BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By

Wayne Tomasi
CHAPTER
INTRO!UCTION TO E"ECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
# !E$INITIONS TERMS
1)
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information
from one place to another.
Electronic
Communication System
2)
The transmission, reception, and processing of
information between two or more locations using
electronic circuits.
Electronic
Communication
)
Electronic Communications Time "ine
1!"# $merican Scientist and professor %oseph &enry transmitted the 'rst
practical electrical signal.
1!(# Samuel )inley *reese +orse in,ented the telegraph.
1!-# $le.ander *ain in,ented the facsimile.
1!/1# %ohann 0hillip 1eis completed the 'rst nonwor2ing telephone.
1!/-# %ames Cler2 +a.well released his paper 34ynamic Theory of the
Electromagnetic )ield5, which concluded that light electricity,
and magnetism were related.
1!/6# 4r. +ahlon 7oomis became the 'rst person to communicate wireless
through the Earth8s atmosphere.
1!//# )irst transatlantic telegraph cable was installed.
1!(/# $le.ander 9raham *ell and Thomas :atson In,ented the telephone.
1!((# Thomas $l,a Edison in,ents the phonograph.
1!!"# &einrich &ert; disco,ers electromagnetic wa,es.
1!!(# &einrich &ert; disco,ers radio wa,es. +archese 9uglielmo +arconi
demonstrates wireless radio wa,e propagation.
1!!!# &einrich &ert; detects and produces radio wa,es. &einrich &ert;
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
conclusi,ely pro,ed +a.well8s prediction that electricity can tra,el
in wa,es through the Earth8s atmosphere.
1!<-# +archese 9uglielmo +arconi builds his 'rst radio e=uipment, a de,ice
that rings a bell from " ft. away.
1!<6# +archese 9uglielmo +arconi disco,ered ground wa,e propagation.
1!<!# +archese 9uglielmo +arconi established the 'rst radio lin2 between
England and )rance.
1<""# $merican Scientist 1eginald $. )essenden the world8s 'rst radio
broadcast
using continous wa,es.
1<"1# +archese 9uglielmo +arconi transmits telegraphic radio messages
from
Cornwall, to >ewfoundland.
1eginald $. )essenden transmits the :orld8s 'rst radio broadcast using
continuous wa,es. )irst successful transatlantic transmission of
radio signal.
1<"# ?aldemar 0oulsen patents an arc transmission that generates
continuous
wa,e transmission 1""@2&; signal that is recei,able 16" miles away.
1<"-# )irst radio transmission of music at 9ra;, $ustria.
1<"6# +archese 9uglielmo +arconi in,ents the directional radio antenna.
1<"/# 1eginald $. )essenden in,ents amplitude modulation A$+).
)irst radio program of ,oice and music broadcasted in the Bnited
States
by 1eginald )essenden.
7ee 4e)rorest in,ents triode Athree@electrode) ,acuum tube.
1<"(# 1eginald )essenden in,ents a high@ fre=uency Electric generator that
produces radio wa,es with a fre=uency of 1"" 2&;.
1<"!# 9eneral Electric de,elops a 1""@2&;, 2@2: alternator for radio
communications.
1<1"# The 1adio $ct of 1<1" is the 'rst concurrence of go,ernment
regulation of
radio technology and ser,ices.
1<12# The 1adio $ct of 1<12 in the Bnited States brought order to the radio
bands by re=uiring station and operators licenses and assigning
bloc2s of the fre=uency spectrum to the e.isting users.
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on *
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
1<1# The cascade@tuning radio recei,er and the heterodyne recei,er are
introduced.
1<1-# +aCor Edwin $rmstrong de,elops the superheterodyne radio recei,er.
1<16# ?acuum@tube radio transmitters introduced.
1<1<# Shortwa,e radio is de,eloped.
1<2"# 1adio Station D4D$ broadcasts the 'rst regular licensed radio
transmission
out of 0ittsburgh, 0ennsyl,ania.
