AES Computational Hydraulics For Civil Engineers

COMPUTATIONAlL HYDRAUlLICS
FOR
CIVIlL ENGINEERS
COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULICS
FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
THEODORE V. HROMADKA II, PH.D., PH.D .. R.C.E.
Research Associate
Princeton University
Princeton. New Jersey
BARRY L. BEECH, R.C.E.
Hydraulics Engineer
Williamson & Schmid
Irvine. California
JAMES M. CLEMENTS
Systems Anolyst
Williamson & Schmid
Irvine, CaiJlornia
Lighthouse
Publications
J\.Ii<!;ion Viejo. California
Copyright [986
Library of Congress caralog number 86-081847
First Lighthouse Publinrouns edition
ISBl'i 0-914055-04-6
This Work is subject to copyrigtu. All rights an reserved. wherherrhe whole
or paM of tht material is concerned. spt"cificaJly those of U"oa.nsl.uiOll,
reprintin8. reuse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproclucrion by
pno(ocopying machine or 'imilar means, and siorage: in da1a bank.s.
The Lue of names. eu:. in t.his publication does not
)mpJy, even in tht' "bsenu of a specirtc statement,rhat such namel are exempt
from the prOlecri..,r- laws and regulations and thrrrfolT for
general use.
NOTICE
No patent liabihty is. assumed with respect tD the use
of the information contained herein. While every
preca.1J,.(\on nf.l% been Oiken fet the (",,,MattOn of this book.
the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors
or omissions. Seither is any liability assumed for damages
resulting from the Use [)f the information tontaint:'d hp.re.in_
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A special debt of gratitude is due Advanced Engineering
Software, for permitting the problem solving portion of their
computer code to be published herein. James M. Clements, M.s. is
especially acknowledged for his contribution of much of the code
and text found in Chapter 3. Acknowledgements are also paid to
William V. Burchard and Linda Laurenzi for their fine graphic
skills. Portions of Computer Methods in Urban Watershed
Hydraulics (Lighthouse Publications, 1984) have also been
referred to in this text.
viii
PREFACE
This book has evolved from the documentation for a
specialized water resources program package IMlIWJLICS ELEMENl'S I
developed by Advanced Engineering Software (AES), Irvine,
California. 'Ihe program package has been marketed throughout the
world since 1981 and has gained a widespread audience of program
users including practicing civil engineers, City, County and state
officials, students, and university faOllty. Besides providing an
extensive library of open channel flow hydraulics problem-solving
software, the AES program package is an excellent example of the
state-of-the-art in user-friendly or "humanized" software. '!bat
is, there is no real need for program documentation: the program
.ia. the documentation. All data entry, parameter selection, and
program editing features are internal of the program.
'1hl.s book presents the basic theory which is fundamental to
cpen channel flow hydraulics and then presents the guidelines used
by AES in their developmental procedures for a "humanized"
software product. Software code (batch mode) is included which
provides the powerful library for solving open channel flow
hydraulics problems. Finally, several examples are provided to
illustrate many of the features and capabilities of the provided
codes.
Should the reader elect to key in the provided software codes
and operate the programs in the batch mode, a time allocation of
approximately forty hours should be planned in order to enter the
programs, provide the machine-dependent file manipulation coding
(e.g. I file open and close statements), "debugging" the programs,
and verification of the programs using the many example problems
provided in Chapter 5. Another option is to purchase the AES
humanized software package directly. The necessary licensing
agreement and order information is provided following the book
references.
xi
CONTENTS
Preface ix
1. l O ~ ~ 1
1.1 .I\boo.t the IlOdt 1
1.1.1. Included Software Codes 1
1.1.2. Review of Open Channel Flow Hydraulics 3
1.1.3. Included Application Problems 3
1.1.4. nUser-Friendly" Guidelines 3
1.1.5. COmputer Code Preliminaries 4
1.2. Developing User-Friendly <:aJputer Software ..
1.3. Data Entry strategies 6
1.3.1. Requirements for Interactive Software 8
1.3.2. Screen Layout Strategy 9
1.4. Flow of User Data 10
1.5. SCreen Design Method 11
1.6. SUbroutine Descriptions 12
1.6.1. SUBRXlTINE CRINIT 12
1.6.2. SUBRXlTINE CUROOR 12
1.6.3. SUBroUTINE GE'l'VAL 13
1.6 .4. SllBrolJI'INE NUM:K 14
1. 6 .5. SllBOOIJI'INE ERROR 15
1.6.6. SUBOOUTINE CLEAN 15
1.6 .7. SllBOOtn'INE BELL 16
1.6.8. SUBROUl'INE CLRSCR 16
1.6. 9. SllBOOIJI'INE INFO 16
1.6 .10. SUBROOTIt ALJ:[JW 17
2. CA<JSIFlCATIONS Cf' <PEN awH:L FIDW FtBlIIMJlN.rAIB
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Manning's Elpatian
2.3. Froude limber
2.4. <:arp.tter PrograDB
xiii
26
26
27
28
28
3. CPER awu:r. FUM 29
3.1. IntroWction 29
3.2. Conservation of Mass, MouelilUm, and Energy 29
3.2.1. Conservation of Mass 29
3.2.2. Conservation of Monmtum 30
3 .2.3. Conservation of Energy 31
3.3. Fundamentals of Hydraulics 33
3.3.1. Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Grade Line 33
3.3.2. Specific Energy 33
3.3.3. The specific Force 35
3.3.4. Hydraulic Jump in a Rectangular Channel 37
3.4. Gradnally varied Flow 37
3.4.1. S Profiles 38
3.4.2. M Profiles 38
3.4.3. C Profiles 40
3.4.4. Standard Step Method 40
4. IMIWlLIC I!UItml'S 43
4.1. Introduction 43
4.2. PKXlWIl. Hydraulic Elements Main Menu 45
4.3. PKXlWI 2. Cllannel Hydraulic Elements 45
4.4. PKlGWt 3. Pipeflow Hydraulic Elements 45
4.5. PKJGWI 4. streetflow Hydraulic Elements 45
4.6. PKXlWI 5. Pipeflow Jlmction JInalysis 46
4.7. PKJGWI 6. Grad!!a)]y varied Plow in Open Olannels 47
4.B. PKXlWI 7. Gradually varied Plow in Pipelines 47
5. HmRl\DLIC EL1lMENl'S EXAMPLE PIOWH3 90
131
sa;"1WARE PIJlUII\SE 132
xiv
1.1. About the Book
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO
USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE
With the recent advances in microcomputer capabilites, the
use of computer software to solve problems in water resources
engineering has increased severalfold. The potential benefits
available in the use of computers to solve water resources
problems is especially fruitful in the specialized field of open
channel flow hydraulics.
The design of land development projects, flood control
systems, and water supply or irrigation systems all involve a
significant computational effort in the sizing and evaluation of
structures to carry the flow of water. Therefore, the use of
computer software to solve the most frequently occurring problems
will reduce design time expenditure costs. and possibly project
construction costs due to a more finely tuned design product.
1.1.1. Included Software Codes
Presented in this book are several FORTRAN computer programs
for solving open channel flow hydraulics problems involving steady
2
INTRODUCTION TO USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE
flow in prismatic rectangular, trapezoidal, V-shaped, and circular
(Pipe) channel sections. '!he program capabilities afforded by the
software are briefly summarized in Table 1.1. Specific program
capabilities are summarized in Chapter 4 where the program input
requirements are provided as well as the accompanying FORTRAN
software executable code.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE 1.1
PROVIDED SOFlWARE SUMMARY
Main Menu Driver for linking
POOGRl-IMS 2 - 7
Normal and critical depth flow
hydraulics for trapezoidal,
V-shaped, and rectangular
channels
Normal and critical depth flow
hydraulics for pipeflow
Normal depth hydraulics
for streetflow
Open-channel flow pressure-
plUS-IOOrrentum analysis of a
pipeline junction structure
Gradually varied flow water
surface profile computation
for trapezoidal, V-shaped, and
rectangular channels
Gradually varied flow water
surface profile computation
for pipeflow.
1.1.2. Review of Open Channel Flow Hydraulics
In order to provide an explanation of what each computer
program is attempting to do, a brief review of the fundamentals of
open channel flow hydraulics is provided in Chapter 2. A more
rigorous theoretical development of the concepts of conservation
of mass, energy and momentum, accompanied by the necessary
simplifications leading to the often-used specific-force and
specific-energy relationships are included in Chapter 3. Chapter 3
also presents background information for a quick review of the
definitions for the well-known water surface profiles
corresponding to subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow
regimes.
1.1.3. Included Application Problems
Chapter 5 includes a variety of example problems solved by
using the provided software codes. Although several application
problems are provided, the full capabilities of the software codes
could not be fully demonstrated due to the excessive space needed
to contain the various results.
1.1.4. "User-Friendly" Guidelines
The provided computer code is designed to operate in batch
mode. That is, a data file is prepared by the program user and
then the program operates upon the data file.
The data entry program parameter definitions and suggested
range of allowable values are provided in the form of "text
pages". These text pages provide a deSign objective to be
considered in developing a user-friendly" cathode ray tube (CRI')
data entry environment.
The software needed to construct a modern user-friendly
environment is typically machine dependent; therefore, the program
user needs to consult his particular computer's documentation
library to investigate programming procedures for the necessacy
opecations of clearing the screen, addressing the cursor, "ringing
the bell", and obtaining the other measures necessary to develop a
"form fill-out" data entry capability. The design objectives for
humanizing the provided code (or other computer codes) is
summarized in the following section (1.2.).
Although the reader is recommended to develOp the user-
friendly enVironment discussed in section 1.2, the computer codes
included hecein will of course provide a powerful library of
hydraulics whether used in the batch version or in a humanized
form. In order to facilitate the use of the programs in either a
3
4
CRT responsive mode or the batch mode, all program WRITE
statements are defined with a variable (WRITE) unit number Nr (see
section 1.1.5)
1.1.5. Some C<JIIIlUter Code Preliminaries
':the provided computer software is written in an early version
of FORTRAN and should be compatible with the majority of available
FORI'Rl\N systems.
In order to avoid machine dependent code statements, data
file open statements, close statements and other file management
operations are not included. READ statements are all shown in a
FREE format, followed by the input parameters. Parameter
definitions for the READ FREE statements are provided in the
suggested user-friendly text page formats.
WRITE statements are all designated by the unit NT.
Consequently, the program user can designate his appropriate NT
value as a constant or variable for CRT, printer, or disc storage.
Finally, PROGRAMS 2 - 7 are written as subroutines linked to
PROGRAM 1. The subroutines can be converted to independent
programs by simply changing the beginning and ending software
statements appropriately. Note that in PROGRAM 1, a NUT = 6 is
used. This value for NUT is of course a machine dependent unit
number for an output device (e.g., printer).
1.2. Developing user-Friendly ~ t r Software
The use of computers to aid in water resources related
analysis, synthesis, and design has increased significantly during
the last decade. A main motivation for cornplter use is that water
resources related studies often require (1) an iterative
calculation analog such as that used in the calculation of
hydraulic section information, (2) solution of a convolution type
integral such as is used in unit-hydrograph hydrology studies, or
(3) the solution of a simultaneous system of equations such as is
employed in water distribution network analysis. Because each of
these three general classifications of problems essentially
involve a repetitive series of calculations, a computer code can
be prepared which will offer the engineer an extremely cost
effective tool.
Another motivation for the use of computers in water
resources related studies is the development and widespread use of
digital microcomputers. For many classes of problems, the
microcomputer offers the same speed and capability to the single
user as does a minicomputer in a multiple user system.
Consequently, programming teclmiques which were once limited to
the minicomputer or the mainframe class of computers is now
available at low cost by means of a microcomputer system.
Such programming techniques include 'humanized' computer
interaction and detailed, easy to read computer results which are
explicit, fit the requirements of a reviewing agency, and yet are
understandable to the first-time reviewer of the product.
By making the program humanized, the learning curve is
essentially minimized in that all program information is prompted
and scanned for acceptability and can be rejected if data is not
within program specified limits. In general, the user's manuals
associated with a wide variety of batch programs are eliminated
because the humanized program guides the user through every
possible logic path, providing the user with various checks and
controls in order to further reduce parameter selection errors and
an unreasonable choice of design options.
The development of the humanized software may be defined as a
uniform communication/ presentation (C/P) to the program user.
There are several CjP requirements for computer software which are
described as follows:
1. For a sequence of data entry prompts, the page number and
calculation model description awears at the top of the page.
2. All words are written in their entirety, with
abbreviations avoided whenever possible.
3. All units should be given for the information requested.
4. Allowable values are identified which limit the data
entries to reasonable quantities.
5. Should there exist standardized criteria for parameter
values, the recommendations are included on the display.
6. Any program operation commands should be consistently and
uniformly displayed so that the user can operate the interaction
or special data editing features without confusion.
7. A 'failsafe' line appears on the CRT screen for each
page. This line is located near the bottom of the screen and
appears in the same position on each page. Below the failsafe
line occurs all program operating instructions. These
instructions can be typed by the program user at any time and will
cause the program to respond instantly.
5
6
8. All computer-dependent requirements (such as data file
manipulation) for data management should be interior of the
software so the program user need not be knowledgeable of computer
operations in order to utilize the program.
9. The C/p should be uniform between software products. By
requiring uniformity of software interaction, individual
programmer personality traits can be avoided. The result is a
library of software wherein each program Ol9rate5, interacts, and
responds identically. Consequently, the user learning curve is
minimized.
By using a program which provides an easy-to-read output
product, the usual deSign review procedure is minimized which
reduces total cost to both the design engineer and the design
review team. Additionally, the computer product should be the
actual fully prepared report which is to be submitted, containing
the usual introductory pages, and the study results should be
produced in the reviewing agency's required computer-printed forms
or plotted graphs. The computer program then provides an actual
engineering product, minimizing the need for secretarial and
graphic efforts.
1.3. Data Entry Strategies
Typically, most water resources software uses a "batch mode
n
data entry where a data file is prepared using the computer's
editor, and then the program executed. Due to data entry errors
or errors in deSign judgement, this process is repeated several
times until the final product is achieved. A more modern approach
to data entry is by direct access to the program computations
through cc:mrunication by means of the cathode ray tube (CRl').
The interactive display presented to the user on the terminal
by the application program is usually of a type called scrolling.
Scrolling is presenting a line of characters or text on the bottom
of the terminal screen. This line moves upwards continually as
new lines of information are added. This type of presentation
differs from natural reading techniques such as reading a book in
that the material moves upward instead of the eyes moving downward
across a steady displaY.
When using the scroll technique for data entry, the program
user is not aware of the next input requirements until it actually
appears on the bottom of the screen. If errors occur while
entering data, messages are displayed and scroll up while repeat
prompts for user input are again requested by the program.
INTRODCCTION TO USER,rRlENDLY SOfTW ARE
Multiple occurrences of ~ r o r s usually result in a screen full of
scrolling error messages which often add to the confusion.
Normally, scrolling interaction never allows a user to change a
data entry once it is acceptea by the program unless the user
restarts the prograrr. (thus losing all previously entered data) or
edits the data if the capability exists within the prograrr .
In contrast, humanized form-fill out display interaction
closely simulates natural reading or viewing characteristics. Ml
textual information or data entry requests are assembled in
logically related groups to fit comfortably on text Pilges. These
pages are presented to the user by clearing the eRr screen of all
previous information before displaying the current page. '!be text
information is displayed starting at the top of the screen and
proceeds downward until the bottom limit of the screen is reached,
enabling the user to observe a stable screen of related
information. In the case of data entry, related requests for user
input are displayed simultaneously, enabling the user to foresee
subsequent data entry requests. The CRT cursor moves down the
screen after each inplt request is satisfied. This cursor movement
is the key to powerful screen interaction.
A typical terminal screen can be visualized as a matrix
containing 24 lines by 80 columns or 1920 elements. One may
individually address these elements by programmed movement of the
cursor to the selected element. Textual sequences can be
displayed anywhere on the screen at any time while retaining or
erasing previOUS information. This allows warning signals or
error messages to appear next to the data in question and
disappear after the error has been corrected, thus leaving the
original page of displayed information intact. Another powerful
use of cursor movement is in the case of data entry on a page
affecting the permiSSible values of subsequent data entries on the
same page. The allowable values displayed under a subject data
entry prompt can be cursor addressed, changed to new values, and
the cursor returned to the previous selection instantly. This
method employs full conversational awareness by the computer
system at all times. Since the viewing displays are constructed in
text pages, the user can manipulate the pages by a set of
understandable interaction commands such as those listed in the
following:
1. 'lOP: request to clear the screen, re-display the page and
return the cursor to the first input request on the current page.
This permits modification of data 00 the page.
2. BACK:returns to the previous page for corrections or
changes.
7
8
3. MAIN: terminates the program function in progress,
manipulates computer files as needed, and returns to the main
program menu of available processes.
4. EXIT: terminates the program function in progress,
closes all computer files as needed, and exits the program.
User directed page movements, coupled with the dynamic
display qualities attained through programmed addressable cursor
movements, provide a powerful and flexible interactive environment
for expedenced as well as first time computer program users.
1.3.1. Requirements for Interactive COnpJter Software
An important consideration for selecting an interactive
software strategy is compatibility among various computer
hardware. Unfortunately, wide differences still exist between
manufacturers of peripheral devices such as terminals and computer
resident system programs called operating systems. !Jevelq;>ing an
interactive design methodology that is dependent upon a particular
type of hardware or the operating system of a certain computer
generally promotes the eventual demise of the approach. The
constant change of operating systems due to computer vendor
upgrades may render the programming required to accomplish such a
design incOllqlatible with the revised system.
More likely to occur is the typical change or upgrades of CRl'
devices or terminals which may not accommodate some of the
interactive features programmed for the previous device. The
hardware or operating system dependent functions can be justified
in the case where the application software and hardware are
bundled together to form a functional package. These types of
pad<ages normally deal with graphics awlications such as ClIDjCAM
systems or elaborate word processing systems. 'lbe special purpose
computers are mostly self-contained systems requiring certain
hardware and operating system configurations.
An interactive design method has to merge comfortably with
the major application systems that are already on the machine such
as engineering, accounting information retrieval systems, and word
processing. In order to accomplish this task and maintain
compatability among a wide selection of terminals and operating
systems, a certain sUbset or core group of interactive functions
are developed which will perform all the major tasks of a
humanized form-filled interactive method. The basic functions
that are compatible with over 95% of the terminal hardware and
computer systems available today are absolute cursor addressing,
clearing the screen, and nringing the beU".
Another requirement is the ability of the computer system to
send out what is called control characters which excite these
functions. Using these basic functions as building blocks, an
entire sophisticated 'humanized' interactive approach can be
accomplished while still retaining compatibility across vendor
lines. Changes in terminal control character sequences for
various terminals are accomplished by an easily accessible
hardware table contained within the interactive application driver
routines or by table files. These tables map the function to the
device. There are many other functions available in terminals
such as highlighting or dimming of certain groups of text,
flashing of warning messages, and split screening for multiple
tasks. These are not normally available in all terminals and are
usually reserved for the higher priced models. In addition, the
particular code sequences to start and stop these functions are
widely different. These functions are just extensions of the
basic three required to develop such a user friendly system. A
well designed interactive system using the basic three functions
of cursor addressing, clear screen, and bell satisfies fully the
criteria required to produce a truly humanized interactive
methodology
1.3.2. Screen Layout Strategy
As discussed in a previous section, the CRT screen is divided
into a cell matrix of 80 columns by 24 rows. The screen layout
has been designed to accomodate most data entry possibilities.
The basic skeleton screen is set up as follows:
COl.ums en eRr screen
1 - 4 Blank
5 - 56 All text prompts and allowable values
start in column 5 and end in column 56.
Additional lines may be used to
continue text
57 Blank
58 - 61 Reserved for the '===) , designation
which pulls the viewer's eye to where
the data should be entered
62 - 72 Used for the actual data input
73 - 79 Reserved for the '*ERROR*' designation
when input errors are detected.
9
10
21 Reserved for explanatory error messages
Or engineering warning messages
22 Contains the 'failsafe' line of dashes
or undereoores
23 - 24 Contains the failsafe program instruc-
tions that vary from page to page
Using this uniform layout of soreen design will promote
adaptability for the programming of other systems using the same
design. Once a programmer knows how to manipulate one program,
other programs can be quickly humanized due to similar i.rItAlt-cRl'
response except for the actual data entry prompts dependent upon
the particular calculation module.
1.4. Flow of User Data
The user-entered data flows through a library of form-fill
out x:outines where it is checked for validity, allowable ranges,
and real or integer values limits before it can be accepted by the
calling calculation subloutine. Detailed descriptions of the
subroutines and arguments will be discussed in a subsequent
section, but the overall logic flow of user entered data through
the subroutines is as follows. All input from the user is read
from subroutine GETVAL. This routine is the central or main
controlling routine for all input processing. Within GETVAL,
various checks are made to validate the data. One set of checks
determines if 'lOP, BIlCK, EXIT, or MAIN has been typed by the user.
In addition, NUMCK is called to determine if a number entered by
the user is valid. For example, two deci.mal points or a '+' or a
'-' within the same value would trigger an error message. The
error messages are presented by a call to ERROR within GEI'V1\L to
display the appropriate message. A call to CLEAN erases the
messages on the screen after the user enters correct data.
Argument values returned by GETVAL to the calling calculation
subroutine are processed to allow continuation of ctata entry from
the user or to jump to logiC that will return to a previous data
entry page, exit the program, erase the current pqge and request
resllbmittal, or go to the main menu.
Using the library of CRT screen handling routines reduces
considerably the amount of computer code required for input
processing. Since the arguments feeding GETVAL setup permissible
ranges, and other parameters unique to a certain input item, the
only READ statement for input (for all input it.ems) is contained
within GETVAL. All the logic that processes errors and displays
messages is contained within ERroR and CLEIIN. 'l11e area or column-
row address of the CRT screen where the current input item resides
is passed through all the form-fill out routines in order that
error messages and re-enter prompts can be addressed to the CRT
correctly. In this general fashion, all input following the basic
skeleton frame for the CRT 'pages' can be processed very
efficiently.
1.5. Screen Design Method
The design of CRT interaction pages that will be presented to
the program user for data entry requires a thorough design process
in itself to be effective. An approach which has been used
successfully in implementing production quality software is
described in this section. The first step in the screen deSign
process is to define all input entry prompts for a given function
or calculation model. This is absolutely necessary in order that
the screen designer may group related data entry prompts in a
logical fashion. This global definition phase of prompts also
helps to eliminate redundant data entries.
The wording of the prompt for single data items or value
should start with 'Enter' followed by the information request text
which is then followed by the 'units' designation. Data entry
prompts which require a choice among several listed options
demands a different strategy. The general title or description of
the options is written first. The options are indented and listed
below the title. Finally, the prompt starting with 'enter' or
'select' is written which describes the value being requested.
Any descriptive text that will precede prompts excluding the
actual prompt must be defined for all input requests. The
descriptive text is extremely helpful to first time or occasional
users. The text should be very concise and offer a description of
what is to follOW in the prompt. After additional explanatory
text is defined, all prompts must be inspected and assigned
allowable values. This range of values should be set to restrict
each prompt to a typical or normal range of values that the user
may enter. For option selection prompts which provide choices,
only those stated values are permitted. A value outside this
range represents an incorrect data response and will be handled by
an error message and corresponding re-enter request for data.
After all admissible values are defined, any suggested values that
may help the user should be defined for each prompt. These values
11
12
may be typical values given a certain criteria or possibly a
reviewing agency-dependent suggested value for a certain input
item.
1.6. Subroutine Descriptions and Listings
1.6.1. SUBROOTINE CRINIT
lIbstract
CRlNIT initializes the terminal control tables o ~ functions of
clear screen, cursor addressing, and bell.
The routine contains all codes necessary to set up the screen
functions. After the control codes have been determined for the
terminal selected, these values are then loaded into the IP and
ICLEAR arrays. The IP array contains the ASCII value required for
positioning the cursor from I thru 80 on the CRT screen. ICLEAR
array contains the ASCII codes to clear the screen. IESC is
loaded with the lead-in character for the cursor addressing
sequence. IBELL contains the code to exite the bell function on
the terminal. The terminal codes set up in the listing are
compatible with Lear Seigler, Televideo, and SOIlOC terminals. 'lbe
ASCII values of the terminal functions are stored in common block
CURS for availability throughout the library of screen
subroutines. CRINIT is called once to set up the codes.
None.
1.6 .2 SUBROOl'INE CUROOR
Abstract
positions the cursor anywhere on the CRT screen.
Description
Receives arguments of column, row from calling subroutine to
position the cursor before a write is performed on the screen.
'l'he column, row argument is used as indices to the IP array table
to select the appropriate ASCII codes. The write statement
submits the ASCII string of characters to the screen for cursor
positioning. The Z (computer dependent) in the format statement
holds the cursor after postioning for subsequent writes or
prompts. SOme systems will not need the Z type of specification
in the format statement.
(IN)
IY (IN)
ColllIIl'\ 11Ulli:>er (1-80)
Row Ill.IIlber (1-24)
1.6.3. SUBROOTINE GE.TVAL
lIbstract
Central data inpJ.t capture routine which gets and returns a legal
value from user input.
Input is received in an ll-character buffer (BUF) in Alpha format.
The buffer is first checked for any legal function such as TOP,
BACK, or EXIT. Depending on MODE, certain functions will not be
legal at certain times. NUMCK is called to transform the alpha
characters into a legal real value. If an error occurs, ERroR is
called to display a message. The logic remains in GETVAL until
the error is corrected, after which CLEAN is called to erase the
previous error messages.
Arguments
IX
(IN)
IY (IN)
INl' (IN)
FMIN (IN)
FMAY
(IN)
VAL ~
ColllIIl'\ mmber to read on CBT screen
Row nUlltJer to read on CRI' screen
o = Read data input anticipated
1 = Integer data input anticipated
Mininum allowable value-passed to IUK:K
Maxinum allowable value-passed to NtJM(](
Legal, checked real value returned to calling
routine
I3
14
NULL
(0Ul') 1 '" EXIT input by user
(IN)
(IN)
2 - TOP input by user
3 BAa<: input by user
4 = MAIN input by user
Values returned to calling routine for
appropriate action
1 = allow EXIT
2 '" allow EXIT, TOP
3 = allow EXIT, TOP, BI\O{
4 allow EXIT, TOP, MAIN
o = do not allow blanks as input
1 = allow blanks as input, but set VPJ., = 0 at
this occunence
1.6.4. SUBRCUrINE NKl<
Abstract
Extensively checks a data inplt value (numeric) for legal syntax.
Descriptioo
The user data input is received in alpha format in buffer KFLD.
!<FLD is then checked character by character to determine a legal
numeric form. If the form is legal, KFLD is transformed by
ENCODE and DECODE operations to a REPJ.. value. If an integer is
expected, range chet%s are performed to assure an integer between
-32767 and 32767.
KFLD
VAWE
INI'G
NERR
(IN)
(IN)
(our)
(IN)
(OO!?
Alpha buffer containing user data input
Length of KFID, usually 11
Real value returned to calling routine
Integer flag, 0 = floating point, 1 '" integer
Error flag, set to various values if an error
occurs
1.6.5. SUBROUTINE ERROR
Abstract
Contains a set of error messages which appear in a reserved row on
the CRT sCreen for illegal data entries.
Descripti.cn
Displays any of three error messages in row 21. The '*ERROR*',
and 'RE-ENl'ER' designations awear in columns 73-79 of the row of
the data entry prompt and columns 62-70 of the row immediately
below the input field. Selection of the particular error message
displayed is controlled by GElVAL.
ITYP
y
ERF
(IN)
(IN)
(OUT)
Error message type to display
Row nll!lber of CUrrent data entry pronpt
Set to 1 when error message is displayed.
CLEAN will reset it to 0 after the messages
are erased.
1.6.6. SUBlalTINE CLEAN
Abstract
Erases and cleans the sCreen of previous error messages.
Descriptim
Routine is called by GETVAL when user input error has been
corrected. CLEAN clears the '*ERROR*' I 'RE-ENTER', and any
message residing in row number 21 of the CRT screen.
MguDl!nts
Y
ERF
(IN)
(OUT)
Row number of current data entry prompt
Set to 0 upon exit to indicate messages have
been cleared
15
16
INTRODUCTION TO USER-fRIENDLY SOFTWARE
1.6.7. SUBROOTINE BELL
Abstract
Produces an audible 'beep' to the terminal when user il1[lUt error
is detected.
Descdption
Routine is called by ERROR. The ASCII bell code contained in
lBELL is initialized by CRINIT.
None.
1. 6 8. SlJBR(.Ul'INE CLRSCR
Abstract:
Clears and erases all infomation on the CRr SCreen.
DeSCriptiCll
Routine is called throughout program whenever clearing the screen
to blanks is required. ICLEAR is set to the ASCII clear screen
codes initialized in ClU][rT.
1.6.9. SUBROUTINE INFO
lIbBtract
Displays failsafe information on last 3 rows of CRT screen.
DeSCription
Row number 22 is always filled with underscores to create a line
an the screen. Rows 23 and 24 contain q>erator instructions that
may vary depending on the value of ITYP. Within the program
system, calls to place various text in this area are performed
whenever additional or revised operator instructions are required.
ITYP (IN)
Determines general operator instruction to
appear.
1 = EXIT message only
2 ., EXIT and TOP IreSSages
3 = EXIT, TOP and Bl\CK messages
1.6.10. SUBroUTINE lIIIDi
Displays various allowable value message formats following the
data entry prompt.
Descriptioo
The allowable value message displayed under the user input data
request prompt may take the following forms, depending on the
setting on ITYP. ITYP (1-5) displays allowable values between a
minimum and a maximum. The field width of the range is adjusted
by the setting of ITYP. ITYP (6-7) displays the remaining
allowable logic formats of 'greater than' and 'less than' a
certain value.
y
IRl
IR2
(IN)
(IN)
(IN)
(IN)
Selects allowable value format desired
Row 1'lL1Iber allowable value message pJ.acement
Minimum allowable value (ALPHA)
Maximum allowable value (ALPHA)
17
18
PROGRAM A
C -------------------------------------
C
C
C
C
c
C
C
c
C
C
SOIIOOTINI ClIMIT
--------------,----"-----------------------------------------------
Routta, to inittalt
IBITIALll18 raRCTtOKS
POll LEAR IIIc:LU 'l'YPe
A1IIl salce suus
the cur.or concrol.
or BILL,CLEAR,CORaCl ADDRESSlNG
fERIIINALS (ADM3.JA,JA+.S.31I,TELEVIDEO
CONNON ICORSI IP(SD),IESC,IIILL,ICLEAR(J)
IUU-7*25S
ICLEAR(1)-Z7*Z!.

