Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.0 Introduction 3
4.2 Pressure-boosting 10
5.0 Conclusion 10 - 11
Page 1 of 27
6.0 Appendixes 11 – 20
6.2 Sequence drawings showing the stack up & interface of the Equipments 13 - 15
7.0 References 21
Page 2 of 27
1.0 Introduction
This report is on Subsea Completion, Workover, and processing in Nigerian Deep Waters, within
Nigeria is one of the largest oil & Gas producers in Africa and the Niger Delta coastal region has a
greater reserve of the Oil & Gas. In Nigeria, the deepwater sector still has large opportunities to
Some of the Subsea completion carried out in this region was a dual bore completion System using
a Dual bore subsea production tree and equipments. The tree offers the means by which a single
Workover is the performance of one or more of a variety of remedial operations on a producing well
to try to increase production such as deepening, plugging back, pulling and resetting liners, and
squeeze cementing. It could also mean the action and techniques of reentering the well and
Subsea processing of the produced oil and/or gas includes de-watering, or separating, the bulk of
the gas from the crude oil and sand particles using technology such as Subsea Multiphase flow
meters, Subsea Pump and compressors, Subsea separation and water reinjection etc.
Page 3 of 27
2.0 Subsea Completion – Tool & Equipments
The first step in preparing the well for completion is to installing a completion guide base.
The TH (figure 2) will be oriented and landed in a subsea wellhead provided there is
a landing shoulder, sealing area, and provision to lock the TH to the wellhead. If no
such provision exists in the wellhead, a tubing head with these features will need to
be installed for attaching a blowout preventer stack for pressure control during
completion operations.
Some control dimensions are necessary to set the TH and complete the well.
This tool locks the work string to the wellhead, via the TH and provides vertical
This is used to connect the TH and TH running tool to the riser running string
Page 4 of 27
This system is used to lower the TH to the wellhead and provide access to the
This is used to verify that the TH is all the way down on its landing shoulder
2.1.5 TH Installation
The TH is run on its completion riser running assembly down through the
drilling riser and BOP stack which is landed and locked to the wellhead. The
TH is then tagged out on its landing shoulder with partial string weight. The TH
running assembly is then picked up a short distance so that the orientation pin
engages the helix on the orientation adapter joint and allows the TH and
running assembly to orient to the vertical slot in the adapter joint which is
preset to achieve the desired orientation of the production and annulus bore.
With the orientation pin still extended, the TH is set back down on the landing
shoulder with total string weight which will activate the TH seal assembly. The
the TH running tool. An overpull test will establish that the TH is locked to the
hydraulically unlocked from the TH and the TH running assembly is then pulled
Page 5 of 27
2.2 TH Washout Tool
This provide a means of cleaning out the upper portion of the wellhead prior to
in the production and annulus bores above the tree. The EDP provides the second
primary function which is a means to disconnect from the tree/LRP should the rig
experience excessive wave action and the riser system need to be disconnected from
the well.
Subsea Trees (see figure 11.75) provides features including a hydraulic connector at
the bottom to lock the tree to the wellhead, seal pockets or stab sub receptacles in
the bottom to interface with the TH annulus, production and downhole tool
connections, a flow line connection system and hydraulic controls and accessories.
Generally, all of the valves in the tree are hydraulically controlled with manual
overrides which are adapted for actuation by an ROV. During the tree running
operation, the valves are hydraulically controlled from the control umbilical connected
to the EDP/LRP. Later in the operation when the tree cap is installed, the functions
will be bridged over to the control umbilical attached to the completion guide base so
that the tree can be controlled from the production platform location. It can be run
Page 6 of 27
Subsea trees could basically be classified as vertical trees (VXT) and horizontal trees
(HXT). It could also be classified as production and water / gas injection trees.
• In a VXT, the master valve is located directly above the TH, while in an HXT
the master valve is in the horizontal run adjacent to the wing valve
• In a VXT, the TH and downhole tubing are run prior to installing the tree, while
in an HXT the TH is typically landed in the tree, and hence the TH and
the tree. The removal of an HXT normally requires prior removal of the TH and
completion string;
• VXT systems are run on a dual-bore completion riser (or a monobore riser with
bore selector located above LRP and a means to circulate the annulus; usually
via a flex hose from surface). TH of HXT is run on casing tubular joints.
In preparation for running the tree, the EDP/LRP package will be locked to the
top of the tree at the surface in the moon pool. The hydraulic control umbilical
is connected to the top of the EDP. All hydraulics will be tested. The EDP, LRP
and tree will be picked up with the riser handling tool and hung off in the riser
spider. The tree is then lowered down to its required depth by adding riser
joints. The tree is now landed on the wellhead and locked to the wellhead by
activating the hydraulic lock function through the control umbilical to the tree
Page 7 of 27
verification by camera or ROV is vital. Pressure test all applicable connections
and valve functional. The surface joint is now installed bringing the riser
system through the rotary. The surface tree is made up and lowered onto the
top of the surface joint. The wireline plugs can now be pulled from the TH. The
well can now be completed and flow tested. The tree is now shut in
preparation for pulling the EDP/LRP/completion riser system. The surface tree
from the tree and with the riser spider installed at the rotary; the
This is usually installed on the top of the tree to prevent marine growth on the
upper tree connection area and sealing bores, and may be either pressure-
producing well to try to increase production. Examples of workover jobs are deepening,
It also consists of the action and techniques of reentering the well and redoing or repairing
Page 8 of 27
Certain equipments presently available for performing well entry and subsea equipment
interventions include:
SSP comprises all separation and pressure-boosting operations that are performed subsea,
This is used to increase production rates, maximize total recovery, overcome flow
This involves removing most or all of the produced water from the well fluids,
Page 9 of 27
This allows efficient single-phase pumping of the separated liquids and helps
corrosion.
4.2 Pressure-boosting
production above natural flow conditions by adding energy to the system. Some
• Submersible pumps
5.0 Conclusion
Deepwater exploration in this region has been very challenging technically and difficult as a
result of the water depth involved. Also, it has been a very expensive venture.
been able to give the major producers success in exploring the Oil & Gas deposits in these
Page 10 of 27
difficult reserves in this region. New and innovative technological advancement in Subsea
Engineering technology is progressively coming into the industry like lighter weight and
increased water depth for the Subsea equipments/tools. This will help to access and explore
those difficult reserves in this region, which in the past prove difficult to reach as a result of
6.0 Appendixes
Page 11 of 27
Figure 2: Dual Bore Tubing Hanger Assembly
Page 12 of 27
Figure 3: Orientation Elevation Check Tool
Page 13 of 27
Figure 5: TH Washout Tool
Page 14 of 27
Figure 7: Stress Joint
Page 15 of 27
Figure 7: Tree Cap & Running Tool
Page 16 of 27
Figure 2.1
Page 17 of 27
Figure 2.2
Page 18 of 27
Figure 2.3
Page 19 of 27
Figure 2.4
Page 20 of 27
Figure 2.5
Page 21 of 27
Figure 2.6
Page 22 of 27
Figure 2.7
Page 23 of 27
Figure 2.8
Page 24 of 27
Figure 2.9
Page 25 of 27
Figure 2.10
Page 26 of 27
7.0 References
[1] ISO 13628-1 (2nd Edition, 2005); Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and
[2] ISO 13628-7 (2nd Edition, 2005); Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and
operation of subsea production systems (Part 7: Completion & Workover Risers) [Accessed
November, 2009]
[3] Dril-Quip Inc (1996). Offshore Drillings & Completions Training Manuals; Pages 253 – 295
Page 27 of 27