail Trans-er )rotocol
.SMT)/
3). . net"or+ in "hich nodes receive a ac+et of
data from the source or a node closer to the
Store%and%-or"ard &et"or*
22
BLAKE Summary
source and then transmit it to the destination or
a node closer to the destination.
31. .n I4* system for transferring data bet"een
I4* mainframes and bet"een I4* mainframes
and other comuters.
Systems &et"or* Architecture
.S&A/
32. . system to allo" users to log on to a distant
host by emulating a dumb terminal.
Telnet
33. . lin+ bet"een comuters in "hich each
recogni9es a soft"are connection to the other.
0irtual Circuit
34. . very oular system for defining and
s"itching data ac+ets on comuter net"or+s.
B9?< )rotocol
35. It is resonsible for detecting and correcting
errors "ithin frames of data and roviding the
flags that indicate the beginning and end of
frames.
Data !in*
3!. It sets u the ath to transmit data bet"een
terminals and arranges data into ac+ets.
&et"or*
3#. It deals "ith the matters such as voltage and
current levels.
)hysical
3$. ______ ______ are available "ith data rates from
5! +b@s u.
!eased !ines
3'. It "as created by the Enited States military for
roviding alternate route in their net"or+ in
case of trouble.
AR)A&(T
4). *eaning of .13.0ET.
Advanced Research )ro4ects
Agency &et"or*
CHAPTER 12: DIITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS
1. 7ata transmission by varying the amlitude of the
transmitted signal.
Am#litude Shi-t Eeying .ASE/
2. The telehone local loo that combines analog
telehone service "ith data communications.
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber
!ine
3. Ese of an audio tone of t"o or more different
fre&uencies to modulate a conventional analog
transmitter for data transmission.
Audio Frequency%shi-t Eeying
.AFSE/
4. Seed at "hich symbols are transmitted in a digital
communication system.
Baud Rate
5. Seed at "hich data is transmitted in a digital
communication system.
Bit Rate
!. . device to allo" data communication over cable-
television "iring.
Cable Modem
#. ;ariant of F.* used "ith .7S8 data
communication systems
Carrierless Am#litude )hase
.CA)/ Modulation
$. In digital communication% it is a attern sho"ing all Constellation Diagram
23
BLAKE Summary
the ossible combinations of amlitude and hase
for a signal.
'. . modem is also +no"n as ____________.
Data Communications (qui#ment
.DC(/
1). . terminal or comuter than communicates via a
modem.
Data Terminal (qui#ment .DT(/
11. 7igital modulation scheme that reresents a bit
attern by a change in hase from the revious
state.
Delta )hase%Shi-t Eeying .D)SE/
12. .ny digital modulation scheme that codes t"o bits
of information er transmitted symbol.
Dibit System
13. It uses many carriers at different fre&uencies.
Discrete Multi%tone .DMT/
Modulation
14. . transmission seed that is less than the
ma,imum of "hich a modem is caable.
Fallbac*
15. . device for the transmission and recetion of
facsimile documents.
Fa$ Modem
1!. . means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data
only "hen the associated receiver is ready to
receive it.
Flo" Control
1#. digital modulation scheme using t"o or more
different outut fre&uencies.
Frequency Shi-t Eeying .FSE/
1$. ;ariant of >SG "hich uses the minimum ossible
fre&uency shift for a given bit rate.
,aussian Minimum%shi-t Eeying
.,MSE/
1'. . series of commands transmitted to the modem
"henever a communications soft"are rogram is
loaded.
'nitiali+ation String
2). . logic one. Mar*
21. acronym for modulation-demodulation. Modem
22. . cable used to ma+e a direct connection bet"een
t"o devices using their serial orts.
&ull Modem
23. . means of transmitting data by shifting the hase
angle of the transmitted signal.
)hase%shi-t Eeying .)SE/
24. 3SG that emloys four different hases and allo"s
t"o bits of information to be transmitted
simultaneously.
2uadrature )hase%shi-t Eeying
.2)SE/
25. . means of transmitting data by shifting both the
amlitude and the hase of the transmitted signal.
2uadrature Am#litude
Modulation .2AM/
2!. 4inary 9ero. S#ace
2#. . transmitted signal that can have t"o or more
ossible states.
Symbol
2$. . series of tones transmitted by a modem to allo"
the automatic ad6ustment of line e&uali9ation.
Training Sequence
2'. 5ust as in analog transmission% digital transmission
uses the follo"ing variations.
Frequency,
)hase,
Am#litude
24
BLAKE Summary
3). the ma,imum data rate for a channel is a function
of the follo"ing.
Band"idth,
Modulation Scheme,
Signal%to%noise Ratio
31. The modem that laces the call. 1riginate Modem
32. The modem that receives the call. Ans"er Modem
33. (hen the flo" control is accomlished by changing
levels on the 1S-232 lines it is called _____________.
Hard"are Flo" Control
CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLE+IN AND MULTIPLE,ACCESS TECHNIQUES
1. E,tra bits used to sread the signal in a direct
se&uence sread sectrum system.
Chi#s
2. System to allo" multile users to use the same
fre&uency "ith searate 30 codes and a
sread-sectrum modulation scheme.
Code%division Multi#le Access
.CDMA/
3. >orm of fre&uency sectrum communication in
"hich the 1> carrier continually moves from
one fre&uency to another according to a
rearranged seudo-random attern.
Frequency Ho##ing
4. Sharing of a communication channel among
multile users by assigning each a different
carrier fre&uency.
Frequency%division Multi#le
Access .FDMA/
5. <ombining of several signals into one
communication channel by assigning each a
different carrier fre&uency.
Frequency%division Multi#le$ing
.FDM/
!. Ese of a single channel by more than one
transmitter.
Multi#le Access
#. Ese of a single channel by more than one
transmitter.
Multi#le$ing
$. Imrovement in interference re6ection due to
sreading in a sread-sectrum system.
)rocessing ,ain
'. . transmitted series of ones and 9eros that
reeats after a set time% and "hich aears
random if the se&uence is not +no"n to the
receiver.
)seudo%random &oise Sequence
.)&/
1). ;ariation of received signal strength due to
multiath fading.
Rayleigh -ading
11. . method of s"itching that rovides a searate
hysical ath for each symbol.
S#ace S"itching
12. Imrovement in interference re6ection due to
sreading in a sread-sectrum system.
S#reading ,ain
13. system to allo" several transmission to use
channel by assigning time slots to each.
Time%division Multi#le Access
.TDMA/
25
BLAKE Summary
14. System to combine several data streams onto a
single channel by assigning time slots to each.
Time%division multi#le$ing .TDM/
15. . method of s"itching that moves a signal from
one time slot to another on the same hysical
ath.
Time S"itching
1!. It is used e,tensively in telehony. TDM
CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES
1. .ny air of conductors used to conduct electrical
energy.
Tra!8m38830! L3!-
2. . device for couling balanced and unbalanced
lines.
Ba1u!
3. It is the ratio bet"een voltage and current on an
infinitely long transmission line.
C:ara/2-r3823/ Im9-"a!/-
4. . transmission line containing concentric
conductors.
C0a@3a1 L3!-
5. . transmission line containing arallel conductors
searated by sacers.
O9-!,13!- *3r-
!. It is the seed at "hich signals travel do"n a
transmission line.
Pr09a6a230! %-10/32y
#. . section of transmission line% electrically a &uarter-
"avelength in length% that is used to change
imedances on a transmission line.
Quar2-r,5a4- Tra!870rm-r
$. It is the ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a
transmission line.
R-71-/230! C0-773/3-!2
'. It is the grahical transmission line calculator. Sm32: C:ar2
1). It is the ratio of ma,imum to minimum voltage on a
transmission line.
S2a!"3!6,5a4- Ra230
11. . short section of line% usually short-circuited at one
end% used for imedance matching.
S2u=
12. .nother name for characteristic imedance. Sur6- Im9-"a!/-
13. It is the ratio of seed of roagation on a line to
that of light in free sace.
%-10/32y Fa/20r
14. T"o tyes of transmission line.
Ba1a!/-" a!" U!=a1a!/-"
L3!-8
15. . coa,ial cable is the best e,amle for this +ind of
transmission line because it lac+s symmetry "ith
resect to ground.
U!=a1a!/-" L3!-
1!. 3arallel lines are usually oerated as _________
_________ that is: the imedance to ground from
each of the t"o "ires is e&ual.
Ba1a!/-" L3!-A
1#. This haens "hen fre&uency increases% the region
of high current density becomes thinner% reducing
S>3! E77-/2
26
BLAKE Summary
the cross-sectional area and increasing the
resistance of the conductor.
1$. (hat are resent in the electrical model of a
transmission lineH
R-8382a!/-;
C0!"u/2a!/-;
Ca9a/32a!/-;
I!"u/2a!/-
1'. Such a line is called _______ since the inductive and
caacitive reactances store energy but do not
dissiate it.
L0881-88
2). . transmission line that is terminated in its
characteristic imedance is called __________
________.
Ma2/:-" L3!-
21. >or a lossless line% resistance and conductance
values "ould be ______.
B-r0
22. . line that is terminated by an imedance other
than characteristic imedance is said to be ______.
M38ma2/:-"
23. It is the e,ected signal that "ould simly move
do"n the line and disaear into the load because it
is a matched line.
Tra4-13!6 *a4-
24. The length of line that causes a delay of one eriod
is +no"n as ________.
*a4-1-!62:
25. It is the formation of "hich due to the interaction
bet"een the incident and reflected "aves that
causes "hat aears to the stationary attern of
"aves on the line.
S2a!"3!6 *a4-8
2!. t"o +inds of traveling "aves.
I!/3"-!2 5a4-8;
R-71-/2-" 5a4-8
2#. These are traveling "aves that are coming from the
transmitter.