1<21# 1adio Corporation of $merica A1C$) begins operating 1adio Central on
7ong Island. The $merican 1adio 7eague establishes contact
,ia shortwa,e radio with 0aul 9odley in Scotland, pro,ing that
shortwa,e
radio can be used for long distance communications.
1<2# ?ladimir Ewory2in in,ents and demonstrates tele,ision.
1<2(# $ temporary ',e@ member )ederal 1adio Commission agency was
created in the Bnited States.
1<2!# 1adio station :1>F in >ew For2 City begins broadcasting tele,ision
shows.
1<1# +aCor Edwin $rmstrong patents wide@ band fre=uency modulation A)+).
1<-# )ederal Communications Commission A)CC) created to regulate
telephone, radio, and tele,ision broadcasting.
1<6# Commercial )+ radio broadcasting begins with monophonic
transmission.
1<(# $lec &. 1ee,es in,ents binary coded pulse@code modulation. A0C+)
1<<# >ational *roadcasting Company A>*C) demonstrates tele,ision
broadcasting. )irst use of two@way radio communications
using wal2ie@tal2ies.
1<-1# Columbia Bni,ersity 1adio Club opens the 'rst regularly scheduled )+
radio station.
1<-6# Tele,ision is born. )+ mo,ed from its original home of -2 +&; to 6"
+&; to
!! +&; to 1"! +&; to ma2e room.
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on +
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
1<-/# The $merican Telephone and Telegraph Company A$TGT) inaugurated
the 'rst mobile telephone system for the public called +TS
A+obile Telephone System).
1<-!# %ohn ?on >eumann created the 'rst store program electronic digital
computer. *ell Telephone 7aboratories un,eiled the transistor, a Coint
,enture of scientist :illiam Shoc2ley, %ohn *ardeen and :alter
*rattain.
1<61# )irst transcontinental microwa,e system began operation.
1<62# Sony Corporation oHers a miniature transistor radio, one of the 'rst
mass
produced consumer $+I)+ radios.
1<6# 1C$ and +*C broadcast 'rst color tele,ision transmission.
1<6-# The number of radio stations in the world e.ceeds the number of
newspapers printed daily.
1<6-# Te.as Instruments becomes the 'rst company to commercially produce
silicon transistors.
1<6/# )irst transatlantic telephone cable systems began carrying calls.
1<6(# 1ussia launches the world8s 'rst satellite. ASputni2)
1<6!# Dilby and >oyce de,elop 'rst integrated circuits.
>$S$ launched the Bnited States 'rst satellite.
1</1# )CC appro,es )+ stereo broadcasting, which spurs the de,elopment of
)+. Citi;ens band AC*) radio 'rst used.
1</2# B.S. radio stations begin broadcasting stereophonic sound.
1</# T1 Atransmission 1) digital carrier systems introduced.
1</6# )irst commercial communications satellite launched.
1<("# &igh@de'nition tele,ision A&4T?) introduced in %apan.
1<((# )irst commercial use of optical 'ber cables.
1<!# Cellular telephone networ2s introduced in the Bnited States.
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on ,
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
1<<<# &4T? standards implemented in the Bnited States.
1<<<# 4igital Tele,ision A4T?) transmission began in the Bnited States.
-)
$re time@,arying ,oltages or currents that are
continuously changing such as sine and cosine
wa,es.
analog signals
6) Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. $ttenuation
/)
Is sometimes referred to as a JJJJJJJJJJJJ , If 0out K
0in, the absolute power gain is 1, and the d* power
gain is " d*.
Bnity 0ower 9ain
()
$re ,oltages or currents that change in discrete
steps or le,els.
digital signals
!)
In 1!(/, $le.ander 9raham *ell and Thomas $.
:atson were the 'rst to successfully transfer human
con,ersation o,er a crude metallic@ wire
communications systems using this de,ice.
Telephone
<)
The 'rst commercial radio broadcasting station in
1<2" that broadcasted amplitude modulated signals
in 0ittsburgh.
D4D$
1"
)
Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure
ratio.
