ECE202 Ch13-Fall2014

Chapter 13
Magnetically Coupled Circuits

13.1 What is a transformer?
13.2 Mutual Inductance
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
13.4 Linear Transformers
13.5 Ideal Transformers
13.6 Ideal Autotransformers
13.8 Multisim Analysis
13.9 Applications
1 ECE 202 Ch 13
13.1 What is a transformer? (1)
It is an electrical device designed on the basis of the
concept of magnetic coupling
It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from
one circuit to another
It is the key circuit elements for stepping up or stepping
down ac voltages or currents, impedance matching,
isolation, etc.
2 ECE 202 Ch 13
Mutual Inductance
When two inductors (or coils) are in close proximity
of each other, the magnetic flux caused by current
in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing
voltage in the latter.

3
13.2 Mutual Inductance (1)
ECE 202 Ch 13
First consider a single inductor, a coil with N turns:

According to Faradays law, the voltage v induced
in the coil is proportional to the number of turns N
and the time rate of change of magnetic flux :

4
When current i flows through the
coil, a magnetic flux is
produced around it.
t d
d
N v
|
=
ECE 202 Ch 13
Voltage induced in the coil:

But the flux is produced by current i
so that any change in is caused by a
change in the current:

Recall the voltage-current relationship
for an inductor.

The inductance L of the inductor (Self
inductance) is given by:

Self-inductance L relates the voltage
induced in a coil by a time-varying
current in the same coil.

5
t d
i d
L v =
t d
i d
i d
d
N v
|
=
t d
d
N v
|
=
i d
d
N L
|
=
ECE 202 Ch 13
Now consider two coils with self-inductances L
1

and L
2
that are in close proximity of each other:

The total magnetic flux
1
emanating from coil 1
has two components:

11
links only coil 1

12
links both coils

6
+ = 12 11 1 | | |
Coil 1 has N
1
turns
Coil 2 has N
2
turns
Assume coil 2 carries no current.
ECE 202 Ch 13
Although the two coils are physically separated,
they are magnetically coupled.
The voltage induced in each coil is proportional to
the flux in each coil.

7
ECE 202 Ch 13
t d
d
N v
1
1 1
|
=
t d
d
N v
12
2 2
|
=
The voltage equations can be rewritten as follows:

8
ECE 202 Ch 13
t d
d
N v
1
1 1
|
=
t d
d
N v
12
2 2
|
=
t d
i d
i d
d
N v
1
1
1
1 1
|
=
t d
i d
L v
1
1 1 =
t d
i d
i d
d
N v
1
1
12
2 2
|
=
t d
i d
M v
1
21 2 =
L
1
is the self-inductance of coil 1
M
21
is the mutual inductance of
coil 2 with respect to coil 1
v
2
is the open-circuit mutual
voltage (or induced voltage)
across coil 2
Suppose now we let current i
2
flow in coil 2 while
coil 1 carries no current:

The magnetic flux
2
emanating from coil 2
comprises flux
22
that links only coil 2 and flux
21
that links both coils:

The resulting symmetry is true:

9
+ = 2 1 2 2 2 | | |
ECE 202 Ch 13
t d
i d
L v
2
2 2 =
t d
i d
M v
2
12 1 =
2
21
1 12
i d
d
N M
|
=
L
2
is the self inductance of coil 2
M
12
is the mutual inductance of
coil 1 with respect to coil 2
v
1
is the open-circuit mutual
voltage (or induced voltage)
across coil 1
10
M
12
= M
21
= M - Mutual inductance between the
coils
As with self-inductance L, mutual inductance M is
measured in Henrys
Mutual inductance only exists when inductors or
coils are in close proximity and the circuits are
driven by time-varying sources
Although mutual inductance M is always a
positive quantity, the mutual voltage M di/dt may
be negative or positive, just like the self-induced
voltage L di/dt
ECE 202 Ch 13
11
Self-induced voltage polarity is determined by the
reference direction of the current and the reference
polarity of the voltage
The polarity of the mutual voltage is not as easy to
determine (depends on the winding direction of the coils)
We use the dot convention to determine
ECE 202 Ch 13
Dot Convention
12
If a current enters the dotted
terminal of one coil, the reference
polarity of the mutual voltage in
the second coil is positive at the
dotted terminal of the second coil.

Alternatively, if a current leaves the
dotted terminal of one coil, the
reference polarity of the mutual
voltage in the second coil is
negative at the dotted terminal of
the second coil.

