Review Fe Exam Structures Saouma

FE Exam Review for
Structural Analysis
Prof. V. Saouma
Oct. 2013

Structural Analysis is part of the afternoon exam.
In the afternoon, you are to answer 60 questions, and Structural Analysis is about 10%
of the test content (or about 6 questions).
Each question is worth 2 points.
You are expected to know:
1. Structural analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
2. Deflection analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and frames.
3. Stability analysis of beams, trusses and frames.
4. Column analysis (e.g. buckling, boundary conditions).
5. Loads and load paths (e.g. dead, live, moving).
6. Elementary statically indeterminate structures.
The only page in the Supplied-Reference Handbook related to Structural Analysis
(shown in the next page).
Make sure that you know how to make best use of it, as it contains:
1. Reminder of what do we mean by Moving Loads.
2. Beam-Stiffness and moment carryover: to use for the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams (unlikely that you get a SI frame).
3. Equations for the calculations of the deflections of trusses and beams using the
virtual work method. Careful it is the virtual force/moment time the actual
displacement (FL/AE for trusses, and M/EI for beams).
4. Member fixed end actions for uniform and concentrated load.
I strongly recommend that you also memorize:

for the maximum deflection of
a uniformly loaded, simply supported beam.
Careful with the SI units, GPa is 10
9
Pa or 10
9
N/m
2
Many problems use the SI system.
In most cases, you will be dealing with round numbers, which greatly simplify your
calculations.
Do not be tricked in believing that all triangles are 3-4-5.

~ 1

Solved Problems

1 c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Practice Exam I
~ ( J

Solution Practice Exam I

~ ~ )

Practice Exam II
l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~

in
2

6 f t
1 0 f t
1 8 i
beam
c r o s s
s e c t i o n
47. Negl ec i n g beam s e l f - we i g h t and bas ed o n l y on t h e
a l l o wa b l e moment c a p a c i t y o f t h e beam a s det er mi ned
u s i n g Amer i can Conc r et e I n s t i t u t e ( ACI ) s t r e n g t h de
s i g n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s t h e maxi mum a l l o wa b l e l i v e l o a d i s
most n e a r l y
( A) 23 C 000 l b f
( B ) 29 C 000 ]
( C) 3 5 C 000 l b f
( D) 5 0 C 000 l b f
48. The beam s u p p o r t s a c o n c e n t r a ed l i v e l o a d o f
50 C 000 l b f . Negl ec beam s e l f - we i g h t . The mi ni mum
amoun o f s h e a r r e i n f o r c e me n t r e q u i r e d f o r a c e n t e r -
t o - c e n t e r s t i r r u p s p a c i n g o f 1 2 i n under ACI s t r e n g t h
d e s i g n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i s most n e a r l y
( A) 0 . 1 8 i n
2
( B ) 0 . 3 6 i n
2
( C) 0 . 6 7 i n
2
( D) 0 . 7 8 i n
2
49. The bal anc ed r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l r a t i o f o r t h i s beam
i n ac c or danc e wi t h ACI s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i s most n e a r l y
( A) 0 . 0 3 7
( B) 0 . 0 4 3
( C) 0 . 0 5 1
( D) 0 . 0 5 8
P P I . w. p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

Solution Practice Exam II
3
4
3.5 m
Practice Exam III
6 m
4 m

- ~ : . ~ ~ : ~

Solutions may be for problems with slightly different
dimensions;
I was given two apparently disjointed sets.
One may conclude that problems are for the most part
identical but with different dimensions.