I!/3"-!2 5a4-8
2$. These are traveling "aves that are brought bac+ to
the transmitter due to unmatched line.
R-71-/2-" 5a4-8
2'. *ost desirable amount of S(1. 1 C0!-D
3). *ost desirable amount of reflection coefficient. ) C?-r0D
31. Transmission line losses in mechanisms.
C0!"u/20r L088;
D3-1-/2r3/ L088;
Ra"3a230! L088;
32. Transmission line losses are usually given in
_________ er 1)) meters or 1)) feet.
D-/3=-18
33. The radius of the circle in the Smith <hart
reresents _______.
S*R
34. It is a seciali9ed test e&uiment for transmission
line measurements in both the time and the
fre&uency domains.
T3m-,"0ma3! R-71-/20m-2ry
35. It is a short section of air-dielectric coa,ial line% "ith
a slot in the outer conductor through "hich a robe
S1022-" L3!-
27
BLAKE Summary
is inserted.
3!. The length of a slotted line must be at least
___________.
O!-,:a17 5a4-1-!62:
3#. This device allo"s the measurement of o"er
moving along the line in each direction% that is% it is
ossible to measure incident and reflected o"er
searately.
D3r-/230!a1 C0u91-r
CHAPTER 1#: RADIO,*A%E PROPAATION
1. The rocess by "hich the "aves travel through a
medium.
Pr09a6a230!
2. It is the reduction in signal strength due to
sreading of the "aves at a distance from the
transmitter.
A22-!ua230! 07 Fr-- S9a/-
3. The magnitude of the electric field re&uired to cause
brea+do"n and arcing of the dielectric.
D3-1-/2r3/ S2r-!62:
4. It is a means of roagation in "hich the "aves are
confined "ithin a refractive region of the
trooshere or bet"een such a region and the
ground.
Du/23!6
5. . device that allo"s a transmitter and a receiver%
oerating at different fre&uencies% to be connected
to the same antenna and oerate simultaneously.
Du91-@
!. The area from "hich a receiving antenna can be
considered to e,tract all the energy I an
electromagnetic "ave.
E77-/234- Ar-a
#. It is the ratio of the electric force on a charge to the
charge% at a given oint.
E1-/2r3/ F3-1" S2r-!62:
$. 1efer to no. #2 another name for it. E1-/2r3/ F3-1" I!2-!832y
'. . vacuum that allo"s radio "aves to roagate
"ithout any obstruction.
%a/uum
1). . vertically-olari9ed electromagnetic "ave that
roagates along the surface of the earth.
r0u!" *a4-
11. It is the ratio of the hase velocity of a "ave in free
sace to that in the medium under consideration.
I!"-@ 07 R-7ra/230!
12. The ioni9ed region of the earth/s atmoshere. I0!089:-r-
13. . hyothetical antenna having 9ero hysical si9e
and no loss and radiating e&ually in all directions.
I802r093/ Ra"3a20r
14. It is the highest fre&uency that "ill be returned by
the ionoshere at a given oint.
Ma@3mum U8a=1- Fr-.u-!/y
CMUFD
15. These are changes to the baseband signal caused Mu1239a2: D3820r230!
28
BLAKE Summary
by multiath recetion.
1!. It is a situation in "hich a signal arrives at a
receiving antenna via t"o or more aths
Mu1239a2: R-/-9230!
1#. . line dra"n erendicular to the interface bet"een
t"o media.
N0rma1
1$. It is the ratio bet"een the signal aearing at the
transmitting antenna terminals and that the
receiving antenna terminals.
Pa2: L088
1'. It is the &uantum of electromagnetic radiation. P:020!
2). It is the direction of the electric field vector of an
electromagnetic "ave.
P01ar3?a230!
21. The o"er flo"ing through a unit cross-sectional
area normal to the direction of travel of an
electromagnetic "ave.
P05-r D-!832y
22. <haracteri9ed by a receiver caable of receiving
several versions of the same signal "ith different
arrival times% and combining the received versions
into a single signal "ith better &uality.
Ra>- R-/-34-r S-/20r3?a230!
23. In cellular radio% it is the division of a cell into
sectors by the use of directional antennas at a
single cell site.
S-/20r3?a230!
24. It is an electromagnetic "ave that is returned to
earth by the ionoshere.
S>y *a4-
25. .n electromagnetic "ave that roagates directly
from the transmitting to the receiving antenna.
S9a/- *a4-
2!. It is a roagation along or near the surface of the
earth.
T-rr-82r3a1 Pr09a6a230!
2#. The region of atmoshere closest to earth. Tr09089:-r-
2$. .nother name for vacuum. Fr-- S9a/-
2'. It involves the creation of electric and magnetic
fields in free sace or in some hysical medium.
E1-/2r0ma6!-23/ Ra"3a230!
3). This means that the electric field% magnetic field%
and the direction of travel of "ave are all mutually
erendicular.
Tra!84-r8- E1-/2r0ma6!-23/
*a4-8 CTEMD
31. The seed of roagation of an electromagnetic
"ave in free sace is the same as that of __________.
L36:2
32. It is a surface on "hich all the "aves have the same
hase% "ould be the surface of a shere.
*a4-7r0!2
33. The "ave that rotate in all direction and if it rotates
in a cloc+"ise direction as it recedes.
R36:2,:a!"-"
34. .nother name for attenuation of free sace. S.uar-,1a5 A22-!ua230!
35. It is the intensity of the radiation of antenna in a
given direction.
A!2-!!a a3!
3!. The comarison of the actual antenna/s radiated
o"er to an isotroic antenna.
E77-/234- I802r093/ Ra"3a2-"
P05-r CEIRPD
3#. Three roerties of radio "aves "hen roagated R-71-/230!;
29
BLAKE Summary
and reached its destinations that are also resent in
the behavior of light.
R-7ra/230!;
D377ra/230!
3$. Iround "ave roagation is used for roagating
signals "ith fre&uencies of u to aro,imately
____.
2 MH?
3'. Ioni9ation levels change "ith the amount of solar
activity "hich varies over an 11-year cycle called
____________.
Su!8902 Cy/1-
4). Since there is a general instability of the
ionoshere% its is usually better to oerate at lo"er
fre&uency% erhas $5? of the *E>% also called as
____________________.
O923mum *0r>3!6 Fr-.u-!/y
CO*FD
41. These are regions that may be uncovered by the
signals roagated in the area due to its closeness
to the transmitter.
S>39 B0!-8
42. .nother name for troosheric roagation.
L3!-,07,S36:2 Pr09a6a230!
CLOSD
43. The transmitting antenna is aimed in the direction
of the receiver% but the receiver is over the hori9on.
Tr0908/a22-r
CHAPTER 1$: ANTENNAS
1. . device used radiate or receive electromagnetic
radio at radio fre&uencies.
A!2-!!a
2. . receiving antenna "ith a built-in reamlifier. A/234- A!2-!!a
3. .n enclosure lined "ith material that absorbs
electromagnetic radiation.
A!-/:03/ C:am=-r
4. .ngle measured u"ard from the hori9on. A!61- 07 E1-4a230!
5. .n antenna system comosed of t"o or more
simler antenna elements.
Array
!. The angle bet"een the oints of the ma6or lobe of
an antenna at "hich the radiated o"er density is
one-half its ma,imum value.
B-am53"2:
#. The measure of antenna gain in decibels "ith
resect to a lossless half-"ave diole.
"B"
$. . measure of antenna gain2 decibels "ith resect to
an ideal isotroic radiator.
"B3
'. .ny antenna consisting of a single conductor "ith
9ero current only at its t"o ends.
D3901-
1). It is the ratio of the ma,imum to the average
radiation of intensity for an antenna.
D3r-/23432y
11. >or a receiving antenna% it is the ratio of the
available outut o"er to the o"er density of the
E77-/234- Ar-a
30
BLAKE Summary
received "ave.
12. The roduct of the o"er sulied to a transmitting
antenna and the gain of the of the antenna "ith
resect to a lossless half-"ave diole.
E77-/234- Ra"3a2-" P05-r
CERPD
13. In an antenna array% it is an individual conductor or
grou of conductors.
E1-m-!2
14. It is the distance far enough from an antenna that
local inductive and caacitive effects are
insignificant.
Far,F3-1" R-630!
15. It is the ratio bet"een the radiation intensity in an
antenna/s direction of the ma,imum radiation and
the intensity at an angle of 1$)J to this direction.
Fr0!2,20,=a/> Ra230
1!. .n artificial ground consisting of a conductor
surface or an e&uivalent.
r0u!" P1a!-
1#. .lso +no"n as siral. H-13@
1$. It is a hyothetical antenna that "ould radiate all
the energy sulied to it% "ith e&ual intensity in all
directions.
I802r093/ A!2-!!a
1'. It is the rocess of increasing the electrical length of
an antenna by an addition of inductance or
caacitance.
L0a"3!6
2). It is the ortion of an antenna attern bet"een t"o
nulls.
L0=-
21. .n antenna "ith a current null at one end and a
ma,imum at the other% "ith no other nulls in
bet"een.
M0!0901-
22. It is the region close to antenna% "here local
inductive and caacitive effects redominate.
N-ar F3-1" R-630!
23. The lobe in the direction of ma,imum radiation. Ma<0r L0=-
24. The lobe "ith less intensity than the main lobe. M3!0r L0=-
25. It denotes the angle in the hori9ontal lane% from
the , a,is to"ard the y a,is.
P:3 CED
2!. The direction of the electric field vector of an
electromagnetic "ave.
P01ar3?a230!
2#. In a monoole antenna% it is the "ire e,tending
along the surface of the ground or 6ust belo" it%
a"ay from the antenna is called _______.
Ra"3a1
2$. . set of it is used to imrove the effective
conductivity of the ground in a monoole antenna..
