Desulfurization of Natural Gas Liquids

DESULFURIZATION OF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS
Main author
Gkhan Alptekin
1
1
TDA Research Inc
12345 W 52nd Avenue
Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
galptekin@tda.com

Co-authors
Richard Casavecchia
2

2
BP America Production Company
501 West Lake Park Blvd
Houston, TX 77079

Ambal Jayaraman
1

Matthew Schaefer
1

John Monroe
1

Kristin Bradley
1

Page 2 of 21
Copyright 2008 IGRC2008

1. ABSTRACT
Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) are sometimes contaminated with organic sulfur species like
mercaptans and dimethyl sulfides (DMS) after a conventional desulfurization step, with
the DMS concentrations as high as 500-1000 ppmw. In order for the NGLs to be a
premium product, all forms of sulfur needs to be removed to low levels. Recently TDA
has developed a sorbent (SulfaTrap
TM
) for desulfurization of natural gas and liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), which effectively removes sulfur-bearing odorants (e.g.,
thiophenes, mercaptans) with very high capacity. The sorbent is regenerated by
applying a mild temperature swing (by heating up the sorbent bed to 250-300
o
C), and
several consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles were demonstrated. Molecular
theory and preliminary findings suggest that the same family of sorbents used for
natural gas and LPG also has the potential to remove sulfur species from higher
hydrocarbon fuels.

BP was interested in TDAs previous work and wanted to assess the performance of TDA
SulfaTrap
TM
sorbents for removal of DMS from NGLs in the presence of aromatics.
Hence, we modified the natural gas sorbent (SulfaTrap
TM
) and tailored it for the
desulfurization of NGLs. The SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A achieved a very high sulfur capacity
(greater than 1.5 % wt. S) using surrogate NGL mixtures (containing heavy
hydrocarbons including aromatic compounds) under representative conditions and
retained its capacity over 30 cycles. The sorbent could achieve even higher sulfur
capacities (up to 3.0% wt. S) in a C5/C6 hydrocarbon stream in the absence of
aromatics. This paper presents the comparison of the results obtained for
desulfurization of a NGL stream with TDAs sorbent (SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A) and a commercial
zeolite-13X sample in the presence of aromatics and also demonstrate the effect of the
concentration of the aromatic compounds on the sulfur capacity of the two sorbents. In
these tests, the SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent showed much better performance than the
commercial zeolite sample.

Page 3 of 21

C O N T E N T S

1. Abstract ................................................................................................. 2
2. Introduction........................................................................................... 4
3. Experimental.......................................................................................... 4
3.1. NGL Feed Mixtures.............................................................................................5
3.2. Sulfur Analysis ..................................................................................................5
4. Results and Discussion........................................................................... 6
4.1. Comparison of the zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A ...............................................6
4.2. Effect of aromatics.............................................................................................6
4.2.1. Zeolite 13X ..............................................................................................6
4.2.2. TDA SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A.................................................................................7
4.2.3. GC-MS Data................................................................................................7
4.3. Effect of Space Velocity ......................................................................................7
4.3.1. Zeolite 13X ..............................................................................................7
TM
-R2A.................................................................................7
4.4. Multiple Cycle Tests ...........................................................................................8
4.4.1. Zeolite 13X ..............................................................................................8
4.4.2. TDA-SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A ...................................................................................8
4.5. Low Temperature TDA - SulfaTrap
TM
- R2AM Sorbent ...............................................8
4.6. High Mercaptan (Accelerated) Tests......................................................................9
4.7. Future Work......................................................................................................9
5. Summary................................................................................................ 9
6. References ............................................................................................. 9
7. List of Tables........................................................................................ 10
8. List of Figures ...................................................................................... 11

