Psychosis

Agid O, Kapur S, Arenovich T, Zipursky RB. Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action:

a hypothesis tested and rejected. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:1228-1235

This study shows that if antipsychotics dont have an effect in the first week, they probably never
will, and the most pronounced effects are in the first two weeks of treatment.


Andreasen NC, Liu D, Ziebell S, Vora A, Ho BC. Relapse duration, treatment intensity, and
brain tissue loss in schizophrenia: a progressive longitudinal MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2013;
170:609-615

Important study finding antipsychotics cause brain shrinkage rather than relapses, and suggest
using the lowest doses possible


Chouinard G, Jones BD. Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: clinical and
pharmacologic characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137:16-21

One of the first papers to introduce the possibility of a neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity
psychosis


Demjaha A, Murray RM, McGuire PK, Kapur S, Howes OD. Dopamine synthesis capacity in
patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1203-1210

This paper shows that dopamine dysregulation is not found in those with treatment resistant
schizophrenia and thus dopamine antagonists are worthless in these patients


Fletcher PC, Frith CD. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:48-58

An extremely clever model uniting Schneiders first rank symptoms as theory of mind deficits in
context of other biological and neuropsychological findings in schizophrenia


Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive
state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:107-120

Extremely useful review of the field of prodromal or at-risk mental state


Honer WG, Thornton AE, Chen EYH et al. Clozapine alone versus clozapine and risperidone
with refractory schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 472-482

CARE study showed adding risperidone to clozapine no more effective than clozapine alone


Jones PB, Barnes TR, Davies L et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life
of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: cost utility of the latest
antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia study (CUtLASS 1) Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:1079-87

CUtLASS study was British equivalent of the CATIE using more of the typical antipsychotics and
confirming the new drugs cost more and have no additional benefit on quality of life


Kahn RS, Fleischhacker WW, Boter H et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode
schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2008;
371:1085-97

EUFEST study found that first-episode psychosis like chronic schizophrenia responds just as
well to the older drugs as the newer drugs


Kane J, Hongfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H and the Clozaril Collaborative Study Group. Clozapine
for the treatment resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:789-796

Classic study demonstrating clozapines superiority to chlorpromazine in treatment-resistant
schizophrenia that led to re-discovery of clozapine in clinical practice


Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology,
and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:13-23

A modern classic, this paper describes how the dopamine hypothesis can explain the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia


Leff J, Sartorium N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G. The International Pilot Study of
Schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychol Med 1992; 22:131-145

Five-year follow up of the IPSS which found prognosis of schizophrenia was better in developing
countries than in the developed world


Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic
drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:951-962

This meta-analysis shows substantial differences in efficacy and side-effect profiles of different
antipsychotic agents with clozapine, amisulpride and olanzapine coming out as most effective,
and asenapine, lurasidone, and iloperidone coming out as least effective


Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP et al. Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients
with Chronic Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1209-1223

CATIE study showed olanzapine was more effective than other atypical antipsychotics and
ziprasidone less effective, with no difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics


Tiihonen J, Lonngvist J, Wahlbeck K et al. 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with
schizophrenia: a population based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 2009; 374:620-627

This study found clozapine was associated with reduced morality in comparison to other
antipsychotics or no treatment in schizophrenia


Wunderink L, Nieboer RM, Wiersma D, Sytema S, Nienhuis FJ. Recovery in remitted first-
episode psychosis at 7 years of follow-up of an early dose reduction/discontinuation or
maintenance treatment strategy: long-term follow-up of a 2-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA
Psychiatry 2013; 70:913-920

Controversial study that confirms older data that continued antipsychotic use leads to poorer
functional outcomes with better symptom control than discontinuation/early dose reduction
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New
Depressive Disorders

Beck AT. The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates.
Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:969-977

Very readable overview of the cognitive model of depression in a biopsychosocial perspective
from the founder of cognitive therapy itself


Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-
generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373:747-758

Mirtazapine and venlafaxine are the most efficacious, duloxetine and reboxetine dont work, and
sertraline or citalopram are probably the best first-line agents for depression


Fava GA. Can long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs worsen the course of depression? J
Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:123-133

This paper suggests that antidepressants may be contributing to the poor prognosis for
depression!