L ~

L ~

Determinacy and Stability
Determinacy and Stability I
Trusses are statically determinate when all the bar forces can be determined
from the equations of statics alone. Otherwise the truss is statically
indeterminate.
A truss may be statically/externally determinate or indeterminate with respect to
the reactions (more than 3 or 6 reactions in 2D or 3D problems respectively).
A truss may be internally determinate or indeterminate.
If we refer to j as the number of joints, R the number of reactions and m the
number of members, then we would have a total of m+R unknowns and 2j (or
3j ) equations of statics (2D or 3D at each joint). If we do not have enough
equations of statics then the problem is indeterminate, if we have too many
equations then the truss is unstable.
2D 3D
Static Indeterminacy
External R > 3 R > 6
Internal m+R > 2j m+R > 3j
Unstable m+R < 2j m+R < 3j
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Reactions 5/23
TRUSSES
Method of Joints
Method of Joints II
This method should be used when all member forces must be determined.
In truss analysis, there is no sign convention. A member is assumed to be
under tension (or compression). If after analysis, the force is found to be
negative, then this would imply that the wrong assumption was made, and that
the member should have been under compression (or tension).
On a free body diagram, the internal forces are represented by arrow acting on
the joints and not as end forces on the element itself. That is for tension, the
arrow is pointing away from the joint, and for compression toward the joint.
c
c
t
C
A B
-ve
+ve
-ve
A B
C
Example; Method of Joints
Example; Method of Joints I
A
B C D
E
F
G
H
12
8
20 k
40 k 40 k
10'
32'
24' 24' 24'
24'
1 R = 3, m = 13, 2j = 16, and m + R = 2j
2 We compute the reactions
M
E
z
= 0; (20 + 12)(3)(24) + (40 + 8)(2)(24) + (40)(24) R
A
y
(4)(24) = 0
R
A
y
= 58 k
6
+
?
F
y
= 0; 20 + 12 + 40 + 8 + 40 58 R
E
y
= 0
R
E
y
= 62 k
6
Example; Method of Joints II
3 Consider each joint separately:
Node A: Clearly AH is under compression, and AB under tension.
58 k
F
AB
F
AH
A
+
6
F
y
= 0; F
AH
y
+ 58 = 0
F
AH
=
l
l
y
(F
AH
y
)
l
y
= 32; l =
32
2
+ 24
2
= 40
F
AH
=
40
32
(58) = 72.5 k Compression
+
-
F
x
= 0; F
AH
x
+ F
AB
= 0
F
AB
=
L
x
L
y
(F
AH
y
) =
24
32
(58) = 43.5 k Tension
Node B:
Example; Method of Joints III
B
20 k
F
BH
43.5 k
F
BC
+
-
F
x
= 0; F
BC
= 43.5 k Tension
+
6
F
y
= 0; F
BH
= 20 k Tension
Node H:
H
12 k
F
HG
F
HC
72 k
20 k
F
HCx
F
HCy
F
AHy
F
HGx
F
HGy
F
AHx
Example; Method of Joints IV
+
-
F
x
= 0; F
AH
x
F
HC
x
+ F
HG
x
= 0
43.5
24
24
2
+32
2
(F
HC
) +
24
24
2
+10
2
(F
HG
) = 0
+
6
F
y
= 0; F
AH
y
+ F
HC
y
12 + F
HG
y
20 = 0
58 +
32
24
2
+32
2
(F
HC
) 12 +
10
24
2
+10
2
(F
HG
) 20 = 0
This can be most conveniently written as
0.6 0.921
0.8 0.385

F
HC
F
HG
43.5
26.0
Solving we obtain F
HC
= 7.5 and F
HG
= 52, thus we made an erroneous assumption in the
free body diagram of node H, and the nal answer is
F
HC
= 7.5 k Tension
F
HG
= 52 k Compression
Node E:
Example; Method of Joints V
E
62 k
F
ED
F
EF
F
y
= 0; F
EF
y
= 62 F
EF
=
24
2
+32
2
32
(62) = 77.5 k C
F
x
= 0; F
ED
= F
EF
x
F
ED
=
24
32
(F
EF
y
) =
24
32
(62) = 46.5 k T
The results of this analysis are summarized below
Example; Method of Joints VI
43.5
43.5
46.5 46.5
7
2
.
5
2
0
3
2
2
.
5
7
.
5
40
7
7
.
5
46.5
62
58
43.5
52
52
58 62
12
8
20 40 40
4 We could check our calculations by verifying equilibrium of forces at a node not previously used, such as D
Examples Beams
Example Beam; 1
A
B C D
E
2 k/ft
4ft 4ft
4ft
6ft
4
3
11 k
10 k
Reactions are determined from the equilibrium equations
(+