Page 4 of 21

2. INTRODUCTION
Natural Gas Liquids are the hydrocarbons that are separated from natural gas as liquids
either at the gas processing plants or in the field processing units. NGLs include ethane,
propane, butane, iso-butane and natural gasoline (mostly pentanes and heavier
hydrocarbons). NGLs are valuable by-products of natural gas processing and are used
for enhancing oil recovery in oil wells, and also find use as a raw material and/or source
of energy for oil refineries and petrochemical plants. They are more valuable when used
as a petrochemical feedstock than as an energy source. Hence they are recovered from
natural gas streams as a liquid product and sold separately from the pipeline gas. The
NGLs are sometimes contaminated with organic sulfur species like mercaptans and
dimethyl sulfides (DMS). Conventionally caustic wash or solvent treatment is used to
remove sulfur species from NGLs. This absorption process removes H
2
S and the light
mercaptans from the NGLs but has shown ineffectiveness in removing DMS. The DMS
present in the NGLs after conventional desulfurization step sometimes could be as high
as 500-1000 ppmw as it concentrates in the C5 boiling range. In order for the NGLs to
be utilized as a premium by-product (such as utilization in gasoline pool), the sulfur
present in the form of DMS must be removed to low levels.

Adsorption is a viable technique for removing DMS from NGLs. 13X molecular sieve
(zeolite) adsorption of DMS has been discussed as an option (Harruff 1998). However,
the NGLs can also contain aromatic species like benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and
xylenes in concentrations as high as 9.5 % on molar basis. Hence, the key challenge in
the desulfurization of NGLs by adsorption is to develop a sorbent that retains its
selectivity for organic sulfur species in the presence of aromatic compounds. Recently
TDA has developed sorbents (SulfaTrap
TM
R series) for the desulfurization of natural
gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), where the sorbent effectively removed sulfur-
bearing natural gas odorants (e.g., thiophenes, mercaptans) with very high capacity,
and does so in the presence of aromatics and olefins. The sorbent can be regenerated
by applying a mild temperature swing (by heating up the sorbent bed to 250-300
o
C).
Molecular theory and preliminary findings suggests that this same family of sorbents
also has the potential to remove organic sulfur species from higher hydrocarbon fuels.

BP was interested in TDAs previous work and wanted to assess the performance of TDA
SulfaTrap
TM
sorbents for removal of DMS from NGLs in the presence of aromatics.
Hence, a modified version of the natural gas sorbent (SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A) was evaluated
for its potential use in desulfurization of NGLs. This paper presents the results of bench-
scale evaluations of the SulfaTrapTM-R2A sorbent and benchmarks the sorbents
performance to a commercial zeolite-13X molecular sieve. The impact of aromatic
compounds on the sulfur capacity of the two sorbents is particularly highlighted.

3. EXPERIMENTAL
We used an automated testing apparatus to carry out unattended flow experiments
through multiple-cycles under representative conditions. The unit is capable of testing
30 mL of sorbent samples in the form of cylindrical pellets (1/16). The test reactor was
in diameter and 6 in length. High temperature heat tapes wrapped around the
reactor were used to control the temperature and a high pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC) pump was used to introduce the NGL to the test cell at the
desired flow rate. After passing through the reactor the NGL was vaporized in-line and
Page 5 of 21

sent to a HP-GC equipped with a flame photometric detector (FPD) to monitor the sulfur
breakthrough. The sorbent regeneration was carried out using a counter current flow of
an inert gas stream (N
2
). A valve system was in place to pass the regeneration gas
through the sorbent bed and flow directly to the analytical system for the analysis of the
regeneration products. The apparatus is fully automated and can run without an
operator for long periods of time, including overnight. We used Control EG software to
control test conditions, log analytical data, and to safely shut down the apparatus. The
test apparatus uses only Silcosteel (Restek) coated components to minimize sulfur
adsorption on the system components, such as transfer lines, gas manifolds. A coated
steel reactor allowed testing at elevated pressures. An automated sampling valve
provided sampling ability around the clock. After exiting the analytical system, the
effluent gas stream was sparged into an absorber solution where any sulfur in the gas
phase transferred into the solution and formed salts or acids to minimize their emissions
into the atmosphere.