ICLEAa(l)-16*25&
USC-27*256
DO 101 1-1,$0
IP(I)-(I+ll)*Z5&
101 COIITINDI
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
RETOaN
END
PROGRAM B
-------,--------------------
scalOUTINE CURSoaCIX.II)
x 1. left to from 1 - 80
Y i. up to down, froa 1 - 24
FOR LEAR SIIGLER TERMINALS - LEAD IN SEQOINCI: ESC,-,y.X

IlI'1'EGU 1I'r, aT
CONNON ICURSI I.(BO).IESC.IB!LL.ICt!AR(3)
WRITE (WT.ID)
10 POIUlAT (Al, '-'.2Al.t)
C
RETORli
END
c
C
C
INTRODUCTION TO USER-FRIENDLY SOFTW ARE
PROGRAM C
SUBROUTINE GETVAL CIX,Iy,INT,FKIN,FMAX,VAL,NCOND,MODE,NULLI
C ANO RETURNS A LEGAL VALUE PROK INPUT.
C VALUE IS SYNTAX CHEClED, CHEClED, AND CHEClED rOR
C OVtllfl.OW IN TUB INTEGER eME.
C
c

COHHON /UNITI WT,RT
EXIT/'E 'I, '/,BACKj'B 1/.
W'K '/
NCOND-O
ERt-O
1Q CALL CURSOR(IX,IY)
READ(RT,520) eup
520 rORKATIIIA1)
e
C
IF (BOI'(l) .NE. EXIT) GO TO 20
II'IMODE.LT.l) GO TO 55
KeaND-l
GO TO 9U
20 IF(BUFtl) .NE. TOP) GO TO 30
Ir (MODE.U.2) GO .10 55
NCOND-2
GO TO 999
C
3D IF(BUP(l) .Nt. BAC!:) GO TO 70
IF(MOnE.LT.3 .01'.. MODE.EQ.4) GO TO S5
NeOND-3
GO TO 999
C
70 IF(BUf(l).NE.MA)GO TO 40
IF(MODE.LT.4IGO TO 55

GO TO 999
C
40 CALL NUMCX(BUr,ll,VAL,INT,NERR}
IF(NERR.NE.31 GO TO 42
tr(NULL-.EQ.O) GO TO 55

GO TO 1199
42 CONTINUE
IF(NERR .EQ.O) GO TO 50
CALL ERROR(2,IY,ERP)
GO TO 10
sa rrlVkr. .Gg. F!{HI .A!!D. VAL .LE. FMl<1 GO 'l'O 60
CALL
GO TO 10
SS CALL ERROR(3,IY,ERFl
GC TO 10
60 IF(tR? .EO. 11 CALL CLEAN(lY,ERf)
C
999 CONTINUE
C
19
20
PROGRAM 0
c ------------------------------
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
C
C
C
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE NUKCK
---------------------------
rass rORKAT EXtaACTION FROM Al-ARRAY (lFLD)
Inn
LNGTB

INTG
NERR
Al ARRAY CONTAINING THE rARGEr STRING
or KFLn ARRAr
RETURNS A REAL VALUE DECODED FROK TARGET
INTEGER FLAG I-INTEGER
ERIIOR PLAG I-NON NUMERIC CHARACTERS
2-INTEGER OVERFLOW
3 -SLAliIt ENTRY
DIMENSION KFLD (LNGTH),IHOLn(lS),IPMT(f)
DATA 11111' /
NERR 0
VALUE - 0
HI 0
N2 0
IF \tNGTH .LE.O) GO TO 1000
C SCAN PIELn TO DELINEATE NON-BtAHR CHARACTERS
C
DO 130 I-I,LNGTH
IF (IPLO(!) .NE. lSI} GO TO 120
IF (Nl .EQ. 0) GO TO 130
N2 - I-I
GO 'l"o ISO
120 IF INl.Ee.O} Nl - I
130 CONTINUE
IF INl.NE.O} GO TO 150
C SLAHl!: EH'l'lIY
VAL-C.
N!:lU\')
GO TO 1000
C
150 IF N2 - LNGta
c
C LOGIC FOR VALID REAL OR IN'l"EGER
C
INUM - 0
I8U 0
I5GN 0
IPRI) 0
NfLG 0
DO 200 r-Nl,LNGTS
ISY -
NCBR
IfIIBLK.EO.l} GO TO 201
C N"MBERS AGAINST OCTAL REPRESENTATION; OK")
IflNCHR .LX. GOl .OR. NCBa .<iT. 71K) GO TO

ISGNl
GO ro .00
C + OR - SIGN
202 IF(NCHR .NE. 531 .AND. NCHR .NE. 551) GO TO 203
rr(rSGN.Q.L) GO TO 999
ISGN-l
STRING
IN STRING
INTRODUCTION TO USER.FRIENDLY SOFfWARE
GO TO 200
C PERIOD
20l If(NCBR.NE.56Kl GO TO 20S
If(IPRD .EO. 1) GO TO 999
15GN-l
I!'RI)-l
GO TO 200
C BLAN!
205 If (NCER .NE. CO!l GO TO 999
IBLK-l
GO TO 200
201 rF(HCHR .NE. COl) GO TO 999
200 CONTINUE
C CHECKS FOR PERIOD OR SIGH IN LAST BYTE OF KFLD
IF(IPRO.EO.l .AND. IHUR.HE.l) GO TO 999
lr(IS0H.EQ.l .AND. lNUR.HE.l) 00 TO 999
c
C BOILD fOIUtAT
c
tNCOOE (ISOLD,6DO) (KPLDII) ,I-Nl,N2)
1/3-(1/2-111) Tl
ENCODE (IrMT,610) Nl
DECODE (IBOLD,IFMTl VALOE
C INTEGER OVERFLOW CSEC!
Ir(INTC .EO. 0) GO TO 1000
IF (VALUE.CE. -32167 .AND. VALUE.LE. 32161) GO TO 300
NERR - 2
II"LUE - O.
GO TO 1000
C CSEC! FOR waOLE NUMBER
300 IVALOE-VALUE
REM-VALUE-IVALOE
11(IIM.0.0.) GO TO 1000
NERR-2
VALOE-O.
GO TO 1000
999 NI:RR - 1
C
C FORMATS
C
600 FORMAT {30All
610 FORMAT(2BIF,I2,CH.0 I)
C
1000 RTUIIN
END
21
22
c
c
c
C
C
C
c
C
INTRODUCIJON TO USER-FRIENDLY SOFTWARE
PROGRAM E

SUBROUTINE ERROR (ITYP,l,ERP)

DISPLAYS ERROR MESSAGES FOR ILLEGAL USER INPUT
INTEGER r,ERr
INTEGER liT,RT
COMMON /UNIT/WT,RT
CALL BELL
CORSOR AT ERROR INDICATOR
CALL CORSOR (73,Y)
WRITE (WT,dOO)
ceRSOR AT MESSAGE
CALL CURSOR!l,'l)
IF(ITYP.EQ.l) WRITE(WT.aOl)
IP(ITYP.EQ.2) WRITE(WT,804)
Il(ITYP.EQ.J) WRITE(WT,8QS)
C CLEAR INPUT rIELD
C
CALL CURSOR (62,l)
WRITE(WT.806)
EU-l
CALL CORSOR(62.Y+l)
WRITE (liT, 807)
C FORMATS
C
800 FORMAT("ERROR",Z)
801 FORMAT('VALUE ENTERED IS NOT WITHIN ACCEPTABLE RANGE. "
f I , Z )
804 FORMAT('..VALUE ENTERED CONTAINS CBARACTERS.',
I I .. Z )
80S FORMAT (. .... 1 DO NOT UNDERSTAND.
, ! .. Z)
606 FORMAT (11 (' .
807 FORMAT ( '"RE-EIITER' Z I
C
RETURN
END
PROGRAM F
C
SUSROC1IN! CLEAN(Y,tRP)
c
C
C CLEANS TBI rRaOR KBSSAC!S APTIR crS!R fRaOR IS CORRECTED
C
INT!CER Y,!RP,OMIT,WT,RT
COMMON ICNIT/WT,RT
C CORSOR AT ERROR INDICAi'Olt
CALL CURSOR(73,1)
WRITE (WT,80J)
C CORSOR AT K!SSACE
CALL
IfRITE(W'l',804)
ERr. 0
c
CALL CCRSOR(52,Y+l)
WRIT! (W'l',805)
C rOIUlATS
C
803 FOlUtAT {7 (' '), Z)
804 10lUtA'1'(56(' 'I,Z)
805 FOlUtA'1' (9( I ,), Z)
C
c
c
c
SUBROOTINE BELL
PROGRAM G
C GENERAL BELL PONCTION, INITIALIZED BY CRINIT
C
c
c
COKMON/CCRS/IP(BO),I!SC,IBELL,ICLEAR(3)
COKMON/UNIT/WT,RT
WRITE (WT,600)IBELL
600 POlUtAT(Al,Z)
C
RETCRN
END
23
24
C
C
C
INTRODUCflON TO USER-FRIENDLY SOFTW ARE
PROGRAM H
------------------------------------------------------... _------
SOIlOOTI51

C GSREIAL CLIAa POIC!lON, INITIALIZeD IY CRINIT
C
C
c:
I_a 1I'l',a1'
CORRON/Coas/I.(IO),IISC,IBILL,ICLEAR(3)
COKRON/ONIT/WT,RT

100 rORRAT(3Al,l)
C
C
C
C
RrrDltH
!ND
SOBROOTIN! IMPO(ITY')
PROGRAM
C OIS.LAYS STANDARD O.IRATOR INPORRATION OR LI.rs 22-2'
C
C
CORRON /ONIT/ NT,aT
IHTI!l1Ul lI'1',a'l:
CALL CORSOR(l,22)
WRITE (11'1',600)
CALL coasoaC5,23)
waITICWT,I01)
IP(ITYP.EQ.l) GO TO '"
CURSORC33,23)
WRITE (11'1', 102)
IPCITYP.EQ.2) GO TO '"
CALL COSSOR(33,24)
WRIT! CWT. 603)
'" CONTIND!
C
C PORRATS
C
600 ________________ __
'= I,Z)
601 rOlAATC'TYPE. EXIT to leave program',Z)
602 POlAATC', TOP to go to top of page ',ZI
603 POlAATC'; BACK to go back one page ',Z)
C
aETO ..
END
INTRODUCfION TO USER-FRIENDLY SOFTW ARE
PROGRAM J
c -----------,-------------------
c
c
SUBRODTINB ALLOW (ITYP, Y, IRl, IR2)
C D1SPLA%S ALLOWAiLI VALUE MESSAGES
C
D1KII810N IRl(5),IR2(S)
1II'UGIR NT, R'1'
COMMON /OIlI'1'/W'l',R'l'
C CORSOR AT PLACEKEN'1' OF ALLOWABLE MESSAGE
CALL CORSOR(S,Y)
C
C
1P(ITYP.EQ.l) WRI'l'E(NT,aOl) 1R1(1),(IR2(1),1-1,J)
IF (ITYP.EQ. 2) WRI'l'E (NT, a02) IR1 (1) dIa2 (I) ,1-1,5)
1P(I'l'YP.EQ.J) WRI'l'E(W'l',80J) (IR1(I),I-l,J),(IR2(I),I-l,J)
IP(ITYP.EQ.4) WRI'l'E(W'l',a04) (IR1(I),I-l,1),(IR2(1),I-l,5)
IP(ITYP.EQ.5) WR1'1'!(W'l',aos) (IR1(1),I-l,S),(IR2(1),I-l,S)
1P(ITYP.EQ.6) WR1'1'B(W'l',a06) (IR1(I),1-1,1)
IF (ITYP.EQ.7) WRI'1'E(W'l',a07) (IRl(I),I-l,l)
C POIUlA'1'S
C
aOl POIUlA'1'('.ALLOWAILB VALOES ARE (',AI,') '1'0 (',lA2,"')
802 POIUlAT (' .ALLOWABLE VALOES ARB (' ,Al, '] '1'0 (', 5A2, " ')
a03 POIUIA'1' (' .ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE ('. 3A2, '] '1'0 (', JA2,', ')
804 POIUlA'1'('.ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE (',3A2,'] '1'0 (',5A2,']')
aos FOIUlAT('.ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE ('.SA2.'] '1'0 ('.5A2,']')
806 POIUlAT('.ALLOWABLE VALDES ARB GREATER THAN (',3A2,'I')
a07 POIUlA'1'(':ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE LESS THAN (',JA2,'I')
C
RE'l'UltN
END
25
CHAPTER TWO
CLASSIFICATION
OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
2.1. Definitions
Several forms of open channel flow can be classified
according to whether the flow is steady or unsteady, and uniform
or nonuniform. For a sufficiently long channel of constant cross
section (i.e., a regular or prismatic channel) and of constant
channel slope, and where a constant flow enters the channel for
all time, then a steady uniform flow typically occurs within some
portion of the channel length. Where the flow regime stabilizes
in the channel such that a terminal velocity is reached, the
flowdepth corresponding to this stabilized steady uniform flow is
called the normal depth. Consequently, steady uniform flow in a
reach of channel is characterized by (1) a constant flow rate in
the prismatic channel, and (2) the flow depth is everywhere
constant in the channel reach. Several emperical equations have
been developed to estimate normal depth; the Manning's equation
is possibly the most widely used method (section 2.2).
Steady nonuniform flow occurs in a channel reach when the
flow rate is a constant (i.e., steady flow) and the channel cross
section is variable, or when the channel is prismatic but the flow
depth is not stabilized and hence changes along the channel reach.
When the flow depth variations are "gradual", gradually varied
flow profiles can be developed which characterize the change in
channel flowdepth along the channel reach.
26
CLASSIFICATIONS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW FUNDAMENTALS
In cootrast to steady flow, unsteady flow in an C9Erl channel
occurs due to a time variable flowrate into a channel reach. '!be
routing of a flood wave runoff hydrograph through a channel reach
is an of unsteady flow.
Open channel flow is further classified as subcritical, mild
and tranquil, or as supercritical, steep and rapid. When channel
flows occur at low velocities such that a disturbance wave can
travel upstream on the water's surface, the flow is called
subcritiCAl. Should the upstream portion of the disturbance wave
remain stationary with respect to a fixed reference pOint, the
flow 1s crIt1cal. Should the distumance wave be entirely washed
downstream, the flow is called
2.2. Manning's Equation
Based on experimental data obtained from studies on steady
uniform flow, Manning's equation relates normal depth flow
characteristics to the cbannel flow rate by (in English units)
(2.1)
where Q is the steady flow rate cubic feet per second (cfs), A
is the cross-section flow area (ft ), R is the hydraulic radius (A
divided by the wetted perimeter, P), S is- the slope of the energy
grade line, (which, when normal depth occurs, is equal to the
channel slope) and n is the Manning's frictioo factor.
The wetter perimeter P is the length (ftl along the channel
cross section which is wetted by the channel flow. other commonly
used hydraulic flow characteristic variables include the flow tql-
width TW and the hydraulic depth h. TW is defined for steady flow
as the length of the water surface across the flow cross section
area, and h = A/TW. Figure 2.1 illustrates the several terms.
Also included in the figure is the symbol for the ratio of the
channel side horizontal-to-vertical lengths, Z.
TW
d
p
Fig. 2.1. Flow characteristic variables.
27
28
CLASSIFICATIONS OF OPEN CHANNEL FWW FUNDAMENTALS
2.3. Froude NImtler
A convenient expression which represents the channel flow
characteristics is the Froude nurrber F, where
(2.2)
In (2.2), V is the average velocity V = Q/A, g is 32.2 ft/sec
2
,
and h is the hydraulic depth. Should a kinetic energy correction
factor be included such as in Eq. (3.21), then (2.2) is modified
accordingly.
The Froude number characterizes the flow regime by noting
F > 1 for supercritical flow, F< 1 for subcritical flow, and
F = 1 for critical flow.
2.4. Conputer Programs
Normal depth and critical depth flow calculations are
provided in PROGRAM numbers 2 and 3 for steady uniform flow in
trapezoidal, rectangular, V-shaped, and circular cross sections.
Program features include the calculations for the several
discussed variables, along with the estimation of specific energy
and specific force values (sections 3.3.2. and 3.3.3.).
CHAPTER THREE
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
3.1. Introduction
The study of open channel flow hydraulics requires an
understanding of the fundamental principles embodied in the
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Consequently, the
basic definitions and equations need to be presented prior to
developing the detailed computer software which can be applied to
solving engineering problems. In the following, the necessary
fundamentals of open channel flow hydraulics is briefly reviewed.
These concepts will then be extended towards the development of
comprehensive micl:ocomputer software for the analysis of steady
flow in <:pen channels.
3.2. Conservation of Mass, Moirenturn, and Energy
The stUdy of open channel flow hydraulics is based upon the
three cooservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. These laws
are applicable to a specified quantity of matter (or system) which
preserves its identity while undergoing a change in pOSition,
energy level, or other conditions.
The usual application of these laws is to develop integral
equations which express the fundamental principles with respect to
fluid flow through a control volume. The integral equations can
be directly applied to flow problems or rewritten in terms of
partial differential equations to analyze the assumed fluid
continuum.
3.2.1. Conservation of Mass
For a fixed control volume II enclosed by the surface r , the
integral form of the conservation of mass is given in vector
notation by J J
pY dA + a: p dll = 0 (3.1)
r II
where Y is the velocity vector with respect to the Cartesian
coordinate system, and dA is the outward normal vector to r with
magnitude dA. For steady flow the time derivative is zero, giving
29
30
For inconpressible flow
OPE'! CHANNEL FLOW
f pV dA " 0
r
JV'dA=O
r
(3.2)
(3.3)
The differential ~ t o n form of mass conservation is often used
in open channel flow hydraulics. This form 1s obtained by
application of Gauss' theorem to (3.1) giving
ap 3 3
- + - (pu) + - (pvl
at ax ay
a
+ - (pw) = 0
dZ
where (u,v,w) are the (x,y,z) directional flow velocities.
steady, incOll1?ressible flow (3.4) reduces to
au all oW
-+-+-"0
ax ay 3z
3.2.2. Conservation of Mo!rentum
(3.4)
For
(3.5)
Newton's second law of motion relates the net force
upon a system to the change in l110llrantum M by
F acting
dM
F= -
dt
(3.6)
With respect to the fixed control volume n , (3.6) can be written
in integral form as
J VpV dA + a: J Vpdn = F
r n
(3.7)
The F vector is composed of pressure and shear forces acting
upon the surface of the system Fs ' and the body force vector
B which relates body forces (suen as gravity) per unit volume
of the system. Using F 5 and B , (3.7) is rewritten as
dA + ~ J Vpdn " F
3t s
(3.8)
(l
For steady flow, (3.8)
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
becorres
J VpV
r
dA = Fs + J 8dll
\l
(3.9)
An important application of (3.9) is when the fluid crosses r at
only one point of entrance (point 1) and exit (point 2). JI.ssuming
that the fluid density and flow velocity are constant over the
entrance and exit areas, then (3.9) becomes
.
LFx = M(u
z
-u
,
)
l:Fy = M(V
2
-v,)
LF "M(w - \'I )
z Z I
where M is the mass flowrate through \l.
3.2.3. Conservation of Energy
(3.10)
The first law of thermodynamics is used to develop the
integral equation form of the conservation of energy. The
conservation law is given by
dE " Q - W (3.11)
where dE is the change in the energy of the system, Q is the heat
added to the system, and W is the work done by the system. The
energy E is written in terI1f3 of several contributions by
E = U + imv2 + mgZ
(3.12)
where U is the internal energy, m is the system mass, mV
2
/2 is
the kinetic energy, and mgZ is the potential energy. For e = E;lm,
(3.11) is written in integral equation form with respect to time
by
dA + J epdll
:>t
Il
dQ dW
=- --
dt dt
(3.13)
31
32
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Flow work done on r due to normal stresses (hydrostatic
pressure) can be isolated from the w term and (3.13) rewritten as
J
a J dQ dW*
(e + pip) pV dA + - epdn = -- - --
at dt dt
(3.14)
r n
where p is the fluid pressure and W* is the work term W less the
flow work contribution.
For steady flow, (3.14) reduces to
f
dQ dW*
(e + pip) pV dA = -- - --
dt dt
r
(3.15)
For one entrance (point 1) and exit (paint 2) associated to r ,
and coostant e.p,p over the entrance and exit areas,
(3.16)
Noting e = E;/m, and M being the mass flow rate through n gives
where i = U/m. Letting dQ
gH = (i - i ) - - I M
L 2 1 dt
dQ dW*
dt dt
(3.17)
(3.18)
further reduces (3.17) for zero system work and Pa= P
I
= p to
+
- Z ) + 9 H = 0
I L
(3.19)
p
Ot in terns of length units (or head)
( ) (
V2 _ V2)
P
z
- PI 2 I
: ~ = + = ~ = + (Zz - ZI) + HL = 0
y 29
(3.20)
whete Y is the fluid specific weight, and HL is the head loss.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
3.3 Fundamentals of Hydraulics
3.3.1. Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Grade Line
For any point in the fluid, the summation of the elevation
plus the pressure head is known as the piezometric head. The
piezometric head represents the level to which liquid will rise in
a piezometer tube where a line drawn through the tops of a series
of piezometer columns is known as the hydraulic grade line (HGL).
The energy grade line is determined by the sum of the HGL
and the velocity head (V /2g) such as is shown in Fig. 3.1.
3.3.2. Specific Energy
where
In open channel flow, the specific energy, SE' is given by
(3.21)
y ; vertical depth of flow
e " angle of the longitudinal bed profile with respect to
the
2
horizontal. (In most cases e is small, therefore
cos a = 1)
c .. kinetic energy conection factor. '!his is equal to one
when the velocity distribution is uniform.
V = average flow velocity
g ; gravitational acceleration
the flow rate (0), and cross section flow area (Al, and for
cos e = 1,
SE : y + Q2/ 2gA2 (3.22)
(3.23)
From Equation (3.23), it is clear that the specific energy curve
of Fig. 3.2 has the two asymptotes of y = SE' and y = O.
Alternate depths are defined as the two possible depths of
flow for a given Q and represent the two possible regimes
of flow. For a point on the upper limb of the curve (Fig. 3.2),
flow has a higher depth and thus a lower velocity. In this case,
the flow is known as subcritical. On the lower limb of the curve
the flow has a lower depth and thus a high velocity. This flow is
classified as supercritical. When dSEfdY 0, the flow is
critical (the location of this condition is at the crest of the
curve). The depth relating to critical flow is known as the
critical depth, Yc'
33
34
OPEN CHANNEL fLOW
E.G.l.
VA'
I
I
V
0
I
I
2,
i
-ttg_. 5L L
... --- -
I
I
I
L..
I

;; ... ?;;;;
; ;
; 7 7 ; ;
)
; ) )
/ )
z
A
ZB
DATUM

20

I --
Fig. 3.1.