ECE 202 Ch 13
13
Replace the dot with a dependent voltage source.
I
1
induces a voltage in the second coil (jMI
1
term) while I
2
induces a
voltage in the first coil (jMI
2
term).
I
1
enters L
1
at the dotted end, then the polarity of the mutual voltage
(jMI
1
) in L
2
is positive at the dotted terminal on top and negative at the
bottom. Therefore, the controlled voltage source has a plus sign on top and
minus sign at the bottom.
I
2
leaves L
2
at the dotted end, then the polarity of the mutual voltage in L
1
is
negative at the dotted terminal on top and positive at the bottom.
Therefore, the controlled voltage source (jMI
2
) has a minus sign on top
and plus sign at the bottom.

ECE 202 Ch 13
Recommended
14 ECE 202 Ch 13
Watch these videos illustrating solving mutual
inductance problems:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD35a-uzd34
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzU4XKQYTWw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqSvesTtnUo

15
) connection aiding - (series
2
2 1
M L L L + + =
) connection opposing - (series
2
2 1
M L L L + =
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the
polarity of the mutual voltage; (a) series-aiding connection,
(b) series-opposing connection.
ECE 202 Ch 13
16
Example 13.1 (Textbook)

Calculate the phasor currents I
1
and I
2
in the circuit shown
below.
A 04 . 14 91 . 2 I A; 39 . 49 01 . 13 I
2 1
Z = Z =
Ans:
ECE 202 Ch 13
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
17
The instantaneous energy w stored in the circuit is:
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
i Mi i L i L w + =
The positive sign is selected for the mutual term if both
currents enter or leave the dotted terminals; the negative
sign is selected otherwise.
ECE 202 Ch 13
18
The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the magnetic
coupling between two coils; 0 k 1.
2 1
L L k M =
K = 1 coils perfectly coupled
K < 0.5 coils loosely coupled
K > 0.5 coils tightly coupled
12 11
12
| |
|
+
= K
22 21
21
| |
|
+
= K
ECE 202 Ch 13
19
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling
coefficient. Calculate the energy stored in the coupled
inductors at time t = 1s if v=60cos(4t +30) V.
Ans: k=0.56; w(1)=20.73J
ECE 202 Ch 13
13.4 Linear Transformers (1)
20
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or
more) magnetically coupled coils
ECE 202 Ch 13
The coil directly connected to the voltage source is called the primary
winding.
The coil directly connected to the load is called the secondary winding.
Resistances R1 and R2 are included to account for the losses in the coils.
A transformer is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically
linear material for which the permeability is constant.
Air, plastic, Bakelite, wood, etc.
Most materials are magnetically linear.
21
Obtain input impedance Z
in
as seen from the source:
ECE 202 Ch 13
Mesh 1:

Mesh 2:
2 1 1 1
) ( MI j I L j R V e e + =
2 2 2 1
) ( 0 I Z L j R MI j
L
+ + + = e e
1
2 2
2
I
Z
I
L
L j R
M j
+ +
=
e
e
1
2 2
2 2
1 1 1

Z
) ( I
L j R
M
I L j R V
L
+ +
+ + =
e
e
e
From Mesh 2: Substituting into Mesh 1 gives:
1 1
I Z I Z V
reflected primary
+ =

Z
Z
2 2
2 2
L
R
L j R
M
+ +
=
e
e
Reflected Impedance
22
Obtain input impedance Z
in
as seen from the source:
ECE 202 Ch 13
Mesh 1:

Mesh 2:
( )
2 1
MI j I Z V
primary
e =
2 1
) ( 0 I Z MI j
Secondary
+ = e
1 2
I I
Secondary
Z
M j e
=
1
2 2
1
I
Z
M
I Z V
Secondary
primary
e
+ =
From Mesh 2: Substituting into Mesh 1 gives:
1 1
I Z I Z V
reflected primary
+ =
Z
2 2
Secondary
R
Z
M e
=
Reflected Impedance
Z
Secondary
= the total series
impedance in the secondary loop
23
The input impedance Z
in
can be broken into two parts as
follows:
ECE 202 Ch 13
reflected primary in
Z Z Z + =
( )
L
in
L j Z
M
L j Z Z
Z
2 2
2 2
1 1
+ +
+ + =
e
e
e
Note: Z
in
will be the same if the dot on L2 is switched
Secondary
primary in
Z
M
Z Z
2 2
e
+ =
24
The input impedance Z
in
can be broken into two parts as
follows:
ECE 202 Ch 13
reflected primary in
Z Z Z + =
Note: Z
in
will be the same if the dot on L2 is switched
Secondary
primary in
Z
M
Z Z
2 2
e
+ =
25
Example 13.4 (textbook)
In the circuit below, calculate the input impedance and current I
1
.
Take Z
1
=60-j100, Z
2
=30+j40, and Z
L
=80+j60.
A 1 . 113 5 . 0 I ; 1 . 53 14 . 100 Z
1 in
Z = O Z = Ans:
ECE 202 Ch 13
26
Analyzing magnetically coupled circuits is
somewhat challenging, so it is sometimes
convenient to replace a magnetically
couple circuit with an equivalent circuit
with no magnetic coupling.

