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Resin
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Proppant
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Product Mesh Si ze Descri pti on Usage Temp. Range Approx. Cl osure
PREMI UM CURABLE PRODUCTS
HyperProp 20/40 Encapsul ated curabl e, Hi gh Temperature/Cl osure <600 F 10,000 - 16,000 psi
16/30 coated Bauxi te Hi gh fl ui d compati bi l i ty [ <315 C]
Wi l l not set up i n wel l bore
DynaProp 20/40 Encapsul ated curabl e, Mi d-range cerami c <600 F 9,000 - 14,000 psi
16/20 coated l i ghtwei ght cerami c Hi gh fl ui d compati bi l i ty [ <315 C]
Wi l l not set up i n wel l bore
MagnaProp 20/40 Encapsul ated curabl e, coated Mi d range economy cerami c <600 F 6,000 - 12,000 psi
16/20 economi cal l i ght wt. cerami c Hi gh fl ui d compati bi l i ty [ <315 C]
Wi l l not set up i n wel l bore
Opti Prop 20/40 Propri etary Encapsul ated Hi gh fl ui d compati bi l i ty <600 F
16/30 Curabl e Resi n Wi l l not set up i n wel l bore [ <315 C] 6,000 - 10,000 psi
Coated Sand
Super HS 20/40 Hi gh Strength Propri etary mul ti -coat curabl e <600 F
16/30 Curabl e Resi n for hi gher cl osure pressures [ <315 C] 6,000 - 10,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand
INTERMEDI ATE CURABLE PRODUCTS
Super DC 20/40 I ntermedi ate Strength Propri etary mul ti -coat curabl e <600 F
16/30 Curabl e Resi n for intermediate closure pressures [ <315 C] 6,000 - 8,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand
ECONOMY CURABLE PRODUCTS
Super LC 20/40 Low Cost Propri etary mul ti -coat curabl e <600 F
16/30 Curabl e Resi n for l ower cl osure appl i cati ons [ <315 C] 5,000 - 7,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand requi ri ng hi gh conducti vi ty
Super TF 20/40 Cost Effecti ve Propri etary mul ti -coat curabl e <600 F
Curabl e Resi n for low closure applications requiring [ <315 C] 4,000 - 6,000 psi
Coated Sand higher conductivity than raw sand
Super HT 20/40 Low Temperature Hi gh Tensi l e resi n coated sand <600 F
16/30 Gravel /Frac Packs [ <315 C] 100 - 5,000 psi
12/20
Pol arProp 20/40 Ul tra Low Temperature Encapsulated resin coated sand <600 F
16/30 Appl i cati ons ( 60 F - 150 F) or ceramic for low temperature wells [ <315 C] 500 - 6,000 psi
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NOTES:
1. Santrol ' s Curabl e and Tempered LC, DC, HS and Opti Prop coati ngs are avai l abl e on cerami cs and bauxi te.
2. Al l 20/40 products, except Tempered TF and Super TF, are premi um mesh hi gher conducti vi ty sands.
3. Al l Santrol sand-based products are based on "Norther n Whi te" sands unl ess requested by the customer otherwi se.
Product Mesh Si ze Descri pti on Usage Temp. Range Approx. Cl osure
PREMI UM TEMPERED (PRECURED) PRODUCTS
EconoFl ex 20/40 Hi gh Strength Tempered Hi gh strength, l i ghtwei ght <600 F
Resi n Coated Economy ceramic for optimum prop transport [ <315 C] 8,000 - 12,000 psi
Li ghtwei ght Cerami c i n devi ated & hori zontal wel l s
Tempered HS 20/40 Hi gh Strength Patented process, rei nforced <600 F
16/30 Tempered Resi n tempered coated sand [ <315 C] 6,000 - 10,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand for hi gher cl osure pressures
INTERMEDI ATE TEMPERED (PRECURED) PRODUCTS
Tempered DC 20/40 I ntermedi ate Strength Patented process, <600 F
16/30 Tempered Resi n Tempered coated sand for [ <315 C] 6,000 - 8,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand i ntermedi ate cl osure pressures
ECONOMY TEMPERED (PRECURED) PRODUCTS
Tempered LC 20/40 Low Cost Tempered Low Cost <600 F
16/30 Tempered Resi n coated sand for appl i cati ons [ <315 C] 5,000 - 8,000 psi
12/20 Coated Sand requi ri ng hi gh conducti vi ty
Tempered TF 20/40 Cost Effecti ve Tempered coated sand for <600 F
Tempered Resi n closure applications requiring higher [ <315 C] 4,000 - 6,000 psi
Coated Sand crush resi stance than raw sand
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The following factors should be used as guidelines to help gather the pertinent information that will aid in the selection of the appropriate
proppant(s) for the application. Not all of the points will be applicable to every situation or able to be answered prior to running a model
simulation. However, when the appropriate factors have been considered, the goal(s) of the treatment defined, and proper modeling
performed; an informed proppant selection can be made.