) F
x
= 0; A
x
+ 6 = 0 A
x
= 6 k
(+

) M
A
= 0; (11)(4) + (8)(10) + (4)(2)(14 + 2) E
y
(18) = 0
R
E
y
= 14 k
(+
6
) F
y
= 0; A
y
11 8 (4)(2) + 14 = 0 A
y
= 13 k
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Internal Forces 11/31
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Examples Beams
Example Beam; 2
A
B C D
E
2 k/ft
4ft 4ft
4ft
6ft
4
3
11 k
10 k
Shear are determined next.
1
At A the shear is equal to the reaction and is positive.
2
At B the shear drops (negative load) by 11 k to 2 k.
3
At C it drops again by 8 k to 6 k.
4
It stays constant up to D and then it decreases (constant negative slope
since the load is uniform and negative) by 2 k per linear foot up to 14 k.
5
As a check, 14 k is also the reaction previously determined at F.
Moment is determined last:
1
The moment at A is zero (hinge support).
2
The change in moment between A and B is equal to the area under the
corresponding shear diagram, or M
BA
= (13)(4) = 52.
3
etc...
Examples Beams
Example Beam; 3
A
B C D E
2 k
-6 k
-14 k
Slope= dV/dx=w=-2
d
M
/d
x
=
+
2 d
M
/d
x
=
-6
0
+
5
2
=
5
2
5
2
+
1
2
=
6
4
6
4
-
2
4
=
4
0
10 k
11 k
2 k
13 k
8 k
2 k
A
B
C
E
13 k
A=(13)(4)=52
A=(6)(2)=12
A=(-6)(4)=-24
A=-4(6+14)/2=-40
-6 k
arches Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads
Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads I
80' 60'
33.75'
30'
20 k
B
80 k
26.25'
A
C
20' 20'
20 k
B
30 k
80 k
A
C
HA
VA
VC
HC
VB VB
HB
H
B
30 k
Four unknowns, three equations of equilibrium, one equation of condition statically determinate.
_
+

_
M
C
z
= 0; (R
Ay
)(140) + (80)(3.75) (30)(80) (20)(40) + R
Ax
(26.25) = 0
140R
Ay
+ 26.25R
Ax
= 2.900
_
+
-
_
F
x
= 0; 80 R
Ax
R
Cx
= 0
_
+
6
_
F
y
= 0; R
Ay
+ R
Cy
30 20 = 0
_
+

_
M
B
z
= 0; (R
ax
)(60) (80)(30) (30)(20) + (R
Ay
)(80) = 0
80R
Ay
+ 60R
Ax
= 3, 000
(22)
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Cables & Arches 19/24
ARCHES
arches Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads
Three Hinged Arch; Point Loads II
Solving those four equations simultaneously we have:
_
_
_
_
140 26.25 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
80 60 0 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
R
Ay
R
Ax
R
Cy
R
Cx
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2, 900
80
50
3, 000
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
R
Ay
R
Ax
R
Cy
R
Cx
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
15.1 k
29.8 k
34.9 k
50.2 k
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(23)
We can check our results by considering the summation with respect to B from the right:
_
+
_
M
B
z
= 0; (20)(20) (50.2)(33.75) + (34.9)(60) = 0
(24)
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Cables & Arches 20/24
Examples Beam
Example: Beam I
Determine the deection at point C. E = 29, 000 ksi, I = 100 in
4
.
2 k/ft
A
A B
B
C
C
15 k
45 k
0.5 k 1.5 k
1 k
20' 10'
C
-x -0.5x
15x-x
2
-x
2
Real Moment Virtual Moment
x x
Element x = 0 M M
AB A 15x x
2
0.5x
BC C x
2
x
Victor E. Saouma; CVEN 3525; Univ. of Colorado Virtual Work 10/23
BEAM DEFLECTION, VIRTUAL FORCE
Examples Beam
Example: Beam II
Applying the principle of virtual work, we obtain
C
P