Fava M, Rush AJ. Current status of augmentation and combination treatments for major
depressive disorder: a literature review and a proposal for a novel approach to improve practice.
Psychother Psychosom 2006; 75:139-153

This paper from the STAR*D team outlines how to maximize initial response and engagement in
treatment and proposes using combined or augmentation strategies much earlier than is the case


Harmer CJ, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive
neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 195:102-108

An attempt at explaining antidepressant action in cognitive neuropsychological terms


Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and
antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Adminstration.
PLOS Med 2008; 5:e45 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045

The best known study to report from unpublished data that antidepressants are no better than
placebo except in the most severe depressive episodes


Kuhn R. The treatment of depressive states with G 22355 (imipramine hydrochloride). Am J
Psychiatry 1958; 115:459-464

First paper to describe the use of TCA imipramine and suggest it is particular beneficial in
melancholic depression


McGrath PJ, Steward JW, Fava M et al. Tranylcypromine versus venlafaxine plus mirtazapine
following three failed antidepressant medication trials for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J
Psychiatry 2006; 163:1531-1541

STAR*D report finds response rate after three failed antidepressants is about 14% and that
combo of venlafaxine and mirtazapine is easier to use and better tolerated than tranylcypromine


Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR et al. Bupropion-SR, Sertraline, or Venlafaxine-XR after
failure of SSRIs for Depression. N Engl J Med 2005; 354:1231-1242

STAR*D trial finds only 20% remit after one failed antidepressant, and bupropion, sertraline
and venlafaxine are just as bad as each other


Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs
for depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1243-1252

STAR*D trials finds augmentation strategies all as bad as each other and no better than
switching to another agent


Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for
depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J
Psychiatry 2006; 163: 28-40

STAR*D study finds remission rates only 30% for first trial of citalopram and that it takes about
6-8 weeks to note remission, longer than previously claimed


West ED, Dally PJ. Effects of iproniazid in depressive syndromes. Br Med J 1959; 1:1491-1494

One of the first papers to report MAOIs are effective especially in atypical depressions


Bipolar Disorders

Cade JF. Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust 1949; 2:349-352

Classic paper that first used lithium to treat mania, absolute must read.


Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs
in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011; 378:1306-1315

This meta-analysis finds that antipsychotics are the best treatment for acute mania rather than
lithium or mood stabilizers.


Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood
disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013; 346:f3646

Updated meta-analysis finds lithium still appears to have anti-suicidal properties


Geddes JR, Miklowitz DJ. Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet 2013; 381:1672-1682

Reviews the evidence for pharmacological and psychological treatments in bipolar disorder


Janowsky DS, Epstein RS. Playing the manic game interpersonal maneuvers of the acutely
manic patient. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970; 22:252-26

Describes the frustrating and destructive maneuvers manic patients catch clinicians in.
Possibly more relevant to borderline patients, I find this slightly outmoded and offensive, but
seems well-loved by more seasoned psychiatrists of all stripes


McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity
profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379:721-728

Toxicity of lithium has been overblown with ESRD being a rare complication. Li also causes
hyperparathyroidism and checking Ca periodically is recommended


Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E et al. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year
randomized trial from the Systematic Treatment Enhanced Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;
64:419-426

Shows family focused therapy, IPSRT and CBT as useful therapies in treatment of bipolar
depression


Nierenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Calabrese JR et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a
STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with
lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:210-216

Bipolar depression is hard to treatment and augmenting antidepressants with lamictal, inositol
or risperidone are just as bad as each other


Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant
treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1711-1722

STEP-BD study found antidepressants dont work in bipolar disorder


Geddes, JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell K et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus
monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomized open-label
trial. Lancet 2010; 375:385-395

Lithium is better than valproate, and there benefit of combining the two isnt clear