1. GOAL(S) OF THE TREATMENT
Overcome near wellbore damage, in-depth fracture stimulation, near wellbore and/or perforation tunnel stabilization, prevent fines
and/or proppant production, reduce bottom hole producing pressure during draw down, allow increased production of viscous crudes,
increased injectivity into a formation, or combinations thereof.
2. TYPE OF STIMULATION TREATMENT TO BE PERFORMED
Frac, Gravel Pack, Frac & Pack, Frac Pack, or Puddle Pack
3. TYPE OF WELL AND PRODUCTION (OR INJECTION) FLOW REGIME
Dry gas or gas well with >10 bbl/day of water production? Oil well, oil & gas well, or oil, gas, & water production? Pressure maintained
reservoir under water flood, gas reinjection, CO
2
flood or injection, steam flood or injection, or huff & puff?
4. MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE CLOSURE ANTICIPATED DURING THE LIFE OF THE WELL
Consider: Bottom hole frac pressure, current reservoir pressure & reservoir pressure for abandonment of the zone.
5. FORMATION PROPERTIES
Consider: Depth (TVD), bottom hole static temperature, effective formation permeability, Youngs Modulus, formation fine size and mesh
distribution, and proppant embedment in the fracture face.
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Factors Affecting Proppant Selection
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6. WELLBORE TYPE, GEOMETRY, AND PERFORATION SCHEME
Type: Open hole, shot hole, cemented casing with perforations, slotted liner, or previous gravel pack completion.
Geometry: Vertical wellbore, high angle wellbore with ? degrees of inclination, extended reach, or horizontal wellbore perpendicular or
parallel to principal stresses; length of zone(s) to be treated.
Perforation scheme & type: Select fire limited entry, number of shots per foot with ? degrees phasing, high density phased, by casing
gun or tubing conveyed; or slots cut by abrasion jet tool. Size and depth of penetration?
7. ANTICIPATED PROPPANT CONCENTRATION TO BE PLACED
Low = < 1 lb/ft
2
, Moderate = 1- 2 lb/ft
2
, High = 2-20 lb/ft
2
.
8. EFFECTIVE DOWNHOLE RATE, ANTICIPATED WIDTH, PROP TRANSPORT CAPABILITY BASED ON THE TYPE OF FLUID
The type of fluid, effective downhole rate, and prop transport characteristics of the fluid(s) used can influence the type, density, and
mesh size of proppant to be used.
9. ECONOMICS AND NET PRESENT VALUE
The overall economics of a treatment and net present value of a well after the treatment should be optimized through modeling. The
choice of proppant can seriously affect the net present value of the well, rate of return on investment, ultimate recoverable reserves,
and in some cases the viability of a project.
10. OTHER INFLUENCING FACTORS
Steam injection, hot-wet crushing at high temperature, mud (HCl-HF) acid used in sandstone acidizing, cyclic loading, and some
workover fluids/ solvent combinations can affect the longevity of certain proppants and should be given consideration prior to placement
for the life of the well.
Santrol Proppant Selection Guide
Factors Affecting Proppant Selection (Contd)
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Santrol Field Guide
Field Guide for Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants
FIELD DELIVERY
Proper care and handling of proppants is required to assure that the highest quality product is
available for the hydraulic fracturing treatment. Care in handling starts when the pneumatic trucks
are loaded with proppant. Listed below are recommended procedures that help assure delivery of
quality proppant for the job.
TRUCK INSPECTION
1. Trucks should be visually inspected to ensure that the inside of the trailer is dry and free of
contaminants.
2. Drop all bottom flanges on trailers to check tank bottoms for contaminants. In addition, all
belly line caps should be pulled and inspected.
3. Tanks and lines should be pressurized and blown through to ensure they are clean and empty
prior to arriving at the load out point.
4. All discharge hoses should be cleaned out and checked for a good seal with the coupling.
5. A coarse screen should be placed over the load hatch opening to catch any contaminants or
foreign objects that may enter the truck.
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Santrol Field Guide
Field Guide for Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants (Contd)
DELIVERY ON-SITE
1. Once on-site prior to initial product discharge, the field storage bins and conveyor bins should
be checked for residual incompatible proppant that may have been left over from previous frac jobs.