3.1. NGL Feed Mixtures
After passing through traditional desulfurization processes, some NGL streams can
contain as high as 9.5% mol. aromatics and 1000 ppmw of total sulfur, which are
mostly DMS (95%) and some other heavier mercaptan and trace thiophenes. For
purposes of this testing, we lumped together the heavier sulphur components as n-
propyl mercaptan (PM). To support testing using a representative NGL stream, BP
supplied TDA with a simplified, custom C3+ NGL mixture (BP NGL mixture) based on
their operating experience. Table 1 shows the composition of BP NGL mixture. The
total sulfur and aromatics concentrations used in this mixture was 367 ppmw and 3.5%
mol. respectively. In addition to BPs NGL mixture, TDA prepared a simulated mixture
using hexane as the major component with 3.5% mol. toluene (TDA NGL mixture(1))
for use in long duration multiple cycle experiments. Also, in order to fully assess the
impact of heavy hydrocarbons and aromatics, TDA prepared another simulated mixture
(TDA NGL mixture(2)) with 8.6% mol. aromatics (with toluene, benzene, ethyl
benzene, and xylene at levels present in actual NGLs) in hexane. Table 2 and Table 3
show the composition of TDA NGL mixture(1) and TDA NGL mixture(2), respectively.

3.2. Sulfur Analysis
The analysis of the sulfur compounds was carried out using a gas chromatograph
equipped with flame photometric detectors (FPD). FPD operates on the principle that
combusted sulfur emits light at a wavelength of 393 nm. The detector contains a photo
multiplier tube with a filter attached that allows only the sulfur light emission to be
detected. A capillary column was used to separate the sulphur compounds (RTX-5, 30
meter, 0.32 mm ID, with 1.0 micron film thickness manufactured by Restek
Corporation). A 0.5 mL sample loop was used to inject the vaporized NGL effluent from
the reactor on to the capillary column. The sulfur detection limit in these experiments
was approximately 0.1 ppmv. Figure 1 shows a sample chromatogram of the NGL feed
provided by BP (BP NGL mixture). In the zoomed in portion of the chromatogram, the
two well separated sulfur peaks for DMS and n-propyl mercaptan (PM) could be clearly
observed. We observed small baseline drifts for the hydrocarbons present in the NGL
feed. These baseline drifts were monitored to qualitatively assess the HC adsorption on
the sorbent surface. Although FPD is not designed to detect or measure hydrocarbon
species (HC), it proved to be a useful tool for qualitative assessment of HC adsorption
on the sorbents tested. We also used a gas chromatograph equipped with mass
Page 6 of 21

spectrometer to quantitatively assess the hydrocarbon adsorption on the benchmark
and the baseline sorbents.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Comparison of the zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
We tested the zeolite-13X sorbent in the BP-NGL mixture and the results are provided in
Figure 2. The zeolite-13Xsorbent achieved 0.4% wt. and 0.67% wt. sulfur capacity at 5
ppmw and 50 ppmw DMS breakthrough respectively. After regeneration under N
2
for 8
hours at 350
o
C the zeolite-13X sorbent also maintained a stable capacity. During
regeneration the desorption products were monitored with two DMS desorption peaks
observed at 150 and 350
o
C. Figure 3 shows the temperature programmed desorption
(TPD) profile for total sulfur under regeneration conditions. During regeneration in
addition to DMS and some amounts of PM (PM not fully removed from the sorbent at the
selected regeneration conditions) small amounts of PM derivatives (disulfides and other
dimers) were also observed. We also found that when high levels of aromatics are
present in the NGL feed the full regeneration of the zeolite-13X sorbent bed required
heating the bed to temperatures in excess of 350
o
C.

Under identical conditions, TDAs SulfaTrap
TM
R2A sorbent achieved over 1.5% wt.
sulfur capacity in the first 5 cycles with BP NGL mixture where the sorbent capacity was
measured at 50 ppmw DMS breakthrough (Figure 4); this is more than 2 times the
capacity of the zeolite-13X. The regeneration duration was between 4 8 hrs at 350
o
C.
Figure 5 shows the TPD profile for total sulfur under regeneration conditions, indicating
that complete sorbent regeneration by heating the bed up to 425
o
C. During
regeneration in addition to DMS and PM desorption peaks, we also observed other sulfur
compounds (dimers and decomposition products).

The comparison of the zeolite 13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbents were carried out in
both the BP and TDA NGL feed mixtures at two different aromatic levels. TDAs
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent outperformed the zeolite-13X sorbent and in general has more
than twice the sulfur capacity of zeolite-13X at 50 ppmw DMS breakthrough. In the BP
NGL mix with 3.5% aromatics TDAs SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent achieved 1.5% wt. sulfur
capacity compared to 0.7% wt. for zeolite-13X. In the TDA NGL mix(2) with 8.6%
aromatics zeolite-13X achieved only 0.2% wt. sulfur capacity compared to 0.5% wt. for
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent (Figure 6).

