BMCF 3233 1

FLUID MECHANICS II
BMCF 3233
FLUID KINEMATICS &
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
FLUID FLOW
Semester 2 Session 2011/2012
LECTURE 1
Classification of fluid flows
1/2/3 dimensional
Steady/Unsteady
Viscous / Inviscid (Real / Ideal) Boundary Layer
Internal / External
Compressible / Incompressible
Laminar / Turbulent
Natural (buoyant / unforced) / Forced
2 BMCF 3233
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
FLOW
1 / 2 / 3-DIMENSIONAL FLOW
Varying in x, y, z Cartesian / Rectangular co-
ordinates
Varying in r, , z Cylindrical co-ordinates
3 BMCF 3233
1 - DIMENSIONAL FLOW
Some problems, significant change only in 1
direction (1-Dimensional flow)
Change of flow in other directions is relatively small
and can be negligible
If unsteady, may vary with time
4 BMCF 3233
2 - DIMENSIONAL FLOW
Flow vary significantly in 1-direction & another
perpendicular (90).
Greatly simplifies calculation
5 BMCF 3233
STEADY / UNSTEADY FLOW
Any of the field (velocity, pressure or
temperature) at a given point in space / flow
region do not vary with time, i.e.
0 =

t
V

6 BMCF 3233
VISCOUS / INVISCID REGIONS
Ludwig Prandtl came up
with the Boundary Layer
approximation
Flow is divided into 2
regions:
Outer Flow Region
Inviscid and/or
Irrotational
Boundary Layer Region
Thin layer near solid wall
viscous forces
rotationality
Cannot be
ignored
7 BMCF 3233
INVISCID
Inviscid regions
High Re regions, away from walls and
wakes
Net viscous forces negligible compared to
inertial and/or pressure forces
8 BMCF 3233
Cont
Inviscid assumes viscosity = 0
thermal conductivity = 0
no Heat Transfer except radiation
No inviscid fluid in real flows
However inviscid assumption useful approx for
flows where forces such as gravity or pressure
differences are orders of magnitude (a lot)
BIGGER than viscous forces
9 BMCF 3233
INTERNAL / EXTERNAL FLOW
Internal flows are
dominated by the
influence of viscosity
throughout the flow
field
For external flows,
viscous effects are
limited to the boundary
layer and wake.
10 BMCF 3233
COMPRESSIBLE /
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
A flow is classified as incompressible if the density
remains nearly constant.
Liquid flows are typically incompressible.
Gas flows are often compressible, especially for
high speeds.
Mach number, Ma = U/c is a good indicator of
whether or not compressibility effects are important.
Ma < 0.3 : Incompressible
Ma < 1 : Subsonic
Ma = 1 : Sonic
Ma > 1 : Supersonic
Ma 1 : Hypersonic
11
force ility compressib
force inertial
Ma
BMCF 3233
Cont
12
0 =

Incompressible density at particular point are

independent of time, that is
BMCF 3233
LAMINAR / TURBULENT FLOW
Laminar at low velocities
Turbulent at higher velocities, continuous small
fluctuations accompanied by fluctuations in
pressure
Transitional: a flow that contains both laminar and
turbulent regions
13 BMCF 3233
Cont
14 BMCF 3233
Cont
Criterion for determining laminar/turbulent
Reynolds No.,
Viscous/laminar flow:
Viscous force > Inertial force
Viscous shear stresses sufficiently high to
counter inertial effects
Turbulent flow:
Inertial force > Viscous force
15
force viscous
force inertial
Re
BMCF 3233
NATURAL / FORCED FLOW
Depends on how flow is
initiated
Forced
by external means eg.
Pump/fan
Natural(Unforced)
by natural means
eg. Buoyancy effect
rise of warmer,
fall of cooler air
16 BMCF 3233
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
KINEMATICS
Kinematics of motion
analyze fluid motion without being
concerned with the actual forces
necessary to produce the motion
Types of motion or deformation of fluid elements
Dynamics (Kinetic) of motion
Analysis of the specific forces necessary to
produce the motion.
Continuity equation conservation of mass
Momentum equation Newtons Second Law
Energy Equation 1
st
and 2
nd
laws of
Thermodynamics
BMCF 3233 17
FRAMES OF REFERENCE
) , , , (
0 0
t z y x V
o
Langrangian (after J oseph
Louis Lagrange)
Keeping track of position
v vectors & velocity
vectors of each particle
Follow fluid particle.
Probe is thrown into the
river & moves downstream
with the water.
Eulerian (after Leonhard
Euler)
A flow domain/control
volume is defined
Instead of keeping track
of individual particles,
define field variables
Probe is fixed at a
location of interest in the
water
) , , , ( t z y x V
) , , , (
0 0
t z y x V
o
BMCF 3233 18
FIELD VARIABLES
Velocity field
Acceleration
Newtons Second Law
( ) k t z y x w j t z y x v i t z y x u t z y x V V

