III

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CAREER PATHWAYS IN TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD

EDUCATION (CP-TLE)
Agri-Fishery Arts I
Plant Production

Module 3 Production of High Value Vegetable Crops
Quarters 1 and 2

vegetable garden

Vegetables are good sources of income aside from their contribution to your
general health and vigor. Various vitamins and minerals can be supplied by them.
Since it is a business, you have to learn how to produce quality products so that it
could command higher price in the market and eventually realize a decent profit for
you and the members of your family. In doing so, regular improvement in producing
and marketing high value vegetable is necessary to influence greater productivity
and success in vegetable business.

EXPLORE YOUR UNDERSTANDING

The essential question is How can you become a successful vegetable
raiser? How do regular improvement in producing and marketing high value
vegetables influence greater productivity and success in vegetable business.

These guide questions will help you understand the content of the module.
You may answer them tentatively in your TLE notebook.

This module is all about the procedures involved in the producti on of high
value vegetable crops. It is expected that you will learn all the basic steps involved
in every aspect of vegetable production. And at the end of this module you will have
produced your own vegetables ready for the market.
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Read the following guide questions as you go along with the main target on
mind.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the 4 Ms of vegetable production?
2. How do you obtain start-up capital?
3. How do you prepare the land for vegetable growing?
4. What is the importance of testing the viability of seeds ?
5. How do you grow vegetable seedlings
6. How do you plant/transplant seedlings?
7. What is the importance of weeding?
8. What is the primary role of water in the growth of vegetable crops?
9. Why is there a need to supply fertilizer to the growing vegetables?
10. What is the importance of fertilizer computation?
11. How do you protect your plants from insects and diseases?
12. Why do you need to construct trellis to viny crops?
13. When is the best time to harvest vegetables for the market?
14. Why do you need to perform post-harvest practices?
15. How do you market your vegetable products?
16. How will you determine the market price of your vegetables?
17. How will you compute the cost of producing vegetables?

Pre-Assessment

Take the following assessment to see how familiar you are with some
information related to production of high value crops.

Set A. Write the province where the following vegetables are widely grown.

1. Tomatoes
2. Garlic
3. Cabbage
4. Gabi
5. Ampalaya
6. Onion
7. Potato
8. Corn
9. Lettuce
10. Saluyot

Answers are on page 52:

Self-Check:

9-10 correct answers very satisfactory
7-8 correct answers satisfactory
5-6 correct answers fair
3-4 correct answers poor
0-2 correct answer/s needs improvement
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Set B. Check () whether the following are needed in vegetable production and X if
not needed.

Inputs/Materials Needed
Not
Needed
1. Grub hoe
2. Carabao
3. Seeds
4. Poultry dung
5. Irrigation water
6. Goat
7. Sack
8. Scythe
9. Animal Barn
10. Sled


Self-Checklist


Set C. Arrange chronologically the following cultural practices in vegetable
production by writing the numbers on the blanks provided for.

1. Weeding 1 _____
2. Plowing/hoeing 2 _____
3. Harvesting 3 _____
4. Irrigation 4 _____
5. Transplanting 5 _____
6. Fertilizer application 6 _____
7. Land clearing 7 _____
8. Seed testing 8 _____
9. Harrowing 9 _____
10. Raising seedlings 10 _____

Answer is on page 52:

Self-Check


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Set D.

Pre-Assessment/Diagnosis

Direction: Write the letter of the word or group of words that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. In computing the cost of production, what is the type of expenses or cost that is
charged for the use of farm implements?

A. Rent
B. Interest on capital
C. Depreciation cost
D. Wages

2. Vegetable production is a business. If at the end of a cropping season, your
sales exceeded the cost of production it means there is ____________ in
businesss.

A. break even
B. loss
C. profit
D. re-structuring

3. Two to three plowings with harrowing intervals would turn your garden soil into
the desired tilth. This means that the

A. soil is well pulverized
B. soil is well compacted
C. soil is well drained
D. soil is well saturated

4. Why are weeds unwanted in the garden?

A. Weeds can be used as animal feeds.
B. Weeds are utilized as mulching materials.
C. Weeds are alternate hosts of pests and diseases.
D. Weeds are materials for compost making.

5. The garden should be supplied with water

A. when the soil is dry
B. after rainfall
C. if watering materials are available
E. if the vegetable plants are wilting

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6. When the leaves of your vegetable crops show signs of yellowing and stunted
growth, you need fertilizer rich in

A. nitrogen
B. phosphorous
C. potassium
D. sulfur

7. To protect you from insecticide residues when spraying you are advised to do
one of the following:

A. wash your clothings after spraying
B. cover your nose with a handkerchief when spraying
C. bury the containers of insecticides after spraying
D. take a bath after spraying

8. Why do you need to sterilize the soil medium to be used in growing seedlings?

A. To kill the weed seeds in the soil?
B. To kill eggs and larvae of insects?
C. To kill soil-borne pathogens?
D. To kill seeds of other vegetables?

9. Why do we transplant vegetable seedlings late in the afternoon?

A. Root hairs will develop in overnight time.
B. Seedlings will not wilt.
C. Seedlings are not exposed under the sun.
D. Leaves will not transpire.

10. Trellis are structures which should be provided to viny crops to

A. beautify the garden
B. support the vines
C. make use of available materials
D. increase the production

11. To prevent the spread of a certain disease that infests your vegetables today,
perform all the following except one. Which is not included?

A. Practice clean culture.
B. Plant resistant varieties.
C. Collect and mount the diseased plants in scrapbook.
D. Practice crop rotation.

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12. Which of the following is used in cutting grasses

A. Trowel
B. Shovel
C. Ax
D. scythe

13. When is the best time to harvest vegetables?

A. When there is great supply in the market.
B. When the price in the market is low.
C. When there is no demand in the market.
D. When the price in the market is high.

14. To determine the price of your products, add the total variable and fixed costs
plus 20-30% of mark-up which will become the

A. land rent
B. labor wage
C. interest on capital
D. profit of the manager-owner

15. Peddling is the most simple form of selling products if you want to earn more.
This is also called

A. consignment
B. wholesale
C. retail
D. distribution


Self-Checklist


Did you find excitement during your exploration phase? Then let us now firm-up
your knowledge and understanding.

