3bi) Non Revenue Water (NRW) is defined as the difference between supplied water

from water treatment plant and metered quantity to the consumers. NRW components
consist of physical and commercial losses (water consumed but gives no revenue). The
causes which led to a significant increase in NRW for Perlis state are :
Commercial Loss
Inaccurate meter reading (quantity showed by the old meters is less than the
actual).
Water theft by illegal tappings
Maintenance of the water supply system through pipe flushing after leakage
repair works, reservoirs cleaning and fire brigade usage.
Physical loss
If physical loss could be solved, then operation cost could be reduced. However, for
commercial reduction, it will only recover back all the unbilled quantity and this will give
immediate impact on the revenue due to increase on collection from consumers.
Physical loss is due to the following factors:-
Pipe burst
Leakage (particularly the old asbestos cement pipe);
From the factors stated above, main reason of high physical loss in the whole country
is identified to be caused by leakage of old and dilapidated AC pipes.






3bii) The factors that contributed to the increase NRW on Perlis are Perlis Indera
Kayangan is the smallest state in Malaysia. It is located in the north of Peninsular
Malaysia and is bordered by Thailand to the north, and Kedah. The capital of Perlis is
Kangar which is also the administrative center of the state of Perlis.
Perlis is very famous for the beauty of the quiet atmosphere undisturbed by the very
rapid development. the beauty of the Vast rice fields in the morning like a green
landscape to meet as far as the eye can see. Upon harvest, the green is covered with
golden rice is ready for harvest.
Perlis has a tropical monsoon climate and the temperature is uniform in the range of 21
degrees C to 32 degrees C, while the weather is usually dry and hot with the humidity in
the Lowlands between 82% to 86%. Average annual rainfall of the state is around 2500
mm with the most wet months from May to December. Best Time to Visit While you can
visit all year round Perlis, but it is better to avoid visiting Perlis in the wettest months,
from May to December. besides the Perlis State is a state priority sectors of agriculture
in everyday community activities.










3biv) Method of controlling the leakage
There are six methods of controlling the leakage of :
a) Pressure controlling
b) controlling passive
c) sounding
d) district metering
e) combine metering
five of these methods involve the detection of leaks and another method involving
pressure control are accounted for as an aid to other methods
pressure control

- The effect of pressure on the rate of leakage is common in the distribution system
where it gives a great effect on the total leakage.
- Most of the distribution system to operate at optimum pressure and in some systems,
the pressure cannot be reduced without causing supply problems everywhere.
- The problem will be even greater when the pipes used were too long and would be the
crust.
- Stress reduction can be achieved in various ways, among the methods commonly
used is
-zoning
-reducing pumping head
-break pressure tank
-pressure reducing valves
zoning
- The most simple and inexpensive to reduce stress
- Only suitable for a limited area.
- Consist of closing valves are installed in the distribution system and the area where
the water is supplied from an existing water storage.
Biii) The method and procedure that can be used to detect the occurrence on NRW
are:-
Existing NRW control
Federal Government has allocated RM 1,092 billion to implement various programs
NRW. Of the total allocation, amounting to 1.082 billion has been spent specifically to
upgrade the water supply piping system. Nevertheless, there are still some states that
have high NRW rates caused by the implementation of a holistic NRW program has not
yet begun. States are as Pahang, Perlis, Sabah and Sarawak.
Among the causes of a holistic NRW program has yet to be carried out in the states
involved is due to no expertise and not have enough manpower. Therefore, the
provision has been widely used for the conversion of a dilapidated pipes and meter
exchange only. In addition, most states have a lot of trouble to identify the route of pipe
to be in exchange for information about the pipeline is not complete and does not have
a system of "mapping" is perfect.
For the states that run programs in a holistic control, the main problem was due to the
failure involved in the formation of District Metering Zone (DMZ) where stress
management is not perfect. Further, the new DMZ should be designed to overcome the
problem of management of NRW.
The Holistic Approach to Addressing NRW
There are things that should be given special attention in order to address the problem
in a holistic NRW. Item is specified as follows: -

1. Repair leaks comprehensively
2.Conversion meters of production
3. Establishment of District Metering Zones (DMZ)
4. Control of the water pressure on a regular basis
5. Exchange pipes are sick / obsolete
6. Training and audit the implementation of the Water Balance formula.
Comprehensive repair leak
Work activities is important for reducing the rate of water loss, in addition to improving
the quality of water supply services and will restore the confidence of consumers.
Frequency of repair can be accomplished in several ways:
a) Increase workforce in repairs
b) Improving monitoring and surveillance
c) Provision of incentives to contractors who managed to give productivity high
d) Fines / Penalties apply if the contractor fails to meet targets NRW reduction
e) Accurate and complete reporting
Increased Availability of Customer Service
customer service centers in every state is better in customer complaints, including
expediting repairs leaks were reported. For example, a customer service center in
Selangor (PUSPEL).
Creation of a pool of labor for repair leaks
In addition, the workforce for leak repair competent and knowledgeable in each
Customer Service Centre is also required, especially in states with high NRW rates as
Pahang, Sabah, Kedah, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Perlis and Terengganu
Existence of District Metering Zones (DMZ) / Stress Management Water
DMZ is the best way to manage NRW in an area of water distribution based on the
water flow past the inlet point to the distribution of water. Each zone is designed
encompasses 500-2000 users. Several countries have already created several DMZ,
but without proper supervision, cannot be tested task DMZ border due to open valves
and DMZ are not preserved, causing the leakage increased. Continuous monitoring is
required in a DMZ. DMZ design failure is caused by improper management of pressure
which causes the user does not receive sufficient water supply.
Further, a DMZ that has been created should be regularly monitored and performed
maintenance. Creation of new DMZ is also required when there is an increase or
change in requirements or the use of water in the distribution system.
Conversion Pipeline is old and dilapidated
Pipe exchange involving the provision of a high number of relatively long payback. In
Malaysia, the AC pipes were adopted because many expected resistance for 70 years.
However, due to environmental factors and the factors surrounding development,
endurance pipe may be reduced.
Training and Audit Implementation Of Formula Water Balance
Balance Water formulas produced by the International Water Association (IWA) is a
guide that is very useful in calculating the Water Balance for each state. However, each
component of the Water Balance in the table has a different interpretation of the various
parties in addition to the lack of understanding in the use of these tables. Too many
assumptions are made in respect of the use of tables Water Balance render the
information given is incorrect.
Accordingly, a method needs to be established to ensure the standardization of the
definition and calculation method of each component in the table on the Water Balance
apart from the activities of a holistic NRW program described above in an effort to
reduce NRW in the country.
Training and audit implementation of water supply is one of the methods required in the
use of the Water Balance of the table.