) , , , (

) , , , (

) , , , ( , , , + + = =

particle particle particle
a m F

=
dt
V d
a
particle
particle

=
BMCF 3233 19
EXAMPLE 1
A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional
velocity field is given by
Where the x and y coordinates are in meters and
the magnitude of velocity is in m/s. A stagnation
point is defined as a point in the flow field where
the velocity is identically zero.
a) Determine if there are any stagnation points in
this flow field and, if so, where?
b) Sketch velocity vectors at several locations in
the domain between x = -2m to 2m and y = 0
to 5 m.
( ) ( ) ( ) j y i x v u V

8 . 0 5 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 0 , + + =
BMCF 3233 20
Cont
BMCF 3233 21
Velocity vectors for example 1
BMCF 3233 22
ACCELERATION FIELD
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u
t
V
dt
V d
t z y x a
dt
dz
z
V
w
dt
dy
y
V
v
dt
dx
x
V
t
V
dt
V d
t z y x a
A
A
A
A
A
A
A A
A
A A A A A A A A
A

= =

= =

) , , , (
) , , , (
Above equation valid for any particle, therefore
z
V
w
y
V
v
x
V
u
t
V
a

z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
a
x

=
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
a
y

=
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
a
z

=
Scalar components
x direction y direction z direction
Using the chain rule on particle A
MATERIAL DERIVATIVE
( ) +

= . V
t Dt
D

Material Derivative:
Material derivative in vector notation:
where is the gradient operator or del operator
In cartesian coordinates:
k
z
j
y
i
x

=
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
BMCF 3233 23
MATERIAL DERIVATIVE
Local Acceleration, zero for
steady flows
Advective/Convective
acceleration,
- can be non-zero even for
steady flows
- accounts for fluid particle
moving (advecting/convecting)
from one location to another
-eg. velocity at exit of nozzle
larger than at entrance even
though flow is steady
BMCF 3233 24
EXAMPLE 2
A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional
velocity field is given by
Where the x and y coordinates are in meters and
the magnitude of velocity is in m/s. A stagnation
point is defined as a point in the flow field where
the velocity is identically zero.
a) Calculate the material acceleration at the
point ( x = 2 m, y = 3 m )
b) Sketch the material acceleration vectors at
several locations in the domain between x
= -2 m to 2 m and y = 0 to 5 m.
( ) ( ) ( ) j y i x v u V

8 . 0 5 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 0 , + + =
BMCF 3233 25
Cont
BMCF 3233 26
Material acceleration vectors for example 2
EXAMPLE 3
BMCF 3233 27
Cont
BMCF 3233 28
EXAMPLE 4
The fluid velocity along the x
axis shown in Figure above
changes from 6 m/s at point
A to 18 m/s at point B. It is
also known that the velocity
is a linear function of
distance along the
streamline. Determine the
acceleration at points A, B,
and C. Assume steady flow.
BMCF 3233 29
Cont
BMCF 3233 30
BMCF 3233 1
FLUID MECHANICS II
BMCF 3233
FLUID KINEMATICS &
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
FLUID FLOW
Semester 2 Session 2011/2012
LECTURE 2
FLUID ELEMENT KINEMATICS
BMCF 3233 2
Cont
BMCF 3233 3
TRANSLATION
All points in element with
same velocity (no velocity
change/gradient)
Rate of translation vector
is described by the
velocity vector
4 BMCF 3233
LINEAR STRAIN RATE /
DEFORMATION
Linear Strain Rate:
Rate of increase in length
per unit length
In direction :

x
u
dx
dx dt u dx dt
x
u
u
dt
d
PQ
PQ Q P
dt
d

=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

' '
5 BMCF 3233
Cont
6 BMCF 3233
RATE OF ROTATION (ANGULAR
VELOCITY)
Rate of rotation at a point is
defined as the average rotation
rate of two initially perpendicular
lines that intersect at that point
In x-y plane about the z axis:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
y
u
x
v
dt
d
b a
z
2
1
2