4.2. Effect of aromatics
4.2.1. Zeolite 13X
The effect of aromatics content of the NGL stream on sulfur adsorption was studied both
for zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbents. Figure 7 shows the DMS breakthrough on
the two TDA NGL mixtures at 3.5% and 8.6% mol. aromatics. There is a drop in
adsorption capacity from 0.28% wt. to 0.17% wt. with increase in aromatic
concentration. It is likely that the aromatic compounds compete for adsorption sites in
the zeolite-13X sorbent and reduce the available active sites for sulfur adsorption. This
assessment can be qualitatively confirmed by the baseline drifts observed in the FPD
data shown in Figure 8. Early in the adsorption step, the baseline drift due to toluene
Page 7 of 21

(residence time of 10.5 min) was not observed. The absence of this drift was attributed
to the adsorption of toluene on zeolite-13X sorbent. There is no evidence for adsorption
of other hydrocarbon species. It is expected that ethyl benzene and other aromatics
would too have a similar tendency to adsorb on the zeolite-13X.
TM
-R2A
Figure 9 shows the DMS breakthrough on the two TDA NGL feed mixtures at 3.5% and
8.6% mol. aromatics. There is only a marginal drop in adsorption capacity with increase
in aromatic concentration (which could be due to pore diffusion limitations for the high
aromatic NGL stream). There was no competition for adsorption sites from aromatic
compounds in SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent. The qualitative GC-FPD results indicated no
evidence of toluene or other hydrocarbon adsorption over SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent. As
shown in Figure 10 unlike the GC profiles for zeolite-13X sorbent, the toluene peak was
observed in the early chromatograms in the adsorption step (suggesting that it did not
adsorb on the sorbent). This shows that SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A is highly selective to sulfur,
which may be an advantage for high aromatic NGL feeds. The adsorption of other
aromatics like ethyl benzene, benzene and xylene is not expected on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A.
4.2.3. GC-MS Data
The liquid samples collected in bench-scale tests using TDA-NGL mix were analyzed in a
GC-MS to confirm aromatic adsorption. The results from GC-MS analysis are shown in
Figure 11. The adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons was evident on zeolite-13X sorbent
and no hydrocarbon adsorption was observed for the SulfaTrap
TM
sorbents. This shows
that the decline in performance with high aromatic NGL feeds in zeolite-13X is due to
competitive adsorption between aromatics and sulfur and the marginal decline in
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A can be related to diffusion effects.
4.3. Effect of Space Velocity
4.3.1. Zeolite 13X
Figure 12 provides the effect of space velocity on the desulfurization of BP NGL mix.
We observed very little or no dependency on space velocity in the BP- NGL mix, which is
a light hydrocarbon mixture that contains lower amounts of aromatics (3.5% mol.). In
the case of TDA NGL mixture(1), which contains 3.5% mol. aromatics in hexane, the
space velocity has more impact (Figure 13). The sulfur capacity was significantly higher
at lower LHSV of 1.2 h
-1
compared to LHSV of 2.8 h
-1
. This dependence is likely due to
diffusion limitations in the heavier hexane fuel (i.e., larger resistance for the sulfur
compounds to diffuse through the NGL and reach the sorbent surface).
TM
-R2A
Figure 14 provides the effect of space velocity on the desulfurization of BP NGL mix
using SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent. Similar to zeolite-13X sorbent, TDA SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A is
also microporous and shows a similar dependency (between capacity and space
velocity). In the case of TDA NGL mixture(2), which contains 8.6% mol. aromatics in
hexane, the effect of space velocity was highly visible (Figure 15) and significantly
higher sulfur capacity (0.46% wt. sulfur at breakthrough) was observed at lower space
velocity of 1.6 h
-1
compared to that at 4.5 h
-1
.
Page 8 of 21

