Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Maths
Class -XII






Poonam Fatehpuria
Varsha
Information Technology
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur




2

Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges



Concept & Copyright :
Biyani Shikshan Samiti
Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
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Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org











First Edition : 2009












Leaser Type Setted by :
Biyani College Printing Department

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to
anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Maths 3

Preface


I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of
the students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness
in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-
explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-
answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based
on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and
main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation
throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various
stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of
the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Author










4



Unit 1
Chapter 1
Relations and functions

Q.1 Let A be set of first ten natural numbers. If R be a relation on A defined
byxRy x+2y =10 then
i. Express R and
1 -
R as set of ordered pairs
ii. Find domain of R and
1 -
R
iii. Find range of R and
1 -
R
Ans. Here
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
Relation R is defined as

xRy x +2y =10
10- x
y =
2

Now for x = 1, y =
10-1 9
= A
2 2

Hence 1 is not related to any element of A.
Similarly use can observe that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are also not related to any
element of A.
Again use observe that
When
10- 2
x = 2, y = = 4 A 2R4
2

Maths 5

When
10- 4
x = 4, y = = 3 A 4R3
2

When 6
10-6
x =6, y = =2 A R2
2

When 8
10-8
x =8, y = =1 A R1
2

Hence
i. R = {(2,4), (4,3), (6,2), (8,1) }
and
-1
= (4, 2),(3,4),(2,6),(1,8) R
ii. Domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Domain of
-1
= 4, 3, 2,1 R
iii. Range of R = {4, 3, 2, 1}
Range of
-1
= 2,4,6,8 R

Q.2 Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) a+d =b+
c for all (a, b), (c, d) N x N is an equivalence relation.
Ans. To prove that the given relation is an equivalence relation we have relation to
show that it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
1) Reflexive Let (a, b) be an arbitary element of N x N. Then,
( a, b) N x N a+ b = b+ a [by commutativity of
addition on N]
(a, b) R (a, b)
Thus (a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b) N x N
Hence the given relation R is reflexive relation on N x N.
2) Symmetric Let (a. b), (c, d) N x N, Such that (a, b) R (c, d)
Since (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c
c + b = d + a [by commutativity of
addition on N]
(c, d) R (a, b)
Thus (a, b) R (c, d) (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) N x N .
6

So R is symmetric relation on N x N
3) Transitive Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) N x N.
Such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
Since (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c (1)
And (c, d) R (e, f) c + f = d + e (2)
Adding equation (1) & (2), we get
a+ d + c +f = b+ c + d +e
a + f = b+ e
(a, b) R (e, f)
Thus (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) (a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c d), (e, f)
N x N.
So, R is transitive relation on N x N
Hence R being reflexive, symmetric and transitivite is an equivalence relation
on N x N.
Hence proved.

Q. 3 On the set N of natural numbers a relation R is defined as
a R b a
2
-4ab+3b
2
=0 v (a, b N) . Prove that R is reflexive but not
symmetric not transitivity.
Ans. Given set is N = {1, 2, 3,..}
Relation defined on N is
a R b a
2
-4ab+3b
2
=0 v a, b N.
1) Reflexivity Let a N

2 2
a - 4a.a + 3a
2 2 2
= a - 4a + 3a
2 2
= 4a - 4a
= 0

(a, a) R v a N.
R is reflexive
Maths 7

2) Symmetry - Let a, b N such that (a, b) R

2 2
2 2
4 3 0
4 3 0
( , )
( , ) ab b
b ba a
b a R
a b R a

Hence (a, b) R but (b, a) R
R is not symmetric relation
Ex. (3, 1) R because
2 2
3 4 3 1 3(1) = 9-12+3 =12-12 = 0
But (1, 3) R because =
2 2
4(1)(3) 3(3) (1) 1 12 27 0
3) Transitivity Let a, b, c N such that
(a, b) R and (b, c) R

2 2
( , ) 4 3 0 a b R a ab b

and (b, c) R b
2
-4bc+3c
2

Then it is not necessary true that a
2
-4ac+3c
2
=0
Ex. (9, 3) because
2 2
4(9)(3) 3(3) 9 = 81 108 + 27 = 0
and (3, 1) R because
2 2
3 4(3)(1) 3(1) = 9-12+3 = 0
but (9, 1) R because
2 2
4(9)(1) 3(1) 9 = 81-36+3 0
R is not transitivity. Hence from (1), (2) & (3) it is clear that R is reflexive but not
symmetric and transitivity.