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FIRM UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Lesson 1 4 Ms of Producing Vegetables

This lesson deals with the things needed before you can create a product.
These are technically known in economics as the four factors of production.

You are going to learn that if one of the factors is absent, production is not
possible.

In vegetable production, there are several factors needed. They are grouped
in any of the four (4) Ms of production.

The first M is money also known as cash capital in business. Many consider it
as the most important factor. The sources could come from lending & financial
institutions, private lenders, personal funds, savings and even OFW remittances.
Their share in the economic distribution is in the form of interest.

The second M are Machines and Materials. They are both known as capital
goods. Men and management comprise the 3rd and 4th Ms respectively. Men are
the hired laborers who receive their share in the form of wages and salaries.
Management on the other hand is the owner-manager who gets profit as his share in
the economic distribution of wealth.

Four Ms in Production

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Activity 1 Classify the following into Ms of Production

1. Seeds =
2. Hired Planters =
3. Fertilizer =
4. Cash on hand =
5. Cash on bank =
6. Hired harvesters =
7. Insticides =
8. Personal loan =
9. Plow =
10. The vegetable raiser =

Question: How important are the 4Ms of production?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2 Identify the share of the following 4 Ms of production
_____ 1. Personal Savings
_____ 2. Garden Area
_____ 3. Hired worker
_____ 4. Bank loan
_____ 5. Vegetable raiser

Question: What is the contribution of each of the 4Ms of production in generating
profit?

Self-check 1 Answers are on page 53.

1. Owner ________
2. Knapsack sprayer ________
3. Vegetable garden ________
4. Loan from Bombay ________
5. Hired gardener ________


5 correct answers excellent
4 correct answers very good
3 correct answers good
2 correct answers fair
1 correct answer poor
0 answer needs improvement

If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit lesson 1 before you
proceed to the next page.
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Lesson 2 Legal Forms of Business Ownership

This lesson presents the forms of business ownership. As a beginning
businessman, you will find out where you want to be and where you what to go.

As a prospective vegetable raiser you may choose any of the four legal forms
of business ownership.

Sole or Individual proprietorship is ownership by one person. He provides
everything but receives all the profit. Partnership has at least two partners working
together. They share the needed materials, risks, management and profit.

A corporation and cooperative which are both composed of big organizations
of men and women bound for common good is governed by a Board of Directors.
The difference between the two lies on the motive that is profit for corporation and
service for the cooperative.

Activity 1: Write what is called for in the 3 columns.

Members Capital Motive
1. Sole proprietorship
2. Partnership
3. Corporation
4. Cooperative

Activity 2: Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of Sole Proprietoship.

Advantages Disadvantages
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

Activity 3: Differentiate Partnership from Individual Proprietorship

Individual Proprietorship Partnership
1. ______________________________ 1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________
5. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________

Question: If you were an entrepreneur, what form of business ownership you would
choose? Why?

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Self-check 2 Identify what is being described?

__________ 1. Profit motive is the main concern
__________ 2. Form of business owned by a person
__________ 3. Form of business where profits are shared by 2 individuals
__________ 4. Service is the prime motive
__________ 5. Risks are taken by the owner

Self-check 2 - Answers are on page 53.


If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit lesson 2 before you
proceed to the next lesson.

Lesson 3: Start-up Capital

This lesson will introduce you to the varied sources of capital for your
vegetable growing business. As you go on with the lesson, you will find out that
capital, through a problem for you can be sourced out from nearby lenders.

Among businessmen capital is their common problem. Fortunately, it does
not prevent him/her from starting a business because one may source out starting
capital from various sources. Financial institutions like Loans & Saving Bank,
Pawnshop, GSIS/SSS loan; Private lenders like cooperatives, store owners, lending
establishments; Personal funds and Personal Savings; and even OFW through their
remittances are always ready to lend a hand to prospective entrepreneurs.

Activity 1

Survey the sources of capital in the locality and jot down the interest they are
charging. Explain why these sources of capital have different rates of interest?

1. Rural Bank _____
2. Commercial Bank _____
3. GSIS/SSS/Pag-ibig _____
4. Cooperative _____
5. Pawnshop _____
6. Lending Agencies _____
7. Others (specify) _____

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Question: How are you going to make use of available sources of capital?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Activity 2: Enumerate the needed inputs in vegetable production to be purchased

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Question: How significant are the inputs in vegetable production?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Seeds Fertilizers

Farm Laborers Farm

Knapsack Laborers working in the farm
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Self-check 3 Write the sources of capital described below:

__________ 1. Savings on hand.
__________ 2. Lending institution
__________ 3. Source for government employees
__________ 4, Sources for employees of private sectors
__________ 5. Sources from OFW


2 correct answers poor
1 correct answer fair

If you scored well in the self-check fine! If not, revisit lesson 3 before you
proceed to the next lesson.

Lesson 4: Preparing the Garden for Planting

This lesson is all about the preparation of the land for planting, tools, and the
condition of a well-prepared soil.

Before planting seeds or transplanting seedlings the land should be
thoroughly prepared. This means that the soil is free from foreign materials, soil
clods and well pulverized. This could be accomplished by alternate plowing and
harrowing 2-3 times at an interval of 5-7 -days.

Activity 1 Making a Garden Plot

With the use of a grub hoe or garden hoe, make a garden plot measuring 1 x
5 meters Break the soil into a desired size. If the soil is wet, allow a week to pass
before pulverizing it. But if it is not dry nor wet, 2-3 days are enough before the 2nd
hoeing is done to allow the grasses to dry. Repeat the process until the desired tilth
is attained (thoroughly prepared). With this condition, the soil is now ready for
planting.

Fill-up the blanks with needed data

Describe soil in your plot?

1. Before hoeing ________________________________________
2. After 1st hoeing ________________________________________
3. After 2nd hoeing ________________________________________
4. After 3rd hoeing ________________________________________
5. Just before planting ________________________________________

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Restate in your own words the requirements of a thoroughly prepared soil/garden.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 2 Identify the tools used in land preparation and write their uses
Name Uses

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

____________________ __________________________
____________________ __________________________

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Question: How do tools and equipment help you meet your objective?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Precautionary Measures

1. Avoid using scythe/bolo not for cutting grasses or shrubs.
2. After using the tools, clean them before keeping them in the tool box.
3. Use any of the tools carefully when small kids are not around.
4. Do not allow anyone to use any of the tools.
5. Sharpen cutting materials whenever possible.