7 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 1
8
The 3 components of velocity in a flow field are
given by u = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
, v = xy + yz + z
2
and w = -
3xz -z
2
/2 + 4. Determine expression for the rotation
vector.
BMCF 3233
Cont
9
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z z z
x
w
z
u
z
y
z y
z
v
y
w
y
y y
y
u
x
v
y
x
z
2
5
3 2
2
1
2
1
2
2 0
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Solution:
Therefore;
k
y
j
z
i z
y ~
2
~
2
5
~
)
2
( + + =

BMCF 3233
SHEAR STRAIN RATE /
ANGULAR DEFORMATION
10 BMCF 3233
STRAIN RATE TENSOR
11 BMCF 3233
VORTICITY, AND
ROTATIONALITY,
12 BMCF 3233
Cont
13 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 2
14
The 2 components of velocity in a flow field are
given by u = x
2
+ y
2
and v = xy + y
2
. Determine
expression for the rotation vector. Is this an
irrotational flow field?
BMCF 3233
Cont
15
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z z z
x
w
z
u
z
y
z y
z
v
y
w
y
y y
y
u
x
v
y
x
z
2
5
3 2
2
1
2
1
2
2 0
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Solution:
Therefore;
k
y
j
z
i z
y ~
2
~
2
5
~
)
2
( + + =

BMCF 3233
Cont
16
but , 0
Therefore;
al irrotation 0 2
=
= =

k
y
j
z
i z
y ~
2
~
2
5
~
)
2
( + + =

Since is not zero everywhere, the flow field is

not irrotational (rotational). No.

BMCF 3233
BMCF 3233 1
FLUID MECHANICS II
BMCF 3233
FLUID KINEMATICS &
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
FLUID FLOW
Semester 2 Session 2011/2012
LECTURE 3
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID IN
MOTION
Lagrangian ; or Eulerian
Pathline : A history of the particles location
: Trajectory of single particle
Streakline : An instantaneous line (particle continuously
released from a point
Streamline : The velocity vector is tangent to the
streamline
Streamtube: A tube whose walls are streamlines
Timelines : lines connecting particles released
simultaneously
) , , , (
0 0
t z y x V
o
) , , , ( t z y x V
BMCF 3233 2
STREAMLINES
Line everywhere tangent to velocity field
Steady flow, streamlines are fixed in space
BMCF 3233 3
STREAMLINES
Unsteady, streamlines may change shape with time,
not easy to produce in experiments
Equation for a streamline:
For 2-D flows, slope tangent to streamline:
u
v
dx
dy
=
w
dz
v
dy
u
dx
V
dr
= = =
BMCF 3233 4
STREAM FUNCTION
Assumptions: Steady, 2-D, Incompressible, Inviscid
Continuity eqn. becomes:
A streamline can be represented by a function
(x,y), a function which describe the form of pattern
of flow to replace u(x,y) & v(x,y) (simplified analysis)
We find that continuity is identically satisfied when:
0 = +
dy
dv
dx
du
BMCF 3233 5
Cont
For polar coordinate,
r
v
r
v
r

1
BMCF 3233 6
Cont
It should be noted that the stream function is
defined for a steady, two-dimensional flow!!!!!
Steadyincompressiblesatisfy con. eqn.
If the flow is compressible.stream function does
not exist!!!!!
BMCF 3233 7
EXAMPLE 1
Given the incompressible flow V =3yi +2xj. Does this flow
satisfy continuity? If so, find the stream function (x, y) and
plot a few streamlines, with arrows.
BMCF 3233 8
BMCF 3233 9
Answer:
a. There can be no flow across the streamline.
b. Streamlines do not cross.
c. Streamline spacing varies inversely as the velocity.
Narrow spacing High velocity
d. If direction of boundary changes abruptly ie ;
> 180 , V
< 180 , V 0 Stagnation point
e. In steady flow, the pattern of streamlines does not
change with time.
f. A streamline can always be replaced by a solid
boundary, which also has no flow across it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
STREAMLINES
BMCF 3233 10
Cont
Purpose 1: We have simplified analysis to only one
unknown,
Purpose 2: Lines along which is constant are
streamlines
Previously, slope of a streamline:
Where d is total change of
We find d = 0, therefore is constant along
streamlines
0 = +
=
udy vdx
u
v
dx
dy
0 = =