Q. 4 Let A = {1,2,3} then give examples of relations which are
1) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
2) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
3) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
4) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
Ans. 1)
1
{(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
8

2)
2
{(1,1), (2, 2)} R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
3)
3
{(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)} R is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric
4)
4
{(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)} R is reflexive and symmetric but
not transitive

Q. 5 If a, b, {1, 2, 3, 4}, then check whether the following is function or not
f = {(a, b):b=a+1} also find its range.
Ans. Here f = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}. Here we observe that an element 4 of the given set
is not related to any element of the given set. So f is not a function.

Q. 6 If
3
1
x
x
(x) = f then find [ { ( )}] f f f x
Ans. f (x) =
3
1
x
x

Now f x f
( ) 3
( ) 1
f x
f x
3
3
1
3
1
1
x
x
x
x
=
3 3 3 2 6 3
3 1 2 2 1
x x x x
x x x x

Again
f [f {f(x)}] = f
3
1
x
x
=
3
3
1
3
1
1
x
x
x
x


3 3 3 4
3 1 4
x x x
x
x x

[ { ( )}] f f f x x



Maths 9

Q. 7 Prove that the function f: R R, f(x) = cos x is many one function?
Ans. Given f: R R such that f (x) = cos x
many one function: -
Let a, b R such that f (a) = f (b)
cos cos
2 ,
a b
a n b n I

f is many one function
Into function Let y R (Co domain)
If it is possible let f (x) =y

1
cos
cos y
x y
x

x will exist if 1 1 y
When [ 1,1] y R then pre image of y does not exist in R (Domain)
Hence f is not on to function
f is in to function
Hence f is many one in to function.
Q. 8 If f: R R, f (x) = 2x 3 and g: R R, g(x) =
3
2
x
then prove that fog =
gof =
R
I

Ans. Given functions : f R R , f (x) = 2x-3
3
: , ( )
2
x
g R R g x
: gof R R, so
(gof) (x) = g [f(x)] = g (2x-3) =
(2 3) 3 2
2 2
x
x x

gof (x) = x .. (1)
Again
10

fog (x) = f [g(x)] =
x + 3 x + 3
= 2 - 3
2 2
= x + 3
= f
- 3 = x

fog (x) = x (2)
and
R
I
: R R such that
R
I
( x ) = x , vx R .(3)
from (1), (2) & (3) we get,
fog = gof =
R
I
Hence proved

Q. 9 Let f: R R be defined by f (x) = 3x 7. Show that f is invertible and hence
find
1
f
Ans. A function f is invertible if f is a bijection
1) Injectivity Let x, y R then
f(x) = f (y)
3 7 3 7 x y
x y

Thus f (x) = f(y) x=y for all x, y R. So, f is an injection
2) Surjectivity Let y be an arbitary element of R, then f (x) = y
3 7
7
3
x y
y
x

Clearly
7
3
y
R for all y R
Thus for all y R, there exists
7
3
R
y
x such that
Maths 11

7
3
7
3 7
3
( )
( )
y
y
f x y
f x f

f is surjection. Hence : f R R is bijection. Consequently it is invertible
Let f(x) = y
1
7
3
7
( )
3
3 7
y
y
f y
x y
x
Therefore,
1
: R R f is given by
1
7
( )
3
x
x f


12




Chapter 2
Binary Operation

Q. 1. Discuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation on R
defined by
a * b =
4
ab
for all a, b R.
Ans. Commutativity
a * b =
4
ab
and b*a =
4
ba