I ---
--
-T
I
I
I
I
I

Z .P/wtvll2v
DATUM
Open channel flow energy balance.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
3.3.3. The Specific Force
Cons ide I: a steady, unifol:m, incompressible flow in an open
channel between channel section A to section B
f
and apply Newton's
second law of motion. The second law of motion states that the
change of momentum per unit time in the body is equal to the
resultant of all the external forces that are acting on the body.
Thus for a fixed control volume,
(3.24)
where
S = momentum correction factor
P
A
and P
B
= resultant pressures acting on section A and B
f
respectively
W = Equivalent weight of the fluid pressure enclosed
between sections A and B
F
f
= Total external forces (including friction) along
the wetted boundary of the channel between section
A and section B
0= angle of channel slope with respect to the
horizontal
The pressure forces are calculated by
P
A
= yAAhA ' P
B
= YASh
S
(3.25)
where h = the distance to the centroid of the cross section
below the water surface.
If the difference of Wsin e - F f can be neglected and S 1 =
then equaticn (3.24) can be simplified as
. - 2 - 2
AAhA + Q IgA
A
= ABhB + Q 19A
B
S = 1,
2
(3.26)
BOth sums of the terms in (3.26) involve identical components, and
can be grouped together as the specific force, Fs. That is,
F S = Ah + Q2/ gA (3.27)
The specific force curve (Fig. 3.3) is similar in some of its
characteristics to the specific energy curve (Fig. 3.2). Both the
specific force and specific energy are asymptotic to the y = 0
axis. However, the specific force curve is not asymptotic to the
45
0
line.
35
36
:z:
Ii:
:!I

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
y
CRITICAL
DEPTH

Fig. 3.2. The specific energy curve.
CRITICAL +-___ --1
DEPT"
Fig. 3.3. The specific force curve.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
3.3 .4. 'llle Hydraulic Jwrp in a Rectangular Channel
Solution of the continuity and momentum equations for the
special case of a rectangular channel leads to the following
relation for the initial (Yl) and sequential depths (Y2) of a
hydraulic jump on a horizCCltaT floor:
(3.28)
and
(3.29)
In the above, FI and F2 are the Froude numbers corresponding to
depths Yl and Y2' respectively. Substituting these values into
the energy equatl.on gives the energy loss in the jump
(3.30)
The junp efficiency ~ l can be expressed as
~ l = 8F
1
2
+ ll3/2 - 4F12 + ll/8F
1
2
(2 + F12) (3.31)
'llle relative height of the jump (Y2 - YlllE:t can be expressed as
(Y2 - Y1)/E:t = l + 8F
1
2
).5 - 3)/(2 + F12) (3.32)
The U.s. Bureau of Reclamation has classified various types of
hydraulic jumps based on the Froude number, F. '!heir results are
summarized below:
TABLE 3.1. HYDRAULIC JUMP CLASSIFICATIOR>
F
1 to 1.7
1.7 to 2.5
2.5 to 4.5
4.5 to 9.0
> 9.0
3.4. Gradually Varied Flow
Classification
undIIlar jwrp
weak jwrp
OSCillating jump
steady jUIlp
strong jUIll>
Gradually varied flow in a prismatic channel can be modeled
by the one-dimensional differential equation
(3.33)
37
38
OPEN CHANNEL fLOW
Iohere
y = flow depth
So = the bed slope
Sf = the friction slape
F = the Froude rumber
x = coordinate along channel bottom
When Sf approaches So' dy/cix approaches zero. Therefore,
water surface profiles approach the normal depth of flow
asyrrptotically.
If F approaches unity, dy/dx awroaches infinity. 'lberefore,
by (3.33), the water surface becomes nearly vertical.
3.4.1. S Profiles
A channel is classified as steep for a discharge when the
normal depth is less than the critical depth, and is mild when the
normal depth is greater than the critical. When the normal flow is
rapid (normal depth less than critical) in a channel, the
resulting profiles Sl' S2 and are known as the steep profiles.
The Sl profile approximates gradUally varied flow which is above
the normal and critical depths, S2 represents the flow profile
occurring between the critical and normal depths, and S3 occurs
below the normal depth, (Fig. 3.4).
For the Sl curve, both the numerator and denominator of
(3.33) are positJ.ve and the depth increases downstream approaching
a horizontal asymptote. An exazrple is a steep canal enptying into
a pool of high elevation.
For the S2 curve, the numerator of (3.33) is negative and the
denominator is positive (but approaches zero at y = yo). This
curve approaches the normal depth asymptotically. An example is
the profile formed on the downstream side of an enlargement of a
channel sectioo.
In the curve, both the numerator and denominator of (3.33)
are negative. 1\0 example is the water surface profile as the slq.e
changes from a steep to a milder (but steep) slq.e.
3.4.2. M Profiles
A mild slq.e is one where the normal flow is tranquil (i.e.,
normal depth, Yo' is greater than the critioal depth, y,.J. Three
profiles may occur, and are classified as loll' M-2' anaM
3
, for
flow depths above normal depth, below normal anOiabove critical
depths, and below critical depth, respectively, (Fig. 3.5).
For the Hl profile (y>yo>y ), the upstream end of the flow
prOfile is tangent to the normal-depth line, since dy/dK - 0 as
y = Yo' 'rile downstream end is tangent to the horizontal because
dy/dX = So as y approaches infinity. A typical example in this
case is the profile behind a darn in a mildly flowing river.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
39
Fig. 3.4. Gradually varied flow profiles for sleep slopes.
dy/dll' +
Fig. 3.5.
Gradually varied }low profiles for mild sfopes.
40
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
For the M2 profile (Yo>y>Yc)' the upstream end of the flow
profile is tangent to the o r m ~ depth line, since dy/dx = 0 as
y .. Yo' The downstream end of the flow profile is less than the
normal depth but above (or equal t ~ the critical depth. A
typical exaJl{)le of this profile occurs at the upstream side of a
sudden enlargement of a mild channel cross-section.
For the M3 profile (y<yc<yo)' the upstream flow depth is
modeled to begin as an acute angle. The downstream flow
terminates with a hydraulic jump. 'DIe most upstream flow depth is
modeled as y = 0, and has an associated infinite flow velocity.
The typical example of this profile is when a supercritical flow
enters a mild channel.
3.4.3. C Profiles
When the normal depth and the critical depth are equal, the
profiles resulting from this are labeled Cl.. and c
3
C
1
occurs
when the flow depth is above the critical <lepth, and CJ occurs
when the flow depth is below the critical depth. These profiles
represent the transition conditions between M (mild) and S (steEp)
flow profiles. 'lbe C-.2 profile is usually associated to the case
of uniform critical flOW, (Fig. 3.6).
3.4.4. 'DIe Standard Step Method
Gradually varied flow profiles are generally computed by
using any of three popular methods. Namely, the graphical-
integration method, the direct-integration method, and the
standard step method. The standard step method continues to be
the most commonly used.
In the standard step method, the computation of the flow
depth is carried out on a station to station basiS where the
hydraulic characteristics are known. The computation procedure is
a trial and error method to balance the energy ecplticn.
For convenience, the position of the water surface is
measured with respect to a horizontal datum. The water surface
elevations above the datum at the two end sections can be
expressed (as is also shown in Figure 3.7)
(3.34)
and
(3.35)
Fig. 3.6.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
dy/dll" +
_ ""","_ CI
r ..........
0-
::;;r
+
-----
-
0-
Yo )b
HORIZONTAL
Gradually varied flow profiles for critical slopes.
z.

I J DATUM
_ --'-
Fig. 3.7.
Channel reach used for derivation of standard step method.
41
42
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
111e friction losses are estimated between points A and B by
(3.36)
where Sf can be taken as the average of the friction slq>es at the
two end sections. The total head at sections A and B can be
e<pated by the energy ecpation
Sodx + YA + cA
V
A
2
/
2
9 = YB + CsVB2/29 + stdX + he (3.37)
By substitution, the following is written
zA + cA
V
A2;2g .. 2a + Csv
B
2
/2g + ht + he
where he is the eddy loss defined by
he = k(dV
2
/2g)
(3.38l
where dV
2
/2g is the change in velocity head, and k is given by
k ,. 0 to 0.1 for gradually converging reaches
k .. 0 to 0.2 for gracllally diverging reaches
k ,. 0.5 for abrupt expansion and contraction
k .. 0 for pri5llatic and regular channel
111e total heads at the tlllO end sections A ana B are
HA .. ZA + cA
V
A
2
/
2
g
and
Using (3.39a,b), equation (3.38) can be expressed as
HA=IIs+bt+
h
e
(3.39a)
(3.39b)
(3.40)
Given the values of HA (or Hal, the energy head for FIB (or HAl is
computed by estimating posslble flowdepths until the governing
energy e<pation is satisfied.
CHAPTER FOUR
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
4.1. Introduction
In this chapter, several complete computer programs will be
presented which provide the computer capability of solving for the
various channel flow dimensions associated with the normal depth.
Because it is preferable to link together all of the programs
presented in this chapter, PROGRAM 1 provides a MAIN MENU title
page wherefrom the user may select the desired computational
routine. For normal depth flow in prismatic channels, PROGRAM 2
solves for anyone of the variables: channel base, channel side
slope or z-factor, flow depth, or flow rate given the remaining
variables. Also included in ProGRAM 2 is the analysis of critical
depth flow variables. Pipeflow normal and critical depth flow
analysis is provided in PROGRAM 3. PROGRAM 4 provides for the
normal depth flow analysis of a symmetrical roadway section. The
program user enters values for the street halfwidth (the street
section is assumed to be symmetrical about the roadway
centerline), and dimensions of the gutter including curb depth,
gutter lip and gutter hike (see Fig. 4.1). Given the specified
flow r(lte, the streetflow analysiS considers both symmetrical flow
and split flow effects using Manning's equation with a
friction factor set at n = 0.015.
A powecful analysis routine for the study of open channel
pipeflow effects through a junction structure is provided by
PBOGRAM 5. Given an upstream and downstream pipe section, one or
two lateral drains into the junction, the drop in elevation
through the junction, flow rates and friction factors for each
pipeline, and assumed hydraulic controls, ProGRAM 5 analyzes the
junction hydraulics for the determination of the probable
hydraulic control and then computes the appropriate upstream and
downstream pipeline flow depths. The method of analysis used is
based on a simple balance of steady flow specific force which
relates the change in UGL to the pressure plus momentum variation
through the junction with minor losses ignored. The program uses
an iterative procedure to balance the pressure plus momentum
relationships.
pflDGRAM 6 provides the computer capability for the analysis
of gradually varied flow in regular trapezoidal channels.
Similarly, PROGRAM 7 provides for the analysis of gradually varied
flow in pipelines. Consequently, the complete water surface
43
44
ZERO VELOCITY ASSUMED
I
Where
Where
yl

HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
,.,. (I 5 1/1
... " -.0lJ" " ,
GUTTER. (LIP+HIKE+LlP) 12
2(LIP) + HIK E CUTTER
GUTTER (Y-HIKElZ)+1/2(Y-HIKE-LlP,Z/XFALL
Y l.c:;UTnR+UP+(Y -HIKE-LIPIIXFALL
Y, lor Y le51 than CURB,
CURB,otherwjse
HWIOTH
!
CURB ('" OR I") I XFALL
----____ .. ______
c::J
(/[l
CURB
HIKE
L
r--\

. .
I

.

.
CL TTI!R
Fig. 4.1.
Streetflow model approximations.
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
profile for pipeline storm drains can be developed by using
PROGRAMS 5 and 7, with the program user determining the location
and length of hydraulic jumps where appropriate.
4.2. l'BOGIWI 1. Hydraulic Elenents Main Menu
'!he necessary software and data entry sequence to formulate a
package program is presented. The utility of this program is that
PROGRAM 2 through PROGRAM 7 are combined into a single program
system. The text page shown for the data entry of PROGRAM 1
provides an example of how to set up a user-friendly environment
for the program user.
4.3. PRJGRJ\M 2. Channel Hydraulic Elements
Normal depth flow in regular open channels can be analyzed by
use of Manning's equation
(4.1)
where
Q " flowrate, in cfs
A " area of flow, in square feet
R " flow area divided by the wetted perimeter
Sf " friction slC{le (or, for normal depth, the channel slope)
n friction factor
An unknown value for one of the variables used in Eq. (4J.) can be
estimated by use of PROGRAM 2. The computer code is arranged for
estimating the selected unknown variable by means of an iteration
procedure until the unknown value is within a programmed tolerance
of satisfying Manning's equation. Also included in the program is
the computation of critical depth hydraulic information
corresponding to the normal depth flow computed in Eq. (4J.).
4.4. PRJGRJ\M 3. Pipeflow Hydraulic Elements
Normal depth and critical depth estimation for pipeflow is
provided by PROGRAM 3. Also included is the estimation of pipe
capacity flows, friction slopes, and the computation of other
hydraulic factOl::s such as specific energy, Froude number, pressure
plus momentum, and flow velocity. The normal depth estimates
correspond to the smallest possible value when flow depths exceed
0.82 of the pipe diameter.
4.5. PROORlIM 4. Streetflow Hydraulic Elements
The analysis of streetflow is a commonly occurring problem in
civil engineering design. In this program, the engineer can
analyze the speCial case of capacity flow on one side of the
45
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
street section with the remaining flows occurring on the other
side of the street. The streetflow hydraulics are analyzed by
using Manning's equation for normal depth flow. The street
section is subdivided into two subreaches where one channel spans
from the street centerline to the edge of the street gutter, and
the second channel spans from the edge of the gutter to the inside
edge of the street curb. lUI flows outside of the street curb are
.assumed to be in a ponded condition with a negligible contribution
to the total flow capacity of the system, (see Fig. 4.1).
The street section is assumed to be symmetr ical about the
street centerline; consequently, data entry corresponds to both
sides of the street section. The engineer the street curb
height, gutter wioth, gutter (rise in elevation along the
gutter width), gutter lip (difference in elevation between roadway
section and top of gutter), street half width, and roadway
crossfali (slope of the pavement to the gutter). Given a flowrate,
4 computes the normal depth flow hydraulics for either the
case of symmetrical streetflow or split flow.
4.6. 5. Pipeflow Junction Analysis
A difficult problem which occurs in pipeflow hydraulics is
the analysis of a junction where open channel flow effects need to
be considered. 5 provides the computer capability to
estimate the hydraulic control at the junction and the
corresponding flow depths at the ilownstream and upstream points of
the junction.
The analysis of the junction hydraulics is by means of a
simple balance of specific force which relates pipeflow pressure
plus momentum to the change in the hydraulic grade line through
the junction. In the case of open channel flow, however, the
hydraulic parameters of flow depth, flow area, velocity, pressure
plus momentum, and friction slope are all computational variables.
In oroer to achieve a pressure plus momentum balance, an iterative
pcocedure is used which sequentially halves the differences in
flow depth until a balance is achieved.
An examination of the computer coOe reveals that several
tests are performed in order to estimate the probable hydraulic
control. For example, the pressure plus momentum function is usee
to oetermine whether a hydraulic jump occurs at or near the
junction, or whether sufficient momentum exists in the junction
inflows to wash the hydraulic jump downstream. lIdditionally, it
is noted that minor losses are ignored in the balance of pressure
plus momentum. However, the computer coOe can be modified to
include other energy losses. The engineer enters oata values of
pipesizes, friction factors, pipe slopes, drop in elevation
through the junction structure, angle of approach with respect to
the downstream mainline pipe, flowrates, and estimates of the
downstream and upstream flow depths, (see example). The program
considers the flowdepths in the computation of the
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
hydraulic control. Should computed flowdepths exceed 0.82 of the
pipe diameter, then the program terminates and notifies the
program user to consider a pressure flow analysis. Downstream
pressure flow conditions may be considered in the program by
entering the difference between the downstream pipe flowline and
the assumed HGL as the downstream flowdepth. This type of
analysis may be important in cases where sufficient inflow
pressure plus momentum may force a hydraulic jump downstream of
the junction structure.
4.7. ProGRAM 6. Gradually Var ied Flow in Open Channels
The calculation of backwater curves, drawdown curves, and
other gradually varied flow profiles is an important analysis
problem in open channel flow hydraulics. PROGRAM 6 provides a
computer capability for the estimation of such water surface
profiles for the case of rectangular, trapezoidal, and V-shaped
channels. The program determines the normal and Critical depth,
the hydraulic control, the governing water surface profile
classification, and then computes the water surface profile. Flow
depth, velocity, specific energy, and pressure plus momentum are
included in the computation results. The program computes the
specific energy difference between normal depth and critical
depth; this available energy is then divided by the number of
increments speCified by the program user. Using the resulting
increment of available specific energy, the water surface profile
is computed according to the balance of the energy equation.
4.8. PROORAM 7. Gradually Varied Flow in Pipelines
Similar to PROGRAM 6, this program provides the computer
capability for the analysis of gradually varied flow in pipelines.
Included in the program results are the determination of normal
and critical depths, the hydraulic control, water surface profile,
specific energy, pressure plus momentum, and flow depths.
It is noted that a combination of PROGRAMS 5 and 7 provides a
complete computer capability for the analysis of open channel flow
hydraulics in pipelines. However, the determination of the
location and length of hydraulic jumps is not included in the
programming. Rather, this type of information is currently
indeterminate and is left to the engineer for special
consideration on a case by case basis. A common approach is to
assume the jump to occur as a shock whereby the conjugate depths
are matched at a single paint, with the length of the jump being
assumed as zero. This type of solution may be unacceptable in
cases where a pipe lateral enters the main channel immediately
upstream of such an assumed hydraulic jump shock, and the
hydraulic control for the pipeline is assumed to be the lower
47
4S
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
conjugate depth. Because of the similarity between PBOGRAM 7 ard
PROORAM 6, the data entry sequences are combined in the provided
screen text pages.
PROGRAIvI 1: DATA ENTRY
---M A 1 N "E N U---
PROCESSES:
NON-PRESSURI FLOW ANALYSIS Of:
1= ;hanneL
2- ehannel
3= ev) -Shap.d channel
4'" PilJ_
S. Symm@tric,l street
6= Pipe-flow junction
GRADUALLV VARID FLOW IN:
7= Rectangul.r channel
8- Trapezoidal ehannel
9,. (V) -Shaped channel
'0= Pip.
Select hydraulic process desired
TYPE: EXIT to ; TOP to go to top of page
c
c
c
PROGRAM BELEI
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 1
C EXECUTIVE DRIVER FOR BELE I BATCH SYSTEM
C
C
C
C
C
COMMON/NOT/NUT
C SELECT HYDRAULIC PROCESS
C
C PROCESSES
100 READ FREE(S)KTYPE
IF(K'1'YPE.EQ.99)GO '1'0 1000
C
C ~ N S L T E TO ORGINAL lTYPE IN VERSION 1.0
IP(KTYPE.LT.7)GO'1'0 lOS
KTYU-KTYPE-2
GO TO 110
105 IP(KTYPE.NE.5)GO TO 106
K'l'YPE-'
GO TO 110
106 IP(KTYPE.NE.6)GO TO 110
K'l'YPE-IO
110 CONTINUE
C
GO TO(300.300.300.310.32D,320,320,32D,340,351).K'l'YP
C
300 CALL TRAP(KTYPE)
GO TO 100
310 CALL PIPE
GO TO 100
320 CALL GVF (KTYPE)
GO TO 100
340 CALL STREET
GO TO 100
351 CALL OPCBlIN
C
1000 CONTINUE
C
END
49
50
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 2: DATA ENTRY
--DATA ENTRY FOR RECTANGULAR HYDRAULICS--.p.GE 1
NORMAL-OEPTH FLOW UNKNOWN VARIASLE OPTIONS:
1= DepthCFEETl
2= f'Low(CFU
Ja ChanneL
4-
TYPE: EXIT to leave ; TOP to go to top of
MAIN to go to ma;n menu
---DATA ENTRY FOR RECT,NGULAR CKANNE, KYO UCICS--PAGE 2
"KVAR"
Enttr channel nortlllll-depthCfEE"T) o.o "'==> "DN"
VALUES ARE C.01 ] TO (200 ]
Entrt" channel bast(f!:T) =OJ=) "Btl
:"L\..CWASL.E VALUES ARE [.1 1 TO [1000 ]
Ent,r channel slope(FET/,:EET) u ..... ===> "s"
VALUES ARE TO (.25 ]
Enter channel flo'olCCFS} _=a) "g"
:AU .. <lWABLE ARE to J TO ['000000 l
TYPE: EXIT to Leave TOP to iQ {Q tQg of g.aCSe
BACK tg one
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
--OA.TA ENTRY fOR TRAPeZ01DAL. CHANNEL. HYDRAULICS-PAGE 1
NORMAL-DEPTH FLOW UNKNOWN VARIABLE OPTIONS:
1= fleQthCFEET)
Z .. Flcw<CF$)
3- ChanneL
,_ Saslwidth(FEET)
5: Co'nMel l (QUOTIENT OF HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL)
UNKNOYN variable option number
TYPE: EXIT to Ltave ; TOP to ga to tap of pag.
MAIN to go to menu
---DATA ENTRY fOR TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNeL. Z
"KVAR"
Enter channeL ....... :1=.> NON"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.01 ] TO [200 J
Enter ehannet Z valu ....... eO ...................................... ===> "z"
(NOTE: Z = QUOTIENT OF (HORllONTALl/(VERTICALl)
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE tOl TO tl00 l
Ente,. channlltl base(FEET) ............................................... ::::==> 'S"
ARE t.1 l TO tl000 J
Enter chaM.l slope(FEET/FEET) US"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE C.00001] fO [.25 l
Enter cnannel floweCFS) .............................. ::1==> "a"
VALUES AR! [0 1 fa C1000000 1
TYPE: EXIT to le.ve prcgram ; TOP to go to of page
; BACK to go back one page
51
52
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---DATA ENTRY FOR (V) -SHAPED CHANNEL HYDRAULICS---PAGE 1
FLOW UNKNOWN VARIABLE OPTIONS:
1= Oepth(FEe:T)
2= FLo'lllCCP$)
3= ChanneL slcpe(FEer/FEET)
5- Channel Z OF HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL)
TYPE: EXl1 to leave program ; TOP to go to top 01 p.ge
MAIN to ga to main
---DATA ENTRY FOR -SHAPED CHANNEL HYORAULICS---PAGE 2
"K.VA-R"
Enter cnanne!. normaL-dept.h(fEET) I ....................... ===> "nN"
ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.01 l TO C200 l
Enter channel Z vaLue ===> HZ"
(NOTE: Z = QUOTIENT OF (HORIIONTALJ/(VERTICAL
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [0] TO [100 l
Entel" cha""e-l slope(FEET/FEET' ........................ ===> "s"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.coaCt) TO t.25 ]
Ente,. flcMlCCfS) ===> "Q"
:ALLOWASLE VALUES ARE (0 l TO [1000000 1
TlPE: eXIT to tofiliV. program TOP to 90 10 19p of piglt
; BACK to go back one page
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---oATA eNTRY FOR RECT/TRAP/V-$HAPEO HYDRAULIC$---PAGE 3
Ent.r thannll fric.tion factor(ft1af'lnings) ................ ===) "RH"
:ALLOWABlE VALUES ARE [.coa 1 TO [.9999 1
NOTE: SOME SUGGESTED VALUES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
VALUE
.014
.015
.017
.03
.02
.035
CHANNEL TYPE
RCTANGUL.Afil
TRAPEZOIDAL
ASPHALT CONCRETE
ENGINeERING EARTH. SIZE DETERMINATION
ENGINEERING EARTH. SCOUR DETERMINATION
ROCK SLOPE PROTECTION LEVEE RIP RAP
TYPE; eXIT to leave program; TOP to go to of page
; BACK to go back one paie
53
54
c
c
c
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 2
SUIIROtlTINE TaAP ~ T Y P E )
C KTYPE-1,2,3 - RECTANGULAR,TaAPEZOIOAL,V-CHANNEL
C
C SUBROUTINE ANALYSIS UNIFORM FLOW IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL
C
C
C
C
c
c
COMMON /NUT/NUT
YCRIT(YYj-l.-Q*Q* (B+2.*Z*YY)/(G*XAREA(YY) **3.)
XAR&A(YY) -YY' (B+1*YY)
FPK(Y1j-GAM*(YYYY*(B.5+Z*Y1/3.)+Q*O/(G*XAREA(YY)
PN(QQ,BB,00,ZZ,SS)-1.-QQ*RN*(BB+2.*00*SQRT(ZZ*ZZ+1.**.66667/
(1.486*((B8+ZZ*00)*OD)**1.6667*SQRT(SS
C INITlALlZE REQUIRED INPUT VARIABLES
z-o.
C
C
ON-O.
8-0.
s-o.
0-0.
C READ DATA INPUT
c
c
READ rREE(5)KVAR,DN,z,B,S,Q,RN
DIWt-2000.
G-32.2
GAM-52. 4
C-------CHANNEL CORPUTATION ALGORITHMS
WRITE (NT,187)
WRlTE (NT, 185)
185 FORMATCIX,'CBANNEL INPUT INFORMATION')
WR1TE(NT,190)
190 FORMATC4C'--------'
IF (KVAR.NE.1)WRITE(NT,191)DN
IP(KVAR.NB.S)WRIT(NT,195)Z
IF(KVAR.NB.4)WRITE(NT,194)S
IP(KVAR.NB.3)WRITE(NT,193)S
IP(KVAR.NE.2)WRITE(NT,192)Q
WRITE (NT,U6)RN
191 FORMAT (SX, 'NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) - ',PS.2)
192 PORMAT(5X,'UNIFORM PLaN(CFS) - ',Fll.2)
193 FORMAT(5X,'CONSTANT CHANNEL SLOPE (FEET/FEETI = ',F8.6)
194 FOaMAT(5X,'BASEWIDTH(PEET) - ',P8.2)
195 FORMAT(5X, 'CHANNEL Z(HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL) - ',F1.2)
196 FORMAT(5X,'MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR - ',F6.4)
IF(KVAR.NE.2.AND.KVAR.NE.3)GOTO 197
c
C FIND Q OR S
C
AREA-KAR&A(DNI
WP-B+DN*2.*SQRT(1+Z*Z)
HYDRAULIC E],EMENTS
RaoAl<EA/IiP
6661/RN
rF(KVkR.Q.2jQ=KK"SQRT(S)