Ra"3a1
2'. It is the e&uivalent resistance at the feedoint
corresonding to the radiation of energy by an
antenna.
Ra"3a230! R-8382a!/-
3). . minor lobe at an angle of aro,imately ')J to
the main lobe.
S3"- L0=-
31. It refers to the angle from the hori9ontal K,-yL lane
T:-2a CFD
31
BLAKE Summary
to"ard the 9enith% reresented by the 9-a,is.
32. It is the direction straight u from the hori9ontal
lane.
B-!32:
33. It refers to a diole of infinitesimal length.
H-r2?3a! D3901-
34. Tyically% the length of a half-"ave diole% assuming
that the conductor diameter is much less than the
length of the antenna% is _____ of one-half the
"avelength measured in free sace.
(#G
35. It refers to the "avelength.
Lam="a CHD
3!. It is the seed of light also constant to radio "aves
in free sace.
3)) @ 1)
$
mI8
3#. It is the coordinate reresentation of the antenna/s
radiation.
Ra"3a230! Pa22-r!
3$. >ading is caused by _________ of antenna/s radiation
though it is very imortant at a considerable
distance..
R-71-/230!
3'. Iround effects are imortant u through the ____
range.
H36: Fr-.u-!/y CHFD
4). It has the same length as a standard half-"ave
diole% but it is made "ith t"o arallel conductors%
6oined at both ends and searated by a distance
that is short comared "ith the length of the
antenna.
F01"-" D3901-
41. The characteristic imedance of a balanced line
used mainly in T; and >* receiving installations.
3))J
42. This is used mainly for lo" and medium fre&uency
transmission that utili9es vertical olari9ation to
ta+e advantage of ground "ave roagation.
M0!0901- A!2-!!a
43. 1efer to no. 422 another name for it.
Mar/0!3 A!2-!!a
44. This antenna is often used in vertically as either a
mobile or base antenna in ;A> and EA> systems.
#I' 5a4-1-!62: A!2-!!a
45. This antenna is also +no"n as air-"ound coil.
L009 A!2-!!a
4!. This antenna% its structure combination acts as a
transformer to match the feedline imedance to the
imedance of free sace.
D38/0!- A!2-!!a
4#. Ao" much is the imedance of free saceH
3&&J
4$. .nother name for heli, or siral antenna.
H-13/a1 A!2-!!a
4'. 1efer to no. 4$2 another oular name for it that is
used "ith many handheld transceivers.
Ru==-r Du/>y A!2-!!a
5). <lassifications of arrays according to their direction
of ma,imum radiation..
Br0a"83"-;
32
BLAKE Summary
E!",73r-
51. <lassification of antenna arrays according to ho"
the elements are connected.
P:a8-" Array;
Dr34-! Array;
Para8323/ Array
52. .rrays that radiates through its length.
Br0a"83"-
53. .rrays that radiates at its ends.
E!",73r-
54. These arrays are connected to the feedline.
P:a8- Array
55. 3ossible alications of hase arrays.
P:a8-,8:3723!6;
P05-r S913223!6;
Im9-"a!/- Ma2/:3!6
5!. .rrays that each elements are sulying o"er for
transmission.
Dr34-! Array
5#. refer to no. 5!2 .rrays that are deendent to it.
Para8323/ Array
5$. Magi antenna is more formally referred to as the
________.
Ya63,U"a Array
5'. This antenna derives its name from the fact that the
feedoint imedance is a eriodic function of the
oerating fre&uency.
L06,9-r30"3/ A!2-!!a
!). This antenna is a combination of t"o dioles
designed to give omnidirectional erformance in the
hori9ontal lane% "ith hori9ontal olari9ation.
Tur!8231- A!2-!!a
!1. This antenna has one tye of broadside array using
half-"ave dioles.
C0113!-ar Array8
!2. In an antenna% it acts as an ordinary mirror that
enhances the directivity of the antenna/s radiation.
R-71-/20r
!3. .ntenna often used for terrestrial micro"ave lin+s.
H06,:0r! A!2-!!a
CHAPTER 1&: MICRO*A%E DE%ICES
1. It is conventionally the electromagnetic radiation in
the range above aro,imately 1IA9.
Micro"ave
33
BLAKE Summary
2. In a +lystron% it is a cavity that velocity modulates
the electron beam.
Buncher
3. It is the velocity modulation of an electron beam. Bunching
4. In a +lystron% it is a cavity that removes some of the
energy from the electron beam and transfers it in
the form of micro"ave energy to the outut.
Catcher
5. It is a sace in "hich micro"aves can resonate by
means of in-hase reflections from the "alls.
Cavity
!. . device "ith three or more orts that allo"s an
inut to one ort to emerge only at the ne,t ort in
order.
Circulator
#. It is the element in a +lystron or T(T that receives
the electron beam
Controller
$. refer to no. #2 another term for it. Anode
'. It is a micro"ave tube in "hich the electric and
magnetic fields are at right angles.
Crossed%-ield Tube
1). . device that launches or receives a "ave in a
transmission line or "aveguide in one direction
only.
Directional Cou#ler
11. It is the variation of velocity as a function of
fre&uency in a "aveguide or medium.
Dis#ersion
12. It is a concentration of charge. Domain
13. It states that a change in fre&uency that occurs
"hen a "ave reflects from a moving ob6ect.
Do##ler (--ect
14. . lens that is steed to reduce its si9e. Fresnel !ens
15. It is the seed of transmission of a signal along a
"aveguide.
,rou# 0elocity
1!. It is a slab of 0-tye gallium arsenide that can
oerate as an oscillator or amlifier by means of
domain formation.
,unn Device
1#. . combination of E-lane and A-lane tees. Hybrid Tee
1$. . 6unction device that can oerate as an oscillator
or amlifier.
'M)ATT Diode
1'. . "aveguide device that has lo" loss in one
direction and high loss in the other.
'solator
2). a tye of linear-beam micro"ave tube that uses
velocity modulation of the electron beam.
Elystron
21. . micro"ave tube in "hich electrons travel in a
straight line do"n to the length of the tube.
!inear%beam Tube
22. .nother name for hybrid tee. Magic Tee
23. . cross-field micro"ave-tube oscillator in "hich
electrons circle around the cathode under the
influence of a magnetic field.
Magnetron
24. . micro"ave transmission line constructed on a
rinted-circuit board% consisting of a single
conductor on one side of the board and a ground
Microstri#
34
BLAKE Summary
lane on the other side.
25. The seed of electron drift in a conductor or
semiconductor.
Mobility
2!. It is the secific configuration of electric and
magnetic fields that allo"s a "ave to roagate.
Mode
2#. The aarent seed of roagation along a
"aveguide based on the distance bet"een
"avefronts along the "alls of the guide.
)hase 0elocity
2$. . three-layer diode that can be used as a s"itch
and an attenuator at micro"ave fre&uencies.
)'& Diode
2'. The three layers of the 3I0 diode.
)%ty#e,
'ntrinsic !ayer,
&%ty#e
3). It is the rotation of the a,is or rotation of the
electrons.
)recession
31. The e&uivalent si9e of a radar target% in terms of
erfectly conducting flat late oriented to"ard the
receiver.
Radar Cross Section
32. It is any device that causes a "ave to roagate at
less than the seed of light% so that the electron
beam and the "ave move at aro,imately the
same seed.
Slo"%"ave Structure
33. . micro"ave transmission line that consists of a
conductor inside a circuit board% "or+ing against
t"o ground lanes% one on to and one on the
bottom of the board.
Stri#line
34. It is the ob6ect "hose range% direction% and@or
velocity is to be measured.
Target
35. .nother name for Iunn 7evice.
Trans-erred%electron Device
.T(D/
3!. . variation of the I*3.TT designed for high-o"er
oeration.
TRA)ATT Diode
3#. . metal ob6ect threaded into a "aveguide to add
caacitance or inductance.
Tuning Scre"
3$. . hollo" structure that has no center conductor but
allo"s "aves to roagate do"n to its length.
3aveguide
3'. . tye of ferrite. Fttrium%iron%garnet .F',/
4). It means it is a more than one mode roagating at
a time.
Multimode )ro#agation
41. It can be achieved by using only the mode "ith the
lo"est cutoff fre&uency.
Single%mode )ro#agation
42. 1efer to no. 412 another name for it. Dominant Mode
43. T"o +inds of modes.
Transverse (lectric .T(/,
Transverse Magnetic .TM/
44. The dominant mode deends on the shae of the 3aveguide
35
BLAKE Summary
______.
45. 8i+e any transmission line% a "aveguide has a
________ _____.
Characteristic 'm#edance
4!. The imedance of the free sace is ________. @88G
4#. Three "ays to launch a "ave do"n a guide.
By )robe,
By !oo#,
By Hole
4$. It is used to transfer o"er from a "aveguide to a
transmission line to "hich the line "ill accet only
energy traveling along the guide from right to left.
Directional Cou#lers
4'. It is the amount by "hich a signal in the main guide
is attenuated.
'nsertion !oss
5). It gives the amount by "hich the signal in the main
guide is greater than that couled to the secondary
"aveguide.
Cou#ling
51. It refers to the ratio bet"een the o"er couled to
the secondary guide.
Directivity
52. Strilines and microstris% li+e "aveguides% have
________ _________.
Critical Frequency
53. .nother name for A-lane tee. Shunt Tee
54. .nother name for E-lane tee. Series Tee
55. Instead of using a continuous "aveguide% "aves can
also be launched in a short section that reflects
"aves bac+ and forth from one end to the other.
(hat is this short sectionH
Cavity Resonator
5!. It is a tye of fre&uency meter that consists of a
cavity "ith an ad6ustable lunger.
