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This document provides information about various common medical tests performed in primary health care settings. It discusses complete blood count (CBC) tests which measure components of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. It also describes blood pressure, blood glucose, urinalysis tests and their purposes. For each test, it explains how to prepare, what to expect during the procedure, potential risks, and follow up with a doctor to discuss results. Medical imaging is also briefly mentioned.
This document provides information about various common medical tests performed in primary health care settings. It discusses complete blood count (CBC) tests which measure components of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. It also describes blood pressure, blood glucose, urinalysis tests and their purposes. For each test, it explains how to prepare, what to expect during the procedure, potential risks, and follow up with a doctor to discuss results. Medical imaging is also briefly mentioned.
This document provides information about various common medical tests performed in primary health care settings. It discusses complete blood count (CBC) tests which measure components of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. It also describes blood pressure, blood glucose, urinalysis tests and their purposes. For each test, it explains how to prepare, what to expect during the procedure, potential risks, and follow up with a doctor to discuss results. Medical imaging is also briefly mentioned.
Complete blood count (CBC) A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood, including: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen White blood cells, which fight infection Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Hematocrit, the proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or plasma, in your blood Platelets, which help with blood clotting Abnormal increases or decreases in cell counts as revealed in a complete blood count may indicate that you have an underlying medical condition that calls for further evaluation. Blood pressure test A blood pressure test measures the pressure in your arteries as your heart pumps. You might have a blood pressure test as a part of routine doctor's appointment or as a screening for high blood pressure (hypertension). Many people, such as those with high blood pressure, do their own blood pressure tests at home so that they can better track their health. You may have frequent blood pressure tests if you've been diagnosed with prehypertension, high blood pressure (hypertension) or low blood pressure (hypotension).
Blood Glucose Test A glucose test measures the amount of glucose in your blood. Glucose, also known as sugar, is your bodys main source of energy. Your body converts the carbohydrates you eat into glucose. Glucose testing is done primarily to check for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational. Diabetes is a condition that causes your blood glucose to rise. In healthy individuals, the glucose level is managed in the body by a hormone called insulin. However, if you have diabetes, your body does not make enough insulin or the insulin does not work properly. This causes your blood glucose to rise. If left untreated, high levels of blood glucose can cause organ damage. More rarely, glucose testing may also be used to test for hypoglycemia, which occurs when the levels of glucose in the blood are too low. Diabetes and the Blood Glucose Test Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and teenagers whose bodies are not able to produce enough insulin. It is a chronic condition and requires treatment throughout an individuals life. Late onset Type 1 diabetes has been shown to affect individuals in the 30 to 40 age group as well. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed in overweight and obese adults. This condition occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, or when the insulin produced is not working properly. The impact of Type 2 diabetes may be reduced through weight loss. Gestational diabetes occurs when a pregnant woman develops diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after the woman gives birth. After receiving a diagnosis, people with diabetes may have to get blood glucose tests to determine if their condition is being managed well. A high glucose level in a person with diabetes may mean that the diabetes is not being managed correctly.