4.4. Multiple Cycle Tests
4.4.1. Zeolite 13X
We carried out 31 adsorption/regeneration cycles. Between cycle #5 and cycle #28,
TDA NGL mixtures with 3.5% or 8.6% mol. aromatics with benzene/toluene/ethyl
benzene/xylene was used instead of the BP NGL mix with 3.5% mol. toluene. The
change was made to conserve the BP NGL mix and also to observe the effect of
aromatics because of the high aromatic adsorption in zeolite-13X. The zeolite-13X
sorbent was able to maintain a stable sulfur capacity of 0.75 wt. (26 mL/g of sorbent) at
50 ppmw DMS breakthrough with BP NGL mix after 31 cycles provided the
regenerations were carried out at 425
o
C temperature. When switched back from high
aromatic TDA-NGL (2) mix to low aromatic BP NGL mix (Cycle #27), the capacity
dropped by half (compared to Cycle#1 with BP NGL mix), likely due to heavy aromatic
adsorption during previous cycles. Once regenerated at 425
o
C for two cycles, the sulfur
capacity was restored to the initial cycle values. Figure 16 shows the DMS breakthrough
results for multiple cycle experiments and the summary of the breakthrough sulfur
capacities at 5 ppmw DMS breakthrough is reported in Figure 17.
4.4.2. TDA-SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
We then carried out 31 cycles on TDA SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent. Between cycle #7 and
cycle #28 the feed was changed to TDA NGL mixtures with 3.5% or 8.6% mol.
aromatics with benzene/toluene/ethyl benzene/xylene in comparison to the BP NGL
mix with 3.5% mol. toluene only. The change was made to conserve the BP NGL mix
and also to observe the effect of aromatics. SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A was able to maintain a
stable sulfur capacity of 1.52 wt. (67 mL/g of sorbent) at 50 ppmw DMS breakthrough
with BP NGL mix after 31 cycles provided the regenerations were carried out at 425
o
C
temperature. When switched back from high aromatic TDA NGL (2) to low aromatic BP
NGL (Cycle#29), the capacity drop is only marginal (compared to Cycle#1 with BP
NGL mix) and once extended regenerations were carried out at 425
o
C the sulfur
capacity was restored to the initial cycle values. Figure 18 shows the DMS breakthrough
results for multiple cycle experiments and the summary of the breakthrough sulfur
capacities at 5 ppmw DMS breakthrough is reported in Figure 19.
4.5. Low Temperature TDA - SulfaTrap
TM
- R2AM Sorbent
Due to the importance of achieving full regenerations at low temperatures (e.g.,
reduced time needed for heating/cooling transitions, reduced heat input to support
sorbent regeneration) TDA also developed a modified version of its baseline sorbent
(SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM) that can be regenerated at even lower temperatures. SulfaTrap
TM
-
R2AM (modified sorbent) achieves comparable performance with the baseline
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent at 350
o
C regeneration temperature instead of a 425
o
C
regeneration temperature in both the BP and TDA NGL feed mixtures (Figure 20). TDAs
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM sorbent achieved 1.37% wt. sulfur capacity with BP NGL mixture (low
aromatics 3.5%) and 0.52% wt. sulfur capacity with TDA NGL mixture(2) (high
aromatics 8.6%) at 50 ppmw DMS breakthrough. The sorbent showed a stable
performance in an 8-cycle test. The results are presented in Figure 21. Figure 22 shows
the TPD profile for total sulfur under regeneration conditions, which shows that
complete sorbent regeneration could be achieved by heating the bed up to 350
o
C.
During regeneration in addition to DMS and PM desorption peaks we also observed other
sulfur compounds (dimers and decomposition products) similar to the zeolite-13X and
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbents.
Page 9 of 21