Self-check 4 Identify what is described.
__________ 1. Hand tool used in breaking the soil
__________ 2. Bringing the soil into the desired tilth
__________ 3. Tool used in cutting grasses
__________ 4, Used for levelling
__________ 5. Use to break clods of soil



If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit lesson 4 before you go
to the next lesson.

Lesson 5 Seed Testing
The lesson deals with the advantages of seed testing and how it is being
performed.
Seeds of indirectly planted vegetables are first sown in the seedbed or
seedbox. But before they are grown, it is necessary that the seeds should be tested
to determine the viability. It is done either by ragdoll method or seedbox. Whichever
method to use, place/plant a given number of seeds in any chosen method. Check
the seeds daily. After 3-5 days, count the number of seeds which germinated or at
least those seeds which have shown initial sign of germination. The number of
seeds that germinated is divided by the number of seeds used multiplied by 100 to
get the percentage germination.
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Activity 1
Perform Seed Testing using ragdoll method. Scatter 50 mongo seeds in an
old handkerchief. Roll the rag, immerse it in a clean water and let it stay in a cool
place. After 3-5 days, unroll the rag. Count the number of seeds that germinated
and compute for the percentage germination using the formula below.
% germination x100
See to it that any source of seeds with % germination below 70 should not be used
as planting material. Why? _____________________________________________

Activity 2 Solve the Problem
Granting that your stocked seeds has 80% germination, how much will you
need to plant a hectare with 20 kgs. rate of seeding?
Generalize the advantage of seed testing.
Self-check 5: Identify what is being described.
__________ 1. Reason for seed testing
__________ 2. Method of testing using old handkerchief
__________ 3. Number of seeds germinated over number of seeds used
__________ 4, allowed % germination of seeds for planting
__________ 5. 90 seeds geminated out of 100 seeds tested

Self-check 5: Answers are on page 53.


If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit lesson 4 before you go
to the next lesson.

Lesson 5A Soil Sterilization
This lesson will tell you the reasons why you must sterilize soil to be used for
growing seedlings. You will also learn the steps and ways of sterilizing the soil.
Some soilborne pathogens like damping-off can cause damage to growing
seedlings. It is caused by a fungi. Root knot which is caused by a nemotode is
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another example. It is for this reason that the soil to be used in growing seedldings
has to be sterilized to get rid of the pathogen.
This can be done by chemical such as fumigation or physical means such as
heating. This method is considered as the most practical and less expensive.
Another method is pouring boiling water over the soil media either in the seedbox or
seedbed.

Activity 1

The medium for seedbox method are made up of garden soil , fine sand
and compost. They are mixed thoroughly before subjected to heat treatment. It is
placed on top of a galvanized iron with continuous fire under it. The heat treatment
could last up to 30-40 minutes depending upon the volume of the medium.
Leave the heated medium to cool off before being utilized for growing
seedlings.

State the purpose of soil sterilization.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Self-check 6: Identify what is being described.

__________ 1. Reason for soil sterilization
__________ 2. Causal organism of root knot
__________ 3. Physical method of soil sterilization
__________ 4, Chemical means of sterilization
__________ 5. Casual organism of damping-off of seedlings

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Self-check 6: Answers are on page 53.


If you scored well, fine! If not, revisit previous lesson before you go to the next!

Lesson 5B Growing of Seedlings

This lesson teaches you how to grow seedlings of indirectly planted
vegetables. After studying this lesson, you should be able to raise your own
seedlings.
Tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, pechay, cabbage, cauliflower and brocolli,
before they are set in the field must first pass the seedling stage. After performing
the required soil sterilization, the soil must be pulverized to a very fine texture. Small
furrows are made before seeds are placed in the small furrows. Cover them with
fine soil and water gently.
The seeds will germinate in 3-5 days. Frequent watering is needed. Apply a
grain of complete fertilizer in between the small furrows to produce healthy
seedlings. If the growing seedlng have been under the heat of the sun from the
beginning, pricking or hardening is not necessary. The seedlings must be ready for
planting in 2-3 weeks or if they have 2-3 pairs of true leaves.

Activity 1 Constructing a Seed Box

Secure a 2 width thick and any approximate length piece of wood. Cut it
into 4 pieces. Two should be measuring 12 and the other 2, 18. Join the ends of
the 4 pieces of wood by means of 1-inch nails forming a rectangle. Close bottom
side of the rectangle with perforated G.1. sheet or plywood. Now you have a seed
box.

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Question: What is the most important advantage of seedbox method over seedbed?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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Activity 2 Preparation of Soil Medium

Gather enough garden soil, fine sand and compost. With a ratio of 1:1:1
mixed them thoroughly until individual component could not be recognized anymore.

Question: Why do you need to mix fine sand with the soil medium?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Activity 3 Growing of Seedlings

With the use of your constructed seedbox and the soil medium previously
subjected to heat treatment as a form of sterilization, sow tomato seeds in small
furrows at a depth of 1 cm. Cover with fine soil and water them gently. Frequent
watering is recommended until they are ready for transplanting.

Newly sown seeds

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Seedlings after one week

Question: Generalize the needs for raising seedlings.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Self-check 7 Identify what is called for?
__________ 1. Condition of the soil in the seedbed/seedbox ready for sowing
__________ 2. Proper way of watering
__________ 3. Where to sow the seeds
__________ 4, If grown in partly shaded place, it is very necessary
__________ 5. Condition of seedlings ready for planting

Answers are on page 54.


If you scored well in this lesson, fine! If not revisit the lesson in growing of
seedlings before you go to the next lesson.