We know that multiplication on R is commutative

4 4
ab ba
for all a, b R
* * a b b a for all a, b R
So * is commutative on R.
Associatively
Let a, b, c R then
(a * b) * c
4
4 16
ab
c
abc
.............................................(1)
and a * (b * c) = a *
4
4 4 16
bc
bc
a
abc
..(2)
From (1) & (2), we observe that a * (b*c) = (a*b) *c
Hence * is associative.
Maths 13

Q. 2. Let * be a binary operation on set Q {1} defined by a*b = a+ b a b , a, b
Q - {1}
Find the identity element with respect to * on Q. Also prove that every
element of Q {1} is invertible.
Ans. Let the identity element e exist in Q {1} w.r.t * on Q - {1}, then
a *e = a = e*a for all a Q - {1}
a*e = a for all a Q - {1}
a+ e ae =a
e (1-a) = 0
e = 0
Thus o, is the identity element for * on Q {1}. Let a be an arbitary element of
Q {1} and
let b be inverse of a, then.
a * b = 0 = b *a [0 is identity element]
a * b = 0
a + b ab = 0
b (1 a) = - a
b =
1
a
a

{1}
1 0
a Q
a

Since {1} Q a , therefore b= {1}
1
a
Q
a

Thus every element of Q {1} is invertible and the inverse of an element a is
1
a
a

Q. 3 Let * be an associative binary operation on a set S and a be an invertible
element of
S then
1 1
) ( a a
Ans. Let e be the identity element in S for the binary operation * on S, then
14


1 1
1 1
*
* *
* e a a
a a e a a
a a

a is inverse of
1
a
a =
1 1
) (a
Hence proved



Maths 15




Chapter 3
Inverse trigonometric functions

Q. 1 Find the principal values of the followings: -
1)
-1
-1
cos
2
(2)
-1 -
sec 2
3)
-1
cosec 1 (4)
-1
3
-1
cot
Ans. (1) Let
-1
-1
cos =
2

cos =-1/2

-1

cos = cos -
3
2
cos = cos
3
2
=
3
-1
cos =
2
cos =-cos
2
3

Hence principal value of
-1 2
-1
cos is
2 3

16

(2) Let
-1 -
2 = sec


-1
2 sec = -

sec = -sec
4

sec = sec -
4
3
sec = sec
4
3
4
3
sec - 2 =
4
=

Hence principal value of sec
-1
(-2) is
3
4

3) Let
-1
(+1) = cosec
-1
(1) = /2
cosec = +1
cosec =cosec/2
= /2
cosec

Hence principal value of
1
(1)
-
cosec is 2
4) Let
-1
-1
=
3
cot
Maths 17


1
3
cot = -

cot = -cot
3
cot = cot - /3
2
cot = cot
3
2
=
3
-1 2
-1
cot =
3
3

Hence principal value of
1 2
1
cot
3
3
is .

Q. 2 Prove that
1 1 2
1 1 1
tan cos tan cos
4 2 4 2
a a b
b b a

Ans. Let
1
cos
1
2
a
b

cos2
a
b

LHS = tan
4 4
tan
18


2 2
2

tan
4
=
= +
tan
+
tan - tan
1 + tan 1- tan
tan = 1
1- tan 1 + tan 4
+ (1- tan)
=
1- tan 1 + tan
1 + tan + 2 tan
=

tan +
4

1- tan
4
(1+ tan)
tan
1+tan
2
+1 + tan - 2 tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

)
1 + tan
= 2
1- tan
=
= = RHS
2b
a
(1- tan
2
1- tan
1+tan
2
cos


=
tanA+tanB
tan(A+B) =
1- tanAtanB
tanA- tanB
tan(A- B)
1+tanAtanB

Hence proved.