ECE 202 Ch 13
We want to replace the linear transformer with an
equivalent T or circuit that has no mutual inductance.

Circuit: T Circuit:
Equivalent T Circuit:
27 ECE 202 Ch 13
(
=
(
2
1
2
1
2
1
I
I
jwL M j
M j L j
V
V
e
e e
Linear Transformer Circuit
Equivalent T Network
(
+
+
=
(
2
1
2
1
) (
) (
I
I
L L jw jwL
jwL L L j
V
V
c b c
c c a
e
Equating the terms gives the following relationships:
L
a
= L
1
- M; L
b
= L
2
- M; L
c
= M
Mesh Analysis of this transformer circuit
results in the following:
Mesh Analysis of the equivalent T network
Equivalent T Circuit (Swapped Dots):
28 ECE 202 Ch 13
(

=
(
2
1
2
1
2
1
I
I
jwL M j
M j L j
V
V
e
e e
Linear Transformer Circuit
Equivalent T Network
(
+
+
=
(
2
1
2
1
) (
) (
I
I
L L jw jwL
jwL L L j
V
V
c b c
c c a
e
Equating the terms gives the following relationships:
L
a
= L
1
+ M; L
b
= L
2
+ M; L
c
= -M
Mesh Analysis of this transformer circuit
Mesh Analysis of the equivalent T network
Equivalent Circuit:
29 ECE 202 Ch 13
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
(
2
1
2
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
V
V
L j L j L j
L j L j L j
I
I
C B C
C C A
e e e
e e e
Similarly, for the network nodal analysis provides:
Equivalent Network
By equating terms in admittance matrices, for the equivalent
network we obtain:
M
M L L
; L
M L
M L L
; L
M L
M L L
L
C B A
2
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
2
2 1

=
=
M
M L L
; L
M L
M L L
; L
M L
M L L
L
C B A

=
+
=
+
=
2
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
Equivalent T or Circuits Summary:
30 ECE 202 Ch 13
T Circuit
Circuit
T Circuit
Circuit
Equivalent Circuit:
31 ECE 202 Ch 13
Find I
1
and I
2
using the T equivalent circuit:
( ) 0 3 2 4 0 12
2 1 1 1
= + + Z I I j I j I j
( ) 0 12 3 3
2 2 1 2
= + + I I j I I j
Mesh I
1
:
Mesh I
2
:
Z = 0 12 3
2 1
I j jI
( ) 0 6 12 3
2 1
= + + I j I j
13.5 Ideal Transformers (1)
32
An ideal transformer has perfect coupling (k=1).
It consists of two or more coils with a large number of
turns wound on a common core of high permeability.
ECE 202 Ch 13
Because of the high permeability of the core, the flux
links all the turns of both coils, thereby resulting in a
perfect coupling.
(Dots the same polarity)
33
Recall the coupled circuit:
ECE 202 Ch 13
2 1 1 1
MI j I L j V e e + =
2 2 1 2
I L j MI j V e e + =
(1)
(2)
Solving for I
1
in (1):
1 1
1
2
1
2 2 1
1
1 2 1
2 2 2
nV V
L
L
L
I L L j
L
V L L
I L j V = = + =
e
e
(3)
Substituting (3) into (2):
1
2 1
1
I
L j
MI j V
e
e
=
2 1
L L M = For perfect coupling (k=1):
1
2
2
1
1
2 2 2
L
I M j
L
MV
I L j V
e
e + =
1 2
nV V =
Therefore: where
1 2
L L n =
= turns ratio
(Dots opposite each other)
34
Mesh equations give the following:
ECE 202 Ch 13
2 1 1 1
MI j I L j V e e =
2 2 1 2
I L j MI j V e e + =
(1)
(2)
Solving for I
1
in (1):
1 1
1
2
1
2 2 1
1
1 2 1
2 2 2
nV V
L
L
L
I L L j
L
V L L
I L j V = = =
e
e
(3)
Substituting (3) into (2):
1
2 1
1
I
L j
MI j V
e
e +
=
2 1
L L M = For perfect coupling (k=1):
1
2
2
1
1
2 2 2
L
I M j
L
MV
I L j V
e
e =
1 2
nV V =
Therefore:
If dot is swapped at output
A transformer is said to be ideal if it has the
following properties:
1. Coils have very large reactances (L
1
, L
2
, M )
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (K=1)
3. Primary and secondary coils are lossless (R
1
= R
2
= 0)
An ideal transformer is a unity-coupled lossless
transformer in which the primary and secondary
coils have infinite self-inductances.
Iron core transformers are close approximations to
ideal transformers and are used in power systems
and electronics.
35 ECE 202 Ch 13
36
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary
winding, the same magnetic flux goes through both
windings.
ECE 202 Ch 13
Using the phasor voltages rather than the
instantaneous voltages:
t d
d
N v
|
1 1
=
= = = n
N
N
v
v
1
2
1
2
t d
d
N v
|
2 2
=
;
Turns ratio or
transformation ratio
n
N
N
V
V
= =
1
2
1
2
37
Power conservation:

The energy supplied to the primary must equal the
energy absorbed by the secondary, since there are no
losses in an ideal transformer.

In phasor form:

n=1 isolation transformer (V
2
= V
1
)
n>1 step-up transformer (V
2
> V
1
)
n<1 step-down transformer (V
2
< V
1
)
ECE 202 Ch 13
2 2 1 1
i v i v =
n
V
V
I
I
= =
1
2
2
1
38
Transformer ratings are usually specified as V
1
/ V
2

Power companies often generate at some convenient
voltage and use the step-up transformer to increase
the voltage so that the power can be transmitted at
very high voltage and low current over transmission
lines, resulting in significant cost savings. Near
residential consumers, step-down transformers are
used to bring the voltage down to 120 V.

It is important to get the proper polarity of the
voltages and the direction of the currents for the
transformer.

ECE 202 Ch 13
39 ECE 202 Ch 13
13.5 Ideal Transformer (8)
Two rules to be followed for voltage polarity and current
direction:
1. If V
1
and V
2
are both positive or both negative at the
dotted terminals, use the +n. Otherwise, use the n.
2. If I
1
and I
2
both enter into or both leave the dotted
terminals, use n. Otherwise, use +n.

40 ECE 202 Ch 13
Expressing V
1
in terms of V
2
and I
1
in terms of I
2
or vice
versa:

Complex Power is:

Complex power supplied to the primary is delivered to the
secondary without loss.

The ideal transformer is lossless and absorbs no power.

n
V
V
2
1
=
1 2
nV V =
n
I
I
1
2
=
2 1
nI I =
( )
2
*
2 2
*
2
2
*
1 1 1
S I V nI
n
V
I V S = = = =
Complex Conjugate of I
2
(Reflected Impedance)
41
The input impedance as seen by the source is:

The input impedance is also called the reflected
impedance since it appears as if the load impedance
is reflected to the primary side.
The ability of the transformer to transform a given
impedance to another allows impedance matching to
ensure maximum power transfer.
ECE 202 Ch 13
2
2
2
2
1
1
n
Z
I n
V
I
V
Z
L
in
= = =
42
In analyzing a circuit containing an ideal transformer,
it is common practice to eliminate the transformer by
reflecting impedances and sources from one side of
the transformer to the other.
Suppose we want to reflect the secondary side of the
circuit to the primary side:
ECE 202 Ch 13
2
2
n
Z
Z
R
=

43
We find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the right of a-b:
Obtaining V
th
from open circuit voltage:

Obtaining Z
Th
(remove the voltage source in the secondary and
insert a unit source at a-b terminals.)
ECE 202 Ch 13
n
V
n
V
V V
V V
I I
s
Th
s
2 2
1
2 2
2 1
0
= = =
=
= =
Since a-b is open
Equivalent Circuit
Reflecting the secondary to the primary
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
n
Z
I n
V
I
V
Z
Th
= = =
44

The general rule for eliminating the
transformer and reflecting the secondary
circuit to the primary side:
Divide the secondary impedance by n
2
Divide the secondary voltage by n
Multiply the secondary current by n

The general rule for eliminating the
transformer and reflecting the primary
circuit to the secondary side:
Multiply the primary impedance by n
2
Multiply the primary voltage by n
Divide the primary current by n

ECE 202 Ch 13

An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120V, 9.6 kVA, and has 50
turns on the secondary side.