Yonkers KA. Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am
J Psychiatry 2004; 161:608-620

Nice review of management of bipolar disorder in women
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New
Suicide

Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J
Psychiatry 1997; 170:205-228

Meta-analysis finds mental disorders except for mental retardation and dementia increase risk of
suicide


Gitlin MJ. A psychiatrists reaction to a patients suicide. Am J Psychiatry; 156:1630-1634

Discusses the experience of losing a patient to suicide


Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA
2005; 294:2064-2074

A comprehensive but biased review of suicide prevention strategies that places too much
emphasis on clinical approaches and not enough on means prevention but still worth reading


Rosen DH. Suicide survivors. A follow-up study of persons who survived jumping from the
Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges. West J Med 1975; 122:289-294

Classic study interviewing survivors of the Golden Gate Bridge attempted suicides argues for
suicide barriers. Must read.


Stone M, Laughren T, Jones ML et al. Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in
adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ 2009;
339:b2880

Extensive meta-analysis of clinical trials showing that risk of suicidality is age-related, and
antidepressants may reduce suicides in the elderly
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New
Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD

Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 2009; 374:491-499

Summarizes cognitive-behavioral and biological aspects of OCD and its treatment


Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Therapy
2000; 38:319-345

An insightful and extremely useful model for understanding chronic PTSD from the cognitive
perspective


Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury
in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 2008; 31:453-463

mTBI is common in OIF Veterans and often highly comorbid with PTSD symptoms


Roy-Byrne PP, Craske MG, Stein MB. Panic disorder. Lancet 2006; 368:1023-1032

Concise overview of panic and its treatment


Summerfield D. The invention of posttraumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a
psychiatric category. Br Med J 2001; 322:95-98

Provocative discussion of PTSD as a sociopolitical construct
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New
Personality Disorders

Groves JE. Taking care of the hateful patient. N Engl J Med 1978; 299:883-887

Classic paper describes 4 hateful patients in the medical setting


Kernberg O. Borderline personality organization. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 15:641-685

Classic psychoanalytic paper popularizes the borderline personality organization construct
which is described from different psychodynamic perspectives


Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F. Borderline personality disorder. Lancet
2011; 377:74-84

Comprehensive review of borderline personality disorder and its treatment. The drugs dont
really work.


Vaillant GE. The beginning of wisdom is never calling a patient a borderline; or, the clinical
management of immature defenses in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders. J
Psychother Pract Res 1992; 1:117-134

Classic, extremely well written and useful discussion of managing different defenses in difficult
patients
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New
Eating Disorders

Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet 2010; 375:583-93

Nice overview on biology of eating disorders and review of evidence for different therapies


Yager J, Andersen AE. Anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1481-1488

Concise summary of management of anorexia nervosa
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New
Substance Use and Addiction Psychiatry

Anton RF, OMalley SS, Ciraulo DA et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral
interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA
2006; 295:2003-2017

Naltrexone is better than acamprosate for alcohol dependence when combined with CBT


Arsenault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Cannabis use in adolescence
and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ 2002; 325:1212-1213

First prospective longitudinal study to establish adolescent cannabis use as a risk factor for
psychosis


Johns A. Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:116-122

Reviews the psychiatric complications of cannabis use


Khantzian EH. The self-medication hypothesis of addiction. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:1259-
1264

This psychodynamic view of addiction as self-medication has proved enduring and influential in
clinical practice and popular culture despite no supporting evidence


Koston TR, OConnor PG. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med 2003;
348:1786-1795

Comprehensive overview of withdrawal syndromes and their management


Laaksonen E, Koski-Jannes A, Salspuro M, Ahtinen H, Alho H. A randomized, multicenter,
open-label, comparative trial of disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of
alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43:53-61

Disulfiram may actually be better than naltrexone or acamprosate when combined with behavior
therapy in alcohol dependence


McKetin R, Lubman DI, Baker AL, Dawe S, Ali RL. Dose-related psychotic symptoms in
chronic methamphetamine users: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA
Psychiatry 2013; 70:319-324

First prospective longitudinal study to establish causal relationship and dose-dependence
between methamphetamine use and psychosis


Project MATCH Research Group. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity:
project MATCH three-year drinking outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998 22:1300-1311

12-step facilitation, CBT, and motivational interviewing are all beneficial in alcoholism, with
patient characteristics helping to match best treatment. Angry alcoholics do better with MI.