4ecibel A d* )
11
)
Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of
a power le,el with respect to a '.ed reference le,el
A1m:).
d*m
12
)
Lne@tenth of a decibel. *el
1 Transmitter
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on -
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
)
$ collection of one or more electronic de,ices or
circuits that con,erts the original source information
to a form more suitable for transmission o,er a
particular transmission medium.
1-
)
0ro,ides a means of transporting signals between a
transmitter and a recei,er.
Transmission +edium
16
)
$ collection of electronic de,ices and circuits that
accepts the transmitted signals fro the transmission
medium and then con,erts those signals bac2 to
their original form.
1ecei,er
1/
)
Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with
the information signal.
System >oise
1(
)
*ecause it is often impractical to propagate
information signals o,er standard transmission
media,
it is often necessary to modulate the source
information onto a higher@fre=uency analog signal
called a JJJJJJ.
Carrier
1!
)
The process of changing one or more properties of
the analog carrier in proportion with the information
signal.
+odulation
1<
)
$ system in which energy is transmitted and
recei,ed in analog form Aa continuously ,arying
signals such as a sine wa,e).
$nalog Communication
System
2"
)
$ true digital system where digital pulses Adiscrete
le,els such as M6? and ground) are transferred
between two or more points in a communications
system.
4igital Transmission
21
)
The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers
between two or more points in a communications
system.
digital radio
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on .
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
22
)
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is analog and the amplitude A?) of the carrier is
,aried proportional to the information signal.
$mplitude +odulation
A $+ )
2
)
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is analog and the fre=uency Af) of the carrier is ,aried
proportional to the information signal.
)re=uency +odulation
A )+ )
2-
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is analog and the phase A) of the carrier is ,aried
proportional to the information signal.
0hase +odulation
26
)
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is digital and that amplitude A?) of the carrier is
,aried proportional to the information signal.
$mplitude Shift Deying
A $SD )
2/
)
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is digital and the fre=uency Af) of the carrier is ,aried
proportional to the information signal.
)re=uency Shift Deying
A )SD )
2(
)
$ modulation techni=ue where the information signal
is digital and the phase A) of the carrier is ,aried
proportional to the information signal.
0hase Shift Deying
A 0SD )
2!
)
$ modulation techni=ue where both the amplitude
and the phase of the carrier are ,aried proportional
to the information signal.
Nuadrature $mplitude
+odulation
A N$+ )
2<
)
+odulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit
called JJJJJJJJ.
+odulator
"
)
The re,erse process of modulation and con,erts the
modulated carrier bac2 to the original information 4emodulation
1
) 4emodulation is performed in a recei,er by a circuit
called JJJJJJJ.
4emodulator
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on /
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
2
)
* Reasons 01y mo&ulation is necessary in electronic
communications '
1. It is e.tremely diOcult to radiate low@fre=uency signals from an antenna
in the form of electromagnetic energy.
2. Information signals often occupy the same fre=uency band and, if
signals from two or more sources are transmitted at the same time, they
would interfere with each other.

)
$ speci'c band of fre=uencies allocated a particular
ser,ice.
Channel

)
0rocess of con,erting a fre=uency or band of
fre=uencies to another location in the total fre=uency
spectrum.
)re=uency Translation
-
)
The purpose of an electronic communications system
is to communicate information between two or more
locations commonly called JJJJJJJJJJJJJ .
Stations
6
)
The number of times a periodic motion, such as a
sine wa,e of ,oltage or current, occurs in a gi,en
period of time.
)re=uency
/
)
Each complete alternation of the wa,eform. Cycle
(
)
Is an international agency in control of allocating
fre=uencies and ser,ices within the o,erall fre=uency
spectrum.
International
Telecommunications
Bnion A ITB )
!
)
In the Bnited States, assigns fre=uencies and
communications ser,ices for free@space radio
propagation.
)ederal
Communications
Commission A )CC )
<
)
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on 2
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
-"
)
$re signals in the "&; to ""&; range and include
ac power distribution signals A/"&;) and low
fre=uency telemetry signals.
