INDEX

1. Effective Communication 2-3

2. Parts of speech 4 10

3. How to Frame the sentences 11 14

4. Conjugation 14

5. TENSES 15 -18

6. Model Auxiliary Verbs 19 -23









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Effective Communication

1. Grammatically Correct Sentences

Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message

SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you
probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to
sell their car for them because they have goneto France. We can add a few words:

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more
correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete,
grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same:

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.


2. Pronunciation of Every word
Eg: A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.


3. Grammar
Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences


4. Vocabulary
Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the
command of a particular person or group.


5. Body Language
Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body


6. Variety of Sentences
Eg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words
repeatedly.


7. Voice Modulation
Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice
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8. Expressing Feelings
Eg: .


9. Expressing More Ideas
Eg: .


10. Honing Communication
Eg: .


11. Spontaneity
Eg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by
one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.


12. Accent
Eg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language

















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Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adverb
4. Adjective
5. Proposition
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection

E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market

Ravi - Noun (5),
and - Conjunction (2) ,
his - Pronoun (10),
best - Adjective (3)
friend - Noun
went - Verb (10)
quickly - Adverb (13)
to - Preposition (3)
Market - Noun

Noun
It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea.














Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can
be held. These are further divided into four.

Common Noun: A name used in common or general
E.g.: Market, Institute

NOUN
CONCRETE NOUN
COMMON NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUN
PROPER NOUN MATERIAL NOUN COLLETIVE NOUN
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Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place.
E.g.: Ravi, Vani.

Material Noun: Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called
materials Nouns.
E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel

Collective Noun: A collection taken together and spoken as a whole is called a
collective nouns.
E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army

Sir introduced new words:
Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People)
Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)


ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which cant see, feel and touch
E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity

ity - suffix - end small attachment

Suffixes & Abstract Noun
ity ance ence ant ent ness
ment aire sion ssion tion ist
ster hood wood logy ism


Pronoun
Its a word used Instead of a Noun


I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence)

Sir asked me (After verb)

It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership)
Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun
Personal Pronouns I We You He She It They
Objective Pronouns Me Us You Him Her It Them
Possessive Adjective My Our Yours His Her Its Their
Possessive Pronoun Mine Ours Yours His Her Its Their
Reflexive Pronoun Myself ourselves
Yourself
yourselves
Himself herself itself themselves
Emphatic Pronoun Myself Our sleves
Yourself
yourselves
Himself herself itself themselves
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This book is mine (At the end of the sentence)

I blamed myself ()

I myself helped them ()


Other Pronouns
Someone somebody something Somewhere
Somewhat anyone No one one
One of them none of them each of them every one of them
This That These Those
Each and Every one of them

























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VERBS
Definition: It Shows Action
































Will Future Actions
Talk about willingness
Decided something to do (determination)
Conditional Sentence.


Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs Action Verbs (10000)
ModelAuxiliary
Verbs
Primary Auxiliary
Verbs
Be
am
is
are
were
be
been
being

do
do
does
did



have
have
has
had

Will - would, Shall - should, Can - could
May - Might, Used to, Ought to
Need, Dare, must


Irregular Verbs
(200)
Eg:
Write,Wrote,Written


Regular Verbs
(9800)
Eg:
ask,Asked,Asked
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Adverbs
It add meaning to Verb
It adds meaning to Adjective
It adds meaning to Adverb

E.g.: Sit Straight

Carefully
Silently
listen attentively
Actively


Fast
Briskly(fast)
Slow
Slowly
Run Steadily
Quickly
Carefully
Cautiously
Swiftly

E.g.: Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective)
Ravi is Very Clever
Very, So, too (Adverb)

E.g.: Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective)
Ravi is fast run







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Adjective

It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective.
There are three types


Note: Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative
Degree, and most in superlative Degree
Suffixes: ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like


Prepositions

It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & Pronoun
Single Preposition: for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above,
below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except,
including, excluding, save.