= +

d dy
y
dx
x
udy vdx
BMCF 3233 11
Cont
Purpose 3: difference in from one streamline to
another is equal to the volume flow rate per unit
width
No flow can cross a streamline since all velocities
are tangent to streamline
Mass flow rate through
any cross sectional slice
between any two
streamlines is the same
at any instant in time
BMCF 3233 12
Cont
From conservation of mass:
Inflow across AC = Outflow across AB + Outflow across BC

d dy
y
dx
x
vdx udy dq =

= =
Volume flow rate,
1 2
2
1

= = d q
BMCF 3233 13
EXAMPLE 2
The stream function for an incompressible flow field is
given by the equation, where the
stream function has the units of m
2
/s with x and y in
meters. Determine the rate of flow across the straight
path AB as shown.
3 2
3 y y x =
y, (m)
x, (m)
B
A
1
1
BMCF 3233 14
Cont
/s m 1 , Thus
0 0 ) 0 ( ) 1 ( 3 , At
/s m 1 1 ) 1 ( ) 0 ( 3 , At
2
3 2
2 3 2
=
= =
= =
=
q
A
B
q
A B

The negative sign indicates that the flow is from right to
left as we look from A to B.
BMCF 3233 15
EXAMPLE 3
16
Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible
flow, which clearly satisfies continuity:
u = U
o
= constant, v = V
o
= constant
Find the stream function (r, ) of this flow, that is, using
polar coordinates.
BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 4
A stream function is given by the expression,
. Find components of the velocity, as well
as the resultant velocity at a point (3,1)
3 2
2 y x =
17 BMCF 3233
Cont
( )
( )
s m v u V
x y x
dx
d
dx
d
v
y y x
dy
d
dy
d
u
/ 4 . 12
4 2
3 2
2 2
3 2
2 3 2
= + =
= = =
= = =

18 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 5
For the incompressible plane flow with velocity
components u = 2y, v = 8x, w = 0, determine
(a) if a stream function exists
(b) If so, determine the form of the stream function
(c) plot a few representative streamlines.
19 BMCF 3233
BMCF 3233 20
Plot a few streamlines, that is, plot y
2
= 4x
2
+ C for
various C. Here are the results:
The plot only shows the upper half plane, which is the
mirror image of the lower half.
STREAMLINES &
STREAMTUBES
Streamlines
A streamline is a line that gives the direction of the
velocity of the fluid at each point.
Streamtube
A bundle of neighboring streamline may be imagined
which form passage through which the fluid flows, and this
passage is known as streamtube.
21 BMCF 3233
STREAMLINES IN AN OFFICE
Colour indicate pressure difference
22 BMCF 3233
STREAMTUBES
A thinner tube indicate faster flow
23 BMCF 3233
VELOCITY POTENTIAL
For an IRROTATIONAL flow, the velocity of flow in
a particular direction would depend on certain
potential difference called velocity potential
Velocity potential should decrease in the direction
of flow. It has no absolute value and it is a scalar
function of position and time.
Velocity potential = f (x, y, z, t)
Potential flow ( inviscid, incompressible, irrotational
flow)
24 BMCF 3233
POTENTIAL FUNCTION,
Potential function, is term used to simplified the
analysis of irrotational flow.
To summarise, for irrotational flow
Remember that
=

V
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
k
z
j
y
i
x

=
25 BMCF 3233
Cont
Therefore,
So,
V
k w j v i u
k
z
j
y
i
x

=
+ + =

x
u

=

y
v

=

z
w

=

26 BMCF 3233
Cont
For polar coordinate,
r
v
r

=
r
v
1
27 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 5
Calculate the u and v components of velocity for the
following potential function
= x + y
28 BMCF 3233
Cont
y
v
x
u

=

;
29 BMCF 3233
IMPORTANT !!!!!!
y x
u

=

x y
v

=

z
w

=

0 = + +
dz
dw
dy
dv
dx
du

=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
y
x
z
2
1
2
1
2
1

=
r r
v
r
1
r r
v

1
30 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 6
Consider the two-dimensional incompressible
velocity potential = xy + x
2
y
2
.
(a) Is it true that
2
= 0, and, if so, what does this
mean?
(b) If it exists, find the stream function (x, y) of this
flow.
(c) Find the equation of the streamline which passes
through (x, y) =(2, 1).
31 BMCF 3233
EXAMPLE 7
For a two-dimensional flow the velocity function is
given by the expression, = x
2
y
2
.
(a) Determine the velocity components in x and y
directions.
(b) Show that the velocity components satisfy the
conditions of flow continuity and irrotationality.
(c) Determine the stream function and the flow rate
between the streamlines (2, 0) and (2, 2).
32 BMCF 3233
END OF CHAPTER ONE
BMCF 3233 33