4.6. High Mercaptan (Accelerated) Tests
In order to see the effect of various aromatic species and regeneration of PM we tested
the sorbents in high PM hydrocarbon mixtures containing up to 8.6% aromatics. To
expedite the tests we used 1,020 ppmw S as PM and 75 ppmw S as DMS in hexane and
the experiments were carried out at 2 psig and liquid samples were collected from the
reactor exit and analyzed for sulfur. Figure 23 shows the effect of the presence of
aromatics in the high PM feed mixture for zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A. Zeolite-13X
had a very high sulfur capacity (4.3% wt) in the absence of aromatics. In the presence
of aromatics the capacity dropped drastically and we observed a rollover of the sulfur
breakthrough curve (sulfur levels going above the inlet concentration) indicating that
the aromatic species are replacing the sulfur species and the sorbent is more selective
to aromatics than PM. In the case of SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A we did not observe any rollover of
sulfur breakthrough curves indicating the sorbent is selective to PM than aromatics and
the drop in capacity is only marginal when aromatic species were introduced. We also
observed dipropyl disulfide (DPDS) formation in both zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
and it breaks through before both DMS and PM.
4.7. Future Work
As the next step, a larger scale test rig will be installed temporarily on site to run a
slipstream of actual plant feed over 120-cycles. This will help us with scale up to
commercial size as well as avoid potential surprises with feed components that we have
not considered in this study.
5. SUMMARY
We have developed very effective sorbents (SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM) for
the desulfurization of natural gas liquids that are highly selective to sulfur species in the
presence of aromatics. These sorbents could be used to desulfurize the high sulfur NGLs
and convert them to a valuable product.
TDAs SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent achieves a sulfur capacity of 1.52% wt. in BP-NGL
Mix, which is more than twice the adsorption capacity of zeolite-13X (0.66% wt.).
It also achieved more than twice the adsorption capacity of zeolite-13X in high
aromatic NGL (0.46% Vs 0.17%).
Both SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A and zeolite-13X sorbents require a regeneration temperature
of 425
o
C to maintain stable capacity.
The modified sorbent SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM has a similar sulfur capacity to SulfaTrap
TM
-
R2A and it can be regenerated at a much lower temperature (350
o
C).
We observed disulfide formation in both zeolite-13X and TDA sorbents in high
mercaptan environment.
TDA sorbents retained their superior performance in high mercaptan and high
aromatic NGL feeds.
6. REFERENCES
1. Harruff, L.G.; Martinie, G.D.; Rahman, A. Oil & Gas Journal 1998, 96 (41), 72-76.

Page 10 of 21

7. LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. BP NGL Mixture Composition.

BP - NGL Mix % mol.
Propane 32.73%
Butane 29.11%
Pentane 15.00%
Hexane 7.50%
Heptane 12.10%
Toluene 3.50%
Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS)
+
0.0685%
Propyl Mercaptan (PM)
+
0.0048%
+
DMS 664 ppmw
PM 57 ppmw
3.5% aromatics

Table 2. TDA NGL Mixture (1) composition.

TDA - NGL Mix (1) % mol.
Hexane 96.43%
Toluene 3.50%
*
0.0685%
*
0.0048%
(1)
3.5% aromatics
+
DMS 493 ppmw
PM 42 ppmw

Table 3. TDA NGL Mixture (2) composition.

TDA - NGL Mix (2) % mol.
Hexane 91.37%
Toluene 4.45%
Ethylbenzene 0.17%
Benzene 2.80%
Xylene 1.14%
*
0.0685%
*
0.0048%
*
DMS 493 ppmw
PM 42 ppmw
(2)
8.6% aromatics

Page 11 of 21

8. LIST OF FIGURES

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
View Mode: Integration
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Di-Methyl Sulfide (DMS)
Hexane
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
(Zoomed In)
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
(Zoomed In)
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
DMS
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
5500000
6000000
6500000
7000000
7500000
8000000
8500000
9000000
9500000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
1.0x10
7
PM
DMS
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
(Zoomed In)
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
(Zoomed In)
Gas Chromatogram
BP-NGL Mixture
DMS

Figure 1. Sample Chromatogram in GC-FPD with BP-NGL Mixture.

BP - NGL Mix Desulfurization
Zeolite - 13X Cycling Data
N
2
- regen @350
o
C 8 h
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
mL NGL Desulfurized/g of Sorbent
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Cycle #1
Cycle #2
Cycle #3
Cycle #4
Cycle #5

Figure 2. BP NGL mixture desulfurization at T = 40
o
C and P = 150 psia
on zeolite-13X.
Page 12 of 21

0 100 200 300
Time (min)
F
P
D

S

a
r
e
a
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

o
C
Total Sulf ur
Reactor Temp.
2.5x10
9

Figure 3. TPD profile for zeolite-13X after sulfur adsorption from BP-NGL mixture.

SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A Cycling Data
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Cycle #1
Cycle #2
Cycle #3
Cycle #5

Figure 4. BP NGL mixture desulfurization at T = 40
o
C and P = 150 psia
on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A.

Page 13 of 21

0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (min)
F
P
D

S

a
r
e
a
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

o
C
Total Sulf ur
Reactor Temp.
4.0x10
9

Figure 5. TPD profile for SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A after sulfur adsorption from BP-NGL mixture.

3.5% aromatics
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Zeolite-13X
Sulf aTrap-R2A
TDA - NGL Mix Desulfurization
8.6% aromatics
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Zeolite-13X
Sulf aTrap-R2A

Figure 6. Comparison of zeolite-13X Vs SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent in low aromatic
and high aromatic NGL at T = 40
o
C, P = 150 psia, LHSV = 4 h
-1
and T = 40
o
C,
P = 135 psia, LHSV = 2.8 h
-1
respectively.

Page 14 of 21

Zeolite - 13X
LHSV = 2.8 h
-1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
3.5% aromatics
8.6% aromatics

Figure 7. Effect of aromatics on zeolite-13X sorbent for TDA NGL feeds at T = 40
o
C, P = 135
psia and LHSV = 2.8 h
-1
.

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
43800
43900
44000
44100
44200
44300
44400
44500
44600
44700
44800
44900
45000
45100
45200
45300
45400
45500
45600
45700
45800
45900
46000
Time
Response_
RUN-02.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
43800
43900
44000
44100
44200
44300
44400
44500
44600
44700
44800
44900
45000
45100
45200
45300
45400
45500
45600
45700
45800
45900
46000
Time
Response_
RUN-02.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.00
43400
43600
43800
44000
44200
44400
44600
44800
45000
45200
45400
45600
45800
46000
46200
46400
46600
46800
47000
Time
Response_
RUN-10.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
Toluene
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.00
43400
43600
43800
44000
44200
44400
44600
44800
45000
45200
45400
45600
45800
46000
46200
46400
46600
46800
47000
Time
Response_
RUN-10.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
Toluene
t = 125 min, ~ 13.1 mL/g fuel treated

Figure 8. Toluene adsorption on zeolite-13X sorbent as seen in FPD Signal for desulfurization of
BP NGL mix at T = 40
o
C, P = 150 psia.

Page 15 of 21

SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
LHSV = 2.0 h
-1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 5 10 15 20 25
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
3.5% aromatics
8.6% aromatics

Figure 9. Effect of aromatics on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent for TDA NGL feeds
at T = 40
o
C, P = 135 psia and LHSV = 2.0 h
-1
.

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
43000
43200
43400
43600
43800
44000
44200
44400
44600
44800
45000
45200
45400
45600
45800
46000
46200
46400
46600
46800
47000
47200
47400
47600
47800
Time
Response_
RUN-02.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
Toluene
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
43000
43200
43400
43600
43800
44000
44200
44400
44600
44800
45000
45200
45400
45600
45800
46000
46200
46400
46600
46800
47000
47200
47400
47600
47800
Time
Response_
RUN-02.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane
Hexane
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
5.0x10
4
Toluene
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.00
40000
42000
44000
46000
48000
50000
52000
54000
56000
58000
60000
62000
64000
66000
68000
70000
72000
74000
76000
Time
Response_
RUN-24.D\FPD2B
Time (min)
F
P
D

S
i
g
n
a
l
8.0x10
4
Pentane
Propane
Butane
Heptane Toluene
Hexane
t = 0 min, Feed mixture

Figure 10. Sulfur Selectivity for SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent as seen in FPD Signal for
desulfurization of BP NGL mix at T = 40
o
C, P = 150 psia.