Q. 3 If
1 1
5 12
sin sin 90
x x
then find the value of x
Ans.
1 1
5 12
sin sin 90
x x

Maths 19


-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
2
2
5 12
sin = 90 - sin
x x
5 12
sin = cos
x x
sin x +cos x = 90
25 12
cos 1- = cos
x x
25 12
1- =
x x

Squaring both sides, we get

2 2
2
2 2
2
2
25 144
1- =
x x
x - 25 144
=
x x
x - 25 = 144
x = 169
x = 13

Since x = - 13 does not satisfy given equation . So x = 13 is correct solution.
Q. 4 Prove that

2
1 1
2
1
cos tan {sin(cot )}
2
x
x
x

Ans. We have
20


1 1
2
2
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
sin(cot ( )) sin sin
1
1
1
1 1
cos tan cos cos
1 2
1 1
2
2
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x

Hence proved

Q. 5 If
1 1
cos cos
x y
a b
then prove that

2 2
2
2 2
2
cos sin
x xy y
a ab b

Ans. Given
1 1
cos cos
x y
a b


2 2
-1
2 2
-1 -1 -1 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y x y
=cos - 1- 1- =
a b a b
cos x+cos y =cos xy + 1- x 1- y
xy x y
- 1- 1- =cos
ab a b
xy x y
- cos = 1- 1-
ab a b
x y
a b
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2xy x y x y
- cos+cos =1- - +
ab a b a b
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
x 2xy y
- cos+ =1- cos
ab a b
x 2xy y
- cos+ =sin
ab a b

Maths 21

Hence proved

Q. 6 Solve the following equation

-1 -1 -1
2
1 1 2
tan +tan = tan
1+2x 4x+1 x

Ans. Given
1 1 1
2
- - -
1 1 2
tan +tan = tan
1+2x 4x+1 x


-1 -2
2
-1 -1 -1
2
1 1
+
2
1+2x 1+4x
tan = tan
1 1 x
1-
1+2x 1+4x
x +y
tan x +tan y = tan
1- xy
4x +1+1+2x 2
=
1+2x 4x +1 -1 x
6x +2
1
2
+4x +8x +2x- 1
2
2
=
x
2 3x +1
2
2
2
3 2 2
3 2
2
2
2
=
x
4x +3x
3x +x = 8x +6x
3x - 7x - 6x = 0
x 3x - 7x- 6 = 0
x 3x - 9x +2x- 6 = 0
x 3x x- 3 +2 x- 3 = 0
x 3x +2 x- 3 = 0
-2
x = 0, 3,
3

22

Practice Problems
1) Find principal values of the followings
i)
1
1
sin
2
ii)
1
tan 3
2) Solve the following equation
-1 -1 -1 -1
x x
sec - sec = sec b - sec a
a b

3) If
1 1
tan 3 tan 2
4
x x then find value of x.
4) Solve the following -
1 1 1 1
tan 1 tan ( ) tan 1 tan 3 x x x x .



Maths 23



UNIT II

Chapter 1
Matrices

Q. 1 If A =
4 - 2 1 3
5 7 9 6
21 15 18 - 25
Write the order of A and find the
elementsa and a
24 34
.
Ans. Since the given matrix has 3 rows and 4 columns. Therefore its
order is 34.

24
a is the element of second row and fourth column. So
24
a = 6 .
Similarly

34
a is the element of third row and fourth column. So
34
a = -25

Q. 2 Construct a 2 3 matrix whose element a
ij
are given by:
a
ij
= 2i j.
Ans. A 2 3 matrix will be of the from
[a
ij
] =
a a a
13 11 12
a a a
21 22 23

So
a
11
= 211 = 1
a
12
= 212 = 0
24


a = 21- 3 = -1
13
a = 22- 1 = 4- 1 = 3
21
a = 22- 2 = 4- 2 = 2
22
a = 22- 3 = 1
23

The required matrix is
[a
ij
] =
1 0 - 1
3 2 1


Q. 3 If the matrix
a b
c d
e f
is equal to
5 - 1
1 0
3 4
then find a, b, c, d, e, f
.
Ans. Given
a b
c d
e f
=
5 - 1
1 0
3 4
So by the definition of equality of two
matrices
a = 5, b = -1, c =1, d = 0, e = 3, f = 4.