2001 FORMAT(SX"")CHANNEL CONVEYANCe fACTOR IS LESS TSAD [.001] 'j
OOl)GOTO 1000

GOTO 450
tFtO.GT.C.jGOTD 200

198 rORMAT(/,lX,'ZERO FLOW SPECIFIED IN CEANNEL.',/)
WRIT!: (NT, no j
GOTO 1000
200 CONTINUE
FLail CALCULATIONS
c
C
C CONSTANTS
C
C

2002
C
C
C
C

2010
2013
202
2020
2021
C
2025
IF{S.LE.O.)S-.OOOI
YMAlI-DKAX
X'MIN-O.
SMAll-I 000.
eMIN-.ODl
ZMAX1IJD.
ZI!IN-O.
2004
YMAX-ON
YMIN-ON
If(RVAR.Q.4)GOTO 20DZ
BMAX-a
BMIN-a
200l
ZMAX,2:Z
ZMIN"'Z
CSEcr rOR PUNC!IONAL DEFINITIONS
IF (KVAa.!Q.')GOTO
203Q

IF{F.GE.O.lGOTO
WRITE(IfT,L80l
IP{P.LT.O.)WRITE(NT.202)
rORMATI3X,'FLOW EXCEEgS CAPACITY. ',I)
mUTt(IIT,180)
GOTO lOOO
r-FN(O,BMtN,DN.S,S)
IF(F.LT.O.lCOTO 2025
IIIU1:(IfT.LSOl
WIHTE(NT,2021)
rORMATt5X,'NORMAL OEPTB FLOII IIITa BASEWIDTH AT rOJ EXCEEDS'
, DeSIRED CHANNEL FLOW.')
mUTE (IIT,lSO)
GOTO lOOO
'-FN(Q,BKAX,DN,t,S}
IF(r.GE.O.)GOTO 210
IIRIrE (NT,160)
55
56
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
'NRI':'E(NT,202ti)
2025 rORMAT(SX,'FLOW EXCEEDS CHANNEL CAPACITY WITH - [10001')
WRITE (NT,180)
aoTO 1000
2030 rFH(O,B,DN,ZMIN,S)
IF(P.LT.O.)GOTO 2035
'NRITE(NT,180)
IiRITE(NT,2011)
2031 FORMAT (SX, 'NORMAL FLOW WITH Z (01 EXCEEDS DESIRED CHANNEL FLOW.')
WRITE(NT,180)
GOTO 1000
2035 FoFN(Q,B,DN,ZMAX,S)
IP(F.GE.O.)GOTO 210
li'RITE(NT,180J
WRITE(NT,2035)
2036 FORMAT(5X,'FLOW EXCEEDS CHANNEL CAPACITY WITH Z - [lOOJ'J
WRITE(NT,180J
GOTO 1000
210 CO 440 r-l,20
CN-.S*(YMIN+YMAX)
Zo.S*(ZMIN+ZMAX)
a-.S*(BMIII+BMAX)
FoFN(Q,B,OIl,I,S)
IP(P)420,450,430
420 YMIN-OII
BMIII-B
ZMIN-'
GOTO UO
430 YMAX-ON
BMAX-B
ZMAX,-Z
440 CONTINUE:
450 CONTINUE
C
C
TW-S+2.*Z:DN
AREA-.5(B+TW)-DN
VoQ/AREA
OH-AREA/TW
FR-V/SQRT(32.2*OB)
FPIIDN-FPII(ON)
WRITE (NT, 180J
WRITE (NT, 490)
490 FLOW INFORMATION:')
WRITE (NT,190)
IF (KVAR.EQ. l)WRITE (HT,495)DN
IF(KVAA.EQ.5)WRITE(NT,497)Z
IF (KVAA.EQ.4)WRITE(NT,496)B
IF (KVAR.EQ.3)WRIT!(NT,499)S
IF (KVAR.EQ.2)WRIT!(NT, 498)0
495 FORIlAT(5X,') NORMAL DEPTH(F!ET) a ',F6.2)
496 FORIlAT(5X,') BASEWIOTS(FEET) ',F7.2)
497 FORI!AT(5X,') CHANNEL Z-FACTOR - ',F6.2)
498 FORI!AT(5X,') NORI!AL DEPTH FLOW (CFS) ',F9.2)
499 FORI!AT(5X,') CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) ',FS.5)
WRITE(NT,500)TW,AREA,OH,V,FR,FPIIDN
500 FORMAT (SX, 'FLOW TOP- WIDTH(FEET) ',F12.2,/,
c 5X,'FLOW AREA(SQVARE FEET) - ',F14.2,/,
C 5X,'HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) - ',F8.2,/,
C 5X,'FLOW AVERACE VELOCtTY(FEET/SEC.) - ',F8.2,/,
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
C 5X,'ONIPORM FROUDE NCMBER ',Fe.3,1,
C 5X, 'PRESSURE + ltOMENTUII(POUNDS) - ',FlS.2)
HV-VV/64.4
ENERGY-CN+BV

502 FORMAT(5X,'AVERAGED VELOCITY BEAD (FEET) - ',FlO.3,/,
C SX, 'SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) - ',F10.3)
600 CONTINuE
c-------CRITICAL DEPTH COMPOTATIONS
OP-IOOOO.
DN-O-.
"iC-UP/2.
00 620 J-l,22
IF(YCRIT(YC)614,621,61S
614 DN-YC
GOTO 620
615 UP-YC
620 YC-(UP+DN).5
621 AREA-XAREA(YC)
C
630
640
642
1000
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
V-<l/AREA
TW"S+2. *YCZ
DII-A!<EA/TW
FPltDC-PPM(YC)
WRITE(NT,lSO)
WRITE (NT,630)
FOIUlAT (SX, 'CRITlCAIo-OEPTH "LOW INFORMATION;')
WRITE(NT,190)
WRITE (NT, 640)TW,AREA,DH,V,YC, FPMDC
FORMAT(SX,'CRITICAt. FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEETl - ',FI2.2,/,
5X,'CRITICAL FLOW FEET) ',Fl4.2,/,
SX,'CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC CEPTH(FEET) ',F8.2,/,
5X,'CRITICAL FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) - ',FB.2,/,
51, 'CRITICAL DEPTH(FEET) - ',PB.2,/,
5X,'CRITICAt. FLOW PRESSURE + MOIIENTUlt(PQUNOS)
BVV*V/64.4
ENERGY.av+YC
WRITE (NT,642) HV,ENERGY
FORMAT(5X,'AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(rEET) - ',rlG.3,/,
SX,'CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) -
CONTINUE
C FORMATS
C
lao
181
C
FORMAT (76 ('.')
FORMAT(76("')
RETURN
END
57
58
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---OA1A EN1RY FOR PtPi FlOW ,
flOW UNKNJWN vARIABLE OPTIONS:
,= (FEET)
2== Flow(CFS)
3- flow) OIAMETER(FEETJ
Pipe-Capacitl(50ffit SLOPE(FEET/FEET)
TYPE: EXIT to lU'IIe J)rQOriilll ; TOP to ,,0 tQ cop of g.g.
MAIN to iQ to menu
---oATA ENTRY fOR PIPE FLOW HYDQAULtCS---PAC 2
Enter cQnst&nt o;pe d;ameterCFEET) ;-=>
;ALLOWA8LE VALUES ARE C.1 1 TO (20 ]
Enter pipe flowdepth(FEST)
:ALLO'ABL AR t.1 1 TO tZO 1

".,pro
(nUt' consunt e"a""el Ilopl!(FUT/FEETJ .............. =-=:> "SO"
;ALLOVAStE VALUES ARe t.COOC1J TO [.99 J
Ente,. c:onstilnt flo ... '!;FS) ................... ="' .. > "Q"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES AR [.01 1 TO (1000000 1
Entlrr' facter{Hanning:s) .............. ===>
:AL.1.0W'ABLf VALUES ARE (.008 .J TO C.99'79 J
NOTE: 50' SUGGESTED VALUES ARe AS fOWL'.':
.013 CONCRETE PIPECRCP)
.014 CAST"'lN-PL..J.CE(CIPP)
.OZ4 STEEL PIPE(esP)
TYPE: EXIT to program; TOP to go to tog of pagp
; BACK to go back page
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 3
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE UPE
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW
C
c
c
C
COIIMON /NUT/NUT

AREACYl)-R*P.*(ANG-.5*SIN(2.*ANG))
PR(YY)-2.*P.*ANG
TW(YYj-2.*R*SINCANGl
YCRIT(YY)-1.-Q*0*TWCYl)/(G*AREACYY)*3.)
YNORK(YY)-1.-Q*O*CON/CAREA(YY)**3.3333/PER(lY)*1.3333)
DL(YY)-YCRIT(Yl)/(YNORK(YY)*SOj
FPM(YY)-GAM*(O*Q/(G*AREA(YY))+YS*AREA(YY))
ENERGY(YY)Yl+Q*Q/C2.*C*AREA(YY)*2.)
C INITIALIZE RtOOIP.D INPUT VARIABLES
YN-a.
C
C
C
OIAl4"O.
B""O ..
SO-O.
0-0.
C READ DATA INPOT
c
c
READ FREE(5)KVAR,OIAM,YN,SO,Q,RN
C CONSTAN'rS
GAM-62.4
G-n.2
CON (RN/l.486).*2./Sa
WRITE (NT,187)
6 FORAAT(76 ('-'))
WRITE (NT, 200)
200 FORAAT(lX,'PIPEFLOW HYDRAULIC INPUT INFORMATION')
WRl'l:E (NT, 6)
IF (KVAR.EQ.4'YN-OIAM
IF(KVAR.NB.3'WRITE(NT,202)DIAM
IF(KVAR.NE.l.AND.KVAR.N.3)WRITE(NT,201)YN
IF (KVAR.NE.4'WRITE(NT,20J)SO
IF(KVAR.NE.2)WRITE(NT,204)O
WRITE (NT,20S)RN
201 FORAAT(SX,'FLOWDEPTR(PEET) - ',F7.3)
202 FORMAT(SX,'PIP DIAHETER(FEET) ',F7.3)
203 FORMAT[SX,'PIP SLOPE[FEET/FEETl - ,F7.4)
204 FORAAT [SK,' PlPEFLOW(CrS) " F12. 2)
205 PORMAT[SX,'HANNINGS FRICTION - ',fS.ti)
R-OIAI!/2.
C
C SOLVE FOR DIAl! AND Q FOR PROBLEMS
C
GOTO(Sll,SllO,lOOO,lSOO)lVAR
C FIND DIAM
59
60
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
2000 XKa.46316/RN*SORT(SO)
DIAK-IO/XK)**.375
WRITE(NT,2001)DIAK
2001 FORMAT(5X,'>SOFFIT-FLON PIPE CtAKETER(FEET) ',F7.3)
COW 1000
2500 XK-. 463164/RN* (CIAM**2.66667)
SO-O/Xlt*O/XK
WRITE(NT,2501)SO
2501 FORMAT(5X,'>SOFFIT-FLOW PIPE SLO?E(FEET/FEET) - ',F7.4)
GOTO 1000
511 C!'\AX-.9S*DIAK
512 UP-DIAII
ON-O.

CO 520 1-1,22
ANG-DELTA(YC)
IP(YCRIT(YC)l514,521,515
514 ON-YC
COTO 520
515 UP-YC
520 YC-(UP+DN) *.5
521 CONTINUE
AREAC -AREA IYC)
tRGC-ENERGY (YC)
TWC-TW(YCl
CALL YBAR(YC,CIAM,YB,NT)
FPMC-FPII (YC l
"C-a/AREAC
BYC-YC*VC/64.4
CHC-AREAC/'l:WC
JoIRITE(NT,180)
WRITE (NT, 781)
781 FORMAT(5X,'CRITlCAL-OEPTH FLOW INFORMATION.')
JoIRITE(NT,6)
WRITE (NT,601)YC,AREAC,TWC,FPMC,VC,HVC,OHC,ENGC
601 FORIIAT(5X, 'CRITICAL DEPTH(FEET) ',F9.2,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) ',F9.3,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEET) - ',F7.3,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(PQUNDS) ,F15.2,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) - ',F9.3,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY BEAC(FEET) - ',F15.2,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH (FEET) ',F9.2.1.
C 5X,'CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEETI - ',F15.2)
C::::::::USE LIMB FOR NORIIAL
IF(KVAR.EQ.l)GOTO 5220
c
C
C
5210
777
FIND Q (0)
IF (YN.GE.DIAMIKOOE-1
011". 99*OIAK
IF{YN.GE.DK)YN-CK
XK
3
1.486/RN*SQR1(SO)

IF(KOCE.EQ.l)GOTO 777
ANG-CELTA (YN)
AREACAREA(YNI
PERC-PER (YNI
RS-AREAc/nRC
O-XK*(RS**.666667)*AREAC
WRITE (N'I', 534)Q
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
534 FORMAT(5X,'> NORMAL DEPTa FLOW(CFSI - ',r9,21
IF(KODE,EQ,1)GOTO 1000
GOTO 535
5220 TEST-.498*OIAM**2.6667*SO.5/RN
IF(O.LT.TEST)GOTO 522
WRITE(NT,5Z21)
5221 FORMAT(5X,'>NORMAL PIPEFLOW IS PRESSURE FLOW')
YN-OIAM*2 _
GOTO 1000
522 UP=DMAl(
DN=O.
YN-DMAX/2.
00 530 1-1,22
ANG=DELTA(YN)
IF(YNORM(YN) 523,531,524
523 ON='iN
GOTO 530
524 UP=YN
530 YN-(UP+ON) *.5
531 CONTINUE
OMAX-.82*DIM
IF(YN.LT.DIM.AND.YN.GT.DMAX)WRITE(NT,S331)
5331 FORMAT(5X,'NOTE:GIVEN NORKAL DEPTH IS LOWER VALUE OF TWO POSSIBLE.'
a ,I,SK,'SUGGEST CONSIDERATION OF WAVE ACTION, UNCERTAINTY, ETC.')
AREAC-AREA('iN)
535 ENGC-ENERGY(YN)
C
762
611
1000
C
c
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
TWC-TW(YN)
CALL YBAR(YN,DIAM,YD,NT)
FPMC-FPII ('iN)
VC=Q/AREAC
BVC=VC'VC/6 4.4
DHC=AREAC/TWC
FR-(VC*VC/32.2/DBC)**.5
WRITE (NT,1S0)
WRITE (NT,782)
FORHAT(5X,'NORMAL-DBPTH FLOW INFORMATION:')
WRITE(NT,6)
WRITE (NT,611)YN,AREAC,TWC,FPMC,VC,HVC,DHC,FR,ENGC
FORHAT(SX,'NORIIAL DEPTH(FEETl s ',F9.2,I,
SX,'FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) - ',r9.2,/,
5X,'FLOW TOP WIDTB(FEET) - ',F9.3,/,
SX,'FLOW PRESSURE + MOIIENTUII(POUNDS) - ',FI5.2,/,
SX,'FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) - ',F15.3,I,
SX,'rLOW VELOCITY HEAD[rE!T) - ',F15.3,I,
5X,'HYDRAULIC DEPTH(rEET) - ',F'.2,/,
SX,IFROUDE NUMBER. I,P9.3,/,
SK, 'SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEE"r) - '",F1S .2)
CONTINOE
C FORMATS
C
180
187
C
C
C
C
FORHAT(76('-'))
FORHAT (76 ( '. 'll
RETURN
END
61
62
c
c
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
SUBROUTINE YBAR(Y,DIAH,YB,NOT)
C CALCULATES CENTROID OF PIPEFLOW,lB(FEET)
C
X-Y!DIAH
IF(X.EQ.O.)lB-O.
IF(X.GE.l.)lB-.SDIAH
IF(X.EQ.O OR.X.GE.DIAH)GOTO 1000
IF(X.LT 4)XK-.41666667X
IF(X.GE 4.AND.X.LT SS,XK-.167+(X-.4).4S
IF(X.GE SS.AND.X.LT 72)XK-.2J4+(X-.SS).5
IF(X.GE 72.AND.X.LT 79)XK-.320+(X-.72,.54285
IF(X.GE 79.AND.X.LT 88)XK-.358+(X-.79,.5888889
If(X.GE 88.AND.X.LT.97)XX-.411+(X-.88).69667
If(X.GE 97)XX-.474+(X-.97).8666667
YB-DIA,VKlC
1000 CONTINUE
C
RETUM
END
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 4 DATA ENTRY
---DATA ENTRY FOR STREETPAGE 1
fnte,. constant strl!et grad'e(DEC!HALJ ................. ===) "SO"
:'LLo.ABLE VALUES ARE C.00C01l TO C.'5 l
Enter tQt-il 1low(CF$) ................................ ===> "Qil"
:AL.LO\,jABLE ... .ALUES A.RE c., J TO (sao ;
Entl!r iveraq. friction .................
(NOTE: RECOMMENDED VALUE IS C.015)
VALUES ARE C.OD8 J TO [.9999 J
Ent"" c;onst."t symmetric4l street h.lf ..... idth(FEET) ... _=d
:Al1..0WABLE VALuES ARE (4) 10 (100 ]
Enttr eonstant symlllet";cal Itre,t crossf.U(DECII"lAL) ===)
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE C.00C1 l TO C.S l
TYPE: Uli to leave program; TOP to go to top of page
to go to al!nu
Enter constant symmetrical street cUib-neiihtCFEETl
: IILLO\lA8\,.E VAlUES ARE 1:.1 J TO (3 J
Enter
NOTE: For 6-;neh curb, GUTTER-WIOTH IS USUALLY (1.5]
For 8-;l"Ich cut'b, GUTTER WIDTH IS USUAI..LT (Z .. QJ
: ALLOWA81..E VAI..UES ARE 1:.1 ] TO (5 J
Enter symm.tr;cal ==:>
NOTE; Fer 6-inch cure, GUTTER-LIP IS USUALLY C.03125J
Fer B-inch curb, GUTTER-t,.IP IS USUALLY C.03125)
VACUES ARE C.Ol l TO Cl l
Enter :cnstant symmRtrical gutt.r-hik.{fEET) =.>
NeTE: FiJi ;yrb, GUTIER.-HIKE IS USUAl.L.Y C.125]
a-inch curb. GuTTER-H!kE IS USUALLY (.167]
:ALLOW"SLE VAI..UES ARE C.01 ] TO (1 J
T'f'P: EXIT to lou ..... pro9ri11'11 ; TOP to go to tOp 01 page
; BACK to go one pa;e
"XN.'
"HWtDTH"
"XFAU"
"CURS"
"GIJTTEAU
")ClIP"

63
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
64
---OATA ENTRY FOR STReET---PAGI l
STREETFLOY OPTIONS:
1: Qn on. 01 tbe
2: Runaf1 flQWI eVlnly on Sid!S at th. street
street fLew ..................... >
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 4
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE STREET
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C ANALYSIS OF UNIFORM FLOW IN A STREET
c
C
C
C
C READ
C
C
115
116
C
C
C
C
117
C
C
C
118
119
C
COMMON /NUT/NUT
NT;NUT
DATA INPUT
READ fREE(5)SO,QQ,XN,HWIDTH,XFALL,CURB,GUTTER,XLIP,
GBIKE, !WIDTH
WRITE (NT, 187)
WRITE (NT, 115)
FORMAT (IX, 'STREETFLOW MODEL INPUT INFORMATION')
WRITE(NT,6)
WRITE(NT,116)SO,QQ,XN,HWIDTH,XFALL
fORMAT (5X, 'CONSTANT STREET GRADE (FEET/FEET) = ',F8.6,/,
5X,'CONSTANT STREET FLOW(CFS) = ',F7.2,/,
5X,'AVERAGE STREET FLOW FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING) ; ',FB.6,/,
5X,'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET HALF-WIDTH(FEET) ; ',F7.2,/,
5X,'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) ; ',FB.6)
WRITE (NT,117)CURB,GUTTER,XLIP,GBIKE
FORMAT (5X, 'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL CURB HEIGTH(FEET) ; ',F6.2,/,
5X,'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-WIDTH(FEET) = ',F6.2,/,
5X,'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-LIP(FEET) ; ',Fa.5,/,
5X,'CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-HIKE(FEET) = ',FB.5)
IF(IWIDTH.EQ.1)WRITE(NT,l18)
IF(IWIDTH.EQ.2)WRITE(NT,l19)
FORMAT (5X, 'FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET ON ONE SIDE, AND TEEN "
r SPLITS')
FORMAT (5X, 'FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET EVENLY ON BOTH SIDES')