Page 16 of 21


Zeolite-13X
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
mL NGL Desulfurized/g sorbent
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

H
y
d
r
o
c
a
r
b
o
n

p
e
a
k

A
r
e
a

f
r
o
m

G
C
-
M
S
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl Benzene
Xylene
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20
T
o
t
a
l

S
u
l
f
u
r

C
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w

S
)
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl Benzene
Xylene

Figure 11. Comparison of GC-MS data showing adsorption of aromatics
for zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A.
Zeolite - 13X
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
LHSV = 4.0 h
-1
LHSV = 1.5 h
-1

Figure 12. Effect space velocity on desulfurization of BP NGL mix at
T = 40
o
C and P = 150 psia on zeolite-13X sorbent.
Zeolite - 13X 3.5% aromatics
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
LHSV = 2.8 h
-1
LHSV = 1.2 h
-1

Figure 13. Effect space velocity on desulfurization of TDA NGL mix(1) at
T = 40
o
C and P = 135 psia on zeolite-13X sorbent.
Page 17 of 21


SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 20 40 60 80
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
LHSV = 6.7 h
-1
LHSV = 3.5 h
-1

Figure 14. Effect space velocity on desulfurization of BP NGL mix at
T = 40
o
C and P = 150 psia on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent.

SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
8.6% aromatics
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
LHSV = 1.6 h
-1
LHSV = 4.5 h
-1

Figure 15. Effect space velocity on desulfurization of TDA NGL mix(2) at
T = 40
o
C and P = 135 psia on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbent.
Page 18 of 21

Zeolite - 13X Cycling Data
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)Cycle #1
Cycle #2
Cycle #3
Cycle #4
Cycle #5
Cycle #27
Cycle #28 - 425C
Cycle #29 - 425C
Cycle #30
Cycle #31

Figure 16. DMS breakthrough in the multiple cycle test on zeolite-13X at
T = 40
o
C, P = 150 psia and LHSV = 1-4 h
-1
.

Figure 17. Summary of 30-cycle test with zeolite-13X (benchmark sorbent).

Page 19 of 21


SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A Cycling Data
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Cycle #1
Cycle #2
Cycle #3
Cycle #5
Cycle #29 -
8hrs@425C
Cycle #30 -
12hrs@425C
Cycle #31 -
LHSV 1.1 (1/h)

Figure 18. DMS breakthrough in the multiple cycle test on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A at
T = 40
o
C, P = 135-150 psia and LHSV = 1-7 h
-1
.
Breakthrough at 5 ppmw DMS
0.0%
0.4%
0.8%
1.2%
1.6%
2.0%
0 10 20 30 40
Cycle #
T
o
t
a
l

S

L
o
a
d
i
n
g

(
%

w
t
.

S
)
BP-NGL Mix
TDA-NGL Mix-1
TDA-NGL Mix-2

Figure 19. Summary of 30-cycle test with SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A (baseline sorbent).
Page 20 of 21

3.5%aromatics
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Sulf aTrap-R2AM
Sulf aTrap-R2A
8.6%aromatics
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Sulf aTrap-R2AM
Sulf aTrap-R2A

Figure 20. Comparison of SulfaTrap
TM
sorbents in low aromatic and high aromatic NGL at T =
40
o
C, P = 135-150 psia.
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM Cycling Data
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
D
M
S

c
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w
)
Cycle #2 BP-NGL (3.5% aromatics)
Cycle #3 BP-NGL (3.5% aromatics)
Cycle #5 TDA-NGL (8.6% aromatics)
Cycle #8 TDA-NGL (8.6% aromatics)

Figure 21. DMS breakthrough in multiple cycle test on SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM.at
T = 40
o
C, P = 135-150 psia and LHSV = 0.9-4.5 h
-1
.

Page 21 of 21

0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (min)
F
P
D

S

a
r
e
a
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

o
C
Total Sulf ur
Reactor Temp.
5.0x10
9

Figure 22. TPD profile for SulfaTrap
TM
-R2AM Sorbent.

Zeolite-13X
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
0 20 40 60 80 100
T
o
t
a
l

S
u
l
f
u
r

C
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w

S
)
Hexane/Toluene/Benzene/EB/Xylene
(8.6% aromatics)
Hexane (no aromatics)
SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T
o
t
a
l

S
u
l
f
u
r

C
o
n
c
n
.

(
p
p
m
w

S
)
Hexane/Toluene/Benzene/EB/Xylene
(8.6% aromatics)
Hexane (no aromatics)

Figure 23. Comparison of zeolite-13X and SulfaTrap
TM
-R2A sorbents in high mercaptan feeds at
T = 40
o
C, P = 2 psig, LHSV = 4 h
-1
, DMS = 75 ppmw S, PM = 1020 ppmw S.

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