Calculate:
(a) the turns ratio,
(b) the number of turns on the primary side, and
(c) the current ratings for the primary and secondary windings.
45
Ans:
(a) This is a step-down transformer, n=0.05
(b) N
1
= 1000 turns
(c) I
1
= 4A and I
2
= 80A
ECE 202 Ch 13

For the ideal transformer, find: (a) the source current I
1
, (b) the
output voltage V
0
, and (c ) the complex power supplied by the
source.

46 ECE 202 Ch 13
13.6 Ideal Auto-Transformers (1)
47 ECE 202 Ch 13
An autotransformer is a
transformer in which both the
primary and the secondary
are in a single winding
A connection point called a
tap is separates the primary
and secondary.
The tap is often adjustable to
provide a desired turns ratio.
An adjustable tap provides a
variable voltage to the load
A disadvantage of the
autotransformer is it provides
no electrical isolation
Step Down Auto-Transformer
Step Up Auto-Transformer
13.6 Ideal Auto-Transformers (2)
48 ECE 202 Ch 13
The voltage / current relationships for the lossless ideal
autotransformer are as follows:
Step Down Auto-Transformer Step Up Auto-Transformer
1
2 1
2
2
V
N N
N
V
+
=
1
1
2 1
2
V
N
N N
V
+
=
1
2 1
1
2
I
N N
N
I
+
=
1
2
2 1
2
I
N
N N
I
+
=
L in
Z
N
N N
Z
2
2
2 1
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
L in
Z
N N
N
Z
2
2 1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Similar to
Voltage Divider
equation
Inverse Relation
Derive from V/I
13.8 Multisim
ECE 202 Ch 13 49
REMEMBER:
k=M/sqrt(L
1
L
2
)
-add ground!
-freq=omega/2pi
The dot is always on the left-hand
terminal of the inductor when the
inductor component L is placed
(horizontally) without rotation on
the schematic. Thus the dot will
be at the top after 90 clockwise
rotation and at the bottom after
90 counterclockwise rotation.
For Magnetically Coupled Coils or Linear Transformer use:
Multisim TRANSFORMER / INDUCTOR_COUPLING

For Ideal Transformer use:
Multisim TRANSFORMER / 1P1S

13.9 Applications (1)
50
Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate ac supply
from a rectifier
ECE 202 Ch 13
51
Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate dc between
two amplifier stages.
ECE 202 Ch 13
52
Transformer as a Matching Device
Using an ideal transformer to match
the speaker to the amplifier
Equivalent circuit
ECE 202 Ch 13
Practice Problem 13.16 (Textbook)

Calculate the turns ratio of an ideal transformer
required to match a 400 load to a source with
internal impedance of 2.5k. Find the load
voltage when the source voltage is 30V.
53
Ans: n = 0.4; V
L
= 6V
ECE 202 Ch 13
54
A typical power distribution system
ECE 202 Ch 13
Chapter 13 - Equation / Analysis Summary
Series Aiding / Opposing
Dot Convention Model
Coupling coefficient k
Linear Transformer
Input Impedance:

Reflected Impedance:

Equivalent T or Circuits:

Ideal Transformer
K = 1, L
1
, L
2
,
Lossless (S
1
= S
2
)
Voltage / Current Relationship:
Dots same = +n, Dots diff = -n
Complex Power:
Autotransformer
Adjustable tap
No electrical Isolation
Voltage Divider like relationship
55
2
2 1
M L L L + + =
2
2 1
M L L L + =
2 1
L L k M =
Secondary
primary in
Z
M
Z Z
2 2
e
+ =
Secondary
reflected
Z
M
Z
2 2
e
=
1 2
nV V =
n
I
I
1
2
=
2
n
Z
Z
L
in
=
1
2 1
2
2
V
N N
N
V
+
=
1
2
2 1
2
I
N
N N
I
+
=
2
*
2 2
*
1 1 1
S I V I V S = = =
L rms ave
R I P
2
2
=

ECE202 Ch13-Fall2014

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ECE202 Ch13-Fall2014

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Chapter 13

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

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