Compound Preposition: across, about, along with, not with standing,
beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon,

Prepositional Phrase: in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because
of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on, due
to, on par with (equal to)

Positive
Degree
Comparative
Degree
Superlative
Degree
E.g. -1 Little Less Least
Much More Most
Good Better Best
Well Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Evil Worse Worst
Ill Worse Worst
E.g. - 2 Rich Richer Richest
E.g. -3 Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful
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Conjunction

A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentences
Ex: and

Complex sentences: If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though,
Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why,
who, whose, whom, which, How.

Compound Sentences: and, but, still, yet, or, nor, eitheror, neither
nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not
only but also, both and.

Simple Sentence: too to


Interjection

Words are sentences which express sudden feelings
E.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas!

What a nice painting!
How costly the watch is!











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How to Frame the sentences

Base form = dont + Base form (Write - Dont + write)
s form = doesnt + Base form (Writes = doesnt + write)
Simple Past - did nt + Base form (didnt + write)

There are 5 verb forms

Baseform - Write
s form - Writes
Simple past - Wrote
Past Participle (V
3
) - Written
Ing form
- Writing































Do Dont do
Does Doesnt do
Did Didnt do
Have Dont have
Has Doesnt have
Had Didnt have
Have to Dont have to
Has to Doesnt have to
Had to Didnt have to
Have + PP Havent + PP
Has + PP Hasnt + PP
Had + PP Handt + PP
Used to Didnt use to
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8 Communicative forms
1. Positive Sentences
2. Negative Sentences
3. Yes or no questions (Positive)
4. Yes or no questions (negative)
5. wh questions (Positive)
6. wh questions (negative)
7. Question tags (negative)
8. Question tags (Positive)


Examples on do, did, does


Examples on have, has, had



Do Does Did
We do home work She does Engineering He did two mistakes
We dont do home work She does nt do Engineering He didnt do two mistakes
Do we do home work Does she do Engineering Did he do to mistakes
Dont we do home work Does nt she do Engineering Didnt he do to mistakes
What do we do? What does she do? How many mistakes did he do?
What dont we do? What does nt she do? How many mistakes didnt he do?
We do Home work? Dont we? She does Engineering? Doesnt she? He did two mistakes, didnt he?
We dont home work? do we? She does nt do Engineering? Does she? He didnt two mistakes? Did he?
Have Has Had
We have many doubts She has three siblings He had urgent work
We dont have many doubts She does nt have three siblings He didnt have urgent work
How many doubts do we have? Does she have three siblings Did he have urgent work?
How many doubts dont we
have?
Does nt she have three siblings Did nt he have urgent work?
Do we have many doubts? How many siblings does she have? What type of work he had?
Dont we have many doubts? How many siblings doesnt she have? What type of work he didnt have?
We have many doubts. Have nt
we?
She has three siblings? Has nt she? He h ad urgent work? Had nt he
We dont have many doubts. Do
we?
She doesnt have three siblings? Does
she?
He didnt have urgent work? Did he?
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Examples on Used to, has, had

Examples on Base form, Sform, Simple Past



Examples on have to, has to, had to
Used to Has Had
We used to feel shy She has three siblings He had urgent work
We didnt use to feel shy She does nt have three siblings He didnt have urgent work
Did we use to feel shy Does she have three siblings Did he have urgent work?
Didnt we use to fell shy Does nt she have three siblings Did nt he have urgent work?
How did we use to feel? How many siblings does she have? What type of work he had?
How didnt we use to fell? How many siblings doesnt she have? What type of work he didnt have?
We use to feel shy? Didnt we? She has three siblings? Has nt she? He h ad urgent work? Had nt he
We didnt use to feel shy? Did
we?
She doesnt have three siblings? Does
she?
He didnt have urgent work? Did he?
Base form S form Simple Past
We Learn Carefully She stays on the third floor He wrote two letters
We dont Learn Carefully She does nt stay on the third floor He didnt writer two letters
Do we learn Carefully Does she stay on the third floor Did he write two letters
Dont we learn Carefully Does nt she stay on the third floor Did nt write two letters
How do we learn On which floor does she stay? Howmany letters did he write?
How dont we learn On which floor doesnt she stay Howmany letters didnt he write?
We learn carefully? Dont we? She stays on the third floor? Doesnt she? He wrote two letters? Didnt he?
We dont learn carefully? Do
we?
She doesnt stay on the third floor? Does
she?
He didnt write two letters? Did he?
Have to Has to Had to
We have to practice carefully She has to come on time I had to help him
We dont have to practice
carefully
She does nt have to come on time I didnt have to help him
Do we have to practice carefully? Does she have to come on time Did I have to help him
Dont we have to practice
Carefully?
Does nt she have to come on time Did nt I have to help him
How do we have to practice? When does she have to come? Whom did I have to help him?
How dont we have to practice When doesnt she have to come? Whom didnt I have to help him?
We have to practice carefully?
Dont we?
She has to come on time? Does nt she? I had to help him Didnt I?
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Examples on have + pp, has + pp, had + pp