E.tremely 7ow
)re=uencies A E7) )
-1
)
$re signals in the ""&; to """&; range and
include fre=uencies generally associated with human
speech.
?oice )re=uencies
A ?) )
-2
)
$re signals in the 2&; to "2&; range which include
the upper end of the human hearing
range.
?ery 7ow )re=uencies
A ?7) )
-
)
$re signals in the "2&; to ""2&; range and are
used primarily for marine and aeronautical
na,igation.
7ow )re=uencies
A 7) )
-- +edium )re=uencies
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on 3
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
)
$re signals in the ""2&; to +&; range and are
used primarily for commercial $+ radio broadcasting
A662&;@1/"62&;).
A +) )
-6
)
$re signals in the +&; to "+&; range and are
often referred to as short wa,es. Bsed for most two@
way radio communications.
&igh )re=uencies
A &) )
-/
)
$re signals in the "+&; to ""+&; range and are
used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical
communications, commercial )+ broadcasting A!! to
1"!+&;) and commercial T? broadcasting of Ch 2 to
1 A6-+&; to 21/+&;).
?ery &igh )re=uencies
A ?&) )
-(
)
$re signals in the ""+&; to 9&; range and are
used by commercial tele,ision broadcasting of
channels 1- to !, land mobile communications
ser,ices, cellular telephones, certain radar and
na,igation systems, and microwa,e and satellite
radio systems.
Bltrahigh )re=uencies
A B&) )
-!
)
$re signals in the 9&; to "9&; range and include
the maCority of the fre=uencies used for microwa,e
and satellite radio communications systems.
Super &igh )re=uencies
A S&) )
-<
)
$re signals in the "9&; to ""9&; range and are
seldom used for radio communications e.cept in
,ery sophisticated, e.pensi,e, and speciali;ed
applications.
E.tremely &igh
)re=uencies
A E&) )
6"
)
$re signals in the ".T&; to ""T&; range and are
not generally referred to as radio wa,es. Bsed in
heat see2ing guidance systems, electronic
photography, and astronomy.
Infrared
61
)
Includes electromagnetic fre=uencies that fall within
the ,isible range of humans A".0&; to 0&;).
?isible 7ight
62
) Bsed for optical 'ber systems.
7ight@wa,e
Communications
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on 4
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
6
)
The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic
wa,e occupies in space Ai.e., the distance between
similar points in a repetiti,e wa,e).
:a,elength
6-
)
E"ECTROMA5NETIC WAVE"EN5TH SPECTRUM
66
)
1adio transmitter classi'cations according to
bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of
information.
Emission Classi'cations
6/
)
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
The 'rst symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation of the
main carrier.
The second symbol is a number that identi'es the type of emission.
The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of information
being transmitted.
6(
)
>oise and *andwidth
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
The two most signi'cant limitations on the
performance of a communications system are
JJJJJJJJand JJJJJJJJ.
6!
)
The diHerence between the highest and lowest
fre=uencies contained in the information.
*andwidth
6<
)
The bandwidth of a communications channel is the
diHerence between the highest and lowest
fre=uencies that the channel will allow to pass
through it.
0assband
/"
)
$ highly theoretical study of the eOcient use of
bandwidth to propagate information through
electronic communications systems.

Information Theory
/1
)
The measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communications system and is
a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
Information Capacity
/2
)
The most basic digital symbol used to represent
information.
*inary 4igit I *it
/
)
The number of bits transmitted during one second
and is e.pressed in bits per second Abps). *it 1ate
/-
) In 1<2!, 1. &artley of *ell Telephone 7aboratories
de,eloped a useful relationship among bandwidth,
&artley8s 7aw
I B 6 t
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on +
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
transmission time, and information capacity.
/6
)
In 1<-!, mathematician Claude E. Shannon
published a paper in the *ell System Technical
%ournal relating the information capacity of a
communications channel to bandwidth and signal@to@
noise ratio.

Shannon limit for
information capacity
OR
//
)
$ny undesirable electrical energy that falls within the
passband of the signal.