Should incompatible proppant be present, this should be swept out or emptied and stored or
disposed of appropriately.
2. Pneumatic trucks should be unloaded at the minimum pressure to ensure a steady stream of
flow in to the receiving storage bin. This will be no more than 5 to 8 psi. Proppant entering the
field storage bin should, if possible, be directed at proppant already in the bin, and should never
directly impinge or strike metal walls at a high angle. Both high discharge pressures and impinging
on metal walls will cause both resin coated raw frac sand to degrade causing dust and excess fines
which will alter the performance of the base proppant.
3. Samples to be taken according to procedure recommended by API RP-56, as required, or may
be sent with the trucks if caught properly during loading.
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Santrol Field Guide
Field Frac Job Procedures
1. FLUID TESTING
Pre-frac tests of fluids and (Resin Coated Proppants) RCP are recommended. Test the RCP at the highest design proppant
concentration. The main parameters to check for are viscosity retention and crosslink times. Adjustments to the pH of the fluid
and the amount of crosslinker and breaker adjustment may be required.
If chemical bonding agents are needed for low temperature bonding (see ACTIVATORS) or, if any other chemical additive is
used, they should be checked in the recommended concentration range to assure compatibility. When using persulfate breakers
in low temperature wells (< 200 F), additional breaker may be required.
2. SIEVE ANALYSIS
RCPs are tested similarly to raw sands and RP 56 covers in detail the procedures needed for raw sand testing. A word of
caution is needed however as RCPs by their very nature are coated with a resin which will, over extended use, impart a resin
dust to the sieve weave. Caution is required to keep the sieves clean and not blinded. A gentle application of acetone will
usually be sufficient to clean the screens of resin dust. Ultra-sonic cleaning should then be used periodically.
3. CRUSH TESTS
These are carried out in the same manner for sand, ceramics or RCPs as specified in API recommendations. One note to
remember for RCP is that temperature and closure cause consolidation of particles and increase crush resistance while
eliminating free fines.
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Santrol Field Guide
Field Frac Job Procedures (Contd)
4. COLOR VARIATION
Various RCP product grades and even the same product may have slightly different color variations due to both the underlying
substrate and different resins used in manufacturing. Northern sands of the St. Peter (Ottawa) type tend to be whiter than the
Jordan sands which in turn are whiter than the generally brown sands from Texas and Arizona. Santrol products are based on
high quality northern sands except where specified.
Color differences in RCPs do not affect the proppants ability to bond or perform as specified.
5. SURFACTANTS AND ADDITIVES
A surfactant should always be used with resin coated proppants to quickly and completely water wet the resin surface. Santrol
applies proprietary wetting agents to assist this process.
6. STATIC CHARGE
RCP may have a static charge generated by either movement of the material or low humidity. Particles appear to stick to the
delivery belt from the field storage bins to the blenders. Grounding the delivery belt will reduce this charge. If static proves to
be problematical contact Santrol and anti-static agents can be added to the product.
7. CURABLE VERSUS TEMPERED RCP (A QUICK FILED TEST)
Curable resin coated proppants bond together with temperature and a quick demonstration will show this effect.
Fill a metal spoon or a small piece of foil with the RCP. Hold the spoon or foil with an insulated cloth and heat with a butane
lighter until the color of the RCP darkens slightly. Curable RCP will bond together in a minute or less. Precured or tempered
product will not change color noticeably or bond together.
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Santrol Field Guide
Field Frac Job Procedures (Contd)
8. CONTROLLED FLOWBACK
The important factor in bonding RCP is to get the bottom hole temperature back on the proppant as quickly as possible and to
force grain-to-grain contact of the proppant. By using a controlled flowback procedure, sometimes referred to as "forced
closure", closure and temperature return much quicker, allowing the proppant to be optimally placed in the fracture, ensure
bonding in place to prevent flowback, embedment and to provide high long term conductivity.
Adjustable chokes and gradual increases in choke size during flowback are recommended.
9. BONDING TIMES
RCPs bond together with a combination of temperature and pressure. In low temperatures an activator may be needed and the
section on ACTIVATORS shows estimated concentrations and shut in times for additives.
10. FOAM - FRACS WITH RCPS
By using a chemical activator in a foam frac system, wells can be flowed back within a four hour period or less. See the ACTIVATOR
section for the amount of activator recommended. When flowing back, make sure that the choke is as small as possible (i.e. 2/64,
4/64, 6/64). The choke size can be increased every four to six hours or as long as no sand is being produced.
end of section