CONJUGATION

Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation

Conjugation of the Verb Write




We dont have to practice
carefully? Do we?
She doesnt have to come on time?
Does she?
I didnt have to help him? Did I?
Have + PP Has + PP Had + PP
We have answered correctly She has answered all questions We had offered prayer before we
came here
We havent answered correctly She has nt answered all questions We had nt offered prayer before we
came here
Have we answered correctly Has she answered all questions Had we offered prayer before we
came here
Havent we answered correctly Hasnt she answered all questions Had nt we offered prayer before we
came here
How have we answered? Howmany questions has she answered? When had we offered prayer?
How havent we answered? Howmany questions hasnt she
answered?
When hadnt we offered prayer?
We have answered correctly?
Have nt we?
She has answered all questions? Has nt
she?
We had offered prayer before we
came here? Hadnt we?
We havent answered correctly?
Have we?
She has nt answered all questions? Has
she?
We had nt offered prayer before we
came here? Had we?
Simple Present Tense We wrote Letters
Present Continuous Tense: We are writing Letters
Present Perfect Tense We have written Letters
Present Perfect Continuous Tense We have been writing Letters Since last year
Simple Past Tense We wrote Letters
Past Continuous Tense We were writing letters at 7o clock
Past Perfect Tense We had written Letters before we came here
Past Perfect Continuous Tense We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here
Simple Future Tense We will write Letters
Future Continuous Tense We will be writing Letters at 7o Clock
Future Perfect Tense We will have written Letters by 9o Clock
Future Continuous Tense We have been writing Letters for one hour by 8o clock
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TENSES
It shows time of the Action

Simple Present Tense
Base form/s form
Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it)
Uses:
1. Universal Truth
E.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal
2. Daily Activities
3. Habitual Actions
4. Future Fixed Action
5. With see, look, how
E.g: See how the children fight
Look, how this washing Machine works
6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less
number), Scarcely (very less quantity)
7. News Paper Headlines
8. Magazines
9. Running Commentary
10. Stories
11. Historical incidents
12. Proverbs Quotations
Proverb E.g: All that Glitters is not Gold
A sentence with two meaning
i) Literal Meaning ii) Inner or implied meaning
Literal Meaning: Any metal which looks like Gold is not Gold
Implied Meaning: Appearances are Desective




Present Continuous
am/is/are + verb + ing

Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),
Uses:
1. Action which is happening now
2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later
3. Immediate future action (going)
E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses
Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time
I am going to have a cup of tea after the class
4. Arrangement of future fixed action
E.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow
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5. Appointment (seeing)
E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to night


Present Perfect
Have/has+ Past Participle

Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never

Usage: Action is completed, but its effect is seen in the presence
Examples:
1. She has waited for the bus since 8o clock
2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes
3. Swamiji has already left
4. We have joined junior course recently
5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense
6. I have nt started the work book yet
7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple
8. No, I have never visited

Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past?
I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect
I took Break fast - Simple past



Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Have/has + been + verb + ing
Note: Since, For (Preposition)
Usage: Action started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the future

Examples: We have been sitting in the class since 100 Clock

We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours

For - Period of time - duration
Since - Point of time












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Simple Past Tense

Usage: For any Completed action in the Past.
Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the
beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened,
when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this
level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon

Examples: I met my friend before coming here

I met my friend when I was coming here


Past Continuous Tense
Was/were + verb + ing

Usage: For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time.
Note: at, when I was coming, while I was coming
E.g.: we were offering prayer at 10o clock

A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall

The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.