Q. 4 Find the transpose of the matrix
1 3
A = 2 6
5 - 3
and verify that
T
T
A = A
Ans. From the definition of transpose of a matrix,
T
A is obtained by
interchanging the rows and
Columns of the matrix A. Thus

T
1 2 5
A =
3 6 - 3

Further taking the transpose of the matrix
T
A we have
Maths 25


T T
= = A ( )
1 3
2 6
5 - 3
A
Hence
T
T
A = A
Q. 5 Express the matrix
3 2 3
A = 4 5 3
2 4 5
as the sum of symmetric
and skew symmetric matrix
Ans. We have
3 2 3
A = 4 5 3
2 4 5


3 4 2
T
A = 2 5 4
3 3 5

So
3 2 3 3 4 2 6 6 5
T
A+ A = 4 5 3 + 2 5 4 = 6 10 7
2 4 5 3 3 5 5 7 10


And
3 2 3 3 4 2 0 -2 1
T
A- A = 4 5 3 - 2 5 4 = 2 0 -1
2 4 5 3 3 5 -1 1 0


Let
3 3 5/2
1
T
P = A+ A = 3 5 7/2
2
5/2 7/2 5


26

And
0 -1 1/2
1
T
Q= A- A = 1 0 1/2
2
1
- 1/2 0
2


Then
3 3 5/2
T
P = 3 5 7/2 = P
5/2 7/2 5

P is symmetric matrix.
Now
0 1 -1/2
T
Q = -1 0 1/2 = - Q
1/2 1/2 0

Q is skew-symmetric matrix.

Also
3 3 5/2 0 -1 1/2
P + Q = 3 5 7/2 + 1 0 1/2
5/2 7/2 5 -1/2 1/2 0

3 2 3
= 4 5 3
2 4 5
= A
Since we have expressed A as a sum of P and R. Hence A
can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.

Q. 6 Given the matrix

2 1 1 9 7 -1 2 -4 3
A = 3 -1 0 , B = 3 5 4 and C = 1 -1 0
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5

Verify that (A+B) +C = A+ (B+C) i.e addition of matrices is
associative.
Ans. LHS: -
Maths 27

(A+B) =
2 1 1 9 7 -1 11 8 0
3 -1 0 + 3 5 4 = 6 4 4
0 2 4 2 1 6 2 3 10


Now (A+B) +C =
11 8 0 2 -4 3 13 4 3
6 4 4 + 1 -1 0 = 7 3 4
2 3 10 9 4 5 11 7 15

RHS
B+C =
9 7 -1 2 -4 3 11 3 2
3 5 4 + 1 -1 0 = 4 4 4
2 1 6 9 4 5 11 5 11


Now A+ (B+C) =
2 1 1 11 3 2 13 4 3
3 -1 0 + 4 4 4 = 7 3 4
0 2 4 11 5 11 11 7 15

Here LHS = RHS.
Hence verified.
Q. 7 If
1 2
A = 3-4
5 6
and B =
4 5 6
7-82
find AB and show that AB BA.
Ans. Here we observe that the order of matrix A is 32 and B is 23.
Hence AB and BA both
are defined and are of orders 33 and 22 respectively.
So,
1 2
4 5 6
AB = 3 - 4
7 - 8 2
5 6


1x4 + 2x7 1x5 + 2x(-8) 1x6 + 2x2
= 3x4 +(-4) +(+7) 3x5 +(-4)x(-8) 3x6 +(-4)x2
5x4 +6x7 5x5- 6x8 5x6 +6x2

28

18 -11 10
AB = -16 47 10
62 -23 42
..(1)
And BA =
1 2
4 5 6
3 - 4
7 - 8 2
5 6

=
41+53+65 42+5(-4) +66
71+(-8)3+25 72+(-8)(-4) +26

BA =
49 24
-7 58
..(2)
From (1) & (2) we observe that AB BA.