FACTOR;SQRT(l.+XFALL*XFALL)
ISPLIT;O
Al;GUTTER*(XLIP+GHIKE+XLIP)/2.
WPl;XLIP+GEIKE+SQRT(GOTTER*GUTTER+GHIKE*GHIKE)+XLIP
HR=Al/WPl
XKl=1.486/XN*Al*HR**.6667
CROWN; (HWIDTH-GUTTER)*XFALL+XLIP+GHIKE
A2=GUTTER* (CROWN-GHIKE/2.) + (HWIDTH-GUTTER) *.5* (CROWN-GHIKE -XLIP)
WP2;vIPl +CROWN-XLIP-GUTTER + (HWIDTH-GUTTER) *F ACTOR
HR=A2/WP2
XK2;1.486/XN*A2*SR**.6667
Q;QQ
IF(IWIDTB.EQ.2)Q;QQ/2.
TESTK=Q/SO**.5
IF(TESTK.GT.Y.Kl)GO TO 300
C-------GUTTER MODEL
V=Q/Al
FWIDTH -GUTTER
IP+GH IKE
GO TO 3000
300 IF(TESTK.GT.XK2)GO TO 400
65
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
C-------FLOW IS LESS THAN CROWN
YTES'l'l-a.
YKAXoCROWN
SET-XLIP+GBUE
YHIN-SET
1-0
350 I-HI
Y'l'ES'l'-(YMAX+YHINJ.5
A-GU'l"l'ER(YTEST-GBIKE/2.J.YTEST-SET)2.)/XFALL/2.
WP-WPl+YTEST-SET+YTEST-SETJ/XFALL1'FACTOR
HR-A/WP
XK-I.486/XNAHR.6667
'l'ES'l'-TESTK-XK
I1'(TST)360.380.365
360 YKAX-YTEST
GO TO 370
355 YMIN-ITEST
370 TE5T-ABS(YTE5TI-YTEST)
I1'('l'EST.LT Ol)GO TO 380
I1'(I.GT.50)GO TO 2900
YTE5n-YTEST
GO TO 350
380 V-o/A
DN-Y'l'EST
FWIDTllaGU'l"l'ER. (ON-SET) /XPALL
IP(ISPLIT.EO.l)GOTO 437
GO TO 3000
400 CONTlNOE
C-------FLOW EXCEEDS CROWN
IF(IWIDTH.EQ.2)GO TO 440
CFULLa:-2.Xlt2
11(TESTl.LT.CFULL1)GO TO 430
0-0/2.
TESTK-a/So
u
.5
GO TO 440
430 DNaCROWN
C-------FLOW SPLITS AND IS LESS THAN FULL(CROWN) STREET
FWIDTS-I!WIDTII
Ql-X12SO".5
VI-Ql/Al
WRITE (NT,'3S)
435 FORMAT(/3X.STREETFLOW SPLITS OVER STaEET-CROWN)
I5PLIT-l
Q-o-Ql
TESTlt-o/Sou.5
GOro 300
431 CONTINOE
WNITE (NT. 438) CROWN,HWIDTH.Vl. DN,FWIDTH.V
438 FORMAT(/5X.FULL DEPTH(PEET) - '.F7.2.3X,'FLOODWIDTH(FEET) - '.1'7.2
C /,SX,'FOLL HALF-STREET VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) - ,P7.2,/,
C SX,'SPLIT DEPTB(FEET) - ,F7.2,3X.SPLIT FLOODWIDTB(FEET) - ,P7.2,
C /,SX, 'SPLIT VELOCITY(FEET/5EC.) - '.F1.2,/)
VaVl
ON-CROWl!
FWIDTH-I!WIDTH
GO'l'O 3000
440 CONTINUE
WRIT! (NT. 441)
441 FORMAT(/3X. STREET FLOWING FULL./)
DKAXoCROWN+5.
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
DKIN oCllOIlll
DO 450 t-l, 12

X -TEST-CROWN
DNooCR01fH+K
A-IIIIIDTlI
t
X+A2
WP-wP2
IP(CN.L!.CUllB)WP-X+WP2
HR-A/liP

XZ-JlII-T:STIt

IP(ABS(XD).LT al)GOTC 3090
IP(XZ) "3,l090,44S
'43 DMIN-TESr
GaTe HI!
445 DNAX.TEST
450 CONrINOE
ERROR-l.
GO TO 3000
480 FWIoTH-ffWIDTB

GO TO 3000
2900 ERROR-2.
WIUTE(NT,6l
WRITE (NT,2901)
2901 FORMAT(5X,' ) NO IN STREET FLOW "BELOW-CROWN' KaDEL')
WRITE (NT,ti)
GOTe 4000
3000 CONTINUE
IP(ERROR.EQ.O.)GOTO 3100
WRIrE(NT,6)
WRITE(NT,JOOS}
3005 FOllHAT(SX,"-> MODELED PLOW DEPTH EXCEEDS 5-FEET ABove CROWN'
WP.ITE(NT,61
COTe 4000
3090 FWIDTH-ffWIDTH
"'-0/"
OV-V-Dll
3100 WRITS(NT,180)
WRITE(NT,JIOS)
3105 KODEL RESULTS,')
WRITE (NT,6J
IF(DN.Lt.CgRB)GOTO 3109
WRITE: (NT, 3107)
l1a7 FORHAT(SX,'HOTE, TOP OP CURB. ',1,
C lOX,'THE STREETFLOW REsUtTS ARE BASED ON "
'USUKFTIOH'.
CI,lOX, 'THAT NEGLIBt! FLOW OCCURS OUTSIDE OF THE STREET CBANNEt.',
I,
e lOX, 'THAT IS, ALL FLOW ALONG THE PARKWAY, ETC., IS NEGLECTED. 'I)
3109 CONTINUE
DV"DN-V
WRITE(NT,3110)DN,FWIDTB,V,DV
3110 FORMAT(5X,'STREET FLOWDEPTH(FEET) - ',F5.2,f,
e 5X,'KALFSTREET FLOODWIDTH(FEET) ',E7.2,/,
t SX,'AVERAGE rLOW ... !tOCITY(FEET/SEC., ',F7.2,/,
C SX,'PRODUCT OF DEPTH'VELOCITY ',17.2)
4000 CONTlNUE:
C
C FORIIATS
C
180 FQRMAT(H ('-')
187 PORMAT(76(''))
6 FORMATI7G('-'))
c
RETURN
END
67
68
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
--CATA ENTRY FOR OPEN-(HANNEI. PIPFLOW JUNCTION ANALYSIS---PAGE 1
Enter assym.d UPSTREAM z:z>
(NOTE: ENlE' A (Ol TO ASSUME NORMAL DEPTH)
:AI.LO\,lA.BL! VAlUES ARE [0] TO C100 J
OOW"STRAM >
(NOTE: ENTiA A (Ol TO ASSUME NORMAL DEPTH)
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE CO] TO Cl0a ]
TYPE: EXIT to tea.." prograll i TOoP to;o to' top of
MAIN to go ta aenu
ENTRY 'OR ***UPSTAEAM". MAINLINE PIPE---PAGE 2
pip.flov(CFS) -==>
:ALLOWABLE VALUES AAE CO] TO C10000 ]
Enter pipe diameterCINCHES) >
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE C3l TO C240 J
Enter pipe friction f.ctor(Manning) ===>
:ALLowABLE VALUES AAE [.OOS ] TO [.9999 ]
Enter pip. slope(CEClMAL' _)
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.0001 ] TO [.25 J
Enttr flowltnt junctianCFEET) ===>
:ALLOW.BLE VALUES ARE [-100 J TO Cl0000 J
pip n,t.COEGRES) to ===>
:AL"OWAS"E VALUES ARE CO ] TO [89 ]
-eQUATIONS .AY BECOME INVALID FOR ANGLES ) 30 DEGREES
TYPE: EXIT to Leave ; TOP to qa to top of
; BACK to go back ant page
CEPTH1"
-DEPTH2"
XN(1,"
"se,,"
"ANGLEC1 )"
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---oATA ENTRY FOR *LATERAL , ... PtPE---PAGE 3
Enter
VALUES ARE CO] TO 1
diamet.rCINCHES) ===>
:ALLOW,eLE VALUES ARE TO ]
enter f.ctct'"ann'ng) ===>
:ALLOWASl.E VALUES ARe [.OOS J TO [.9999 J
Enter gip, .Lop.CDfClMALJ ==3>
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.CC01 l TO C.Z5 l
flowline elevation at juncticnCFEET) a)
:AW-O.ABLE VALUES ARE [-lOa l TO [10000 ]
Enter pipe IngleCDEGREES) to pip ............ >
VALUES ARI [1 1 TC C90 ]
TYPE: EXlT to lnve prOif ... ; TOP to go to top of page
; SACK to 90 one page
---DAU ENTRY FOR *-LATERAL 2 ... MAINLINE PIPE-P.GE 4
Enter ===>
:ALLOWAeLE VALUES ARE [OJ TO [10000 l
Enter pipe diameter(INCHeS) ===)
:AlLOWABL! VALUES ARE e3l TO [240 1
Enter g;p. fr1ct1o" factor(Ma"n;ng) as.>
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.ooa 1 TO [.9999 1
Enter pipe slop.(DECIMAL) ===>
,ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [.0001 ] TO [.25 J
Ent.r gipe flQ_Line It jun'tion(FEET)
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE [-lOa ] TO Cl0000 1
Enter to pip
:ALLOWASLE VALUES ARE [1 ] TO r90 J
TYPE: EXIT to progr._ ; TOP to go to tap of page
; BACK to go back one- page
69
"QQ(3)"
",)(3)"
XN(J)'
"FL(3)"
ANGLE(3)"
"0 (4)"
5(4)"
"FL(4)"
".l.NGLE(4)"
70
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---oATA ENTRY FOR DOWNSTREAM'" OAINLINE PIPE---PAGE 5
PIPE FLOW EQUALS THE SUM OF TH! UPSTREAM AND
LATERAL FLOWS' [ 30.00]. [ 20.00]. [ 10.00]. [ 60.00]
diam.t.rCINCHES) ) -D(2)-
,ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE Cll TO C240 ]
friction ... > -)N(Z)"
:AlLOWASL! VALUES ARE t.QCa J TO [.9999 J
Ent.r gipe sLop.(DECIMlL) a ) S(2)-
,ALLOWA.LE VALUES ARE C.OOOl J TO [.25 ]
Enter pipe fLowLin. It junction(fEET) a.a) "fl(2)"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES .RE C-l00 ] TO [10000 ]
TYPE: EXIT to ; TOP to go to tap af
BACK to go b.ck one page
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 5
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE OPCBAN
C -----------------------------------------------------------------___ _
C
C ANALYSIS OP PIPEPLOW OPEN CBANNEL
C
C
C
C
C
2
C
DIMENSION OO(41,D(41,XN{4},ANGLE(41,S(4),FL(41
COIIMON /NUT/NUT
INITIALIZE ARRAYS
00 2 1-1,4
00(11-0.
0(1) -0.
Ft(I)-O.
XN(Il-O.
ANGt(Il-O.
S(I)-O.
CONTINUE
C READ DATA INPUT
5
C
C
C
C
C
READ FREE (5)OEPTHl,OEPTB2
DO 5 1-1,4
READ FREE(S)OO(I) ,0(1) ,XN(I),S(I) ,FL(I),ANGLE(I)
CONTINUE
00(2)-00(1)+00(3)+00(4)
DEtZ-l't (1 J -Ft (2)
CALL OPNJl(OO.D.XN,ANGLE.S.FL.OEPTH1,OEPTH2.0ELZ,NT)
RETURN
END
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C COMPUTATION/LOGIC ROUTINE
C
C
C
OIMENSION OO(4),D(41,XN(4),SO(4l,YYC{4l,YYN(4),ANGLE(4J,R(41
OIMENSION S(41,FL(4)
DELTA(YY,RR)-ACOS((RR-YY)/RR)
AREA(YY,RR)-RRRR(ANG-.SSIN(2.*ANGl)
TW(YY,RR)-2.*RRSIN(ANG)
YCRIT(YY,O,RR)-1.-o*O*TW(YY.RRl/(G*AREA(YY,RR)3.}
PER(RR)-2.RR*ANG
YNORM(YY,O,RR)-1.-OOCON/(AREA(YY,RR)3.3333/PER(RR)1.3333)
C INITIALIZE ARRAYS
C
DO gOO J-l,4
YYC(J)O.
900 YYN(J)-O.
DEPTH3-0.
71
72
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
DEPTB4-0.
C DISPLAY INPUT INFORMATION
WRIU (NT,187)
WRn2(NT,51)
51 FORMAT(lX.'PIPE-FLOW JUNCTION INPUT INFORMATION')
WRITE (NT,6)
WRITE (NT,42)
42 FORMAT(8X,'PIPE',7X,'FLOW',4X,'DIAMTER',4X,'SLOP2',3X,'FRICTION'
C
e / ,19x, , (CFS) " 3X, , (INCBES) ',2X.' (DECIMAL) " 2X, 'FACTOR',
C 3X.' (DEGREES) , ,IX, , !LEVATION' )
WRITE (NT, 43) (Q(I (J), D (J) ,S (J),XN (J),ANGLE (J) ,FL (J) ,J-l, 4)
43 PORMAT(6X,'UPSTREAM ',P10.2,P10.3,F10.5,FI0.4,F10.3,'lO.2/.
C 5X,'DOWNSTRAM',,10.2,'lO.3,'10.5,FI0 ,FI0.3,F10.2,1,
e SX,'LATERAL '1','10.2,FI0.3,'10.5,PI0 ,'10.3,P10.2,1,
C SX,'LATERAL .2','10.2,'10.3,'10.5,110 ,F10.3,F10.2,/)
WRITB(NT,44)DEPTB1,DEPTB2
44 FORMAT(5X,'MAINLINE PLOWDPTB INPUT INFORMATIONa',I,
e 5X,'UPSTREAM PIPE'LOW DEPTB(FT)a',PI0.2,/,
e SX, 'DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTS(FEET) a ','10.2)
C
C C8EeK FOR PROPER LOWER LIMIT 0' INPOT VALUBS
DO 1050 1-1,4
I'(D(I).EQ.O.)D(I)-.0003

IP(XN(I).EQ.O.)XN(I)-.OOOOOI
IP(ANGLE(I).EQ.O.)ANGLE(I)-.OOOOOI
C-------DETERHINE YC,YN FOR POINTS 1,2(1,2-UPSTREAM,DOWNS'rRBAM)
90 ICOUNT-O
IIl-0
GAM-62.4
G-32.2
100 ICOUNT-ICOUNT+l
IP(ICOUNT.EQ.5)GOTO 200
J-ICOUNT
YC-O.
IF (Q(I(J) .LT 001)00 TO 121
DIAM-D(J)/12.
R(J}-DIAII/2.
CON_(XN(J)/1.486)**2./S(J)
DIIAX-.82*DIAM
112 UP-DIAM
DN-O.
YC-DMAX/2.
DO 120 1-1,22
ANG-DELTA(YC,R(J))
IF(YCRIT(YC,Q(I(J),R(J)))11.,121,115
114 DN-rc
GOTO 120
US UP-YC
120 YC-(UP+DN} *.5
121 YYC(J)-YC
YN-O.
IF(QQ(J).LT 001)GO TO 131
TEsr-.463*DIAM**2.6667*S(J)**.5/XN(J)
IP(QQ(J).LT.TEST) OOTO 122
YN-DIAH
IF (J.EQ.2.AND.DEPTB2.EQ.0.)KDDE-l
GOTO 131
122 UP-OIIAX

YN-DKAX/2.
DO 130 1-1,22
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
ANG-OELTA(YN,R(J
IP(YNORK(YN,OQ(J),R(J)123,131,124
123 ON-YN
GOTO 130
124 UP-YN
130 YN-(UP+DN)*.S
131 YYN(J)-YN
COTO 100
C DISPLAY NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH
200 IIR1T(&T,5)
IIR11'E(&1',201)
201 rORKA1'(5K,'PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION,')
IIR1'1'&(N1',6)
lIRI'1'&(N1',202)
202 rOMAT(6X, 'iIPl!' ,4X, 'CRITICAL Dl!PTS',2X, 'NORMAL DEPTH' ,I,
C 20X,' (FEn) ',9X,' (PEET)')
lIRITE(NT,203) (YYC(J),1YN(J) ,J-l,4)
203 rORKAT(&X,'UPSTREAM',6X,F6.3,9X,F6.3,1.
C 5X,'OOWNSTREAM',5X,F6.3,9X,P&.3.1,5X,'LATERAL'l',5X,P6.3,
C 9X,F&.J.I,SX,'LATERAL '2',5X,P&.3,9X,16.3)
C
C ASSIGN OEFAULT CONTROL VALUES
IF (DEFTBl.EO.O.)DEPTBl-1YN(ll
IF(DEPTB2.EO.0.)DEPTUZ-1YN(Z)
IP(DEPTS3.EO.O.)DEPTU3-YYN(3)
IP(DEPTB4.EQ.O.)DEPTH4-1YN(4)
C
C DISPLAY
C
lIRITE(NT,990)
990 FORMAT(/SX,'PRESSURE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION UASED ON VARIA',
C 'ULE. ' ,/, 5X, "BALANCE' (HOI-D2)' (Al+A2) G/2.-QZ*02/A2
C '+QI*Ol*COS(ANGLEll!AI',!,SX,'+QJ'OJ*COS/ANaLEJIIAJ'
C '+Q'*Q'*COS(ANGLE4)/A")
IP(KODE.EQ.O)GOTO 7
WRITE (NT, 6)
lIRITE (NT, 8)
8 FORKAT(5X, 'POSSIBLE LOGIC ERROR. OOWNSTREAM PIPEPLOW MAY'./,
SX,'BB UNDER PRESSURB. PROGRAM USER MUST THEREFORE SPECIFY',I,
SX,'A PROPER "CONTROL DEPTa" FOR ASSUMED CONTROL',I.
SX,'AND NOT DSE THE NORMAL DEPTH FOR THE',/,
5X,'ASSUMED CONTROL.')
C
C
<iOTO 3000
C-------OETERM!NE CONTROLS.
C
C
7
5
6
205
caECI POR PRESSORE FLOW