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Lesson 6 Planting/Transplanting Vegetables

In this lesson you will learn how to plant seeds and seed pieces directly in the
soil as well as how to transplant vegetable seedlings in the field/garden.
Vegetables are either directly or indirectly planted. Seeds of okra, squash,
cucumber, carrots, and legumes are planted and seed pieces of sweet potato,
kangkong, garlic, gabi are directly planted in the garden or in the field which were
previously prepared thoroughly. Direct planting, shortens the time needed before
harvesting the crops.
Some vegetable seeds and seed pieces like pepper, tomato, eggplant,
cabbage, cauliflower, onions, ginger and pepper are to be grown first in the nursery
with the use of either seedbox or seedbed method. After a given period of time, the
seedlings are transplanted in the field.
Activity 1 - Write down the advantages of directly planted and transplanted
vegetables.
1. Directly planted
1.1
1.2
1.3
2. Transplanted
2.1
2.2
2.3
Generalize the need for direct planting and indirect planting.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 2 Enumerate more vegetables whose seeds/seed pieces are directly or
indirectly planted aside from those already given
Directly planted Indirectly planted
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

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Generalize the type of seeds directly planted and seeds that are indirectly planted.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Self-check 8: Determine whether the following vegetables are directly or indirectly
planted.
__________ 1. okra
__________ 2. mustard
__________ 3. tomato
__________ 4, sweet potato
__________ 5. Cabbage



If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, go back to the lesson on
planting and transplanting vegetables before you take up the next lesson.

Lesson 6A Direct Planting

This lesson specifically is all about the methods of direct planting. You will
also learn how to plant seeds and seed pieces directly.

Seeds of vegetables which are directly planted are set in the field or garden
either by drilling along the furrows or broadcasting. They usually do not follow
distance of planting with the exception of seed pieces like sweet potato and gabi
which are planted based on the recommended distance of planting.

Activity 1 Planting Okra Seeds

In furrows 50-75 cms apart, plant okra seeds approximately 30-35 cms
between rows and 2-3 seeds per hill. Cover the seeds with pulverized soil and press
them gently. Water the hills gently to avoid the spilling out of the newly planted
seeds.

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Okra seeds drilled along the furrows

Question: Why do you plant directly okra seeds?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 2 Planting Mustard

In a well-prepared plot, broadcast enough seeds of mustard over the plot
taking into consideration the appropriate density of the seeds, not too thin nor too
thick. Then broadcast fine soil just enough for the seeds to germinate and sprout
easily. Water the plot gently.

Mustard seeds broadcasted all over the plot/bed

Self-check 9: Answer what is being asked.

__________ 1. Advantage of direct planting
__________ 2. Disadvantage of direct planting
__________ 3. No distance of planting required
__________ 4. Planted along the furrows
__________ 5. Camote tops
50 cms
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If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, go back to the lesson on
planting and transplanting vegetables before you take up the next lesson.

Activity 3 Planting Sweet Potato Tops

In a garden previously prepared thoroughly, make furrows 50-60 cms apart.
Plant sweet potato tops measuring 30-35 cms long along the furrows 30 cm apart by
placing the lower part of the planting materials 3-5 inches into the soil and cover
them with fine soil. Water newly-planted seed pieces if necessary.

Question: Why do you plant directly sweet potato tops?

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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Lesson 6-B Transplanting Vegetable Seedlings

In this lesson you will learn the steps in tranplanting, the materials needed,
the distance of planting, depth of planting and the rate of seeding. You will also learn
how to pull seedlings from the seedbox, prepare the needed materials and the step
by step process of transplanting.

When the seedlings are ready for transplanting, make furrows depending on
the size of the seedlings, prepare watering materials and covering materials such as
banana bracts. The distance between furrows and between hills will depend on the
recommended distance of planting.

The process of transplanting starts from watering the seedlings. The water
should be allowed to settle deep down the roots of the seedlings. With the aid of a
sharp object pushed deep towards the root area gently tilted upward and slowly pull
the seedlings from the soil to prevent root damage.

It is advisable to transplant seedlings late in the afternoon or during a clowdy
day to give ample time for the seedlings to recover.

Activity 1

Grow vegetable of your choice. Apply previous learnings. In your well-
prepared garden, make 2 furrows about 75 m from each other. Plant tomato
seedlings at a distance of 50 cms from one another. Water them if the garden is dry.
Provide covering materials from 10 am to 3 pm until you can detect recovery among
the transplanted seedlings.

The matrix below will help you with the activity you are going to do!

Question: Explain why transplanting is usually done in afternoon or during a clowdy
day.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Depth of Planting Distance of Planting Rate of Seedling
1. Ampalaya 1-2 cms 30 x 100 cms 1-2 per hill
2. Tomato 2-3 cms 50 x 100 cms 1 per hill
3. Eggplant 2-3 cms 50 x. 100 cms 1 per hill
4. Pepper 2-3 cms 40 x 100 cms 1 per hill
5. Okra 2-3 cms 100 x 100 cms 1 per hill
6. Squash 3-4 cms 75 x 100 cms 2-3 per hill
7. Patola 3-4 cms 20 x 20 cms 2-3 per hill
8. Pechay 1-2 cms 50 x 100 cms 1 per hill
9. Cabbage 3-4 cms 50 x 100 cms 1 per hill
10. Cauliflower 3-4 cms 50 x 100 cms 1 per hill
11. Brocaulli 3-4 cms 100 x 100 cms 1 per hill
12. Legumes 2-3 cms 30 x 100 cms 2-3 per hill
13. Beans 1-2 cms 40 x 100 cms 1-2 per hill
14. Malunggay 3-4 cms 150 x 150 cms 1 per hill
Depth & distance of planting and rate of seeding of selected vegetable crops
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Self-check 10: Identify what is being called for. Write your answers on the blanks
provided for.
__________ 1. Common material for covering the seedlings
__________ 2. Required before pulling the seedlings
__________ 3. Mode of watering the newly planted seedlings
__________ 4. Distance of planting out tomato
__________ 5. Best time to transplant

Answers are found on page 54.


If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit the previous lesson
before you take up the next.

Lesson 7 Cultural Practices in Maintaining the Growth of Vegetables

This lesson will dwell on the cultural practices one should do to maintain the
growth and the development of vegetable crops. You are expected to learn how to
water vegetable crops, cultivate the crops, control the growth of weeds, provide
trellis creeping vegetables, apply fertilizers and to control insect pests & diseases.

The vegetable crops are not left in the garden to tend for themselves. Their
requirements for growth and development are very much similar with caring babies.
The following practices are necessary so that we are assured of a bountiful harvest
which are very much in demand in the market.

1. Water/irrigation
2. Weeding and cultivation
3. Providing trellis for support
4. Fertilizer application
5. Control of insect pests
6. Control of plant diseases

Self-check 11: Fill in the blanks
__________ 1 Vegetables that need trellis
__________ 2. Most effective means of controlling weeds
__________ 3. Most practical means of disease prevention
__________ 4. Most economical source of fertilizer
__________ 5. Chemical used to control insects

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0 correct answer needs improvement

If you made good in the self-check, fine! If not, review the past lesson before
you go to the next.