Van Winkel R, Kahn Rs, Linszen DH et al. Family-based analysis of genetic variation
underlying psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis: sibling analysis and proband follow-up. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68:148-57

Shows gene-environment interaction between SNPS in AKT1 and cannabis use in increasing risk
of psychosis which has been replicated, unlikely previous studies involving SNPs of COMT


Volkow ND, Swanson JM. Clinical practice: adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. N
Engl J Med 2013

Up-to-date review of adult ADD
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New
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Baron-Cohen S. The extreme-male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn Sci 2002; 6:248-254

This paper gives a compelling account of autism as the extreme variant of the male brain


Bowlby J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I. Aetiology and psychopathology in
the light of attachment theory. An expanded version of the Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture, delivered
before the Royal College of Psychiatrist, 19 November 1976. Br J Psychiatry 1977; 130:201-210

Very readable paper summarizes key findings of attachment theory and its relevance to
psychopathology throughout the lifespan


Jensen PS, Arnold LD, Swanson JM et al. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA Study. J Am
Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 56:989-1002

Important ADHD study showed benefits of stimulant treatment did not persist after initial phase
of treatment compared with behavior therapy


March J, Silva S, Petrycki S et al. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their
combination for adolescences with depression: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study
(TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292:807-820

TADS study showed combination of CBT and fluoxetine was best treatment for adolescent
depression


Rutter M, Sroufe LA. Developmental psychopathology: concepts and challenges. Dev
Psychopathol 2000; 12:265-296

The father of child psychiatry outlines the developmental approach to psychopathology


Sikich L, Frazier JA, McClellan J et al. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation
antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: findings from the
treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry
2008; 165:1420-31

TEOSS study finds molindone (now defunct) is just as good as the newer drugs in early onset
psychotic disorders
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New
Geriatric Psychiatry

Burns A, Jacoby R, Levy R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimers disease. IV: Disorders of
behavior. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:86-94

Outlines the most common behavioral disturbances in Alzheimers from a sample of 178
patients, and finds features of Kluver-Bucy syndrome occur more commonly than is realized


Howard RJ, Juszszak E, Ballard CG t al. Donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimers
Disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1382-1392

Donepezil doesnt help agitation in context of Alzheimers disease


Howard RJ, McShane R, Lindesay J et al. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe
Alzheimers Disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:893-903

There is a small functional benefit to donepezil or memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimers
with no difference between the two and no additional benefit of the combination


Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1157-1165

Nice overview of diagnosis, causes and management of delirium in the elderly


McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy
bodies. Neurology 2005; 12:1863-1872

Most recent guidelines for diagnosis and management of LBD


Saczynski JS, Marcanonio ER, Quach L, Fong TG, Gross A, Inouye SK, Jones RN. Cognitive
trajectories after postoperative delirium. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:30-39

Reminder that most patients post-delirium do not return to baseline and experience significant
decline in cognitive functioning


Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in
patients with Alzheimers disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1528-1538

CATIE-AD study compares antipsychotics for Alzheimers they are all as bad as each other
and do more harm than good
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New
Psychosomatic Medicine

Appelbaum PS. Assessment of patients competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med 2007;
357:1834-1840

Definitive review of decisional capacity assessment for clinicians


Barsky AJ, Saintford R, Rogers MP, Borus JF. Nonspecific medication side-effects and the
nocebo phenomenon. JAMA 2002; 287:622-627

Describes the nocebo effect as a common occurrence in anxious patients, and a cognitive model
for understanding its development


Beach SR, Celano CM, Noseworthy PA, Januzzi JL, Huffman JC. QTc prolongation, Torsades
de pointes, and psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics 2013; 54:1-13

Comprehensive up-to-date review on QTc prolongation and psychotropic drugs. Turns out we
vastly overestimate the significance of cardiac risk of drugs.