210
1I1UTE(NT.&)
FORMAT(7S(' -'
FORMAT(7S ('-'
WIUTE (NT, 20 5)
FORMAT(5X,'PRESSURE FLOW ASSUMED THROUGH JUNCTION DUE 1'0',1,
5X,'OSER-SPECIFIED PRESSURE FLOW ASSUMPTION FOR T9E',/,
73
74
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
5X,'UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW. SUGGEST USiR as-EXAMINE ASSUMED',/,
SX,'PIPEFLOW FLOWOEPTBS FOR POSSIBLE CRITICAL DEPTH OR',/,
5X,'SOPPIT CONTROL IN UPSTREAM PIPS, OR PRESSURE',I,
SX,'PLOW POR BOTH DOWNSTREAM AD UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW.')
GOTe 3000
C OPEN-CHANNBL PLOW
C
C DOWNSTREAM FLew IS SUBCRITICAL OR CONTROL EXCEEDS CRITICAL DEPTH,
C
C [KONTROL-ll-> DOWNSTREAM CONTROL; LET DEPTH2-DEPTHZ,FOR DEPTH2}YYC(21
210 CONTINUE
IP(DEPTB2.LT.YYC(2GOTe 250
l{ONTROL-l
IP(DEPTHl.LT.YYC(lGOTO 230
C CHECK FOR WASHOUT DUB TO LATERALS OR DELZ-DBCP
WRITE (NT, 6)
WRITE (lI'r, 99l)
991 FOllllAT( SX, 'CIIECK FOR JUNCTION WASHOUT DUB TO LATeRALS OR'.
C 'JUNCTION DROP,')
WRr'!'! (NT, 979)
WRITE (lI'r, 980)
CALL PPM(DELZ,DEPTBl,DEPTB2,R,OO,YYC,YYH,ANGLE,PL,TEST,NT)
IF (TESi'.Li' 001)GO TO 992
WRITE(tlT,6J
WRITE (lI'r,993)
993 FOllllAT(5X,'*JUNCTION DROP IN ELEVAi'ION OR LATERAL PRESSURE-',
C 'PLUS-MOMENTUM',I,5X,'CAUSES UPSTREAM PLOWS TO DOKINATE "
C'HYDRAULICS.',1,5X,'SUGGEST REANALYZB JUNCi'ION FOR HYDRAULIC "
C 'COll'rROL. ' J
GCTO 3000
992 WRITE(NT,911J
971 FORMAT(SX,'*DCWNSTREAK PIPEFLOW DEFTB IS ASSUKED AS HYDRAULIC "
C I CONTROL' )
GCTO 300
C CHECK FOR JUNCTION WASHOUT
230 WRITE (NT,5J
WRI'rE (lI'r, 979)
WRITE(NT,980)
CALL FPM(DELZ,DEPTS1,DEPTH2,R,QQ,YYC,YYN,ANGLE,FL,TESi',NT)
WRITE (N'1',972)
97Z PIPEFLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL, AND DOWNSTREAM',
C J,SX,'PIPEFLOW IS SOBCRITICAL OR UNDER PRESSURE,')
IF (TEST.LT.O.)WRITE (Ni', 973)
973 FORMAT (SX, "DOWNS'l'REAM FLOW DOMINAfES JUNCTION HYDRAULICS',
C /,SX,"SYDRAULIC JUMP MUST OCCUR UPSTREAM OF JUNCi'ION.')
IF(TESi'.Li'.O.)GOTO 300
WRIT!! (NT, 974 J
974 FORMAT(5X,"UPSi'REAM FLOW DOMINATES JUNCTION HYDRAULICS')
C [KONTRaL-51-> UPSTREAM FLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL AND WASHOUT OCCURS
KONTROL-5
<:
C
C
C
C
250
975
GOTO 300
DOWNSTREAM FLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL,
UPSTREAM FLOW IS SUBCRITICAL;
LET DEPTB2-YY<:(2)
IF(OEPTB1.LE.YYC(1GOi'0 215
IF(OEPTB2.LT.rrC(ZDEPTBZ-YYC(2)
WRITE (N'l',975)
FORMA'l'(/SX,'OOWNSi'REAM FLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL AND
UPSTREAM FLOW'
C
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
C ,1,5X,'IS SOBCRITICAL: CRITICAL DEPTH IS OSED AS A DOWNSTREAM '
C ,'CONTROL')
KONTROL-2
GOTO 300
c UPSTREAM FLOW IS SOPERCRITICAL JUMP FAILS
C [KONTROL.4).> UPSTREAM FLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL AND JOMP OCCURS
Cs.TEST rOR HYDRAULIC JUMP
275 CONTINUE
WRITE(NT,5)
WRITE(NT,976)
WRITE (NT,979)
979 FORKAT(5X,'PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLOS-MOMENTOM DETERMINATION(NEGLECT
C MINOR LOSSES) 'J
WRITE(NT,980)
980 FORKAT(12X,'UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.I LATERAL.2 BALANCE',I,
C 12X,'DEPTH(FT) OBPTB(PT) DEPTH(FT) DBPTH(FT) (FT"4) ')
CALL FPM(DELZ,DEPTHl,lYC(2),R,QQ,lYC,lYN,ANGLE,FL,TEST,NT)
976 FORKAT(SX,'OPSTREAM FLOW IS SOPERCRITICALI CHECK FOR HYDRAULIC',
C 'JUMP,')
IF(TEST.LE.O.)GOTO 290
C NO SYDRAULIC JUMP
WRITE (NT,977)
977 FORKAT(5X, "UPSTREAM PLOW DOMINATES JUNCTION HYDRAULICS,',/,
C SX,"NO HYDRAULIC JUMP OCCURS AT JUNCTION.')
KONTROL]
GOTO 300
C HYORAULIC JUMP OCCURS UPSTREAM OF JUNCTION
290 KONTROL.4
WRITE (NT,978)
978 FORKAT(5X,"SYDRAULIC JUMP OCCURS UPSTREAM OF JUNCTION: ',/,
C 5X,"CRITICAL DEPTH [S ASSUMED AS A DOWNSTREAM HYDRAULIC "
C 'CONTROL.')
DEPTHZ'CtC(2)
300 CONTINUE
C
C ITERATION
C
GOTO(400,4QO,410,400,410)KONTROL
C>DOWNSTREAM CONTROL
C
C:
400
981
982
CHECK IF JUNCTION SEALS.
DMAXZ. 'R(l)
SIGNI.
WRITE (NT,6)
NRITE(NT,981)
FORMAT(5X,'CBECK IP JUNCTION SEALS DUE TO DOWNSTREAM CONTROL,')
WRITE (NT, 97 9)
WRIT!: (NT,9QO)
CALL FPM (DELZ ,DMAX,DEPTII2,R,QQ, Y'YC, YYN ,ANGLE, FL,TEST, NT)
IF(TEST.GT.O.)WRITE(Nr,982)
FORMAT (5X, "UPSTREAII PLOW ASSUMED NOT SEALED.')
IF(TEST.GT.O.)GOTO 42Q
C JUNCTION IS ASSUMED FOR DI>DIAMI
WRITE (NT ,6)
401
NRITE(NT,401)
FORMAT(5X, "UPSTREAM DEPTa EXCEEDS PIPE DIAMETER: ',/,
C SX,"SUGGEST REANALYZE JUNCTION AS UNDER PRESSURE-FLOW',
C 'CONDITIONS. ')
GOTO 3000
75
76
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
C >UPSTREAM CONTROL
C
410 SIGN-I.
DTOpnc (2)
DLOWO.
GaTO 450
c BEGIN DEPTH-DETERMINATION
C
C:
420
450
C
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL:
DTOP2.*RII)*.995
DLOWnC(I)
DG-. 5* (DTCP+DLOW)
WRITE(NT,S)
WRITE (NT, 979)
WRITE(NT,980)
WRITE (NT, 6)
IF(SIGN.LT.O.)GOTO 500
C. DOlrnSTREAM CONTROL.
DO 475 J-l,ll
CALL FPM(DELZ.DG.DEPTH2,R,CO,YYC,YYN,ANGLB,FL,TBST,NT)
IF(TEST)460,2000,470
460 DLOW-CG
GOTO 475
470 DTOP-DG
475 DG-.5*(DLOW+DTOP)
GOTO 2000
C: UPSTREAM CONTROL.
500 DO 525 J-l,13
CALL FPM(DELZ,DBPTHI,DG,R,QQ,YYC,YYN,ANGLE,FL,TEST,NT)
IF (TEST) 510,2000,520
510 DLOW-DG
GOTO 525
520 DTOP-DG
525 DG-.5*(DLOW+DTOP)
2000 CONTINOE
C
C OUTPUT RBSULTS
C
2101
2102
2100
C
C
3000
C
187
C
C
C
WRITE (NT,5)
IF (KONTROL.LT.3)WRITE(NT.2101)
IF (KONTROL.EO.3)WRITB(NT.2102)
IF (KONTROL.EO.4)WRITE(NT.2101)
IFIKONTROL.EO.5)WRITE{NT,2102)
FORMAT(SX,'DOWNSTREAM CONTROLASSUMED AT JUNCTION')
FORMAT(5X,'UPSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED AT JUNCTION')
WRITE (NT,6)
IF {KONTROL.EQ.l.OR.KONTROL.EC.5)WRITE(NT.2100)DEPTHl,DG
IF (KONTROL.NE.J.ANO.KONTROL.NE.5)WRITE(NT,2100)DG,DEPTH2
FORMAT(5X,'COMPUTBD UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTa(F!!T) _ ',F6.3,/,
5X,'COMPUTED DOWNSTREAM PIPBFLOW DEPTH(F!!T) ',F6.3)
CONTINUE
FORMAT(16 (' *') )
RETURN
END
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE FPM(2,D1,D2,R,Q,YYC,!YN,ANGLE,FL,TEST,NT)
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C SUBROUTINE DETERMINES, {TEST] - (FPM(IN)-FPM(OUTll
c
C
C
DIMENSION R(4),Q(4),YIC(4),YYN(4),ANGLE(41,FL(41
DELTA(YY,RR)-ACOSRR-YI1/RRl
AREA(YY,RRI-RR*RR*(ANG-.S*SIN(2.*ANG))
AJ-1.
M-I.
CJ-O.
DC-a.
ANG-CELTA (D1 ,R( I) I
F-J .1415926/180.
AI-AREA(D1,R(I))
AZ-R(2)*RI2)*3.141593
XI-Z. *R (21
IF(DZ.GE.Xl)GOTO J
ANG-DELTA(D2,R(ZII
A2-AREA(D2,R(2)I
l T-.5*(D1+D2+FL(1)+FL(2))
IF(Q(3).LT 001)GOTO 20
c-------LATERAL. LINE.3
ANG-DELTA(YYN(3),R(3
Al-AREA(YYN(3),R(3
D3-YIN(3)
IF(YIC(3).GE.YYN(JGOTO 20
C. MILD FLOW
XoT-FL(J)
IF(YYC(3).GE.X)GOTO 5
A3-R(3)*R(3)*3.141S93
Xl-R(3) *2.
IF(X.LT.X1)GOTO 10
OJ-Xl
IF(X.GT.xIIDJ-X
IF(D3.GE.xl)GOTO 20
5 ANG-DELTA(YYc(3),R(3)
A3=AREA(YYC(J),R(lll
D3-YYC(3)
GOTO 20
10 ANG-DELTA(X,R(l))
AJ-AREA(X,R(l))
DJ-X
C-------LATERAL. LINE.4
20 IF{O(4).LT 00I)COTO 50
ANG-DELTA(!YN(4),R(4"
A4-AREA(YYN(4),R(C)1
D4-YIN(4)
IF(YYC(4).CE.!YN(4)IGOTO 40
c: MILD FLOw
X-T-Ft(4)
IF(YYC(4) .CE.XIGOTO 25
A4=R(C)*R(4)*3.141593
X1=R(4)*Z.
IF(X.LT.XIIGOTO 30
D4-XI
IF(X.GT.Xl)D4-X
IF(D4.GE.XIIGOTO 40
77
78
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
25 ANG-OELTA(YfC(4"R(4"
A4-AREA[!YC(4),R(4
D4-ryC(4)
GOTO 40
30 ANG-DELTA(X,R(4
U-AREA(X,R[4
D4-1
40 CONTINUE
50 TEST-(Z+DI-D2)"(Al+A2)"16.1-Q(2)"Q(2)/A2+Q(1)*Q[1)"COS(ANGLE(l)"
C F)/Al+Q[J)"Q[3) "COS (ANGLE [J) "P)/A3+Q(4, "Q(4)COS(ANGL!(4) "P l/A4
WRITE(NT,lOO)Dl,D2,D3,04,TEST
100 PORKAT(10X,4PIO.3,Pll.O)
C
RETURN
END
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 6
DATA ENTRY
---OATA ENTRY FOR GRADUALLY VARIED FlOW WATER
FOR CONSTANT SLOPE RECT/TRAP/V-SHAPED OR PIPE---PAGE 1
consUnt channeL sloge<FEET/FEET) ............. ===> "SO"
VALUES ARE t.00001) TO (.Q9 J
Ent!'r lengthCFEET) 01 channel with CQnsUnt sLoge "XL"
:ALLO.ABLE VALUES ARE Cll TO Cl00000l
Enter constant cnannel ftow(CFS) :sa> "1;."
:ALLO.ABLE VALUES ARE C.Ol l TO Cl000000 J
Enter channeL fr1etion factorCMannings) :=*> "RN"
:ALLO.ABLE VALUES ARE C.008 ] TO C.9999 l
Enter ,h.nneL control-depthCFEET) 2#.)
(NOTE: IF COl IS ENTERED. CRITICAL DEPTH IS ASSU"ED
AS CONTROL
:ALlO.ABLE VALUES ARE COl TO Cl00D l
TYPE: EXIT to leave progra_ ; TOP to go to top of page
MAIN to go to maln .enu
"YcaNT"
---DATA ENTRY FOR GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW WATER SURFACE
FOR CONSTANT SLOPE RECTANGULAR CHANNEL---PAGE 2
Enter nuaber of ta oe
uSl!d in a._> "NN"
:ALLOWABLE VALUES ARE C10 l TO (1COO 1
Ent .. ,h'nnot b .... idth(FEET) _ ===> "8"
:ALLO.ABLE VALUES ARE COl TO Cl0DD l
TYPE: EXlT to leave progrilll ; TOP to go to top of page
SACK to go back one page
79
80
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
ENTRY fOR ADUALLY VARIED fl.OW WATE. SURFACE
fOR CONSTANT TRAPfZOIOAI.. (HANNEL--PAGE Z
Entfr m 1mum number of to b.
used in pro1 i {e .......................................... a> "NN"
:.ALLOWABLE VALUES U! C10 l TO (1000 l
Enter ,h.nnel ........................ ,."''''> "I"
:AL.L.OWASL.E VAL.UES UE CO] TO (1000 ]
Enter chinnel Z v .. lu ===> "t"
(NOTE: Z QUOTIENT OJ: (HOIllZONTAL)/ (VERTICAL>'
:AL.L.OWASL.E VAL.UES UE [0] TO [100 J
TYPE; EXIT to lu'V. progr ; TOP to go to top of pol;.
; lACK to go blek one page
---oATA ENTRT FOI GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW WATER OETERMINATIOH
FOR CONSTA.T SL.OPE (Vl -SHAPED Z
Enter maximum number of to be
used in profi le ........................................... ::!Os> "NH"
:'L.LOWASL.E VAL.UES ARE [10 J TO [ICeO J
Entel" cn.nn_l % v.lue ............................... .o .o.o.o ... ===> .. z ..
(NOrE: l QUOTIENT 0' (HCRIlONTALJ/(VERTICALll
VALUES ARE (0] TO [100 ]
TYPE: EXIT to leave prograla ; TOP ta gg to tcp of page
; SAC)( to 90 one
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 6
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE GVF(KTYPEl
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C
C ANALYSIS OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW WATER
C SURFACE DETERMINATION
C
NT'NUT
C
COMIION /NOT/NOT
C
C INITIALIZE REQUIRED INPUT VARIABLES
Z-O.O
C
C
B-.OOl
0-0.0
50-0.0
XL-O.
RN-O.
YCONT-O.
NN-O
DlAM-O.
C READ DATA INPUT
C
C
READ FREE(5lS0,XL,O,RN,YCONT,NN,DIAM,B,Z
IF(KTYPE.NE.B)GO TO 151
CALL GVFPI(NT,DIAM,SO,O,XL,RN,YCONT,NN)
GO TO 153
151 CALL GVFCH(NT,Z,B,SO,O,XL,RN,YCONT,NN)
153 CONTINUE
C
C
RETURN
END
81
82
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE GVFCB(NT,Z,B,SO,Q,XL,RN,YXNT,NN}
c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C ANALYSIS OP GRADUALLY VARIED PLOW
C

C
C FUNCTION
C
C
AREA(YY)-YY*(B+Z*YY)
PER(YY)-B+2.*YY*SQRT(1.+Z*Z)
YCTP(YY)-1.-o*Q*(B+2.*Z*YY)/(o*AREA(YY) **3.)
YNMP(YY)-I.-o*Q*CON/(AREA(YY)**l.llll/PER(YY)**1.l333)
DL(YY)-YCTP(YY)/(YNMF(YY)*SO)
FPM(YY)-GAM*(YY*YY*(S*.5+Z*YY/3.)+Q*Q/(o*AREA(YY)
ENEROY(YY)-YY+Q*Q/(2.*G*ARSA(YY) **2.)
IF(B.LE.O.)S-.OOOl
CC------CONSTANTS
GAM-02.4
G-n.l
CON-(RNll.486)**2./SO
(NT, 187)
5 FORMAT(15('-'
WRITE (NT,200)
200 FORMAT(5X,'GRADOALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INPUT
WRITE (NT,5)

202 FORMAT(5X,'CONSTANT CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) ',F8.6,I,
C 5X,'CHANNEL - ',r12.2,I,
C SX,'CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW(CPS) ',112.2,/,
C 5X,'CONSTANT CBANNEL FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING) ',F8.6,1,
C 5X,'ASSUMED CHANNEL DEPTH(FEET) ',F8.2,I,
C 5X,'MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE ',16,1,
C CHANNEL SASEWIDTB(PEET) - ',FI0.2,I,
C CBANNEL 'Z' FACTOR - ',F10.4)
C-----------------------------------------------------------
C PROFILE DETERMINATION
C
NN-NN*2
UPIT-5000.
DOWN-O.
YC-IOOD.
DO 520 1-1,22
IF(CTF(YC514,521.515
514 DOWN-YC
GCTO 520
515 UPIT-YC
520 YC-(UPIT+OOWN) *.5
521

DOWN-O.
YN-IOOO.
DO 530 1-1,22
IF(YNMF(YN523.531.524
523 OOWN-YN
GOTO 530
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
524
530 YNo(UPIT+OOWN) *,5
531 CONTINUE

533 FORMAT(5X, 'NORMAL OEPTH{FEET) 0 ',P9.2,/,
C 5X,'CRITICAL OEPTH(PEET) - ',F9,2)
535 IF(YN,LE,YC)GOTO 550
C
C
IF(YKNT.LT.YC)GOTO 545
SIGN--l.
DYo(YKNT-YN).99S/NN
I<OOE-l
GOTO 560
545 SIGN-l.
C
DY-(YC-YKNT)/NN
1':00-2
GOTO 560
550 IF{YKNT.LE.YC)GOTO 555
C
C
SIGN--l.
OY- (YKIIT-ICj /NN
I<OOE-l
GOTO 560
555 SIGN-l.
DY-(YN-YKNT)*.99S/NN
1<00-2
560 SL-O.
c
IF(ABS(OY) .LT 0005)GOTO 1500
YoUNT
E-ENERGY(Y)
FM-PPM(Y)
C-----oUTPUT
WRITEINT,18Q)

IF (KOCE.EQ,2)liRITE(NT,261)YKNT
262 rORMAT(5X,'COWNSTREAH CONTROL ASSUMEC DEPTB(FT) - ',FS )
263 rORMAT(5X,'UPSTREAH CONTROL ASSOMED DEPTB(PT) - ',P8.2)
c
WRITE (NT,ISO)
WRITE (NT,264)
264 FORMAT(5X,'GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE COMPUTED INFORMATION',
I : '
WRITE (NT,6)
WRITE(NT,.61)
261 FORMAT(2X,'OISTANCE PROM',6X,'PLOWDEPTH',3X, 'VELOCITY ',6X,
'SPECIFIC,ax,
C ',9K, '(PT)',6K, '(FT/SEC) "
5X,'ENERGY(FT)',
C 4X, 'MOMENTUlI(POUNDS) ')

564 FORMAT(2F15.3,Fll,3,F15.3,2X,FJ5.2)

DO 580
y2-YKNT+SIGN*CY*(I+l)
83
84
C
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
DX_DY*(DL(Y)+DL(Y2)+4.*DL(YINT+SIGN*I*DY/3.
SL-SL+DX
IP(SL.GT.XL)GOTO 582
Y-Y2
E-ENERGY(Y)
FH-PI'H(Y)
IP(I.EQ.NN-l.AND.SL.LT.O.)SL-XL
1580 VV-SQRTE-Y)*64.36)
580 WRITE(NT,564)SL,Y,VV,E,FH
C
C
GOTO 1000
582 Y-Y2-SIGNZ.DY*(SL-XL)/DX
E-ENERGY(Y)
FH-FPII(Y)
VV-SQRTE-Y)64.36)
WRITE(NT.564)XL.Y,VV,E.PII
GCTO 1600
1500 CONTINUE
WRITE (NT,1505)
1505 FORMAT(/lX,'WARNING. PROFILE DEPTB INCREIIENT IS '.
'TOO SHALL. ',j,
C6X,'REATTEIIPT PROBLEII WITB A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONTROL DEPTH',j,
C 6X.'OR A FEWER NUIIBER OF PROFILE INTERVALS.')
1600 CONTINUE
1000 CONTINUE
C
C FORMATS
C
180 FORMAT(76('')
187 FORMAT(76('')
C
RETURN
END
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
---oATA ENTRY FOR GRAOUALLY VARIED 'LOW WATER SURFACE
FOR PIPE--f'AGE Z
Enter xieu. nunber of intervals to bt
u3ed profi le ............................................ ==*> "NN"
,All.OWASCE VACUES ARE [10 J TO [1000 J
Enter CQnstant diam.t.rCINCHESJ z=_>
:ALLOWASLE VALUES ARE [3] TO (24Q l
TYPE; EXIT to le ..... pragr.a ; TOP to go to top of
; e.l.CK to go back ont pag,t
"orAM"
85
86
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
PROGRAM 7
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROOTINB GVFPI(NT,OIAM,SO,O,XL,RN,YINT,NN)
C ---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C ANALYSIS or GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW WATER
C
C
C
OELTA(YY)-ACOSR-YY)!R)
AREA(YY)-R*R*(ANG-.5*SIN(2.*ANG
PER(YY,-2.*R*ANG
TW(YY'-2.*R*SIN(ANG)
YCTP(YY,-1.-o*O*TW(YY)!(GOAREA(YY) **3.)
YNMP(YX)-1.-o*O*CON/(AREA(yy)*o3.3333/PER(yy)*o1.3333)
OL(YY)-YCTP(YY)/(YNMF(YY)*SO)
FPM(YX)aCAM*(O*O/(G*AREA(YX+YBoAREA(YY)
ENERGY (YX)-YY+QoO/(2.oG*AREA(YX)*2.)
C CONSTANTS
GAM-n
G-32.2
CON-(RN/1 86)*2./S0
WRITE(NT,187)
6 FORMAT(16('-'I)
WRITE (NT,200)
200 PORMAT(5X,'GRADOALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INPUT INFORMATION,')
WRITE (NT.6)
WRITE(NT,202)SO,XL,O,RN,YINT,NN,OIAM
202 FORMAT (5X, 'CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) - ',p8.6./,
5X,'CBANNEL LENGTB(FEET) - ',F12.2.1.
C 5X,'CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW(CFS) - ',F12.2,/,
C 5X,'CONSTANT CBANNEL FRICTION PACTOR(MANNING) - '.F8.6,I,
C 5X,'ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTB(PEET) - ',F8.2,1.
C 5X,'MAXIMOM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE - ',16,1,
C 5X,'CONSTANT PIPE DIAMETER(INCBES) - ',Fa.3)
C-----------------------------------------------------------
C PROPILE DETERMINATION
C
LOGIC-O
NN-2*NN
DIAM-DIAM/12.
R-DIAN/l.
DMAX-.94*DIAN
512 UPIT-DIAK
DOWH-O ..
YC-DMAX/2.
DO 520 1-1,22
ANG-DELTA (YC)
IF(YCTF(YC514,521,515
514 DOWN-YC
GOTe 520
515 UPIT-YC
520 YC-(OPIT+DOWN) *.5
521 IF (YC.GT.DIAN)YC-DIAM
IP(YKNT.EO.O.)YKNTYC
TEST-.49a*DIAM*o2.6667*SO**.5/RN
IF(O.LT.TEST)GOTO 522
WRITE (Nt,5221)
5221 FORMAt(5X,'-)NORMAL PIPEFLOW IS PRESSURE FLOW',
YN-DIAII"2.
GOTO 531
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
522 UPIT-OMAX
523
524
530
531
533
C
5331
C
534
535
C
C
DOWN-D.
YN-OMAX/2.
00 530 1-1,22
ANG-OELTA(YN)
IP(YNMP(YN))523,531,524
DOWN-Yll
GOTO 530
UPIT-YN
YN-(UPIT+OOWN)-.5
CONTINUE
Dl'lAX-.82*DIAM
IP(YN.LE.DIAII)WRITE(NT,533)YN,YC
PORMAT(5X.'NORMAL DEPTB(PEET) ',P9.2,/,
5X. 'CRITICAL DEPTII(PEETI '.F9.21
IP(YN.LT.DIAII.AND.YN.GT.OMAX)WRITE(NT,5331)
PORMAT(5X.'NOTE.GIVEN NORMAL DEPTB IS LOWER VALUE or TWO POSSIBLE
,/,SX.'SUGGEST CONSIDERATION OP WAVE ACTION, UNCERTAINTY, ETC.')
IF (YN.GT.DIAIII WRITE (NT. 5341 YC
FORMAT(5X, 'CRITICAL DEPTB(PEETI ',P9.2)
IP(YN.LE.YC)GOTO 550
IF(YKNT.LT.YC)GOTO 545
IP(YKNT.LT.YN)GOTO 5351
IF (YN.GE.DMAXILOGIC-l
IF(LOGIC.EQ.lIGOTO 2000
IF (YKNT.GT.DIAMIYENT-DIAM
GOTO 5359
5351 IF (YN.GE.DMAX)LOGIC-2
IF(LOGIC.EQ.2)GOTO 2000
5359 SIGN--l.
DY-(YKNT-YN) ".99B/NN
KODE-l
GOTO 560
545 SIGN-I.
C
C
C
DY- (YC-YltNT) /NN
KODE-2
GOTO 560
550 IP(YKNT.LE.YC)GOTO 555
C
C
IP(YN.GE.DMAX)LOGIC-.
IP(LOGIC.EQ.4)GOTO 2000
IF (YltNT.GT.DIAII)YKNT-OIAII
SIGN--l.
DY- (YitNT-YCl/NN
KOOE-l
GOTO 560
555 SIGN-I.
IF(YKNT.LT.YN)GOTO 5559
IF (YN.GE.DMAX)LOGIC-S
IF(LOGIC.EQ.51GOTO 2000
5559 OY-(YN-YKNTl".99B/NN
11:00-2
87
88
560
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
SL-O.
IF(ABS(OY).LT 0005)GOTO 1500
Y-UNT
ANG-DBLTA(Y)
E-ENERGY(Y)
CALL YBAR(y,DIAR,YB,NT)
FM-Pl'M(Y)
C OUTPUT
262
263
C
C
WRITE(NT,l80)

IF(KODE.EQ.2)WRITE(NT,263)YKNT
FORMAT(5X,'DOWNSTREAR CONTROL ASSOMED DEPTH(PT) - ',PS.2)
FORMAT (5X, 'UPSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED DEPTB(PT) - ',PS.2)
WRITE (NT ,180)
WRITE (NT,254)
264 FORMAT(5X,'GRADOALLY VARIED PLON PROfILE COMl'UTED INPORMATION,')
IIIIITS(NT,6)
IIIIITS (NT, 2U)
261 PORMAT(2X,'DISTANCE PROM',6X,'PLOWDEPTB',3X,'VLOCITY',6X,
'SPECIFIC' ,8X,
C 'PRESSORE+',/,3X,'CONTROL(PT)',9X,'(PT)',6X,'(PT/SEC), ,
5X, 'ENERGY CPT) "
C 4X,'MOMENTOMCPOOHOS) ')
VV-SQRTC(E-Y)*64.J6)
WRITECNT,564)SL,Y,VV,E,PM
C-------PROPILE CALCULATION
564 FORMATC2FI5.3,Pll.3,FlS.3,2X,PlS.2)
C
C
C
C
DO 580 r-I,NN,2
YZ-YKNT+SIGN*OY*CI+I)
ANG-DELTA (Y)
TEMPI-DL(Y)
ANG-DELTACY2)
TEMl'2-DL(Y2)
ANG-DELTACYBNT+SIGN*I*DY)
TEMP3-DL(YBNT +SIGN*I*DY)
DX-DY*(TEMPl+TEMl'2+4.*TEMl'3)/3.
SL-SL+DX
IF(SL.GT.XL)GOTO 582
Y-y2
ANG-DELTACY)
E-ENERGY CY)
CALL DAR(Y,DIAM,n,NT)
FM-rPMCY)
IFCI.EQ.NN-I.AND.SL.LT.O.)SL-XL
1580 VV-SQRT(E-Y)*64.36)
580 WRITE(NT,564)SL,Y,VV,E,FM
C
C
GOTO 1000
5S2 Y-Y2-SIGN2.*DY*CSL-XL)/DX
ANG-DELTACY)
S-ENERGY(Y)
CALL YBAR(Y,DIAM,YB,NT)
FM-PPM(Y)
1000
1500
1505
2000
2005
2100
C
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
VV.SQRT( (E-lC) 54,36)
WRITE(NT,564)XL,Y,VV,E,FM
CONTINUB
GOTO 2100
CONTINUB
WJtITE(NT.1505)
FORKAT(/lX,WARNING,PROFILE DEPTH IS TOO SMALL.',
C/6X,'REATTEMPT PROBLEM WITa A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONTROL DEPTH',I.
C 6X,'OR A FEWER NUMBER OF PROFILE INTERVALS,')
GOTO 2100
CONTINUE
WRITE(NT,6)
HIUTE(NT,200S)
FORHAT(5X,'PLOW PROFILB OEPTBS ARB GREATBR THAN
C I,SX,'SUGGEST CONSIDERATION or SEALED FLOW IN THIS REACH DUE TO',I,
C 5X,' WAVE ACTION, UNCERTAIN1'Y, ETC,')
CONTINUE
C FORIIATS
C
180
187
C
FORIIAT (76 ( '.'
FOlUIAT (76 ( '.'))
RETURN
IlNl)
89
CHAPTER FIVE
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 5.1.1.
Determine normal depth and critical depth data for a 48 inch
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) with a slope of 0.005 ft/ft and a
flow of 100 cubic feet per second (cfs). Use a Manning's friction
factor of n = 0.013. Note that flow is subcritical (F r < 1).
NORMAL DEPTH
-----------;--
CRITICAL DEPTH--
4' R,CP'
.*************.*************** ******************* *********************1
PIPEFLOW HYDRAULIC INPUT'INFORMATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE DIAMETER (FEET) = 4.000
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET). .OOSO
PIPEFLOW(CFS) = 100.00
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR - .013000
CRITICAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION:
CRITICAL DEPTH(PEET) - 3.03
CRITICAL FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) D 10.212
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEET) = 3.429
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) = 2765.09
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.). 9.792
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAO(FEET) = 1.49
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = 2.98
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) = 4.52
= = =======================================.== == ==.===.
NORMAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION:
NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) = 3.22
FLOW AREA(SOUARE FEET) = 10.85
FLOW TOP WIDTH(FEET) - 3.164
FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) - 2780.B3
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.214
FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) K 1.318
HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = 3.43
FROUDE NUMBER = .B77
SPECIFIC ENERGY (FEET) 4.54
90
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Proolem 5.1.2.
Determine normal depth and critical depth data for a 48 inch BCP
with a slope of 0.010 ft/ft and a flow of 100 cfs. Use a
Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013. Note that flow is
supercritical. (Fr > 1).
CRITICAL DEPTH
NORMAL DEPTH
4' R.CP. $0-0.010
** *** *** *** ** ** ** * * ***.*
PIPEFLOW HYDRAULIC INPUT INFORMATION
PIPE DIAMETER(FEET) = 4.000
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET) .0100
PIFEFLOW(CFS) = 100.00
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR = .013000
CRITICAL DEPTH(FEET) 3.03
CRITICAL FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) = 10.212
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 9.792
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = 1.49
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENBRGY(FEET) 4.52
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) = 8.09
FLOW TOP WIDTH(FEET) = 3.894
FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) = 2931.64
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 12.353
FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = 2.370
HYDRAULIC DEPTB(FEET) = 2.08
FROUDE NUMBER 1.510
SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) = 4.83
91
92
Problem 5.1.3.
Determine normal depth and critical depth data for a 48 inch RCP
with a slope of 0.010 ft/ft and a flow of 150 cfs using a
Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013. Note that a circular
conduit flowing at a depth of 82% of the pipe diameter conveys the
same discharge as a conduit flowing full. Consequently, the
computer output suggests the designer may wish to consider the
conduit flowing full.
....
<1>
o

"
0
E
o
'"
ell
d

Q
"-
Dill!:!:::"::!...