Lesson 7a Water Requirement

In this lesson you will learn the importance and the function of water on the
growth and development of vegetable crops. You will learn also when and how to
water your vegetable.

Most of the vegetable crops need water for their normal development and
growth. Some needs it in large quantity like kangkong and gabi. Others need it in
small quantity. Few survive in a water-logged environment. Majority of them needs
drainage canals to attain maximum growth and total development.

Water inside the plant body parts is lost through evaporation and
transpiration. This is the reason why you have to replenish the lost water
immediately. The most practical sign that your vegetable crops need water is when
they are wilting. If this is left unchecked, their vegetation as well as their
reproductive stages are affected.

Activity 1

With the use of a watering can or sprinkler, provide water to your vegetables
under dry condition. Avoid providing water if they are wilting. Do not wait for the
crops to wilt before giving them water. In the absence of a watering can, you may
use hose so that your can reach out every crop in the garden.

Summarize the role of water to the vegetable crops.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

28

Activity 2

Develop 5 slogans on the importance of water to plants.

Let your teacher evaluate your slogans.

provided for.
__________ 1 Amount of water needed by aquatic plants
__________ 2. Ways in which water is lost from the plant
__________ 3. Condition in which water is absent in the plant
__________ 4. Ways by which water is lost from the field
__________ 5. Mode of supplying water to newly planted seeds or seedlings.



If you made good in the self-check, fine! If not, study again the past lesson
before you take up the next.

Lesson 7b Weeding and Cultivation

The lesson discusses the method of cultivation as an effective and most
economical means of weed control. You will also learn the methods of controlling
the growth of weeds which are technically termed as pests.

While your vegetables keep on growing weeds around them keep on growing
too. Weeds could be annual, biennial or perennial. Weeds come in various type:
grasses, sedges or dicots. They are enemies of your vegetables because they
compete with crops for available sunlight, water and food from the soi l. They also
provide a good place for insect pest and diseases acting as alternate host in the
process.

It is for this reason that it must be eradicated. And what is the best and most
economical yet practical means of getting rid of them than to uproot the undesirable
plants especially when your garden is small. Or better still, cultivate the soil so that
you do not only eradicate the weeds but also provide aeration to the roots of the
crops and destroying the soil-borne pests.

29

Sedges Grasses Dicots

Forms of Weeds

Sedges and grasses are monocot plants. Both have long slender parallel
veined leaves, hallow stem with fibrous roots. The difference between the two is that
the sedges have a triangular hallow stems while grasses have round hallow stems.
Dicots have netted-veined leaves.

Activity 1

Collect the three (3) types of weeds and write the characteristics of each of
the types.

Forms of Weeds Characteristics
1. Grasses
2. Sedges
3. Dicots

Generalize the harm made by weeds.

Activity 2

Contrast/compare the use of herbicide and mechanical means of eradicating
weeds.

Chemical Means(Herbicide) Mechanical Means
1. Cost
2. Effect on
environment

3. Effectivity
4. Tools &
equipment

5. Recyclability

30

Activity 3
Write an essay on the practicality of weed eradication and their usefulness to
you as a vegetable grower.
provided for.
__________ 1 Practical use of weeds
__________ 2. What form of weeds is gabi-gabihan
__________ 3. Reason why weeds are unwanted
__________ 4. Advantage of cultivation
__________ 5. Chemical used in controlling weeds



If you scored well in the self-check, fine! If not, revisit the past lesson before
going to the next lesson.
Activity 4

Perform simple cultivation in your garden with the use of a trowel after
watering your plants. Remember that these weeds are also plants. They are
excellent materials for composting. Gather them for decomposition to be used as
fertilizer in the next cropping season.

Lesson 7C Providing Trellis to Vines

This lesson will provide you opportunities to use indigenous materials for the
provision of trellis for your vine crops. You will also learn how to construct trellis
using locally available materials.

Vegetable crops are classified according to the composition of their stems.
Herbs have small with succulent stems like pechay and cabbage. Shrubs are taller
than herbs possessing small woody stems. Examples of these are tomatoes, and
saluyot. Trees are taller than shrubs. They have hard trunk and stems. Malunggay
and Himbabao are some examples of tree vegetables.

Viny crops are creeping crops with succulent stems. Examples are pole
beans, ampalaya, squash, gourd, batao, winged beans, lima beans, alugbati
31

cucumber and the likes. They all need trellis for support. Without this structure, they
will just creep on the land. Their fruits are likely to be damaged.

To prevent this to happen, there is a felt need to construct one.

An Example of a Trellis

32

A fence used as trellis

Activity 1

Think of other viny crops categorized as vegetable which could be planted
and used to earn an income aside from the ones previously stated

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

Activity 2

List down indigenous materials that could be used as trellis for creeping
vegetables.

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10

Question: How does trellis help in vegetable production?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
33

Activity 3
Design your own trellis for your leguminous crop (Lima Beans) using available
local materials.
Self-check 14: Identify what is being called for by writing your answers on the blanks
provided for.
__________ 1 Structure of support for viny crops
__________ 2. Classification of malunggay
__________ 3. Most common materials used for trellis
__________ 4. Batao, pole beans, patani are classfied as
__________ 5. Plants with socculent stems

Answers can be found on page 55.



Lesson 7D Fertilizer Use and Management

This lesson shall provide you with an array of choices in so far as types or
kinds of fertilizer to use as well as the methods you may use are concerned. You
are expected to learn why you need to supply soil with fertilizer and the required
amount of fertilizer to apply.
Fertilizers are materials that when applied to the soil will make the crops grow
vigorously and productively. They come in two (2) forms: organic and inorganic.
Examples of organic are decomposed animal manures and bat dung. Urea,
ammonium phosphate, muriate of potash and complete fertilizers are some
examples of inorganic fertilizers.
In applying fertilizer, you must understand that the roots of the plant absorb
dissolved fertilizer materials. Fertilizers may be applied using different methods such
as broadcast, ring, or band method.. Modern application calls for a sprayer for the
fertilizer to be absorbed by the plants through the stomata in the leaves.