3avemeter
5#. It allo"s searation of signals. Circulator
5$. The oeration of both the isolator and the circulator
is based on the magnetic roerties of __________.
Ferrites
5'. It is the interaction bet"een an electromagnetic
"ave and the ferriet results in a hase shift as the
"ave roagates through the material.
Faraday Rotation
!). I*3.TT means
'm#act Avalanche and Transit
Time
!1. <hronological layers of the I*3.TT diode.
)%ty#e,
&%ty#e,
'ntrinsic layer,
&%ty#e
!2. The intrinsic layer of the I*3.TT diode is commonly
made u of ______.
,allium Arsenide
!3. T1.3.TT means
Tra##ed )lasma Avalanche
Triggered Transit
!4. These device is often used as fre&uency multiliers. 0aractor Diode
!5. T"o variations of the varactor that can be also used
as multiliers.
Ste#%recovery,
Sna# Diode
36
BLAKE Summary
!!. This is essentially a resonant cavity that is made of
a solid slab of a dielectric material such as alumina.
Dielectric Resonator
!#. It is the oldest micro"ave tube design. Magnetron
!$. refer to no. !#2 The year that it is invented. =D?=
!'. It is the referred tube for high o"er% high stability
amlification of signals at fre&uencies from EA> to
about 3) IA9.
Elystron
#). It can be used as a moderate-o"er amlifier or as
an oscillator if modified.
Traveling 3ave Tube
#1. This antenna can be vie"ed as imedance
transformers that match "aveguide imedances to
that of free sace.
Horn Antenna
#2. It consist of thin metallic atch laced a small
fraction of a "avelength above conducting ground
lane.
)atch Antenna
CHAPTER 1': TERRESTRIAL MICRO*A%E COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
1. . single transmission ath from transmitter to
receiver.
Ho#
2. The signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver at a oint
before the detector.
Carrier%to%noise Ratio
3. The deviation of a "ave as it asses an obstacle or
asses through a small aerture.
Di--raction
4. It is the use of more than one fre&uency or
transmission ath to imrove system reliability in
the resence of fading.
Diversity
5. It is the energy received in the time ta+en to
transmit one bit.
(nergy #er Bit
!. ;ariation in received field strength over time due to
changes in roagation conditions.
Fading
#. . region near an ob6ect in "hich diffraction effects
are significant.
Fresnel 6one
$. It is the abrut variations in the timing of a digital
signal.
7itter
'. It is a net"or+ using micro"aves for t"o-"ay
transmission for telehony% television% and high-
seed data.
!ocal Multi#oint Distribution
System .!MDS/
1). This is a terrestrial micro"ave system for the
distribution of television% Internet% and telehone
services to businesses and residences.
Multichannel Multi#oint
Distribution System .MMDS/
11. . receiver-transmitter combination that amlifies
and transmits a signal.
Re#eater
12. . ma sho"ing surface features% including the
elevation of the terrain.
To#ogra#hic Ma#
37
BLAKE Summary
13. Terrestrial micro"ave lin+s generally use
______________ roagation.
!ine%o- Sight .!1S/
14. <auses of fading.
Multi#ath Rece#tion,
Attenuation due to rain,
Ducting,
Aging or #artial -ailure
15. >ading due to multiath recetion can reduce the
received signal strength by ______ or more.
?>dB
1!. This techni&ue is done by slightly changing the
fre&uency so that the hase difference bet"een the
direct and reflected signals is no longer 1$)J.
Frequency Diversity
1#. To rotect against fading on a moment-to-moment
basis% fre&uency diversity re&uires t"o transmitters
and t"o receivers% better +no"n as a _____.
Hot Standby
1$. This techni&ue is done by lacing t"o antennas one
above and the other on the same to"er.
S#ace Diversity
1'. T"o systems of terrestrial micro"ave lin+s.
Analog,
Digital
2). .nalog system is also called ______ or _______.
AM System,
FM System
21. 7igital system is also called _______. 2AM System
22. 7igital data can also be transmitted "ith >*
systems using ______ ______.
($ternal Modems
CHAPTER 1(: TELE%ISION
1. 1atio of the "idth to the height of a television
icture.
As#ect Ratio
2. The ortion of the hori9ontal blan+ing ulse after
the synch ulse.
Bach )orch
3. The video level corresonding to 9ero luminance. Blac* Setu#
4. The eriod of time "hen the electron beam in a <1T
is cut-off.
Blan*ing
5. . vacuum tube that uses a moving electron beam to
roduce atterns or images on a hotohorescent
screen.
Cathode%ray Tube .CRT/
!. The color signal. Chrominance .Chroma/
#. These are several cycles of color subcarrier on the
bac+ orch of the hori9ontal sync for color
synchroni9ation.
Color Bursts
$. . filter that can ass or re6ect a fundamental Comb Filter
38
BLAKE Summary
fre&uency and its harmonics.
'. . video system in "hich color and luminance are
sent searately% "ithout fre&uency interleaving.
Com#onent Color
1). . video system in "hich luma% sync% and chroma
signals are combined.
Com#osite 0ideo
11. .lignment of the three electron beams in a color
<1T so that they land on the same triad of color
hoshor dots.
Convergence
12. the ulses in the vertical blan+ing interval of a video
signal that create interlaced scan.
(quali+ing )ulses
13. In an interlaced video system% it is one-half of a
frame consisting of alternate lines.
Field
14. =ne comlete image in a video system is called
________.
Frame
15. The ortion of hori9ontal blan+ing ulse before the
sync ulse.
Front )orch
1!. . television receiver design that uses mi,ing
bet"een the icture and sound carriers to generate
the sound intermediate fre&uency.
'ntercarrier Sound
1#. . video scanning system that divides a frame into
t"o fields to reduce flic+er.
'nterlace
1$. The signal that rovides brightness information in a
video system.
!uminance .!uma/
1'. . 0orth .merican television standard. &TSC 0ideo
2). The video signal level reresenting ma,imum
luminance.
)ea* 3hite
21. 3icture element. )i$el
22. . video system that does not use interlace. )rogressive Scan
23. In a color <1T% it is the ad6ustment of the three
electron beams so that each lands on hoshor dots
of the aroriate color.
)urity
24. The attern of scanning lines in a video system. Raster
25. The amount of detail roduced by a video system. Resolution
2!. The return of the electron beam in a <1T from right
to left or from to to bottom.
Retrace
2#. . color video system in "hich the three rimary
colors are transmitted searately.
R,B Color
2$. The main accelerating element in a <1T. 5ltor
2'. The roortion of scanning lines in a video system
that can be used in determining vertical resolution.
5tili+ation Factor
3). . seciali9ed oscilloscoe designed for the
observation of comosite color signals.
0ectorsco#e
31. The assembly that contains the deflection coils and
is mounted on the nec+ of a <1T.
Fo*e
32. The 0orth .merican 0TS< television system
transmits ___ frames er second.
@>
33. Each frame transmitted by 0TS< consists of _______ <?<
39
BLAKE Summary
lines.
34. The 0TS< uses a _______ interlace so that ______
fields are transmitted er second.
?H=,
A>
35. <omosite color video uses t"o color signals
modulated on a subcarrier at 3.5$ *A9 using
_________ ________.
DSBSC 25AM
3!. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses a channel
_______ "ide.
A MH+
3#. The icture in terrestrial television broadcasting is
transmitted using _______ "ith carrier.
0SB AM
3$. The sound in the terrestrial television broadcasting
uses ___ on searate carrier to the video.
FM
3'. 3icture and sound travel together through the _____
and ___ ______ of a television receiver.
Tuner,
)icture 'F Sections
4). The sound is converted to a searate 4.5 *A9 I>% in
a system +no"n as __________ _________.
'ntercarrier Sound
41. <olor receivers use _______ _________ to retrieve the
color signal.
Synchronous Demodulation
42. The fre&uency and hase reference for the color
demodulators are rovided by a ________ _______ on
the bac+ orch of the hori9ontal synchroni9ing
signal.
Color Burst
43. The <1Ts used in television receivers generate an
________ ______ that is intensity-modulated by the
video signal and deflected hori9ontally and
vertically by coils that surround the tube.
(lectron Beam
44. <olor <1Ts use three electron beams stri+ing three
different tyes of hoshors that glo" ____% ____%
and ______.
Red,
,reen,
Blue
45. It reduce losses by moving EA> signals to the ;A>
range.
Cable%television System
4!. It is a techni&ue used for reducing flic+er on frame
rates of 25 or 3) A9..
'nterlaced Scan
4#. T"o time intervals.
Hori+ontal Blan*ing 'nterval,
0ertical Blan*ing 'nterval
4$. The three rimary colors that are mi,ed to achieve
good color reroduction.
Red,
,reen,
Blue
4'. T"o other standards of color television.
)hase Alteration By !ine
.)A!/,
Sequential Color and Memory
.S(CAM/
5). The television stereo sound system is called
___________ _____ _________.
Multichannel Television
Sound
51. The first <1T. Monochrome CRT
40
BLAKE Summary
52. In order to reroduce the three rimary colors of the
color television system% a color <1T must have
_______ electron beams.
Three .@/
CHAPTER 2): SATELITE COMMUNICATION
1. . structure that naturally orbits the earth. Na2ura1 Sa2-1132-
2. 0ame of the natural satellite. M00!
3. . structure that orbits the earth and "as built by
humans.
Ar2373/3a1 Sa2-1132-
4. The oint farthest from earth in a satellite orbit. A906--
5. . satellite transonder design that receives signals
and retransmits them at higher o"er and at a
different fre&uency.
B-!2,939- C0!736ura230!
!. It is a grou of satellites coordinated in such a "ay
as to rovide continuous communication.
C0!82-11a230!
#. . radio or otical connection directly bet"een
satellites% "ithout going through an earth station.