NORMAL DEPTH
4' R.C.P' $0=0.010
\.
)
D- Depth of Flow d = Diameter of Conduit
********.*************.*.***************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET)' .0100
CRITICAL DEPTH(FEET) = 3.60
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 12.604
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) 2.47
NOTE,GIVEN NORMAL DEPTH IS LOWER VALUE OF TWO POSSIBLE.
SUGGEST CONSIDERATION OF WAVE ACTION, UNCERTAINTY, ETC.
==_== _.c ...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NORMAL DEPTB(FEET) = 3.'7
FLOW TOP WIDTH(FEET) 2.722
FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) s 4932.98
FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) - 12.968
FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) = 2.611
FROUDE NUMBER 1.109
SPECIFIC ENERGY (FEET) = 6.08
Problem 5.1.4.
Determine normal depth discharge of a 48 inch RCP on a slope of
0.010 ft/ft with a flow depth of 3 feet. Use a Manning's friction
factor of n = 0.013.
***.**.*********************************************** * _ _-_._-----
FIFE DIAMETER(FEET) = 4.000
FLOWDEPT8(FEET) s 3.000
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .0100
> NORMAL DEPTH FLOW(CPS) = 130.99
NORMAL-DEFTH FLOW INFORMATION.
NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) 3.00
FLOW PRESSURE + KOMENTUM(POUNDS) = 4137.36
FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) = 12.956
FLOW VELOCITY READ (FEET) = 2.607
FROUDE NUMBER = 1.337
SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) a 5.61
Problem 5.1.5.
Determine the diameter of circular conduit required to discharge
144 cfs when flowing full. Assume slope of pipe is 0.010 ft/ft
and the Manning's factor of n = 0.013
. _*----------*.-.. -----.. -._.---_ .... __ .. ---..... -... -***-. __ _ _._-_.-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .0100
>SOFFIT-FLOW PIPE DIAMETER(FEET)
4.004
93
94
Problem 5.1.6.
Determine the slope that is required for a 48-inch
diameter pipe to convey 200 cfs when it is flowing full.
Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013.
(4-foot)
Assume a
**********************************************.***.*.******************.*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
FLOWDEPTH(FEET) = 4.000
>SOFFIT-FLOW PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET) .0194
== = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = ==
___ ____ . HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS EXAMPLE PROB.:L:::E"'M"'S'-______ . __ _
Problem 5.2.1.
Determine normal depth and critical depth data for a concrete
lined trapezoidal channel having a Z of 2, a basewidth of 6 ft.,
longitudinal slope of 0.002 ft/ft and conveying sao cfs. Use a
Manning's friction factor of n : 0.015. Note that flow is
subcritical (F r < 1).
NORMAL DEPTH
DEPTH-------
Z-2
I
6'
.1
9S
* _._ *.-............ _ ......... *. __ __ ._ _ _----._--*_ ... _--
CHANNEL INPUT INFORMATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL Z(HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL) = 2.00
BASEWIDTH(FEET) = 6.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) .002000
UNIFORM FLOW(CFS) = 500.00
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR .0150

> NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) = 4.26
FLOW TOP.- WIDTH (FEET) = 23.04
61.83 FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) -
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.)
UNIFORM FROUDE NUMBER - .870
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) =
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET)
B.09
14444.79
1.015
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEET) 21.89
CRITICAL PLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) = 55.41
CRITICAL FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.02
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM[POUNDS) = 14307.55
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY BEAD(PEET) 1.264
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY(PEET) = 5.237
%
Problem 5.2.2.
Determine normal depth and critical depth data for a concrete
lined trapezoidal channel having a Z of 2, a basewidth of 6 feet,
longitudinal slope of 0.005 ft/ft and conveying 500 cfs. Use a
Manning's friction factor of n = 0.015. Note that flow is
supercritical ( Fr > 1).
NORMAL DEPTH :;..;;;r
I.
6'
.I
****************************************************************************
CHANNEL INPUT INFORKATION
CONSTANT CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .005000
KANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR = .0150
========================================================a=c=================
> NORMAL DEPTH{FEET) =
FLOW TOP- WIDTH(FEET) =
FLOW AREA(SQUARE FEET) =
3.42
19.69
43.99
HYDRAULIC DEPTH{FEET) = 2.23
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY{FEET/SEC.) =
UNIFORM FROUDE NUMBER = 1.340
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM{POUNDS) =
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) =
11.37
14878.12
2.006
~ ====- ===============================
CRITICAL-DEPTH FLO,I INFORMATION:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CRITICAL FLOii' PRESSURE + MOMEN,UH (POUNDS) - 14307.55
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) 1.264
Problem 5.2.3.
For a concrete lined trapezoidal channel with a flow depth of 4
feet, determine the discharge rate. Assume a Z of 2, a basewidth
of 6 feet, longitudinal slope of 0.005 ft/ft and a Manning's
friction factor of n = 0.015.
97
******.********** *.****************************************** ****.****.
NORMAL DEPT8(FEET) = 4.00
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR - .0150
============================================================================
NORMAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION.
> NORMAL DEPTH FLOW(CFS) =
692.26
22.00
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET)
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) -
56. 00
12.36
22241.03
2.373
=================================E&E==S=====================================
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) 1.451
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY (FEET) m 6.120
98
Prd:llem 5.2.4.
Calculate the slope required to discharge 500 cfs in a concrete
lined trapezoidal channel having a flow depth of 4 feet. Assume a
Z of 2, a basewidth of 6 feet and a Manning's friction factor of
0.015 ft/ft.
************************************** ****** *** *****.******
BASEWIDTH(FEET). 6.00
D ~ D S
> CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .00261
FLOW TOP- WIDTH(FEET) = 22.00
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) - 56.00
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.93
UNIFORM FROUDE NUMBER - .986
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) = 14308.88
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = 1.238
SPECIFIC ENERGY (FEET) = 5.238
=========================================:==================================
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CRITICAL FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 9.02
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = 1.264
Problem 5.2.5.
Determine the basewidth required for a concrete trapezoidal
channel to convey 500 cfs at a flow depth of 4 feet. Assume the Z
is 2, the longitudinal slope of 0.005 ft/ft and a Manning's
99
~ ~
> BASEWIDTH(FEET) = 2.89
43.57 FLOW AREA(SQUARE FEET) =
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) =
11.48
15226.21
2.045
s c ~ _
CRITICAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION.
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTB(FEET) = 2.59
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(POUNDS) 14665.52
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY BEAD (FEET) 1.297
100
Prcblem 5.2.6.
Determine the side slopes (Z) of a concrete trapezoidal channel
discharging 500 cfs at a flow depth of 4 feet. Assume a channel
basewidth of 6 feet, longitudinal slope of 0.005 ft/ft and a
****************************** *******************************************.
CBANNEL INPUT INFORMATION
NORMAL DEPTB(FEET) = 4.00
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
1.05 > CHANNEL Z-FACTOR =
14.37
40.75
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) K
12.27
16277.76
2.338
======_=======.a.=================================================== a=
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) a 3.17
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) = 1.587
Problem 5.2.7.
Given a trapezoidal channel with a slope of .014 ft/ft, a
basewidth of 5 feet, and a Z of 2, discharging 250 cfs, determine
where a hydraulic jump will occur when the channel changes to a
slope of 0.0015 ft/ft. Assume a Manning's friction factor of
n = 0.015 and a channel length of 1000 feet.
Step 1. Determine normal depth data for a trapezoidal
channel with a slope of 0.014 ft/ft.
step 2. Determine the normal depth pressure plus momentum
of a trapezoidal channel with a slope of 0.0015 ft/ft.
Step 3. Knowing that the depth of flow is 2.00 feet at the
grade break (from step 1), determine a gradually varied flow
profile for the channel. Note that the jump will occur where
the P + M from step 2 equals the P + ~ l from step 3
....
.... , .... ,(CRITICAL DEPTH
'"
..... NORMAL DEPTH LINE
.... ~ - - - - - - . - - - .. --r-
CONTROL
SECTION
-........-------if'-Assumed
jump shape ":
": 10
C\I
SoaO.0015
MILD SLOPE
115'
101
102
Step 1: Determine normal depth data for a trapezoidal channel
with a slope of 0.014 ft/ft.
*************************************************************.* *.*.** **
=================================================-==========================
2.00 > NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) =
FLOW TOP- WIDTH (FEET) =
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) =
13.00
18.01
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET)
13. B8
7682.56
2.992
=============== ==========================================================
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTB(FEET) = 16.74
CRITICAL FLOW AREA(SQUARE FEET) = 31.92
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = .952
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) = 3.B88
Step 2: Determine normal depth and pressure plus momentum of a
trapezoidal channel with a slq;>e of 0.0015 ft/ft.
****.*************************************************.*.*******************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BASEWIDTB(FEET) = 5.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL SLOPE{FEET/FEET) = .001500
UNIFORM FLOW(CFS) 250.00
= = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = . = . ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
) NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) = 3.44
40.92 FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET)
HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = 2.l8
UNIFORM PROUDE NUMBER = .729
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) =
6.11
6506.47
.580
=============================== __ ==_.==$ ======================:=========
CRITICAL FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) ~ 31.92
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) 1.91
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD{FEET) ~ .952
103
104
Step 3: From step 1 we know that the flow depth is 2.0 feet at the
grade break. Determine a gradually varied flow profile for the
channel. Note that a jump will occur where the pressure plus
IIIOIlElltum from step 2 equals the pressure plus momentum of step 3.
************************************** ************************* *****.
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INPUT INFORMA1'ION,
CHANNEL LENGTH(FEET) = 1000.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW(CFS) = 250.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING) a .015000
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTH (FEET) 2.00
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE = 15
CONSTANT CHANNEL BASEWIDTH(FEET) 5.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL Z FACTOR D 2.0000
UPSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED DEPTH(FT) = 2.00
============================================================================
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE COMPUTED INFORMATION,
DISTANCE FROM VELOCITY SPECIFIC PRESSURE+
CONTROL (FT) (FT) (FT/SEC) ENERGY (FT) MOMENTUM (POUNDSj
,000 2.000 13.885 4.995 7685.58
16,509 2.062 13.281 4.S03 7464.50
32.762 2.125 12.717 4.637 7266.17
4S.705 2.1S7 12.190 4.496 7088.88
64.274 2.250 11.696 4.375 6931.12
79.399 2.312 11.233 4.272 6791. 57
93.997 2.374 10.798 4.186 6669,06
107.970 2.437 10.389 4.113 6562,53
121.206 2.499 10.003 4.054 6471. 06
133.565 2.561 9.639 4.005 6393.80
144.883 2.624 9.295 3.966 6330,01
154.955 2.686 8.970 3.936 6279,02
163.524 2.749 8.662 3.914 6240.24
170.263 2. Sl1 8.371
3.900 6213.12
174.744 2.873
8.094 3.891 6197,18
176.392 2.936
7.831 3.888 6191. 97
Problem 5.3.1.
A triangular shaped concrete channel with a z of 1.5 having a
slope of 0.003 ft/ft conveys 20 cfs. Determine normal depth and
critical depth data for the channel assuming a Manning's friction
NORMAL DEPTH
105
***.**************.********************************A * ******* *.* *
BASEWIDTH(FEET) = .00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
> NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) 1. 75
HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = .87
UNIFORM FROUDE NUMBER = .826
PRESSURE + MOHENTUH(POUNDS) =
5.24
4.57
4.38
335.52
.298
= = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = .81
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = .403
106
Problem 5.3.2.
Determine the normal depth and critical depth data for a
triangular shaped concrete channel conveying 20 cfs. Assume a Z
of 1.5, a channel slope of 0.010 ft/ft and a Manning's friction
__ ..L::CRITICAL OEPTlL ___ -,rr ___ --.-
NORMAL DEPTH

****************************************************************************
=====================:==============
1.39 > NORMAL DEPTH(FEET) =
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) =
4.17
2.90
HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) = .70
UNIFORM FROUDE = 1.457
AVERAGED VELOCITY BEAD(FEET) =
6.90
351.16
.738

CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(PEET) = 4.85
CRITICAL FLOW AVERAGE = 5.09
CRITICAL DEPTH (FEET) = 1.62
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) = 329.55
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY .403
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS EXAMPLE PROB=-::L=-::EccM:=:S=---________ _
Problem 5.3.3.
Compute the discharge rate in a triangular shaped concrete channel
having a flow depth of 2 feet. Assume a Z of 1.5, a channel slope
of 0.010 ft/ft and a Manning's friction factor of n = 0.015.
107
*******.*******************************************.*.**** ***** * **
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================================_==c=======================================
> NORMAL DEPTH FLOW(CFS) =
FLOW TOP- WIDTH (FEET) =
FLOW AREA (SQUARE FEET) a
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) =
52.58
6.00
6.00
8.76
1142.63
1.193
============================================================================
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEET) 7.14
CRITICAL FLOW AREA(SQUARE FEET) = 8.50
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) .594
108
Problem 5.3.4.
For a triangular shaped concrete channel conveying 20 cfs,
determine the channel slq:>e required to maintain a flow depth of 2
feet. Assume a channel Z = 1.5 and a Manning'S friction factor of
n ,. 0.015.
************************************************************ ***.*********
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR ~ .0150
= = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
> CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .00145
FLOI'l TOP- WIDTH (FEET) = 6.00
HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) 1.00
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 3.33
UNIFORM FROUDE NUMBER = .587
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) = 378.79
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = .173
SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) 2.173
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
CRITICAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION.
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) = .403
Problem 5.3.5.
Determine the channel side slopes (Z) necessary for a triangular
shaped concrete channel to convey 20 efs at a flow aeptb of 2 feet
and having a longitudinal slope of 0.010 ft/ft. Assume a
CHANNEL INFur INFORMATION
BASEWIDTH(FEET) .00
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR. .0150
NORMAL-DEPTH FLOW INFORMATION,
} CHANNEL Z-FACTOR = .72
FLOW TOP- WIDTH (FEET) = 2.69
FLOW FEET) = 2.89
FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) = 6.93
PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) = 388.65
AVERAGED VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) = .746
SPECIFIC ENF.RGY{FEET) = 2.146
109
===_====_====$================================================_========c====
CRITICAL-DEPTH FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH{FEET) = 3.13
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH{FEET) 1.0B
CRITICAL FLOW AVERAGE VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) 5.91
CRITICAL DEPTH{FEET) = 2.11
AVERAGED CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD (FEET) = .542
CRITICAL FLOW SPECIFIC ENERGY{FEET) = 2.70B
110
Problem 5.4.1.
Determine flow depth, floodwidth, flow velocity and product of
depth and velocity for the street cross section shown cmveying 5
cfs. lIssurne flow is carried an me side of the street.
1=
40'
20'
17% I'
20'
:1
PARKWAY:
fLOOOWIOTH

'<7
1.7 "4 ..
..
;;;;
...
DEPTH ;
PARKWAY
'.
6
u
eUR!
FLOW [.'.
l:lJ
TI
' .
, ...
STREET GRADE = 1%
....
MANNINGS n = 0.0115
*** ***.** *.** ** *
STREETFLOW MODEL INPUT INFORMATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONSTANT STREET GRADE(FEET/FEET) = ,010000
CONSTANT STREET FLOW(CFS) = 5.00
.015000
20.00
.017000
AVERAGE STREETFLOW FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING) =
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET HALF-WIDTH(FEET) -
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL)
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL CURB HEIGTH(FEET) = .50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-LIP(FEET) = .03125
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-HIKE(FEET) = .12500
FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET ON ONE SIDE, AND THEN
SPLITS

STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
STREET FLOWDEPTH(FEET) = .38
RALFSTREET FLOODWIDTB(FEET) = 14.80
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) = 2.52
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY = .96
Problem 5.4.2.
Using the data from 5.4.1, assume flow is carried evenly on both
sides of the street.
III
---------------------------------------------------------------.------------
CONSTANT STREET GRADE(FEET/FEET); .010000
CONSTANT STREET FLDW(CFS) $ 5.00
AVERAGE STREETFLOW FRICTION FACTOR[MANNING) ;
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET HALF-WIDTH[FEET)
CONSTANT STREET CROSSFALL[DECIMAL)
CONSTANT CURB HEIGrH[FEET); .50
.015000
20.00
.017000
CONSTANT GUTTER-WIDTH[FEET) = 1.50
CONSTANT GUTTER-LIP[FEET) = .03125
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-HIKE(PEET) = .12500
FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET EVENLY ON BOTH SIDES
STREETFLOW MODEL RESOLTS:
STREET FLOWDEPTB(FEET) = .32
HALFSTREET FLOODWIDTH(FEET) = 11.33
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.06
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY = .67
112
___ HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 5.4.3.
Using the street cross section of Problem 5.4.1, determine the
depth of flow for 35 cfs assuming the flow is carried evenly on
both sides of the street
********************.*********.*.*************.*.*************.************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONSTANT STREET GRADE (FEET/FEET] = .010000
CONSTANT STREET FLOW(CFS]. 35.00
.015000
20.00
.017000
AVERAGE STREETFLOW FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING]
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET HALF-WIDTH(FEET] =
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) =
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL CURB HEIGTH(FEET] - .50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-WIDTH(FEET] = 1.50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-LIP(FEET] - .03125
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-HIKE(FEET) = .12500
FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET EVENLY ON BOTH SIDES
***STREET FLOWING
=.====================================
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS;
NOTE; STREETFLOW EXCEEDS TOP OF CURB.
THE FOLLOWING STREET FLOW RESULTS ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION
THAT NEGLIBLE PLOW OCCURS OUTSIDE OP THE STREET CHANNEL.
THAT IS, ALL PLOW ALONG THE PARKWAY, ETC., IS NEGLECTED.
STREET FLOWDEPTH(FEET] = .52
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.89
PRODUCT OF DEPTH.VELOCITY = 2.02

