DEEP FOUNDATION, PILING

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth
they are embedded into the ground. If the depth is more than 3m,it is termed as deep foundation.
Different types of deep foundation are:
1. Pile Foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by
means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel. Now-a-days pile
foundation is widely used to support the columns of a multi-storied building
2. Well Foundation is generally used for foundations under water such as for docks, bridges etc. It
is hollow inside resembling a well, the load being transferred through the wall around.
PILING
Piling is a technique used extensively to set a deep foundation for structures such as multi-storied
buildings. By driving and embedding piles of wood, concrete or steel into the deep
soil of the ground, the piling contractors are able to provide a strong support to the building
structure at the foundation level.
Factors such as the size, capacity and scope of the project, the condition of the soil immediately
beneath the ground, all are needed to be taken into consideration before the piling.
Piling can be differentiated on the base of choice of material used or the specific
method/technique adopted for piling etc.
DRIVEN PILES
Driven piles are deep foundation elements driven to a design depth or resistance. Types include
timber, pre-cast concrete, steel H-piles, and pipe piles. The finished foundation element resists
compressive, uplift and lateral loads. Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous
because the soil displaced by driving the piles compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater
friction against the sides of the piles, thus increasing their load-bearing capacity.


DRILLED PILES
Drilled piles are also called Cast
boring techniques to drill into hard earth
Pier and grade beam foundation.
Auger cast pile: also known as
continuous flight auger piles (CFA),
deep foundation elements that are cast
place, using a hollow stem auger with
continuous flights. The auger is drilled into
the soil and/or rock to design depth. The
auger is then slowly extracted, removi
drilled soil/rock as concrete or grout is
pumped through the hollow stem. The grout
pressure and volume must be carefully
controlled to construct a continuous pile
without defects. Reinforcing steel is then
lowered into the wet concrete or grout. Th
finished foundation element resists
compressive, uplift and lateral loads.



also called Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) and use extensive
techniques to drill into hard earth. These include Auger Cast Pile, Under
Pier and grade beam foundation.
known as
continuous flight auger piles (CFA), are
deep foundation elements that are cast-in-
place, using a hollow stem auger with
continuous flights. The auger is drilled into
the soil and/or rock to design depth. The
auger is then slowly extracted, removing the
drilled soil/rock as concrete or grout is
pumped through the hollow stem. The grout
pressure and volume must be carefully
controlled to construct a continuous pile
without defects. Reinforcing steel is then
lowered into the wet concrete or grout. The
finished foundation element resists
compressive, uplift and lateral loads.

and use extensive
Under-reamed piles,


Under-reamed piles: Under reamed piles have
mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much
as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and
can only be formed in stable soils. In such conditions they
allow very high load bearing capacities.







Pier and grade beam foundation: In drilled pier
foundations, the piers can be connected with grade beams on which the structure sits, sometimes
with heavy column loads bearing directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers
are extended above the ground level and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the
structure. This type of foundation results in a crawl space underneath the building in which
wiring and duct work can be laid during construction or re-modelling.