Cr08813!>
$. Transmission of signals from a satellite to an earth
station.
D05!13!>
'. . satellite orbit that is entirely above the e&uator. E.ua20r3a1 Or=32
1). It is the change in the direction of olari9ation of
signals assing through the ionoshere.
Fara"ay r02a230!
11. It is the ratio e,ressed in decibels of gain to noise
temerature.
F36ur- 07 M-r32
12. It is the deiction of the signal strength contours
from a satellite transmitter on the earth.
F0029r3!2
13. It is the satellite orbit in "hich the satellite aears
to remain stationary at a oint above the e&uator.
-082a230!ary Or=32
14. It is a satellite orbit in "hich the satellite/s eriod of
revolution is e&ual to the eriod of rotation of the
earth.
-08y!/:r0!0u8 Or=32
15. .ntenna beam on a geostationary satellite that is
ad6usted to cover the "hole earth.
H-m389:-r3/ B-am
1!. It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an
altitude less than about 15)) +ilometers.
L05,Ear2:,Or=32 CLEOD
Sa2-1132-
1#. . satellite in orbit at a distance above the earth/s
surface of aro,imately $%))) to 2)%))) +m.
M-"3um,Ear2:,Or=32 CMEOD
Sa2-1132-
1$. .ny artificial satellite that is not geostationary. Or=32a1 Sa2-1132-
1'. The oint closest to Earth in a satellite orbit. P-r36--
2). . satellite orbit assing over the north and south
oles.
P01ar Or=32
21. It is the time ta+en for a signal to travel through
sace from transmitter to receiver.
Pr09a6a230! T3m-
22. It is a focused beam of energy that covers a
relatively small area on the earth.
S902 B-am
41
BLAKE Summary
23. It is the rocess of ad6usting the orbit of a
geostationary satellite so that it aears to remain
stationary above a oint on earth.
S2a230!,>--93!6
24. It is the use of device to receive one or more data
ac+ets% store them and restransmit them at a later
time.
S20r-,a!",F0r5ar" T-/:!3.u-
25. It is ad6usting the osition of a directional antenna
on the ground.
Tra/>3!6
2!. . reeater located in the satellite. Tra!890!"-r
2#. Transmission of signals from an earth station to a
satellite.
U913!>
2$. Ieostationary satellites are far enough from earth
that on a satellite can cover about ___ of the earth/s
distance.
4)G
2'. Three geostationary satellites can rovide
"orld"ide communication e,cet for the ______
_______.
P01ar R-630!8
3). .ll satellite orbit shaes are ____________. E113923/a1
31. .ll satellites are held in orbit by a balance bet"een
the t"o.
C-!2r37u6a1 F0r/-;
C-!2r39-2a1 F0r/-
32. .n antenna is aimed at a satellite by ad6usting its
__________ and _______.
A?3mu2:;
E1-4a230!
33. It is a device incororating a level that can measure
the angle of the antenna a,is from the hori9ontal.
I!/13!0m-2-r
34. The amount by "hich the antenna a,is is offset
from the earth/s a,is is called ___________.
D-/13!a230!
35. It "as established in 1'#' and +no"n as third
generation of satellites.
I!2-r!a230!a1 Mar323m-
Sa2-1132- Or6a!3?a230!
CINMARSATD
3!. I0*.1S.T uses a total of __ IE= satellites. N3!- C(D
3#. 1ange of 8o"-earth orbit satellites above the earth. 3)) , 1#)) >m
3$. range of *edium-earth orbit satellites above the
earth.
'))) K 2)))) >m
3'. These radiation belts surrounds earth that can
damage satellites.
%a! A11-! B-128
4). This system comrises !! 8E= satellites in a
comle, constellation% such that at least one
satellite is visible from one every"here on earth at
all times.
Ir3"3um
41. This system began commercial oeration in 1'''%
and uses a constellation of 4$ 8E= satellites.
10=a182ar
42. This system is e,ected to use 2$$ satellites. T-1-"-83/
43. This system "ent into oeration in 1''$% uses 35
satellites.
ORBCOMM
44. This system has a similar structure to =14<=**
and became oerational in 2))3.
LEO O!-
42
BLAKE Summary
45. This system is considered a secial case 8E=
system% using only si, satellites% orbiting an altitude
of 12!) +m.
E,Sa2
4!. This *E= uses an interesting combination of
ellitical and circular orbits.
E113980
4#. This *E= is lanned by Inmarsat that "ill launch ten
satellites roviding global coverage.
I!2-rm-"3a2- C3r/u1ar Or=32
CICOD
CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO
1. . cellular telehone system designed mainly for use
"ith ortable telehones.
)ersonal Communication
System .)CS/
2. 0orth .merican first-generation cellular radio
standard using analog >*.
Advanced Mobile )hone
Service .AM)S/
3. In "ireless communication% it is the radio e&uiment
and the roagation ath.
Air 'nter-ace
4. It is the electronics that control base station
transmitters and receivers.
Base Station Controller
5. It is interruting the voice channel to send control
information.
Blan*%and%burst Signaling
!. >ailure to connect a telehone call because of lac+
of system caacity.
Call Bloc*ing
#. *ethod of transmitting data on .*3S cellular
telehone voice channels that are temorarily
unused.
Cellular Digital )ac*et Data
.CD)D/
$. Information sent by the base station in a cellular
radio system to set the o"er level of the mobile
transmitter.
Control Mobile Attenuation
Code .CMAC/
'. Signal transmitted by a cell site to identify that site
to the mobile user.
Digital Color Code .DCC/
1). . telehone connection that is unintentionally
terminated "hile in rogress.
Dro##ed Call
11. 0umber assigned to a cell hone by the
manufacturer as a security feature.
(lectronic Serial &umber
.(S&/
12. This is a control information that is transmitted by
NstealingO bits that are normally used for voice
information.
Fast Associated Control
Channel .FACCH/
13. <ommunication from a cell site or reeater to a
mobile unit.
For"ard Channel
14. T"o-"ay communication in "hich both terminals
can transmit simultaneously.
Full I Du#le$
15. T"o-"ay communication in "hich only one station
can transmit at a time.
Hal- I Du#le$
1!. Transfer of a call in rogress from one cell site to Hando--
43
BLAKE Summary
another.
1#. . mobile telehone service using trun+ed channels
but not cellular in nature.
'm#roved Mobile Tele#hone
Service .'MTS/
1$. . small cell designed to cover a high-traffic area. Microcell
1'. 0umber that identifies a mobile hone in a cellular
system.
Mobile 'denti-ication &umber
.M'&/
2). refer to no. 1'2 This is oularly +no"n as Mobile tele#hone number
21. S"itching facility connecting cellular telehone base
stations to each other and to the ublic telehone
net"or+.
Mobile S"itching Center
.MSC/
22. . memory location that stores the telehone
numbers to be used on the system.
&umber Assignment Module
.&AM/
23. ;ery small cells in a cellular radio system. )icocells
24. . comany that acts as a carrier to the base station. Reverse Channel
25. . cellular customer using a net"or+ other than the
subscriber/s local cellular net"or+.
Roamer
2!. It is the control information that is transmitted along
"ith the voice.
Slo" Associated Control
Channel .SACCH/
2#. <ode "hich describes the ma,imum o"er outut
of a cellular hone.
Station Class Mar* .SCM/
2$. . sine "ave above the voice fre&uency range%
transmitted on the voice channel used to detect the
loss of signal.
Su#ervisory Audio Tone
.SAT/
2'. . number transmitted by the base station to identify
the system oerator.
System 'denti-ication
&umber .S'D/
3). >re&uency of a signal tone during a call. => *H+
31. Transmitters in ad6acent cells are searated by
fre&uency by at least
A> *H+
32. T"o uni&ue numbers of each mobile unit.
Mobile 'denti-ication &umber
.M'&/,
&umber Assignment Module
.&AM/
33. It is simly the 1)-digit hone number for the
mobile hone.
Mobile 'denti-ication &umber
.M'&/
34. It is a uni&ue 32-bit number assigned to the hone
at the factory.
(lectronic Serial &umber
.(S&/
35. The three station class mar+s.
Mobile .Class '/,
Trans#ortable .Class ''/,
)ortable .Class '''/
3!. E13 of <lass I. JA dB3 .: 3/
3#. E13 of <lass II. J? dB3 .=9A 3/
3$. E13 of <lass III. %? dB3 .A>> m3/
3'. *obile transmitter o"er is controlled by the land
station in 4d4 increments% "ith the lo"est o"er
level being ___________ E13.
%?? dB3 .A9@ m3/
4). It occurs "hen t"o or more mobiles try to use the
control channel at the same time.
Collision
44
BLAKE Summary
41. Three ossible fre&uencies of a suervisory audio
tone.
<D8> H+, A>>> H+, A>@> H+
42. *ost ortable cell hones use this +ind of antenna. 2uarter%"ave Mono#ole
43. 1efer to no. 422 .t $)) *A9% the length of this
antenna is ____.
D9< cm
44. 3hone traffic is defined in ________. (rlangs .(/
45. 1efer to no. 442 =ne unit of it is e&uivalent to
1ne .=/continuous #hone
conversation
4!. The most obvious "ay to avoid call bloc+ing and call
droing is to __________.
)rovide more channels
4#. The reduction of cell si9e to increase traffic. Cell%s#litting
4$. The bit rate in the 1> channel for <737. =D9?*bCs
4'. The common digital system develoed by the
Euroean <ommunity.
,lobal System -or Mobile
5). The digital system "ould seem to be able to carry
___ times as much traffic as the analog system.
Three .@/
51. It rovides essentially the same information as S.T
in .*3S.
Coded Digital 0eri-ication
Color Code .CD0CC/
52. The t"o T7*. control channels.
Analog Control Channel
.ACCH/,
Digital Control Channel
.DCCH/
CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. Signal ath from a base station or satellite to a
mobile station or a ground station.