34

Because they are needed in large quantities, Nitrogen. Phosphorous. and
Potassium are the major elements needed by a plant. Nitrogen is responsible for the
vegetative development. Phosphorous takes care of the fruit and root development
of the crops and potassium helps in the general vigor of the plant and the coloring
of the fruit and flowers.
Minor elements are so-called because they are needed in small quantities
such as magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, etc.

16-20-0 12-12-12

Activity 1
Secure an empty sack of a fertilizer material. For example, a complete
fertilizer with 12-24-12 fertilizer grade. This means that the sack contains 12
kilograms of Nitrogen for every 100 kilograms of the fertilizer material. If a sack of
fertilizer contains 50 kgs. How much nitrogen does it contain?
Solution 1 sack = 50 kgs.
2 sacks = 100 kgs.

12 24 12 has 12 kg N
2
per 100 kg.
24 kg P
2
05 per 100 kg
12 kg KC/per 100 kg

2
12

How much P
2
05?
How much KCL?

Generalize the vital role played by fertilizers.
A
B
C
6 kgs
D
E
35

Activity 2

Apply approximately a teaspoon of urea per plant in your garden. This may
be done right after weeding and cultivation. Use ring method. Construct a ring
around the plant where the fertilizer material is deposited. To prevent escape of the
fertilizer, cover them with soil and immediately water the plants. You may also
dissolve urea in the watering can then apply near the base of the crop not on the
leaves because they might get burned.
Self-check 15: Identify what is being asked for. Write the answers on the blanks
provided for.
__________ 1 These are animal manures, composts & humus
__________ 2. The 3 major elements
__________ 3. Elements needed in small quantities
__________ 4. Application of fertilizer through the leaves of plants
__________ 5. Fertilizer with an analysis of 12-12-12




Lesson 7E Control of Insect Pests
The lesson gives you information on the destruction made by insects & their
mode of damage. You will also learn how to control these pests and how to operate
a knapsack sprayer.
Insects are destructive. They can cause great damage even while in the
larval stage. Every vegetable crop has its own insect pests. The most important
consideration in vegetable production is the control of these pests because they
could spell the difference. Most of them are sucking insects. Others are chewing
while some are borers.
It is therefore a must that you control these insects before they could cause
great damage. Hand pricking may help in the control program. The best form of
control, however is by the use of chemicals using sprayer.
36

You are advised to cover your nose and mouth if working with a sprayer to
avoid inhaling bits or mist of the insecticide, the chemical used in controlling insect
pests.

Activity 1

List down the common names of the most destructive insect pests of common
vegetables in your locality. But first secure a catching net to be used in catching
insects roaming around the vegetable garden in the locality.

Common Insect Pests

1. Pechay
2. Eggplant
3. Tomato
4. Beans
5. Squash
6. Cucumber
7. Ampalaya
8. Onion
9. Broccoli
10. Cabbage

Activity 2

Experiment on concocting organic insecticide using organic materials like
pepper, makabuhay, Amarillo, neem tree, soap, and the likes. Spray a portion of
your garden and observe the insects crawling and flying over your crops.

Document your experiment in your notebook.

Aphids Japanese Beetles Lacebug Mealybug

Slugs Spidermites Squashbug

Tomato hornworms
Pictures of common vegetable insect pests
37

Self-check 16 : Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong.
__________ 1 covering mouth & nose while spraying is necessary
__________ 2. Some insect pests are beneficial insects
__________ 3. Hand picking is a form of mechanical control
__________ 4. Eggs of insects are destructive
__________ 5. Aphids are major insect pests




Lesson 7F Prevention and Control of Plant Diseases

This lesson introduces you the causal organisms of common plant disease
their symptoms and the most practical means of preventing them from attacking your
vegetable crops. You will learn how to prevent the occurrence of plant disease
rather than to control them.
Aside from insect pests that damage your vegetables, you must be vigilant
with the symptoms of common diseases manifested by your vegetable crops. The
problem with plant diseases is that once they invade the plant, crop damage is
imminent. Prevention would probably be more practical than to wait for the attack of
pathogens.
To prevent future damage caused by plant diseases, perform any or all of the
following when necessary: practice crop rotation, burn diseased plant parts, spray
fungicides & bactericide, destroy harborage and insect vectors, plant resistant
varieties and practice clean culture.

Activity 1

Collect diseased parts of the crops. Identify and characterize the symptoms,
the causal organism and recommend how to prevent and control them.

Activity 2

Identify the common causal organisms of common plant diseases.
Recommend how to prevent their attacks.
38

Powdery Mildew Stem rot Brown leaf mold Bacterial spot

Cercospora leaf spot Bacterial soft rot Alternaria leaf spot Gum stem blight

Common plant diseases

Question: Control or prevent? Why?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Self-check 17: Write whether the following is Prevention or Control.
__________ 1 Crop rotation
__________ 2. Spraying fungicide
__________ 3. Plant resistant varieties
__________ 4. Burn diseased plant parts
__________ 5. Spraying bacteriocide




Lesson 8 Harvesting and Post Harvest Practices

This lesson gives information when and how to harvest vegetable crops as
well as the post-harvest practices that may be performed by a vegetable raiser. You
will learn the best time to harvest and experience some post-harvest practices which
will contribute to the increased value of your harvested crops.
39

When the crops have reached their maturity date, it is time to harvest. This is
specifically the best time if the price of the product is at its peak, if the demand for
the crop is great, if there are no damaged parts and cost of handling is at its lowest
level.
Harvesting time is also dependent on your objective such as: as fresh
vegetable, as fresh flowers, as matured fruits or as matured seeds.
Activity 1
Write down post-harvest handling that you can perform so that the value of
your products is increased thereby making their price in the market higher.
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
4. ____________________________________
5. ____________________________________
Activity 2
Jot down the materials and equipment you will need in every post harvest
handling.
1. _____________________________ _____________________________
2. ______________________________ _____________________________
3. ______________________________ _____________________________
4. ______________________________ _____________________________
5. ______________________________ _____________________________
Question: Why do you perform Post-Harvest practices?