Block SD. Psychological issues in end-of-life care. J Palliat Med 2006; 9:751-772

Comprehensive review of psychological problems and psychiatric disorders at the end-of-life


Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1112-1120

Comprehensive review of serotonin syndrome comparing it to other differentials


Eastwood S, Bisson JI. Management of factitious disorders: a systematic review. Psychother
Psychosom 2008; 77:209-218

Systematic review of case reports and series of factitious disorder highlighting bleak prognosis
and difficulties keeping these patients engaged in care.


Groves JE. Management of the borderline patient on a medical or surgical ward: the psychiatric
consultants role. Int J Psychiatry Med 1975; 6:337-48

Practical suggestions on how to manage difficult patients in the medical setting


Kayser MS, Kohler CG, Dalmau J. Psychiatric manifestations of paraneoplastic disorders. Am J
Psychiatry 2010; 167:1039-1050

Discusses the emerging field of autoimmune-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders


McDermott BE, Feldman MD. Malingering in the medical setting. Psychiatr Clin N Am 2007;
30:645-662

Detailed review of malingering and its detection


Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M. Functional symptoms and signs in neurology: assessment and
diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(Suppl I): i2-i12


Stone J, Carson A, Sharpe M. Functional symptoms and signs in neurology: management. J
Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(Suppl I): i13-21

These two papers discuss the assessment and management of conversion disorder including
examination maneuvers for eliciting functional neurology


Strawn JR, Keck Jr PE, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2007;
164:870-876

Up to date review of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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New
Electroconvulsive Therapy

Anjala AV, Smetana GW. Medical evaluation of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy.
N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1437-1444

Discusses the medical workup and preparation of patients for ECT


Rose D, Fleischmann P, Wykes T, Leese M, Bindman J. Patients perspectives on
electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review. BMJ 2003; 326:1363

This user-led study reveals that autobiographical memory problems persist more commonly than
is believed


UK ECT Review Group. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive
disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003; 361:799-808

The most comprehensive meta-analysis of ECT for depression showing its efficacy in depressive
states
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New
Psychiatric Diagnosis

Kendell RE, Cooper JE, Gourlay AJ, Copeland JRM, Sharpe L, Gurland BJ. Diagnostic criteria
of American and British psychiatrists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 25: 123-130

The UK-US diagnostic study showed American Psychiatrists diagnosed more schizophrenia than
their British counterparts in every case, including cases of depression, manic-depressive illness
and even personality disorder, establishing importance of reliability in psychiatric diagnosis


Murphy JM. Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science 1976; 191:1019-1028

This paper describes the concept of madness or mental illness existing across cultures dispelling
mental illness as the result of simply labeling deviance or a convenient myth


Rosenhan DL. On being sane in insane places. Science 1973: 179:250-258

This classic study questioned the validity of psychiatric diagnosis by having pseudopatients get
admitted to psychiatric hospital who then remained there despite no further reports of symptoms
of mental illness!
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New
Conceptual issues in psychiatry

Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977;
196:129-36

This classic paper popularizes the biopsychosocial model and the application of general systems
theory to medicine.


Kandel ER. A New intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:457-469

Kandel suggests firmly rooting medicine of the mind in the biology of the brain


Kendler KS. Explanatory models for psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:695-702

Kendler proposes psychiatric disorders are understood best pluralistically with multiple levels of
explanation and biological understanding will not supplant more macro level understanding of
disorders but enhance it


Szasz T. The myth of mental illness. Am Psychol 1960; 15:113-118

This classic article of the book with the same title claims because the mind is a metaphor, it
cannot be diseased, and thus mental illness is a myth. Szasz prefers to conceive of psychiatric
disorders as problems in living. Given the cachet of these views in popular culture, this is
essential reading.