Other possible causes of high blood glucose levels include: pre-diabetes (an individual is at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes) hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) kidney problems pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) pancreatic cancer In rare cases, high blood glucose levels could signal acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, kidney failure, or adrenal tumor. It is also possible to have levels of blood glucose that are too low. However, this result is not as common. Low blood glucose or hypoglycemia may be caused by: insulin overuse starvation hypopituitarism hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) Addisons disease, alcohol abuse, liver disease, or insulinoma (in rare cases) How to Prepare for the Test There are two different types of glucose blood testinga fasting glucose test and a random glucose test. If you are having a fasting glucose test, you should not eat or drink for eight hours before your test. You can only drink plain water. You may want to schedule a fasting glucose test first thing in the morning, so you do not have to fast during the day. You may eat and drink before a random glucose test. Severe stress can cause a temporary increase in blood glucose. This stress is usually due to surgery, trauma, stroke, or heart attack. Certain medications can also affect blood glucose levels. Always tell your doctor about the medications you are onincluding prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal supplements. He or she may ask you to stop taking some medications or decide to change the dosage before your test. Medications that can affect blood glucose levels include: acetaminophen corticosteroids steroids diuretics oral contraceptives (birth control pills) hormone therapy aspirin atypical antipsychotics lithium epinephrine tricyclic antidepressants monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) phenytoin sulfonylurea medications What to Expect During the Test This simple test involves giving only a small sample of blood. A technician will draw blood from your vein, usually from inside the elbow or on the back of your hand. Before drawing blood, the technician will clean the area with antiseptic to kill any germs. He or she will tie an elastic band around your upper arm, causing your blood to pool in the vein. The technician will then insert a sterile needle into your vein. The blood will be drawn into a tube and the elastic band removed from around your arm. You may feel slight to moderate pain, similar to a needle prick or a burning sensation. You can reduce your pain by trying to relax your arm. When the technician is finished drawing blood, he or she will remove the needle, apply pressure to the insertion spot, and apply a bandage. Continue applying pressure for a few minutes to prevent bruising. The sample of blood you gave will then be sent to the lab for testing. Your doctor will follow-up with you to discuss the results. Test Risks The chance of experiencing a problem during or after a blood test is low. Possible risks include: multiple puncture wounds if it is difficult to find a vein excessive bleeding lightheadedness or fainting hematoma (blood collecting under the skin) infection
URINALYSIS A urinalysis is a laboratory test done to detect problems with your body that can appear in your urine. Many illnesses and disorders affect how your body removes waste and toxins. The system that takes care of that is broadly called the excretory system, and includes your lungs, kidneys, urinary tract, skin, and bladder. Problems with any of these parts of your body can affect the appearance, concentration, and content of your urine (Mayo). Urinalysis is not the same as drug screening or pregnancy tests, although all three tests involve a urine sample. Why Urinalysis Is Done There are several reasons your doctor may order you to undergo urinalysis. Urinalysis is often used as pre-emptive screening during pregnancy checkups, prior to surgery, or part of a routine medical exam or physical. Your doctor may order urinalysis if he or she suspects you of having certain conditions, or you experience certain symptoms, including: abdominal pain back pain blood in the urine diabetes kidney disease liver disease painful urination urinary tract infection If youve been diagnosed with any of these conditions, your doctor may use urinalysis testing to check on the progress of treatments or tracking the progression of a disease. The Risks of Urinalysis Urinalysis carries no risks to the patient as it simply requires you to urinate in a cup. How to Prepare for Urinalysis One of the best ways to prepare for giving a urine sample is to make sure you drink enough water to provide an adequate sample. Prior to the test, tell your doctor about any medications or supplements you take as these may affect the results.
How Urinalysis Is Performed Urinalysis is performed in a laboratory setting. This may be at your doctors office, hospital, or specialized testing facility. Youll be given a plastic cup. Youll take the cup to the bathroom. There, in a private setting, youll urinate into the cup. If you have too much urine and not enough cup, you can finish urinating in the toilet. When youre finished, youll place the lid on the cup and wash your hands. Youll either bring the cup out of the bathroom with you, or leave it in a special box inside the bathroom. After youve provided your sample, your portion of the test is done. The sample will then be sent to a lab, or remain in the hospital if they have the necessary equipment. The urine sample will be tested by appearance, under a microscope, and with specialized strips treated with chemicals to test for the following: bilirubin, a product of red blood cell death blood concentration leukocytes, nitrates, and other signs of infection sugars pH levels (acidity) Following Up After a Urinalysis When the results from your urinalysis are complete, your doctor will review them with you. Abnormal results from urinalysis typically require additional screening methods to adequately determine the cause of your problems. This could include blood tests, imaging tests (CT scans, MRI, etc.), or other diagnostic procedures.
Medical imaging Medical imaging is a term that covers tests done in radiology and nuclear medicine to enable a doctor to confirm, rule out or clarify a diagnosis in order to determine the most appropriate treatment. Radiology services include lung x-rays and simple limb x-rays, etc.
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