Self-check 18: Write Yes if the statement is correct and No if it is wrong.
__________ 1 Packaging is a post-harvest practice
__________ 2. When the supply in the market is high, harvest your products
__________ 3. When the price is lower than your cost of production, harvest
__________ 4. Post-harvest practice increases the price of products
__________ 5. If the demand is high, you should harvest your products



40


Lesson 9 Marketing

This lesson will teach you how to market your products at a price acceptable
to the consumers. You will learn the strategy in selling your products and compute
the best price of the products.

The life of a business is dependent on how well the products are marketed.
Wholesale is selling by bulk or in large quantities. Retail is selling by small
quantities. If time permits and a little help from any member of your family, you may
resort to vending of the products either in the municipal market, in front of your home
or by means of peddling from house to house. The price of your product will be
based on the total cost of production plus a 20-30% mark up price which should be
acceptable to the consumers.

Activity 1

Compose a jingle on marketing strategies that includes among other things
the name of the products and its outstanding characteristics. Record it and request
teacher to evaluate.

Self-check 19: Identify what is being called for. Write your answers on the blank
provider for.
__________ 1 Selling from house to house
__________ 2. Acceptable mark-up price
__________ 3. Selling of products in bulk
__________ 4. Selling of products in small quantities
__________ 5. If demand is high & supply is very low what will happen to the
price




41

Lesson 10 Computing the Cost of Production

The lesson enumerates the items of expenditures technically known as fixed
and variable cost. You will learn how to compute for the total cost of production
which is the basis of determining the market price of your vegetable.
In any business endeavor, the cost of production plays an important role in
determining what level of price should be assigned in marketing the products. The
cost of production includes inputs with fixed costs that do not readily fluctuate and
inputs with variable costs whose price fluctuates from time to time. The total cost of
production plus a 20-30% mark-up would be the acceptable market price.
Activity 1
Review and refer to all your records of expenses categorized under fixed cost
and variable cost and determine the market price using 25% mark-up.

Variables cost
1. Seeds
2. Fertilizers
3. Insecticides
4. Foods & snacks
5. Miscellaneous
300.00
1,500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
Total: P3,300.00
Fixed costs
1. Land rent
2. Depreciation cost
3. Labor wages
4. Interest on capital
3% in 3mos.
50.00
75.00
3,000.00
192.75

Total cost of production P6,617.75

Market Price = Cost of production x 25%
= 6,617.75 x .25
= 1654.44
Market Price = 8,272.19 of all the vegetables

Self-check 20: Write whether the following is fixed cost or variable cost
__________ 1 Cost that fluctuates from time to time
__________ 2. Land rent
__________ 3. Depreciation cost
__________ 4. Fertilizer
__________ 5. Interest on capital
42




After firming up your understanding on vegetable production and marketing
through the suggested activities we have to ensure the depth of your understanding
by doing the following activities.

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Urban gardening is a form of vegetable production done in places where
vegetable gardens are not available or the available spaces are cemented, full of
stories, rocky and may not be suitable for such a venture.

You will need used containers such as used tires, basins, milk cans, pails,
splitted bamboos, used sacks, any plastic containers and the likes.
(thus the name containerized gardening)

One requirement for available space is its total exposure to sunlight. The
recycled containers must have perforations at their bottom part to allow the soil to
drain easily.

43

Activity 1

Collect used containers (milk cans, used tires, old sacks, plastic containers of
various sizes). Prepare the soil medium mixing 1/3 garden soil, 1/3 fine sand and 1/3
44

compost. Plant cowpea or pole beans. Layout your design for an urban gardening
based on the available space near your place.

Activity 2

Grow seedlings with the use of coconut coir in a plastic tray.

Activity 3

Instead of dried leaves as mulching materials, use plastic black polyethylene
to control the growth of weeds.

45

Activity 4

Use strings tied together like a net in making your trellis.

Activity 5

Use foliar spray to fertilize your growing vegetables.

Activity 6

Apply innoculants when planting legumes so that nitrogen-fixing activity is
increased.

Activity 7

Plant vegetables in a controlled atmosphere (greenhouse) during the time
when they are in demand but suppliers could not cope with the demand. For
example, planting petchay, in the green house during rainy season, growing tomato
in a greenhouse during rainy season.

46

Summative Assessment
(Six facets of understanding)

1. Explain the common practices of growing high value vegetables
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Evaluate the cost and return of growing high value crops
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Produce and market high value vegetables
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. Compare the profitability of products and marketing season vegetables and
high value vegetables
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Relate the feeling of a successful high value vegetable grower
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

6. Reflect on the production and marketing of high value-vegetable based on
your experience
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

47

TRANSFER YOUR UNDERSTANDING

You may want to demonstrate to others your new knowledge and skills.
Choose a vegetable crop of high value which you intend to grow. Who knows, this
could be the start of a business you are dreaming of.

Activity 1

Produce pole beans/cowpea in your home garden following the steps learned
in the previous lessons in firming up.

Your performance and product shall be evaluated by the criteria below

High value vegetables

1. Purity
2. Quality
3. Attractiveness
4. Productiveness

Sample Rubrics

5 3 1
Purity
Pods are uniform
in length
some pods are
different
more pods are
different
Quality
Pods without
damage
Pods with some
damage
Pods heavily
damaged
Attractiveness
long & dark green
pods
short & pale green
pods
short and very pale
green pods
Productiveness
more than 10 pods
per plant
5-9 pods per plant
less than 5 pods
per plant

48

Sample Rubrics of cultural processes and practices of growing high value
5 3 1
1. Completeness of
the task
completed all
tasks
some are not
completed
most of the tasks
are not completed
2. Use of tools &
materials
used tools &
materials properly
used some tools &
materials properly
most of the tools &
materials are not
used properly
3. Workmanship
tasks were done
excellently
tasks were done
just good
tasks were done
poorly
4. Time
management
always finished on
time
seldom finished on
time
never finished on
time
5. Attitude in the
workplace
performing with
smile all the time
performing with
smile sometimes
performing without
smile all the time

Activity 2

Sell your products in the market

Sample Rubrics in the assessment for marketing

5 3 1
Marketability
more buyers on
the product
few buyers on the
product
less buyers on the
product
Pricing
based on cost of
production
not based on cost
of production
no basis
Packaging
attractively
packaged
package not
attractive
without package
Demand with great demand small demand no demand
Record keeping
all records were
kept
only some records
were kept
no records were
kept

After finishing this module, how do you feel?