Past Perfect Tense
had + Past Participle (V3)

Usage: When there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and the
second completed action is in simple Past.
E.g.: we had offered prayer before we came here
We had stood in line before prayer bell was given





Past Perfect ContinuousTense
had + been + verb + ing

Usage: For any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more past
action
E.g.: I had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came here
I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math
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Simple Future Tense
Will/shall + Baseform

Usage: For any future action with or without time adverb:
Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after
sometime, as and you need.
E.g.: I will come tomorrow
He will deposit the money day after tomorrow

Usage: Conditional sentence
E.g.: If u help me now, I will help you later on
If u save money, money will save you in emergency


Future Continuous Tense
Will/shall + be + verb + ing
Usage: For any continuous action in the future at a particular given time
Note: at
E.g.: we will be offering prayer at 10o clock on Tuesday.

We will be waiting for bus at 12o clock


Future Perfect Tense
Will/shall + have + PP(V3)
Usage: For any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future given
time.
Note: by
E.g.: we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action)
We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)


Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Will/shall + have + been + verb + ing
Usage: For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time.
Note: by
E.g.: we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30
We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday








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Model Auxiliary Verbs

1. Can - Uses

1. Present Ability (Physical Strength is called)
E.g.: I can catch running Bus
I can Speak Good English in three months

2. Capacity (Area or Space)
E.g.: This room can accommodate 60 students
Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

3. To give and take Permission informal situation
E.g.: Informal Family, relative, friends
We dont have any type of restrictions
Can I use your cell Phone?
Yes, You can.
Can I Use your vehicle in emergency
Yes, You can

4. Direct and indirect speech sentences
E.g.: Ravi says, I can solve your problems
Ravi says that he solve my problems

5. Conditional Sentence
E.g.: If you try again, you can understand better

2. Could - Uses
1. Past ability
2. Polite English

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Past ability: I went to bank I couldnt withdraw the money
E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldnt clear first round itself.

Polite English: How to give respect others
E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please?
Could I know my feed back?
Could I know the reason for delay?

3. Will - Uses
1. Future Action
E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353
He will deposit the money after sometime

2. Willingness
E.g.: Sir will clear doubts
I will drop you at liberty

3. Determination (Firm Decision)
E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course

4. Sure
E.g.: She will get a rank this time
My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani
The Baby will fall down


5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences
E.g.: Ravi says will you deposit the money tomorrow?
Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.

6. Conditional Sentences
E.g.: If you work hard, you will get success
If you read it again, you will understand better
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4. Would - Uses
1. Polite English
E.g.: Sir would Guide us
My Father would visit this institute.
Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award


2. Past habitual Action
E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.
Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six
I would work on system ours together when I was a student

5. May - Uses
1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening
E.g.: The doctors may save the patient
Swamiji may visit our class
Sir may give us a chance for GD
It may rain

2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation
E.g.: May I come in?
Yes, You may come

Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please
May I know, whether my sentence is correct


6. Might - Uses
1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening
E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class
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He might Go abroad
They might allow me for fourth late coming

2. Polite English (might + like)
E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation
Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation
Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment

3. We hold someone responsible if some big mistake happens
E.g.: The doctors might have saved the Patient
You might have avoided using cell Phone
He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle
You might have stopped the children from entering water

7. Shall - Uses
1. Future Action (I, we)
E.g.: I shall come tomorrow
We Shall talk to sir after the class

2. Voluntary Help (I, we)
E.g.: Shall I help you
Shall we assist them
Shall we arrange the chairs Properly

3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they)
E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance
She shall get Promotion this time

4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they)
E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes
Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class

5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he, she, it, they)
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E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24
hours
(*Screem Shouting Loudly)
8. Should or Ought to
1. Duty
E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country

2. Obligation
E.g.: We should respect others
We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall

3. Reference or Recommendation
E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford
She should see a dermatologist

4. Suggestion (Related to work)
E.g.: You should arrange the class
The builder should increase the size of the rooms

5. Advice (related to a person or Person health
E.g.: You should take care of your health
He should mind his language





aaaa vani aaaa
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