What Is Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Members - Engineers Daily - Free Engineering Database For Engineers!

8/16/2014 What is Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Members? - Engineers Daily - Free Engineering Database for Engineers!
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Structural Analyses structures What is Flexure in Reinforced
Concrete Members?
What is Flexure in Reinforced Concrete
Members?
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Flexure (bending) is associated with lateral deformation of a member
under a transversely applied load. Consider a reinforced concrete
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Figure 1: Concept of flexure in reinforced concrete
members: a) actual beam, showing the distribution of
internal forces; b) beam model; c) bending moment
diagram.
beam subjected to the uniform load shown in Figure 1a. In cast-in-
place concrete construction, beams act as a monolithic unit with the
supporting columns. However, for design purposes the beam can be
modeled as a simply supported member, as shown in Figure 1b. A
bending moment diagram for this beam is shown in Figure 1c. The
top portion of the beam is subjected to compression whereas the
bottom is under tension. Concrete has a limited ability to carry
tension and cracks once its tensile strength has been reached in the
region of maximum bending moments (in this case at the beam
midspan). To increase the bending resistance of a cracked beam,
steel reinforcement (often called tension reinforcement or tension
steel) is placed inside the beam near the bottom to resist the tensile
stresses.
Did you know?

Positive bending causes tension at the bottom and compression at
the top of a flexural member. The positive bending moment is shown
on the bending moment diagram above the longitudinal axis of the
member according to the North American convention.
Types of Flexural Members
An isometric view of a concrete floor structure subjected to gravity
load is shown in Figure 2. The structure consists of a slab supported
by beams, which are in turn supported by columns. In this case,
beams are provided in one direction only. Consequently, the slab
transfers the applied load in the direction perpendicular to the
beams. This type of slab is called a one-way slab. One-way slabs are
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flexural members that behave essentially like wide beams. In cast-
in-place concrete construction, beams are usually cast monolithically
with the slab. The portion of the slab cast monolithically with a beam
contributes to the beam moment resistance; this additional capacity
is taken into consideration in the beam design. The term T-beam is
used in this case because the slab and the beam form a T section for
positive bending. In design practice, beams cast monolithically with
the slab may be designed either as T-beams or as rectangular
beams for positive bending. If the slab contribution is ignored, the
beam is considered to act as a rectangular beam. The analysis of
rectangular beams is simpler than that of T-beams. and it is a good
starting point for understanding the flexural resistance of concrete
members.
Figure 2: An isometric view of reinforced concrete beam
and slab structure
Reinforced concrete beams and slabs can be classified into simple
and continuous structures. Continuous structures are statically
indeterminate. Simple (or simply supported) structures span across
two supports, as shown in Figure 3a, whereas continuous structures
span across three (or more) supports (see Figure 3c). When
subjected to a gravity load such as the uniform load in Figure 3a,
only positive bending moments develop in simple structures (see
Figure 3b), while both positive and negative bending moments
develop in continuous structures subjected to the same load, as
shown in Figure 3d. The deformed shape of the continuous beam
subjected to a uniform load is shown in Figure 3e. The points where
the curvature of the deflected shape changes from the sagging to
the hogging shape are called inflection points (or points of
contraflexure) and are denoted by IP on the diagram in Figure 3e.
The same points correspond to the locations of zero moments on
the bending moment diagram in Figure 3d.

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Figure 3: Simple vs continuous beams a) Simple beam; b)
Bending moment diagram for a simple beam; c)
Continuous beam; d) Bending moment diagram for a
continuous beam; e) Deflection diagram for a continuous
beam
In general, reinforced concrete members are characterized by
regular cross-sectional dimensions. Members with constant cross-
sectional dimensions within one span are called prismatic members
(see Figure 4a). In some cases, the cross-sectional properties of a
beam within a span are varied. Beams and slabs with variable cross-
sectional dimensions along their length are called nonprismatic
members. Haunched beams are nonprismatic members commonly
found in design practice. These beams are characterized by larger
cross-sectional dimensions in the support regions, which could also
taper toward the midspan (see Figure 4b ). Haunched beams are
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Figure 4: Prismatic versus b) nonprismatic members: a)
prismatic beam; b) nonprismatic (haunched) beam.
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