Do"nlin*
2. <hanging the time order or digital information
before transmission to reduce the effect of burst
errors in the channel.
'nterleaving
3. It is the telehone number that is uni&ue to a given
user "orld"ide.
'nternational Mobile
Subscriber 'denti-ication
.'MS'/
4. It is the tendency for stronger signals to interfere
"ith the recetion of "ea+er signals.
&ear%Far (--ect
5. . radio receiver that is caable of combining
several received signals "ith different time delays
into one comosite signal.
Ra*e Receiver
!. Transmission of brief te,t messages% such as age
or email% by cellular radio or 3<S.
Short Messaging
Service .SMS/
#. . card "ith an embedded integrated circuit that can
be used for functions such as storing subscriber
information for a 3<S system.
Smart Card
$. It is connecting a mobile to t"o or more base So-t Hando--
45
BLAKE Summary
stations simultaneously.
'. It contains all user information "hich is inserted into
the hone before use.
Subscriber 'D Module .S'M/
1). Transmission of data in t"o directions on a channel
by using different time slots for each direction.
Time%division Du#le$ing
.TDD/
11. Transmission channel to a satellite or base station. 5#lin*
12. <lass of orthogonal sreading codes used in <7*.
communications.
3alsh Code
13. The eventual goal of ersonal communication
systems.
To allo" each individual to
have #ersonal #hone and
#hone number "hich "ill
ta*e the #lace o- home,
o--ice, care, and #ortable
#hones9
14. <urrent 3<S resemble cellular radio systems e,cet
that they oerate at
Higher -requency and are
com#letely digital
15. The 3<S fre&uency range is divided in such a "ay
that there can be u to _______ service roviders in
a given region.
Si$
1!. They allo" roaming on the analog cellular system
"hen the correct tye of 3<S service is unavailable.
Dual mode, dual band #hones
1#. This features higher ma,imum data rates% greater
caacity of voice calls% and the ability to "or+ "ith a
"ide range of cell si9es and tyes.
Third ,eneration
1$. These systems aear li+ely to be art of the third
generation secifications.
CDMA,
TDMA
1'. ;oice channels are called ___________ _______ in
IS*.
Tra--ic Channels
2). This is used by the mobile to contact the base% for
registration% authentication% and call setu.
Random Access Channel
.RACH/
21. It is used for control messages to individual
telehones and for short aging-tye messages to
be dislayed on the hone.
Short Message Service,
)aging and Access Channel
.S)ACH/
22. It is the system used in Euroe and most of .sia for
both cellular and 3<S bands.
,SM
23. This allo"s the mobile receiver to loc+ on the
beginning of the transmission.
Synchroni+ing .SF&CH/
24. They rovide ac+no"ledgement of messages from
mobiules and inform the mobiles of the status of the
reverse control channel.
Shared Channel Feedbac*
.SCF/
25. Time slots er suerframe of fast broadcast
channel.
@ to =>
2!. Time slots er suerframe for e,tended broadcast
channel.
= to ;
2#. >unctions of short message service channel. Short message service,
46
BLAKE Summary
Remote #hone #rogramming
2$. >unction of aging channel. )aging
2'. >unction of access resonse channel.
Control messages to
individual #hones
3). 4and"idth of IS* channels. ?>> *H+
31. Total bit rate for an 1> channel in IS*. ?8>9;@@ *bCs
32. Time slots in the structure of an 1> channel is also
called as ______ in IS*.
Burst
33. Each voice transmission in IS* is coded at ______. =@ *bCs
34. T"o codes in use at a <7*. base station.
Short code,
!ong code
35. This code in <7*. base station is for synchroni9ing. Short code
3!. This code in <7*. base station in used for
encrytion of voice and control system data.
!ong code
3#. <7*. uses this for voice coding. 0ariable rate vocoder
3$. The four ossible bit rates used in voice coding of
<7*..
DA>> bCs,
:;>> bCs,
?:>> bCs,
=?>> bCs
3'. The ac+et-s"itched data in IS* system is called
,eneral )ac*et Radio Service
.,)RS/
4). The de facto standard created by "ireless
manufacturers for dislaying "eb content on
"ireless devices.
3ireless A##lication )rotocol
.3A)/
41. 1e&uirements for the third generation 3<S.
'm#roved Data
CommunicationK
,reater Ca#acityK
Ada#tability to mobile,
#edestrian, and -i$ed
o#eration
CHAPTER 23: PAIN AND *IRELESS DATA NET*ORKIN
1. . device to connect t"o segments of a net"or+. Bridge
2. Eni&ue address for a ager. Ca#code
3. *ethod of reducing contention in a net"or+ by
involving each station chec+ing for interference
before transmitting.
Carrier%Sense Multi#le%
Access 3ith Collision
Avoidance .CSMACCA/
4. *ethod of reducing contention to the net"or+ by
involving each station by chec+ing continuously for
interference before and during transmissions.
Carrier%sense Multi#le%access
"ith Collision Detection
.CSMACCD/
5. .ttemt by t"o transmitters to use the same
channel simultaneously.
Collision
!. >orm of local-area net"or+ using <S*.@<7 and a (thernet
47
BLAKE Summary
logical bus structure.
#. <ommunication channel from mobile to base
station.
'nbound Channel
$. . radio channel used for communication from a
base station to mobile stations.
1utbound Channel
'. Transmission of data in t"o directions on a channel
by using different time slots for each direction.
Time%division Du#le$ing
.TDD/
1). =tions for "ireless data communication.
)aging system,
Cellular and )CS radio,
3ireless !A& and Modems,
)ac*et Data &et"or*
11. Tyes of aging systems.
1ne%"ay bee#er,
1ne%"ay numeric,
1ne%"ay al#hanumeric,
T"o%"ay al#hanumeric,
0oice #agers
12. It transmit all ages throughout the "hole system to
avoid having to locate the reciient.
1ne%"ay #aging system
13. *ost current "ireless 8.0 e&uiment follo"s the
___________ standard.
'((( ;>?9==
14. This resembles the standard in no. 13. Bluetooth
15. It is common for very short-range connections and
is occasionally used for "ireless 8.0s.
'n-rared !ight
1!. Eses of ublic ac+et data net"or+s.
(mail,
Eee#ing contact "ith
em#loyees in the -ield,
!imited "eb bro"sing,
!o"%data%rate a##lications
1#. *ost common rotocol for one-"ay aging system.
)ost 1--ice Code
Standardi+ation Advisory
,rou# .)1CSA,/
1$. It is the de facto standard for t"o-"ay alhanumeric
agers.
Motorola ReF!(B
TM
1'. Standards that have been established in IEEE
$)2.11.
=9 A set o- "ireless nodes
is called Basic Service Set
.BSS/9
?9 A net"or* can consist
o- only o- "ireless node
communicating "ith each o-
"ireless nodes in BSS
@9 There can be multi#le
access #oints -or e$tended
coverage9
48
BLAKE Summary
:9 A net"or* "ith
multi#le access #oints is
called an ($tended Service
Set .(SS/
<9 3ireless units can
roam "ithin the (SS9
2). It is a "ireless net"or+ing scheme that cometes
"ith both $)2.11 and 4luetooth schemes.
HomeRFL
21. The 4luetooth secification is a 6oint venture
involving these several comanies.
(ricsson,
'BM,
'ntel,
&o*ia,
Toshiba
22. The simlest 4luetooth net"or+ )iconet
23. . conglomeration of t"o or more iconets. Scatternet
24. It is a short range infrared system that has been
used for some time to allo" t"o devices
communicate "ith each other.
'n-rared Data Association
.'RDA/
25. This standard for "ireless ac+et-s"itched data "as
created by the S"edish telehone comany for use
by its field ersonnel.
Mobite$
2!. *obite, can best be called ________. &ear real time
2#. This system is created by I4* as a 6oint venture
"ith *otorola for its o"n use.
Advanced Radio Data
'n-ormation Services .ARD'S/
CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS
1. The ma,imum angle bet"een the a,is of an otical
fiber and a ray of light entering the fiber.
Angle o- Acce#tance
2. The angle an incident ray ma+es "ith the normal to
a reflecting or refracting surface.
Angle o- 'ncidence
3. The angle a reflected ray ma+es "ith the reflected
to a reflecting surface.
Angle o- Re-lection
4. The angle a refracted ray ma+es "ith the normal to
a refracting surface.
Angle o- Re-raction
5. In otical fiber% it is the material of lo"er refractive
inde, that surrounds the core.
Cladding
!. It is the central art of the fiber "here the light
roagates.
Core
#. The ma,imum angle of incidence for "hich
refraction ta+es lace.
Critical Angle
$. Interference bet"een signals on searate cables in
close ro,imity.
Crosstal*
'. In a hotodetector% it is the current that flo"s in the Dar* Current
49
BLAKE Summary
absence of light.
1). . measure of ho" "ell a couler or similar device
re6ects o"er assing through it in the reverse
direction.
Directivity
11. ;ariation of roagation velocity "ith "avelength. Dis#ersion
12. the energy given to or absorbed by an electron that
moves through a otential difference of one volt.
(lectron%volt
13. The roortion of the o"er entering a couler that
is lost inside the couler.
($cess !oss
14. .n otical fiber in "hich the inde, of refraction of
the core decreases gradually "ith decreasing
distance from the center.
,raded%inde$ Fiber
15. . 30 6unction in "hich the t"o sides of the 6unction
are made of different materials.
Hetero4unction
1!. The ratio bet"een the velocity of light in free sace
and that in a given medium.
'nde$ o- Re-raction
1#. .cronym for light amlification by stimulated
emission of radiation.