________ -=H-'-Y=-D=-=-R:c;AVLlC ELEMENTS EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Prcblem 5.4.4.
Using the street cross section of Problem 5.4.1, compute the depth
of flow for 12. cfs, assuming that the flow fills one side of the
street and then splits over the street crown.
40'
20'
zo'
FLOODWIOTfi
5,55'
113
PARKWAY FLOOD-
PARK .... p,y
F
o
\1
WIDTH
LOW[:
-
l7%
sU
cu
....
,,'
EPTH '.
D
G
, ,-
STREET GRADE = I "I.
. .
MANNtNGS n = 0.015
. ~ . . ~ . . . . ~ . ~ . *._***.*****
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONSTANT STREET GRADE(FEET/FEET). .010000
CONSTANT STREET FLOW(CFS) = 12.00
.015000
20.00
.017000
AVERAGE STREETFLOW FRICTION FACTORIMANNING)
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET 8ALF-WIDTH(FEET) =
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) =
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL CURB BEIGTH{FEET) = .50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-WIDTH(FEETJ = 1.50
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GUTTER-LIP(FEET) = .03125
CONSTANT SYMMETRICAL GOTTER-HIKE{FEET) - _12500
FLOW ASSUMED TO FILL STREET ON ONE SIDE, AND THEN
"'STREETFLDW SPLITS OVER STREET-CROWN'"
SPLITS
FULL DEPTH(rEET) - .47 FLOODWIDTH(FEET). 20.00
FULL HALF-STREET VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.21
SPLIT OEPTH(FEET) ~ .23 SFLIT FLOODWIDTH(FEET) - 5.55
SPLIT VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.86
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
STREET FLOWDEPTBIFEET) = .47
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITy/FEET/SEC.) = 3_21
PRODUCT OF DEPTH,VELOCITY = 1.51
114
Problem 5.5.1.
Dete!:mine the upstJ:eam and downstJ:eam flow depths fo!: the jWlCtion
shown. Note that a ze!:o flow depth in data input assumes normal
depth.
LEGEND
54"RCP
I
I
71
' IOOcfs
br
I
I
So=0.004
NOL NORMAL DEPTH LINE
COL CRITICAL DEPTH LINE
Il FLOWl.INE El.EVATION
RCP REINfORCEO CONCRETE PIPE
loll PROfiLE
WATER SURFACE
JE.3Q" /
tOl
NIlL
--7--
\ua:: COL
IOZ I
I
'" 1l54"
99.5
* *.** ***.*** ** ***_* *_* __ ._ *** **.**.*t*t* __ *_ .. t *._***
PIPE-FLOW JUNCTION INPUT INFORMATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
UPSTRElIlI
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL tl
LATERAL .2
FLOW
(CFS)
70.00
100.00
25.00
5.00
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
48.000
54.000
30.000
18.000
SLOPE
(DECIMAL)
.00400
.00400
.00500
.00600
MAINLINE INPUT INFORMATION:
UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET). .00
DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTB(FEET): .00
FRICTION
FACTOR
.0130
.0130
.0130
.0130
PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION.
ANGLE
(DEGREES)
.000
.000
20.000
45.000
FLOWLINB
ELEVATION
100.00
99.50
101.00
102.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
UPSTREAII
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL tl
LATERAL .2
CRI'J:ICAL DEPTi!
(FEET)
2.529
2.938
1.703
.860
NORMAL DEP'ri!
(FEET)
2.634
3.056
1. 790
.850
PRESSURE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION BASED ON VARIABLE.
"BALANCE" = (Z+DI-D2)*(Al+A2)*G/2.-Q2*Q2/A2+Ql*Ql*COS(ANGLEl)/Al
+Q3*Q3"COS(ANGLE3)/A3+Q4*Q4*COS(ANGLE4)/A4
CHECI FOR JUNCTION WASHOUT DUE TO LATERALS OR JUNCTION DROP,
PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION(NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.1 LATERAL.2 BALANCE
DEPTH(FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) (FT**4)
2.634 3.056 1.703 .850 -104.
"DOWNSTREAM PIPE FLOW DEPTH IS ASSUMED AS HYDRAULIC CONTROL
CHECK IF JUNCTION SEALS DUE TO DOWNSTREAM CONTROL,
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERAL'2 BALANCE
DEPTH(FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) (FT**4)
4.000 3.056 2.278 .850 222
UPSTREAM FLCW ASSUMED NOT SEALED.
PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAII DOWNSTREAM LATERALIl LATERAL.2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH(FT} (FT**4)
---------.------------------------------------------------------------------
3.254 3.056 1.905 .850 -6.
3.617 3.056 2.087 .850 92.
3.436 3.056 1.996 .850 40.
3.345 3.056 1.950 .850 16.
3.300 3.056 1.928 .850 5.
3.277 3.056 1.916 .650 -1.
3.288 3.056 1.922 .850 2.
3.283 3.056 1.919 .850 o.
3.280 3.056 1.918 .850 O.
3.281 3.056 1.919 .850 o.
3.281 3.056 1.918 .850 o.
3.281 3.056 lo9l6 850 o
------------------------------------------------------.---------------------
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED AT JUNCTION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPUTED UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 3.281
COMPUTED DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 3.056
115
116
Problem 5.5.2.
Determine the upstream and downstream flow depths for the previous
problem assuming that the 48 inch RCP flowline matches the 54 inch
RCP flowline.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL tl
LATERAL 12
FLOW
(CFS)
70.00
100.00
25.00
5.00
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
48.000
54.000
30.000
18.000
SLOPE
(DECIMAL)
.00400
.00400
.00500
.00600
MAINLINE FLOWDEPTH INPUT INFORMATION:
UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH (FEET) , .00
DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET): .00
FRICTION
FACTOR
.0130
.0130
.0130
.0130
ANGLE
(DEGREES)
.000
.000
20.000
45.000
FLOWLINE
ELEVATION
100.00
100.00
101. 00
102.00
=.= = =-= - ~ = .... = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ =
PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION,
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL tl
LATERAL 12
CRITICAL DEPTH
(FEET)
2.529
2.938
1.703
.860
NORMAL DEPT!!
(FEET)
2.634
3.056
1. 790
.850
PRESSURE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION BASED ON VARIABLE,
"BALANCE" = (Z+DI-D2)*(Al+A2)*G/2.-Q2*02/A2+01*Ol*COS(ANGLEl)/Al
+Q3*Q3*COS[ANGLE3)/A3+Q'*Q4*COS[ANGLE4)/A4
CHECK FOR JUNCTION WASHOUT DOE TO LATERALS OR JUNCTION DROP,
PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION (NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
DEPTB(FT) DEPTB(FT) DEPTB(FT) DEFTH(FT) (FT'*4)
2.634 3.056 1.845 .850 -281.
"DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH IS ASSUMED AS HYDRAULIC CONTROL
CHECK IF JUNCTION SEALS DUE TO DOWNSTREAM CONTROL.
PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION (NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERAL.2 BALANCE
DEPTB(FTl DEFTH(FTl DEPTH(FT) DEPTH(FT) (FT*'41
4.000 3.056 2.528 .850 23.
'UPSTREAM FLOW ASSUMED NOT SEALED.
PIPEFLOW FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERKINATION(NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERALf2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEFTH(PT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) (PT"'4)
------------------------------------------.--------.------------------------
3.254 3.056 2.155 850 -203
3.617 3.056 2.337 850 -108
3.799 3.056 2.427 850 -49
3.889 3.056 2.473 850 -18
3.935 3.056 2.495 .850 -2.
3.957 3.056 2.507 .850 7.
3.946 3.056 2.501 850 3
3.940 3.056 2.498 850 O
3.937 3.056 2.497 .850 -l.
3.939 3.056 2.497 850 O
3.940 3.056 2.498 850 O
3.939 3.056 2.498 850 O
--------------------------.-----------------------------.-------------------
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED AT JUNCTION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPUTED UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 3.939
COMPUTED DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 3.056
Problem 5.5.3.
Analyze the junction structure shown with supercritical flow
upstIeam and downstream. 1\gain, note that a zero flow depth shown
for data input means normal depth of flow.
POSSIBLE WATER
5URF"ACE
30"
PROGRAM ASSUMES
HYDRAULIC JUMP
OCCURS UPSTREAM
OF STRUCTURE
PROGRAM ASSUMES
CRITICAL DEPTH
AS CONTROL
52 PROF"ILE
117
118
****************************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAK
LATERAL U
LATERAL .2
PLOW
(CPS)
50.00
80.00
25.00
5.00
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
48.000
48.000
30.000
18.000
SLOPE
(DECIMAL)
.00600
.01000
.00500
.00600
DOWNSTREAK PIPEFLOW DEPTH (FEET) , .00
FRICTION
FACTOR
.0130
.0130
.0130
.0130
ANGLE
(DEGREES)
.000
.000
20.000
45.000
FLOWLINE
ELEVATION
100.00
100.00
10l.00
102.00
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ . = . = . = - -.- _ =-:.========
PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION:
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL tl
LATERAL .2
CRITICAL DEPTH
(FEET)
2.121
2.709
1.703
.860
NORMAL DEPTH
(FEET)
1.880
2.133
1.790
.850
"BALANCE" = (Z+DI-D2)*CA1+A2l*G!2.-QZ*Q2!A2+Ql*Q1*COS(ANGLE1)!A1
+Q3*Q3*COS (ANGLE3)!A3+Q4*Q4*COS (ANGLE4,!A4
UPSTREAM FLOW IS SUPERCRITICAL; CHECK FOR HYDRAULIC JUMP,
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERAL,2 BALANCE
DEPTH(FT) DEPTH(FT) DEPTHCFTl DEPTH(FT) (FT*-4)
1.880 2.709 1.703 .850 -292.
'HYDRAULIC JUMP OCCURS UPSTREAM OF JUNCTION:
-CRITICAL DEPTH IS ASSUMED AS A DOWNSTREAM HYDRAULIC CONTROL.
CHECK IF JUNCTION SEALS DUE TO DOWNSTREAM CONTROL:
PIPEFLON FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION(NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERAL.2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FTl DEPTH(FT) DEPTH(FT) DEPTH(FT) (FT**4)
4.000 2.709 2.355 .850 82.
*UPSTREAM FLOW ASSUMED NOT SEALED.
DEPTHIFTJ DEPTB(FT) DEPTH(FT) DEPTH(FT) (FT**4)
3.051 2.709 1.880 .850 -192.
3.515 2.709 2.112 .850 -73.
3.748 2.709 2.228 .850 -2.
3.864 2.709 2.286 .850 36.
3.806 2.709 2.2S7 .eso 17.
3.777 2.709 2.243 .850 8.
3.762 2.709 2.236 .850 3.
3.755 2.709 2.232 .8S0 O.
3.751 2.709 2.230 .850 -1.
3.753 2.709 2.231 .850 O.
3.754 2.709 2.232 .8S0 O.
3.754 2.709 2.231 .850 O.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED AT JONCTION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPUTED UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTHCFEETI ~ 3.753
COMPUTED DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTB(FEET) z 2.709
Proolem 5.5.4.
Analyze the following junction structure assuming normal depth of
flow upstream and downstream.
I
I
60cll :
lao
I
(
PROGRAM ASSUMES
SOFFIT CONTROL.
4S"RCP
PROGRAM ASSUMES
NORMAL OEPTH
"" IE. 48"
100
119
120
***********************.*****.*************** *** **** ****************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL fl
LATERAL 12
FLOW
(CFS)
60.00
90.00
25.00
5.00
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
48.000
48.000
30.000
18.000
SLOPE
(DECIMAL)
.00400
.00400
.00500
.00600
DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET): .00
FRICTION
FACTOR
.0130
.0130
.0130
.0130
ANGLE
(DEGREES)
.000
.000
20.000
45.000
FLOWLINE
ELEVATION
100.00
100.00
101. 00
102.00
============ ===========================================
PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION:
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
LATERAL H
LATERAL t2
CRITICAL DEPTH
(FEET)
2.334
2.876
1. 703
.860
NORMAL DEPTH
(FEET)
2.373
3.245
1.790
.850
"BALANCE" = (Z+DI-D2)*(Al+A2)*G/2.-02*02/A2+01*Ol*COS(ANGLEl)/Al
+Q3*03*COS(ANGLE3)/A3+04*04*COS(ANGLE4)/A4
CHECK FOR JUNCTION WASHOUT DUE TO LATERALS OR JUNCTION DROP:
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERALt2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTB(FT) (FT*4)
2.373 3.245 1.809 .850 -369.
DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH IS ASSUMED AS HYDRAULIC CONTROL
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHECK IF JUNCTION SEALS DUE TO DOWNSTREAM CONTROL:
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM LATERALtl LATERALt2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEPTH(FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) (FT4)
4.000 3.245 2.623 .850 -33.
UPSTREAM WATER DEPTH EXCEEDS PIPE DIAMETER:
.SUGGEST REANALYZE JUNCTION AS UNDER PRESSURE-FLOW CONDITIONS.
Prcblem 5.5.5.
Determine the upstream and downstream flow depths for the junction
shown assuming norml depth upstream and downstream.
-",
'" N
4S"RCP
100 cIs
a-
50=0.006
IL 48"
100
/
COL
\L42"
99.5
42"RCP
IOOch

So=O.OIO
-.,

en
N N
121
122


PIPE
UPSTREAII
DOlrnSTREAII
LATERAL n
LA'l"ERAL .2
FLOW
(CFS)
100.00
100.00
.00
.00
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
48.000
41.000
.000
.000
SLOPE
(DECIMAL)
.00600
.01000
.00000
.00000
MAINLINE FLOWDEPTR INPUT INFORMATION;
UPSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTB(FEET); .00
DO!OliSTREAII PIPEFLOW DEPTH(FEET): .00
FRICTION
FACTOR
.0130
.0130
.0000
.0000
PIPEFLOW NORMAL AND CRITICAL DEPTH INFORMATION;

(DI!GREES I
.000
.000
.000
.000

ELEVATION
100.00
99.50
.00
.00
------------------------------------------------------------.---------------
PIPE
UPSTREAM
DOlrnSTREAII
LATERAL H
LATERAL t2
CRITICAL DEPTH
(FEET)
3.030
3.068
.000
.000
NORMAL DEPTH
(FEET)
2.963
2.850
.000
.000
PRESSORE-PLOS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION BASED ON VARIABLE.
"BALANCE"
+Q3*Q3*C05(ANGLE3)/A3+Q4*04*COS(ANGLE4)/A4

FLOW lS SUPERCRITICAL: CHECK FOR HYDRAULIC JUMp;
PIPEFLOW DETERMINATION(NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSrEEAM DOWNSTREAM LATERAL.l LATERALi2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEPTH (FT) DEPTB(FT) DEPTR(FT) (FT**4)
2.963 3.068 .000 .000 4.
FLOW DOMINATES JUNCTION HYDRAULICS:
"NO HYDRAULIC JUMP OCCURS AT JUNCTION.
FORCE-PLUS-MOMENTUM DETERMINATION/NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES)
UPSTREAIoI DOWNSTREAIoI LATEIlALU LATERALt2 BALANCE
DEPTH (FT) DEPTH{FTj DEPTH/FTj (FT"')

2.963 1.534 .000 .000 -1027
2.963 2.301 .000 000 -177
2.96, 2.685 .000 000 -37
2.963 2.877 .000 .000 -6.
2.963 2.973 000 000 1
2.963 2.925 .000 000 -2
2.963 2.949 .000 000 O
2.963 2.937 .000 000 -1
2.963 2.943 .000 .000 O.
2.963 2.946 .000 000 O
2.963 2.947 .000 000 O
2.963 2.948 000 .000 O
2.963 2.948 .000 000 O
UPSTREAM CONTROL hSSUMED AT JUNCTION

COMPUTED UPSTREAM PIFEfLOW DEPTP(FEET) = 2.963
COMPUTED DOWNSTREAM PIPEFLOW DEPTH(fEET) - 2.947

123
Problem 5.6.1.
Determine the gradually varied flow profile for a 78 inch RCP
flowing partially flow with 300 cfs, which changes from a slope of
0.004 ft/ft to 0.0035 ft/ft. Assume a channel length of 500 feet
and a Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013.
.,.
Q)
..,:
/
...:--:.
1
MI PROFILE,
DEPTH---.. '"
-F ____
NORMAL
-
''ll:
CD
..,:
!
SO-0.0040
MILO SLOPE
So-0.0035
MILD SLOPE
CONTROL
SECTION
iQ
I III
)
* **.** ********** * ****** ***.********.*****
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INPUT INFORMATION,
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) = .004000
CHANNEL LENGTH (FEET) = 500.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING)
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTB(FEET) =
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE =
CONSTANT PIPE DIAHETER(INCHES) = 78.000
.013000
5.15
15

DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSOMED DEPTH{FT) = 5.15

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE COMPUTED INFORMATION:
DISTANCE FROM
CONTROt. (FT)
.000
14.009
28.386
43.191
58.507
74.436
91.111
108.716
127.504
147.B41
170.320
195.B85
226.334
265.666
326.519
500.000
FLOWDEPTB
(FT)
5.150
5.130
5.109
5.089
5.068
5.048
5.027
5.007
4.986
4.966
4.945
4.925
4.904
4.884
4.864
4.857
VELOCITY
(FT/SEC)
10.636
10.671
10.719
10.761
10.803
1t).841
10.890
10.935
10.980
11.025
11.071
11.11B
11.165
11.213
11.261
11.277
SPECIFIC
ENERGY (FT)
6.908
6.901
6.894
6.888
6.882
6.876
6.870
6.865
6.859
6.854
6.850
6.845
6.841
6.838
6.834
6.833
PRESSURE+
MOMENTUM (POUNDS)
10295.31
10282.68
10271.66
10261. 02
10250.77
10240.92
10231. 48
10222.45
10213.
10205.62
10197.86
10190.52
10183.62
10177.17
10171.18
10169.37
in
<D
124
Problem 5.6 .2
Given that a 78 inch RCP carrying 200 cfs changes from a slc:pe of
0.0015 ft/ft to a slope of 0.0021 ft/ft, determine the gradually
varied flow profile assuming a pipe length of 3000 feet and a
/
Normal
deDth IIne __
"M2 PPOFILE
,., NORMAL
DEPTH,
/ "\
'" I
---
--
/\
v-
cRiT,CAL DEPTH"""' ru""
'-
...
r<j H)
I()
10 iii
So-0.0015
I

MILO SLOPE
SO-0.0021
.I
STEEPER MILO S 1
LOPE
-************.*.*.********.*.******** ***-********.***** * **
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INPUT INFORMATION:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) .001500
CHANNEL LENGTH(FEET) 3000.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW (CFS) = 200.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FRICTION FACTOR(MANNING) = .013000
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTH(FEET) - 4.53
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE = 15
CONSTANT PIPE DIAMETER(INCHES) = 78.000
CRITICAL DEPTB{FEET) - 3.77
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED DEPTB{FT) = 4.53
DISTANCE FROII FLOWDEPTB VELOCITY SPECIFIC
CON'lROL{FT) (FT) (PT/SEC) ENERGY (FT)
.000 4.530 8.098 5.549
42.827 4.577 8.006 5.513
91.968 4.625 7.917 5.599
148.491 4.672 7.831 5.625
213.744 4.719 7.748 5.652
289.466 4.767 7.667 5.680
377.950 4.814 7.588 5.709
482.306 4.861 7.511 5.738
606.896 4.909 7.437 5.768
758.111 4.956 7.365 5.799
945.853 5.003 7.295 5.830
ll86.687 5.051 7.227 5.862
1511.568 5.098 7.IU 5.895
1989.580 5.145 7.097 5.928
2838.8U 5.193 7.035 5.962
3000.000 5.193 7.034 5.962
PRESSURE ...
MOMENTUM (POUNDS)
621S.55
6255.14
6293.34
6333.10
6387.54
6433.71
6481.35
6530.41
6580.85
6632.62
6685.66
6739.93
6795.38
6852.79
6914.3Z
6915.41

Pt:oblern 5.6.3.
Determine the water surface of an M3 profile in a 78 inch RCP
discharging 300 cfs as it changes slope from 0.0067 ft/ft to a
Slope of 0.0040 ft/ft. Use a pipe length of 500 feet and a
Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013. Note that the flow depth
is only calculated to critical depth. A hydraulic jUmp will occur
where the pressure plus momentum of the M3 profile equals that of
normal depth flow.
# /
.J ).r...E..R.!!!.CAl DEI'
"in
t - ""-"'_-IH
Normal dOPth IIno
<ti
b .... NORItfAl.. DEPTH -y- -- -- - ---
125
"'
( FROFII..E)
jump Ihope

;r
J
CIl
50-0.0067

STEEP SLOPE
50-0.0040
MILD SLOP.E

SECTION 114'
*** -*****._ ***.-.* -*.*.-** *****.*_.-
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE INFUT INFORMATION.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANNEL SLOPE(FEET/FEET) .004000
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTE(FEeT)
CONSTANT = 7B.OOO
CRITICAL DEPTH (FEET) = 4.65
= .013000
4.00
IS
__ =_: ____
UPSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED - 4.00
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILE COMPUTED INFORKATION:
DISTANCE FROM
CONTROL (FT)
.000
12.639
25.085
37.313
49.292
60.987
72.352
83.331
93.855
103.834
113.151
121.648
129.107
135.213
139.490
141.169
fLOfiDEPTll
(FT)
4.000
4.043
4.087
4.130
4.173
4.217
4.260
4.304
4.347
4.390
4.434
4.477
4.520
4.564
4.607
4.650
VELOCITY
(fT/SEC)
13.999
13 .823
13 .651
13.484
13.322
13.164
13 .011
12.862
12.717
12.576
12.438
12.305
12.175
12.048
11.925
11.806
SPECII'IC
ENERGY (FT)
7.045
7.012
6.982
6.955
6.931
6.909
6.890
6.814
6.860
6.847
6.838
5.830
6.823
6.819
5.817
Ii. 816
PRESSURE+
MOIlENTUM(POUNDS)
10459.60
10414.64
10374.62
10337.62
10304.35
10274.09
10246.96
10222.86
10201. 70
10183.36
10167.85
10154.99
10144.75
10137 .03
10131. 78
10128.91
126
--------
**.*.* . . ~ . . ~ ~ . . . . . . . . + . .
------------------.------------------------.---.---.------------------------
PIPE SLOPE(FEET/FEET)' .0040
MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR a .013000
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH (FEET) = 5.866
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) 10128.91
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC.) = 11.809
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY BEAD (FEET) = 2.17
CRITICAL FLOW HYDRAULIC DEPTH(FEET) 4.33
= = = = = - = - = = - - = - ~ = - = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
NORMAL DEPTB(PEET) = 4.84
FLOW TOP WIDTH(FEET) 5.666
FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM(PDUNDS) =
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =
FLOW VELOCITY BEAD (FEET) =
HYDRAULIC DEPTB(FEET) ~ 4.68
FROUOE NUMBER = .922
SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEET) =
10165.48
11.316
1.988
6.83
It)
<D
'"
Problem 5.6.4.
Determine an Sl gradually varied flow profile in a 78 inch Rep
flowing partially full with 300 cfs. Assume the pipe slope
changes from 0.0057 ft/ft to 0.0035 ft/ft., a Manning's friction
factor of n = 0.013 and a pipe length of 500 ft. Note that flow
depth is calculatd to critical depth only. Actually a hydraulic
jump will occur in the steep section where the pressure plus
momentum of the gradually varied flow profile equals that of
normal depth flow.
/"'1
I
I
,-5 t PROFILE
'"
NORMAL DEPTH---.....
---
7
-
--
.
- ~
'"
Norma' depth line ====-
CRITICAL DEPTH
(Note. Hydraulic jump nol shown)
'"
'" I
(
127
I-
it>
lit)
50-0.0057
50'0.0035
\. )
STEEP SLOPE
~
MILD SLOPE
CONTROL
SECTION
I ~
****************************************************************************
CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW(CFS) ~ 300.00
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTH (FEET) =
CONSTANT PIPE DIAMETER(INCHES) = 78.000
= .013000
5.15
10
DOWNSTREAM CONTROL ASSUMED DEPTH(FT) = 5.15
============================================================================
DISTANCE FROM FLOWDEPTH VELOCITY SPECIFIC PRESSURE+
CONTROL (FT) (FT) (FT/SEC) ENERGY (FT) MOMENTUM (POUNDS)
.000 5.150 10.636 6.908 10295.31
7.561 5.100 10.737 6.891 10266.91
14.704 5.050 10.842 6.876 10242.05
21. 384 5.000 10.949 6.863 10219.59
27.545 4.950 11. 060 6.851 10199.62
33.121 4.900 11.175 6.841 10182.23
38.024 4.850 11.293 6.832 10167.52
42.149 4.BOO 11.416 6.825 10155.55
45.357 4.750 11.541 6.820 10146.45
47.468 4.700 11.671 6.817 10140.30
48.240 4.650 11.806 6.816 10128.91
---------
128
.**** ************* **.* *.***** ****.* *.**.*****
PIPEFLOW HYDRAULIC INPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE SLOPE(FEBT/FEET) .0057
CRITICAL FLOW TOP-WIDTH(FEET\ = 5.866
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE + = 10128.91
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.809
CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEET) 2.17
NORMAL-DEPTa FLOW INFORMATION,
FLOW PRESSURE + MOMENTUM (POUNDS) =
FLUW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =
FLOW VELOCITY HEAD(FEETJ =
HYDRAULIC OEPTH(FEETI 3.69
FROUDE NUMBER = 1.203
SPECIFIC ENERGY(FEETI =
10264.89
13.118
_2.672
6.90
HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS EXAMl'L l'ROBLEMS
129
Problem 5.6.5.
Given that a 78 inch RCP conveying 300 cfs changes from a slope of
0.0066 ft/ft to a slope of 0.010 ft/ft, determine the water
surface profile asuming a pipe length of 500 ft. and a Manning's
I
LLCRITICAL DEPTH_
DEPTH
<D-
8. )
""(
) So-0.0066
STEEP SLOPE
-n-
GRADUALLY VARIED fLOW PROFILE INPUT INFORMATION:
CHANNEL LENGTH(FEETJ = 500.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FLOW{CFS) = 300.00
CONSTANT CHANNEL FRICTION
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTH(FEET) =
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVALS IN PROFILE
CONSTANT PIPE = 78.000
NORMAL DEPTB(FEET) 3.52
CRITICAL DEPTH(FEET) = 4_65
.013000
4.00
15
== =
DISTANCE FROM
CONTROL (FT)
.000
8.171
17.382
27.802
39.642
53.176
68.764
86.893
108.243
133.812
165.143
204.813
257.637
334.353
468.865
500.000
f'LOWDEPTH
(FT)
4.000
3.968
3.937
3.905
3.an
3.842
3.810
3.778
3.747
3.115
3.683
3.652
3.620
3.588
3.557
3.556
VELOCITY
(FT/SEC)
13.999
14.132
14.267
14.405
14.546
14.690
14.837
14.987
15.141
15.298
15.459
15.623
15.791
15.963
16.139
16.143
SPECIFIC
ENERGY (FT)
7.045
7.071
7.099
7.129
1.161
7.194
7.230
7.268
7.309
7.351
7.397
7.444
7.495
7.548
7.604
7.605
PRESSURE+
MOMENTUM (POUNDS)
10458.60
10492.86
10529.ll
10567.40
10607.78
10650.31
10695.03
10742.00
10791.27
10842.92
10896.99
10953.55
11012.66
11074.39
11143.65
11145.11
130
Problem 5.6.6.
Determine the gradually varied flow profile for a 78 inch Rep
flowing partially full with 300 cfs which changes from a slope of
0.0170 ft/ft to a slope of 0.010 ft/ft. Use a pipe length of 500
feet and a Manning's friction factor of n = 0.013.
-
1
f
in -CfBJ!!Al OE
"\
<D
\ _-!,TH
(
"T"- {'? -...... ___
f \ ""
depth line
\
.... NORMAl
OEPTH
\'"
"*
"i
53 PROFIL.E
./
SooO.OI7'O
}:!l
of"
So 0.010
J
STEEP SLOP
E

MILDER STEEP SLOPE
CONTROL
SECTION
* ***** **** **** *.**** * * *.* *.**.* ******
ASSUMED CHANNEL CONTROL DEPTB(FEET) =
CONSTANT = 78.000
CRITICAL DEPTB(FEET) = 4.65
.013000
3.00
15

DISTANCE FROM
CONTROL (FT)
.000
21.597
44.224
68.050
93.288
120.212
149.181
180.682
215.398
254.326
299.009
352.025
418.187
500.000
FLOWDEPTH
(FT)
3.000
3.035
3.070
3.105
3.139
3.174
3.209
3.244
3.279
3.314
3.349
3.364
3.418
3.450
VELOCITY
(FT/SEC)
20.036
19.738
19.449
19.167
18.694
18.628
18.369
18.118
17.873
17.635
17.403
17.177
16.957
16.762
SPECIFIC
ENERGY (FT)
9.238
9.088
8.947
8.813
8.686
8.566
8.452
8.344
B.242
8.146
B.054
7.969
7. BB6
7.616
PRESSURE+
MOMENTUM (POUNDS)
12834.09
12693.44
12558.21
12428.20
12303.25
12183.16
12067.79
11956.95
11850.49
11748.29
11650.21
11556.11
11465.85
11387.10

REFERENCES
Brater, E.F. and King, H.W., "Handbook of Hydraulics for the
Solution of Hydraulic Engineering Problems, Sixth Edition,
Md;raw-Hill Book Co., New York, (1976).
Daugherty, R.L. and Franzini, J.B., "Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering AWlicat1ons, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, (1977).
Hromadka II, T.V., Clements, J.N., and Saluja, H., Computer
Methods in Urban Watershed Hydraulics", Lighthouse Publications,
Mission Viejo, California, 1984.
Hromadka II, T.V., Clements, J.N., and Guymon, G.L., -Guidelines
for Interactive Software in Water Resources Engineering,- Water
Resources Bulletin, Feb. (1983c)
Hromadka II, T.V., Durbin, T.J. and DeVries, J.J., "Computer
Methods in Water Resources", Lighthouse Publications, Mission
ViejO, California, (1985).
Koutitas, C.G., "Elements of Computational Hydraulics" r Pentech
Press, (1983).
131

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