Electrical >oise
/(
)
>oise present regardless of whether there is a signal
present or not.
Bncorrelated >oise
/!
)
>oise that is generated outside the de,ice or circuit. E.ternal >oise
/<
)
>oise that is naturally occurring electrical
disturbances that originate within Earth8s
atmosphere.
$tmospheric >oise
("
)
$tmospheric noise is commonly called JJJJJJJJJJJJ . Static Electricity
(1
)
>oise consists of electrical signals that originate from
outside Earth8s atmosphere and is sometimes called
deep@space noise.
E.traterrestrial >oise
(2
)
E.traterrestrial noise is sometimes called
JJJJJJJJJJJJ .
4eep@Space >oice
(
)
>oise generated directly from the sun8s heat. Solar >oise
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on ,
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
/6
)
>oise sources that are continuously distributed
throughout the gala.ies.
Cosmic >oise
//
)
>oise that is produced by man2ind. +an@made >oise
/(
)
Electrical interference generated within a de,ice or
circuit.
Internal >oise
/!
)
>oise caused by the random arri,al of carriers Aholes
and electrons) at the output element of an electronic
de,ice.
Shot >oise
/<
)
$ny modi'cation to a stream of carriers as they pass
from the input to the output of a de,ice produces an
irregular, random ,ariations.
Transit@time >oise
("
)
$ssociated with the rapid and random mo,ement of
electrons within a conductor due to thermal
agitation.
Thermal >oise
(1
)
THERMA" A5ITATION HAS SEVERA" NAMES7 INC"U!IN5 '
Thermal >oise, because it is temperature dependentP
*rownian >oise, after its disco,ererP
%ohnson >oise, after the man who related *rownian particle mo,ement
of electron mo,ementP
:hite >oise, because the random mo,ement is at all fre=uenciesP
(2
)
%ohnson pro,ed that thermal noise power is
proportional to the product of bandwidth and
temperature.
>oise 0ower
N 8 KTB
(
) $ form of internal noise that is correlated Amutually
related) to the signal and cannot be present in a
circuit unless there is a signal.
Correlated >oise
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on -
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
9 no si:nal7 no noise; 9
(-
)
Lccurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are
produced through nonlinear ampli'cation Anonlinear
mi.ing).
&armonic 4istortion
(6
)
The generation of unwanted sum and diHerence
fre=uencies produced when two or more signals mi.
in a nonlinear de,ice.
Inter@modulation
4istortion
(/
)
The original signal and also called the fundamental
fre=uency.
)irst &armonic
((
)
$ fre=uency two times the original signal fre=uency. Second &armonic
(!
)
$ fre=uency three times the original signal fre=uency. Third &armonic
(<
)
$nother name for harmonic distortion. $mplitude 4istortion
!"
)
Characteri;ed by high@amplitude pea2s of short
duration in the total noise spectrum.
Impulse >oise
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
!1
)
!2
)
$ form of e.ternal noise and as the name implies it
means to disturb or detract form.
Interference
!
)
>oise produced when information signals from one
source produce fre=uencies that fall outside their
allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signals from another source.
Electrical interference
!-
)
The ratio of the signal power le,el to the noise power
le,el.
Signal@to@>oise 0ower
1atio A SI> )
!6
)
>oise )actor A ) )
and
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By
Wayne Tomasi
)igures of merit used to indicate how much the
signal@ to@noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes
through a circuit or series of circuits
>oise )igure A >) )
!/
)
$ORMU"A O$ NOISE $ACTOR
!(
)
$ORMU"A $OR NOISE $I5URE
N$ < &B = 8 4 lo: $
!!
)
$ con,enient parameter often used rather than noise
'gure in low noise, sophisticated ?&), B&),
microwa,e, and satellite radio recei,ers. It indicates
the reduction in the signal@to@noise ratio a signal
undergoes as it propagates through a recei,er.
E=ui,alent >oise
Temperature
A Te )
Te 8 T < $ > =
Pre%are& By ' Raniel P( Ba)on 2