W
L
0
M(x)
M(x)
EI
z
dx

U
(1)
C
=
20
0
(0.5x)
(15x x
2
)
EI
dx +
10
0
(x)
x
2
EI
dx
=
2, 500
EI
C
=
(2, 500) k ft
3
(1, 728) in
3
/ ft
3
(29, 000) ksi(100) in
4
= 1.49 in
Examples Truss; Simple
Truss; Simple I
Determine the deection at node 2 for the truss.
12'
1
1
3
4
4
7
5
2
3
5
60 k
120 k
6
12'
12'
A=5.0 in
2
each;
E=10x10
3
ksi
60 120
-117.3
-83.8
37.5 52.5
1
6
.
8
-
1
6
.
8
-45.0
75.0 105.0
A
-0.50
-0.56
-0.56
0.25 0.25
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
6
0.5
0.5
1.0
-0.54
-1.124
-
1.574
0.45 0.63
0
.
2
2
6
-
0
.
2
2
6
P
(e)
P
(e)
, L, A, E, P
(e)
P
(e)
L
AE
Member kips kips ft in
2
ksi
1 +0.25 +37.5 12 5.0 10 10
3
+22.5 10
4
2 +0.25 +52.5 12 5.0 10 10
3
+31.5 10
4
3 -0.56 -83.8 13.42 5.0 10 10
3
+125.9 10
4
4 +0.56 +16.8 13.42 5.0 10 10
3
+25.3 10
4
5 +0.56 -16.8 13.42 5.0 10 10
3
25.3 10
4
6 -0.56 -117.3 13.42 5.0 10 10
3
+176.6 10
4
7 -0.50 -45.0 12 5.0 10 10
3
+54.0 10
4
+410.5 10
4
You will not get something as complex as this truss
TRUSS-DEFLECTION; Virtual
force
Examples Truss; Simple
Truss; Simple II
The deection is thus given by
P =
7
1
P
(e) PL
AE
= (410.5 10
4
)(12 in/ ft) = 0.493 in
Examples Truss with initial camber
Truss with initial camber I
It is desired to provide 3 in. of camber at the center of the truss shown below
1
3 2
6 @ 27'
1 k
36'
by fabricating the endposts and top chord members additionally long. How much should the
length of each endpost and each panel of the top chord be increased?
Assume that each endpost and each section of top chord is increased 0.1 in.
Member P
(e)
int
L P
(e)
int
L
1 +0.625 +0.1 +0.0625
2 +0.750 +0.1 +0.0750
3 +1.125 +0.1 +0.1125
+0.2500
You may
get
somethin
g along
those
lines, or
with
temperat
ure load
Examples Truss with initial camber
Truss with initial camber II
Thus,
(2)(0.250) = 0.50 in
Since the structure is linear and elastic, the required increase of length for each section will
be

3.0
0.50
(0.1) = 0.60 in
If we use the practical value of 0.625 in., the theoretical camber will be
(6.25)(0.50)
0.1
= 3.125 in
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 1
Solve for the vertical displacement at C of the following structure.
Step 1. Draw free body diagram and calculate all forces due to real load and virtual load .
A B C
80" 160"
D
2k
y
D
x
D
x
A
y
A
(CCW +ve) 0
(60) 2(240) 0
0
0
0
2
8
0 (1)
8
A
x
x
x x
y
y y
x
x
M
D
F
D A
F
A D
D k
A k
+
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
+
=
A B C
2k
80" 160"
3
4
D
2 7
Aluminumrod, A=1in ,E=10 psi
2 4 7
AluminumBeam, A=10in , I =171in ,E=10 psi
60"
REACTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 2
D
y
D
8k
3
4
T
3
(2)
5
4
1
5
0
8
y
x
T D
T
k
D k
T
=
=
=
=
.(2)
From .(
4
1)
6
A
y
y
FromEq
Eq
D k
k
=
=
Likewise, we can get the reaction due to unit virtual load at point C by similar manner.
A B
C
80" 160"
2k
6k
8k
8k
4k
A B C
80" 160"
1 P =
3k
4k
4k
2k
Free Body Diagram due to real load Free Body Diagram due to virtual load
160
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 3
Element x=0 P P
DB D 10 5
Step2.Determineforcesincableandbeamforeachelementsdue

torealloadandvirtual

load
(i)