!AS(R
1$. . lo"-o"er laser resembling an 8E7 in its
construction.
!aser Diode .!D/
1'. . fiber that allo"s light to travel along it in more
than one "aveguide mode.
Multimode Fiber
2). . line erendicular to a reflecting or refracting
light surface.
&ormal
21. The sine of the aerture of accetance in otical
fiber.
&umerical A#erture
22. . &uantum of electromagnetic radiation. )hoton
23. The smallest amount in "hich energy can e,ist. 2uantum
24. The relationshi bet"een outut current and inut
light o"er for a hotodetector.
Res#onsivity
25. .n otical fiber "hose core is sufficiently narro"
that only one "aveguide mode can roagate.
Single%mode Fiber
2!. .n otical finer that has one inde, of refraction for
the core and a second.
Ste#%inde$ Fiber
2#. reflection at the boundary bet"een t"o media "hen
the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle.
Total 'nternal re-lection
2$. 7etectors in fiber otics systems are usually
_________ or _____________.
)'& Diodes,
Avalanche )hotodiode
2'. . "ell-made slice can have as much loss as ______
of fiber.
=*m
3). .dvantages of fiber otics over coer cable. !arger band"idth,
,reater distance bet"een
re#eaters,
!o"er "eight,
Smaller si+e,
50
BLAKE Summary
'mmunity -rom electrical
inter-erence,
!o"er cost
31. =tical fibers are "aveguides for _____. !ight
32. .n infrared 8E7 is also called as _______.
'n-rared%emitting Diode
.'R(D/
33. The light is emitted from the flat surface of the
6unction.
Sur-ace%emitting
CHAPTER 2#: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
1. Synchroni9ation of digital signals by adding e,tra
bits to one signal.
Bit Stu--ing
2. . 1)) *b@s 8.0 signaling standard intended for use
"ith fiber otics but also used "ith coa,.
Fiber Distributed Data
'nter-ace .FDD'/
3. Ese of fiber Potic cable for telehone subscriber
connections.
Fiber in the !oo# .F'T)/
4. Ese of fiber for all of a telehone system e,cet for
the subscriber loo.
Fiber to the Curb .FTTC/
5. <alculation of received o"er in a system in order
to comare it "ith the o"er re&uired for
satisfactory erformance.
!oss Budget
!. . laser used as an energy source to e,cite electrons
into a higher energy state.
)um# !aser
#. The time re&uired for the voltage level at the
beginning of a ulse to increase from 1) to ')
ercent of its ma,imum value.
Rise Time
$. Single ulses that can travel through a medium "ith
no disersion.
Solitons
'. The Euroean Standard for synchronous
transmission over a fiber-otic net"or+.
Synchronous 1#tical &et"or*
.S1&(T/
1). The use of t"o or more light sources at different
"avelengths searately modulated "ith the same
fiber.
3avelength%division
Multi#le$ing .3DM/
11. The ma,imum distance that can be used "ith a
fiber lin+ can be limited by either ________ or ______.
!osses,
Dis#ersion
12. 8imitations due to losses are e,ressed in a ___
__________.
!oss Budget
13. 7isersion is e,ressed in terms of either
_____________ or _____________.
Band"idth%distance,
Rise Time
14. These can be used in digital systems to e,tend the
communication distance indefinitely.
Regenerative Re#eaters
15. =tical amlifiers can amlify an otical signal
"ithout converting it to _____________ ______.
(lectrical Form
1!. To increase the amount of data that can be carried
on a fiber% "avelength-division multile,ing can be
Time%division Multi#le$ing
51
BLAKE Summary
used in con6unction "ith ___________ ___________.
1#. fiber otics has greatly increased both the caacity
and the reliability of __________ ___________.
Submarine Cables
ADDITIONAL NOTES: NA%IATIONAL AIDS
1. It is the art of detecting the movements of a craft from
one oint to another along a desired ath.
&avigation
2. *ethods of navigation.
&avigational by )ilotage,
Celestial &avigation,
&avigation by Dead
Rec*oning,
Radio &avigations
3. . method of navigation "herein the navigator fi,es his
osition on a ma by observing +no"n visible
landmar+s.
&avigational by )ilotage
4. It is accomlished by measuring the angular osition of
celestial bodies.
Celestial &avigation9
5. It is the most common and "idely used method of
navigation "herein the osition of crafts at any instant
of time is calculated from reviously determined
osition% seed of its motion "ith resect to the earth
"ith the direction and the time elased.
&avigational by Dead
Rec*oning
!. 1efer to no. !2 .nother name for it. Deduced Calculations
#. It uses electromagnetic "aves to attain a fi,. Radio &avigation
$. It is basically a means of gathering information about
distant ob6ects or targets by sending electromagnetic
"aves at them and analy9ing the echoes.
Radio Detection and Ranging
.RADAR/
'. . one radar mile can be traveled by a signal "ithin
______.
A9=A microsec
1). . round tri of a transmitted signal in a radar "ill
consume a time of __________.
=?9@A microsec
11. .fter the radar ulses has been transmitted% a
__________ _______ _______ must be allo"ed for the echo
to return so as not to interfere "ith the ne,t transmit
ulse.
Su--icient Rest Time
12. It determines the ma,imum distance to the target to be
measured.
)ulse Re#etition Time
13. It is the range beyond "hich ob6ects aear as second
return echoes.
Ma$imum 5nambiguous
Range
14. It is the transmitted ulse that maybe reflected by the
target for one comlete round tri.
Double Range (choes
15. The effective areas considered in a radar cross section
of the target.
Rayleigh Region,
Resonance Region,
1#tical Region,
52
BLAKE Summary
1!. The radar cross section target deends onQ
)olari+ation o- the
inde#endent "ave,
Degree o- sur-ace roughness,
5se o- s#ecial coatings on
the target,
As#ect o- the target
1#. 3ulse characteristics isQ
Flat%to##ed rectangular
#ulses
1$. 8eading edge must be _____ to ensure that the leading
edge of the received ulse is also close to it.
0ertical
1'. It is re&uired for the voltage ulse alied to the
magnetron anode.
Flat To#
2). It is needed for the transmitted ulse so that the
dule,er can s"itch the receiver over to the antenna as
soon as the body of the ulse has assed.
Stee# Trailing (dge
21. .ntennas that can be used for radar.
Di#ole,
Horn Fed )araboloid
Re-lector,
Re-lectros o- basically
#araboloid sha#e
22. .ntenna trac+ing and scanning techni&ues in radar.
!obe s"itching technique,
Conical Scanning,
Mono#ulse Trac*ing
23. It is a se&uential lobing and the direction of the antenna
beam is raidly s"itched bet"een t"o ositions.
!obe S"itching Technique
24. It is the logical e,tension of lobe s"itching. Conical Scanning
25. It is a system using four horn antennas dislaced about
the central focus of the reflector.
Mono#ulse Trac*ing
2!. 7isadvantages of conical scanning.
More com#le$ motion o- the
antenna,
Additional servomechanisms
are required,
More than one returned
#ulse is required9
2#. *ethods of radar dislay.
A sco#e,
)lan )osition 'ndicator,
Automatic Target Detection
2$. It is the deflection modulation of the <1T screen. A sco#e
2'. It is the intensity modulation of the <1T and it sho"s a
ma of the largest area.
)lan )osition 'ndicator
3). It is a method of radar dislay "here direct feeding is
to"ard a comuter.
Automatic Target Detection
31. Ieneral tas+s of radar systems. Search -or targets,
Trac* them once they have
53
BLAKE Summary
been acquired
32. Tyes of trac+ing radar systems.
Trac*ing in angle,
Trac*ing in range
33. It is a system that gives the angular osition of a target
accurately.
Trac*ing in Angle
34. It is a tye of trac+ing radar system "herein the range
information is continuously obtained.
Trac*ing 'n Range
35. It is the transmitting and receiving antennas that are
located at the same oint.
Monostatic Radar
3!. In this radar% the transmitter and receiver are searated
by &uite large distances.
Bistatic Radar
3#. It is the effect that the aarent fre&uency of the
electromagnetic or sound "aves deends on the
relative radial motion of the source and the observer.
Do##ler (--ect
3$. These are small radar sets consisting of a receiver% a
searate transmitter and an antenna "hich is often
omni directional.
Radar Beacons
3'. .lications of radar beacons.
'denti-ication Friend or Foe
.'FF/,
Calculation o- #osition, similar
to lighthouses
4). This rovides a sloing glide ath for instrument
landing aroach of an aircraft.
'nstrument !anding Services
.'!S/
41. <omonents of an I8S.
!ocali+er,
,lide Slo#e (qui#ment,
'!S Mar*er Beacons,
Run"ay !ights
42. It rovides lateral guidance. !ocali+er
43. 3arts of a locali9er
0HF Radio Transmitter,
Antenna System
44. . locali9er uses same general range as ____
0ery High Frequency
1mnidirectional Range .01R/
Transmitters
45. It rovides vertical guidance. ,lide Slo#e (qui#ment
4!. . glide sloe e&uiment is roduced by a ________ and
_______.
,round%base 5HF Transmitter,
Antenna System
4#. The EA> transmitter of the glide sloe e&uiment is
oerating at the range of _____.
@?D9@> MH+ to @@< MH+
4$. It rovides information on distance from the run"ay by
identifying redetermined oints along the aroach
trac+.
'!S Mar*er beacons
4'. These I8S beacons are lo" o"er transmitters that
oerates at a fre&uency of _______.
8< MH+
5). The o"er rated outut of I8S beacons. !ess than @ 3atts
51. Ginds of run"ay lights. A##roach !ights,
54
BLAKE Summary
Sequence !ights,
Run"ay (dge !ights,
Threshold !ights,
Run"ay (nd !ights,
)recision A##roach )ath
'ndicator .)A)'/ !ights
52. The color of aroach lights. 3hite
53. The color of run"ay edge lights. Fello"
54. The color of threshold lights. ,reen
55. The color run"ay end lights. Red
5!. It rovide guidance to the ilot on an aroaching
aircraft to the run"ay.