___________ Happy
___________ Not satisities
___________ Confused

Congratulations!

49

Post-Assessment

Direction: Write the letter of word or group of words that corresponds to the correct
answer

1. In computing the cost of production, what is the type of expenses or cost that is
charged for the use of farm implements?

A. Rent
B. Interest on capital
C. Depreciation cost
D. Wages

2. Vegetable production is a business. If at the end of a cropping season, your
sales exceeded the cost of production it means there is __________ in business.

A. break even
B. loss
C. profit
D. re-structuring

3. Two to three plowings with harrowing interval would turn your garden soil into the
desired tilth. This means that the soil is

A. well-pulverized
B. well-compacted
C. well-drained
D. well saturated

4. Why are weeds unwanted in the garden?

A. Weeds can be used as animal feeds
B. Weeds are utilized as mulching materials
C. Weeds are alternate hosts of pests and diseases
D. Weeds are materials for compost making

5. The garden should be supplied with water

A. when the soil is dry
B. sfter rainfall
C. if watering materials are available
D. if the vegetable plants are wilting

6. When the leaves of your vegetable crops show signs of yellowing and stunted
growth, you need fertilizer rich in

A. nitrogen
B. phosphorous
C. potassium
D. sulfur
50

7. To protect you from insecticide residues when spraying, you are advised to do
one of the following.

A. wash your clothings after spraying
B. cover your nose with a handkerchief when spraying
C. bury the containers of insecticides after spraying
D. take a bath after spraying

8. Why do you need to sterilize the soil medium to be used in growing seedligs?

A. To kill the weed seeds in the soil
B. To kill eggs and larvae of insects
C. To kill soil-borne pathogens
D. To kill seeds of other vegetables

9. Why do we transplant vegetable seedlings late in the afternoon?

A. Root hairs will develop in overnight time
B. Seedlings will not wilt
C. Seedlings are not exposed under the sun
D. Leaves will not transpire

10. Trellis are structures which should be provided to viny crops to:

A. beautify the garden
B. support the vines
C. make use of available materials
D. increase the production

11. To prevent the spread of a certain disease that infests your vegetables today,
perform all the following except one. Which is not included?

A. Practice clean culture
B. Plant resistant varieties
C. Collect and mount the diseased plants in scrapbook
D. Practice crop rotation

12. Which of the following is used in cutting grasses

A. Trowel
B. Shovel
C. Ax
D. Scythe

51

13. When is the best time to harvest vegetables?

A. When there is great supply in the market
B. When the price in the market is low
C. When there is no demand in the market
D. When the price in the market is high

14. To determine the price of your products, add the total variable and fixed costs
plus 20-30% of mark-up which will become the

A. land rent
B. labor wage
C. interest on capital
D. profit of the manager-owner

15. Peddling is the most simple form of selling products if you want to earn more.
This is also called

A. consignment
B. wholesale
C. retail
D. distribution

52

Appendix A Key to Correction

Pre-Assessment

Set A

1. Nueva Ecija
2. Ilocos Sur
3. Benguet
4. Camarines Sur
5. Pampanga
6. Batangas
7. Benguet
8. Isabela
9. Benguet
10. Ilocos Norte

Set B

1. Needed
2. Needed
3. Needed
4. Needed
5. Needed
6. Not needed
7. Not needed
8. Needed
9. Not needed
10. Not needed

Set C Set - D

1. _____ 8 1. C 11. C
2. _____ 3 2. C 12. D
3. _____ 10 3. A 13. D
4. _____ 7 4. C 14. D
5. _____ 6 5. D 15, C
6. _____ 9 6. A
7. _____ 2 7. B
8. _____ 1 8. C
9. _____ 4 9. A
10. _____ 5 10. B

53

Self-Check I

1. Entrepreneur
2. Capital
3. Land
4. Capital
5. Labor

Self-Check 2

1. Corporation
3. Partnership
4. Cooperative

Self-Check 3

1. Personal Savings
2. Bank loans
3. GSIS/Pag-ibig
4. SSS
5. OFW Remittances

Self-Check 4

1. Grubhoe
2. Well pulverized
3. Scythe
4. Rake
5. Foreign material

Self-Check 5

1, determine viability
2. ragdoll method
3. % germination
4. 70%
5. 90%

Self-Check 6

1. Kill soil-borne pathogens
2. Nematode
3. Heat treatment/pouring boiling water
4. Furmigation
5. Fungi

54

Self-Check 7

1. Well pulverized
2. Gently
3. Small furrows
4. Pricking
5. With 2-3 pairs of true leaves

Self-Check 8

1. Direct planting
2. Direct planting
3. Indirect planting
4. Direct planting
5. Indirect planting

Self-Check 9

1. No delay in maturity
2. Large amount of seeds needed
3. Broadcasting
4. Drilling
5. Seed pieces

Self-Check 10

1. Banana bracts
2. Watering the seedlings
3. Gentle
4. 50 x 100 cms
5. 4 pm

Self-Check 11

1. Viny crops
2. Cultivation
3. Burning diseased plant parts
4. Compost
5. insecticide

Self-Check 12

1. large amount
2. Transpiration
3. Wilting
4. Evaporation
5. Gently

55

Self-Check 13

1. Mulch compose materials, animal feeds
2. Dicot
3. Alternate hosts of pests and diseases
4. Provide aeration
5. herbicide

Self-Check 14
1. trellis
2. Tree vegetables
3. Bamboo
4. Leguminous vines
5. Herbs

Self-Check 15

1. Organic fertilizer
2. NPK
3. Minor elements
4. Foliar spray
5. Complete fertilizer

Self-Check 16

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False

Self-Check 17

1. Prevention
2. Control
3. Prevention
4. Prevention
5. Control

Self-Check 18
1. Yes
2. No
3. No
4. Yes
5. Yes

56

Self-Check 19
1. Peddling
2. 20-30%
3. Wholesale
4. Retail
5. It increases

Self-Check 20

1. Variable cost
2. Fixed cost
3. Fixed cost
4. Variable cost
5. Fixed cost

Pre-Post Test

13-15 correct answers knowledgeable
10-12 correct answers good

References:

1. Livelihood Technology Kit Volumes 1, IV & V
2. Philippine Agriculture Magazine
3. Agriculture Monthly Magazine

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CAREER PATHWAYS IN TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD

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