Cable.
Tensionisconstantalongthecablelength.
(ii)Beam.
A B
C
80" 160"
2k
6k
8k
8k
4k
A B
C
80" 160"
1 P =
3k
4k
4k
2k
FreeBodyDiagramduetorealload FreeBodyDiagramduetovirtualload
Element x=0 P P M M
AB A 8 4 4x 2x
BC B 0 0 2x320 x160
You may not get something as complex
for deflection; however make sure that
you understand this.
V.Saouma;CVEN3525 4
From(i)and(ii)
*
*
100 80
0 0
80 160
0 0
100 80
2 7 2 7
0 0
(5)(10) ( 4)( 8)
(1)
( 2 )( 4 ) ( 160)(2 320)
(5)(10) ( 4)( 8)
(1 )(10 ) (10 )(10 )
( 2
C
L L
w
u
C
c b
b b
P M
P P dx M dx
AE EI
dx dx
A E A E
x x x x
dx
EI EI
dx dx
in psi in psi
x
= +

= +

+ +

= +
80 160
7 4 7 4
0 0
)( 4 ) ( 160)(2 320)
(10 )(171 ) (10 )(171 )
0.0005 0.0000256 0.0007984 0.001597
0.0005256 0
0
.
.
00
00
239
)
54
29 (
C
Axial Contribution Flexure Contrib t
C
u ion
x x x
dx
psi in p i i
n
n
i
s

+
= + + +
= +
=

V.Saouma;CVEN3525 10
Forthetrussshownbelow:
a.DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC,AssumeAEconstant.
A E
D
C
B
600 lb
1500 lb
8'
8'
8'
TRUSS DEFLECTIONS
(a).DeterminethehorizontaldeflectionatC.AssumeAEconstant.
A E
D
C
B
600 lb
1500 lb
8'
8'
8'
2
1
5
6
4
3
A E
D
C
B
1 P =
8'
8'
8'
2
1
5
6
4
3
Realload Virtualload
Member P(lb) P(lb) L(in) AE P.(PL/AE)
1 2 1,200 96 AE 230,400/AE
2 2 1,200 96 AE 230,400/AE
3 0 1,500 48 AE 0
4 2.24 1,341.64 107.33 AE 322,560/AE
5 0 1,677.05 107.33 AE 0
6 2.24 3,018.69 107.33 AE 725,759.6/AE
1,509,119lb in
AE
=
6
1.51 10
( )
h
lb in
C
AE

=
You will not get such a
complex truss, however
the procedure is very
important to understand
(b).RemovetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementofCifmembersABandBC

experienceatemperatureincrease=200F,TakeA=2in
2
,E=29,000ksi,and=10
6
/F
Member L(in) (1/F) T(F) L=TL(in) P P.L
1 96 10
6
200 0.0192 2 0.0384
2 96 10
6
200 0.0192 2 0.0384
3 48 10
6
0 0 0 0
4 107.33 10
6
0 0 2.24 0
5 107.33 10
6
0 0 0 0
6 107.33 10
6
0 0 2.24 0
0.0768 =
0.0768 ( )
h
C in =
A E
D
C
B
2
1
5
6
4
3
200 T F =

c.Removetheloadsanddeterminethehorizontaldisplacementof

CifmemberCDis

fabricated0.5intooshort.
A E
D
C
B
2
1
5
6
4
3
Fabricated0.5in
tooshort.
Member L(in) L(in) P P.L
1 96 0 2 0
2 96 0 2 0
3 48 0 0 0
4 107.33 0.5 2.24 1.12
5 107.33 0 0 0
6 107.33 0 2.24 0
1.12 =
1.12 ( )
h
C in =

Review Fe Exam Structures Saouma

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Review Fe Exam Structures Saouma

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

FE Exam Review for

2 We compute the reactions

S-ar putea să vă placă și