A##roach !ights
5#. It is a art of aroach light that flashes t"ice in second
in se&uence that distinguishes aeronautical ground
lights in an aero dome to the other lights in the area.
Sequence !ights
5$. It rovides sufficient guidance to the ilot during
landing and ta+eoff esecially at night or 9ero visibility.
Run"ay (dge !ights
5'. it signifies the end of run"ay and is laced on a lines at
right angle to the run"ay access.
Run"ay (nd !ights
!). It rovides a ositive indicating on the aircraft osition
relative to the otimal sloe during final aroach to
the run"ay.
)A)' !ights
!1. This is an instrument aroach system consisting of
e,tremely high recision micro"ave radar e&uiment
that gives the osition of an aircraft in range% a9imuth%
and elevation.
,round%Controlled A##roach
.,CA/
!2. The ground e&uiment of the airort consists of t"o
micro"ave radar sets% these are _______ and _______.
Search System,
)recision System
!3. It locates all aircraft "ithin 3) miles or so of the airort
and it rovides a radar ma of the vicinity.
Search System
!4. It is the medium range radar accomlished in the initial
hase of the I<..
)lan )osition 'ndicator
!5. It rovides continuous information regarding the
osition of the incoming aircraft "ith resect to the
run"ay.
)recision System
!!. The final aroach of the I<. oerator uses short-
range recision radar that indicates the roer glide
ath for descent.
)recision A##roach Radar
.)AR/
!#. These are lo"-fre&uency transmitters oerating into an
omni directional vertically olari9ed antenna.
&on%Directional Beacons
.&DB/
!$. >re&uency range of 074. ?>> *H+ to :=< *H+
!'. the recetion range of the radio beacon of 074 =< &autical Miles
#). It is an e&uiment that rovides information of the
distance bet"een an aircraft and the ;=1 Station.
Distance Measuring
(qui#ment .DM(/
#1. <omonents of 7*E. Transceiver,
55
BLAKE Summary
'nternal Com#uter,
Antenna,
DM( Controls
#2. It sends out signals to ground station. Transceiver
#3. It is built "ithin the transceivers that measures the time
intervals that elased until the resonse.
'nternal Com#uter
#4. It is used for both transmission and recetion% mounted
on the underside of the aircraft.
Antenna
#5. It incororates digital readouts of fre&uency% 7*E and
ground seed information.
DM( Controls
#!. 7*E dislays information in the form of _______%
________% and __________.
Distance to the station,
Aircra-ts ,round S#eed,
Time to station
##. It is a radio facility roviding bearing information to and
from such facility at all a9imuth "ithin its service area.
0ery High Frequency 1mni
Range .01R/
#$. <omonents of the ;=1.
01R Receiver,
&avigation 'ndicator,
Trac* Arro",
Re-erence !ine
#'. This receives the ;=1 signals. 01R Receiver
$). It gives the ilot aircraft osition information. 01R &avigation 'ndicator
$1. The three comonents of the ;=1 navigation indicator.
Trac* Selector,
T1%FR1MC1FF Flag,
Trac* Deviation Bar
$2. It is used to rotate the a9imuth ring "hich dislays the
;=1 trac+.
Trac* Selector
$3. 1efer to no. $#2 .nother name for it. 1mni Bearing Selector .1BS/
$4. It indicates "hether the trac+ "ill ta+e the ilot to or
from the station.
T1%FR1MC1FF Flag
$5. It sho"s the ilot the osition relative to the trac+
selected and indicates "hether the radial is to the right
or left "hen the aircraft heading agrees generally "ith
the trac+ selector.
Trac* Deviation Bar .TB/
$!. It is a needle that you could thin+ of as a line that runs
through the station and oints in the direction of the
selected trac+ that divides the area around the ;=1
station into halves.
Trac* Arro"
$#. It is a line erendicular to the trac+ arro" and
intersecting it at the station.
Re-erence !ine
$$. It is a micro"ave ulse system that rovides highly
accurate bearing and range information from a
shiboard or ground radio beacon.
Tactical Air &avigation
.TACA&/
$'. T.<.0 oerates comletely in the EA> band from
______ to ____.
DA? to =?=@ megacycles
'). The T.<.0 system has a total of ______ channels in the =?A
56
BLAKE Summary
EA> band.
'1. T.<.0 rovides ______ _______ "ith less than one
degree error end.
Com#ass Direction
'2. T.<.0 can use a very small ground station antenna
"hich ermits its installation on _________ and _________.
Air Force Mobile 5nits,
&avy Carriers
'3. <omonents of T.<.0.
Airborne 'nterrogator%
Res#onsor,
,round or Shi#board Sur-ace
Beacon
'4. It could be tuned to 12! channels and has a secial
range and a9imuth circuit.
Airborne 'nterrogator%
Res#onsor
'5. This is a beacon that could be triggered by distance
interrogation ulses coming from an airborne radio set.
,round or Shi#board Sur-ace
Beacon
'!. It is the combination of ;=1 and T.<.0. 01RTAC
'#. These are range stations that rovides four aircraft
course legs.
!o" Frequency Radio .!FR/
Range
'$. The 8>1 deends on the suerosition of the figure-$
directional antenna atterns that rovide __________.
1&%C15RS( Signals
''. 1adio range stations oerate on fre&uency bet"een
_______ and _______.
?>> *H+ and :>> *H+
1)). .n e,isting area "here ractically no signal is heard
in a radio range station.
Cone o- Silence
1)1. The station references in long distance navigation
system.
,round Re-erenced,
Satellite Re-erenced
1)2. 0avigational aids installed in the ground. ,round Re-erenced
1)3. It uses the interferometic techni&ues in the satellite. Satellite Re-erenced
1)4. 3roduces hyerbolic lines of osition through the
measurement of the difference in times of transmission
of radio signals from t"o or more synchroni9ed
transmitters at fi,ed oints.
Hy#erbolic System
1)5. It is an electronic method of determining shi
osition by the recetion of signals from transmitting
stations of +no"n locations.
!ong Range &avigation
.!1RA&/
1)!. It has a ea+ o"er of 1)) +( and can be received
over sea at a distance of 5)) to #)) nautical miles.
!1RA& A System
1)#. Its transmitters oerate at a lo"er fre&uencies of
1)) +A9 and this fre&uency% ground "aves of a 3)) +(
transmitter can be received u to 12)) nautical miles.
!1RA& C System
1)$. the ground stations are transortable and therefore
be &uic+ly deloyed.
!1RA& D System
1)'. . continuous "ave hyerbolic system oerating in
the #) to 13) +A9 band.
D(CCA
11). It is a hyerbolic system "hich "or+s in the very lo"
fre&uency region and has a very long base line of the
order of #))) +m.
1M(,A
111. 1efer to no. 1152 The develoers of this system. 5S &avy
57
BLAKE Summary
112. 1efer to no. 1152 The year it "as develoed. =D<8
113. It oerates from 2) to $5 *A9.
,round (lectronics
(ngineering .,((/
114. It is the contraction of the hrase NSound 0avigation
and 1angingO.
S1&AR
115. . system used aboard navy shis for sonic and ultra
sonic under"ater detection% ranging% sounding and
communications.
S1&AR
11!. It alerts the flight cre" of otential conflicts "ith
other airlanes in the same area.
Tra--ic alert and Collision
Avoidance System .TCAS/
11#. T<.S trac+s other airlanes or intruders if it is
e&uied "ith ______________ or _____________.
Air Tra--ic Control Radar
Beacon System .ATCRBS/,
Mode S ATC Trans#onder
11$. T"o tyes of collision avoidance alerts rovided by
T<.S.
Tra--ic Advisory .TA/,
Resolution Advisory .RA/
11'. It sho"s the relative osition of any intruder
airlane.
TA
12). It sho"s a vertical maneuver to avoid a ossible
airlane collision.
RA
121. It is a "orld"ide navigation radio aid "hich uses
satellite signals to rovide accurate navigation
information.
&avigation Systems Time and
Ranging ,lobal )ositioning
System .&A0STAR ,)S/
122. The three segments of 0.;ST.1.
S#ace Segment,
Control Segment,
5ser Segment
123. It is comosed of a constellation of 24 satellites
arranged in si, searate orbital lanes of four satellites
each on a circular orbit.
S#ace Segment
124. It is comosed of four monitor stations and one
master control station "hich trac+ the satellite%
comute the ehemeris% cloc+ corrections and control
the navigation arameters and transmit them to the
I3S users.
Control Segment
125. The civil and military users of the I3S. 5ser Segment
12!. <haracteristics of the sace segment.
<<M inclination to the (quator,
An altitude o- a##ro$imately
?>?>> *m "ith an orbit #eriod
o- =? sideral hours
12#. (hat do these satellites in the sace segment
rovideH
Satellite )osition,
Constellation Data,
Atmos#heric Corrections
12$. The four monitor stations of the I3S are located
inQ
E"a4alein,
Ha"aii,
Ascencion 'sland,
58
BLAKE Summary
Diego ,arcia
12'. The master control station of the I3S is located in
Q
Colorado S#rings
13). (ho funded and controlled I3SH
5S De#artment o- De-ense
.D1D/
131. .dvantages of I3S.
Anytime, any"here and in any
"eather,
Highly accurate
measurements,
,)S has almost endless
a##lications
132. 7isadvantage of I3S.
,)S measurements becomes
less accurate "hen SA and AS
is e--ected9
-end-
KE8E<T1=0I< <=**E0I<.TI=0 SMSTE*S% 2
nd
edition by 48.GEL
59