Q. 8 If
2 3 -4
1 0 6
-2 1 5
A= and B =
5 1 2
6 -1 4
5 3 -4
then find 2A - 3B.
Ans. 2A = 2
4 6 -8
= 2 0 12
-4 2 10
2 3 -4
1 0 6
-2 1 5

And 3B = 3
15 3 6
= 18 -3 12
15 9 -12
5 1 2
6 -1 4
5 3 -4


So 2A 3B =
15 3 6 -11 3 -14
18 -3 12 = -16 3 0
15 9 -12 -19 -7 22
4 6 -8
2 0 12
-4 2 10


-11 3 -14
2A- 3B = -16 3 0
-19 -7 22



Maths 29

Q. 9 Find AB if
0 2
0 3
A= and
4 6
0 0
B=
Ans.
0 2 4 6
0 3 0 0
AB=
04+20 06+20 0 0
=
04+30 06+30 0 0
=
Hence the product of two non zero matrices can be a zero
matrix. Thus if the product of
two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the
matrix is zero matrix.


Q. 10 Let x
2
- 5x+6, f(x) = find f (A) if A =
2 0 1
2 1 3
1 -1 0

Ans. Here f (A) =
2
A - 5A+6I
3

..(1)
So
2
2 0 1 2 0 1
= A A 2 1 3 2 1 3
1 -1 0 1 -1 0
A
4 +0 +1 0 +0 +(-1) 2 +0 +0
4 + 2 + 3 0 +1- 3 2 + 3 +0
2- 2 +0 0- 1+0 1- 3 +0
=

2
5 -1 2
9 -2 5
0 -1 -2
A
-5A = - 5
2 0 1 -10 0 -5
2 1 3 = -10 -5 -15
1 -1 0 -5 5 0

And
3
1 0 0 6 0 0
6I = 6 0 1 0 = 0 6 0
0 0 1 0 0 6

Substituting those values in equation(1), we get
30


5 -1 2 -10 0 -5 6 0 0
f(A) = 9 -2 5 + -10 -5 -15 + 0 6 0
0 -1 -2 -5 5 0 0 0 6


1 -1 -3
f(A) = -1 -1 -10
-5 4 4


Practice Problem

1) For the matrix A, B and C given by

0 0 1 0 5 7 -1 3 5
A = 0 1 0 , B = 0 0 6 , C = 1 -3 -5
1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 3 5

Show that
2
(i)A = I
4
2
(ii)B = 0
(iii)C = C


2) If
5 -1 2 1 1 3
, B = , C=
6 7 3 4 -1 4
A =
Verify
T T
(i) (A ) = A

T T T
T T T
T T T
T
T
(ii)(A+B) = A +B
(iii)(AC) = C A
(iv)(AB) = B A
v 3A = 3A

3) Express A =
6 1 -5
-2 -5 4
-3 3 -1
as a sum of symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices.
Maths 31

4) If A =
2 3
4 5
, verify that
2
- 7A- 2I = 0 A .
5) Find a, b, c, d so that
3a +b c +3
b+4 d+2a
7 -2
=
8 5

6) Construct a 22 matrix A= [aij] whose elements are given
by
2
i +2j
aij =
2
.
7) If A = [x, y, z], B=
a h g
h b f
g f c
and C=
x
y
z
then find ABC.

32




Chapter 2
Determinant

Q. 1 Find determinant of A =
-1 6 -2
2 1 1
4 1 -3

Ans. |A| = (-1)
1 1 2 1 2 1
- 6 - 2
1 -3 4 -3 4 1

= -1 (-3-1) -6 (-6-4) -2 (2-4) = 4+60+4
|A| = 68

Q. 2 Find determinant of A =
1 2 -1 3
2 1 -2 3
3 1 2 1
1 -1 0 2

Ans. |A| =
1 -2 3 2 -2 3 2 1 3 2 1 -2
1 2 1 - 2 3 2 1 - 1 3 1 1 - 3 3 1 2
-1 0 2 1 0 2 1 -1 2 1 -1 0
1
= 1{1(4-0) +2(2+1) +3(0+2) {-2{2(4-0) +2(6-1) +3(0-2)}-
1{2(2+1)-1(6-1)
+3(-3-1)}-3{2(0+2)-1(0-2)-2(-3-1)}
= 1{4+6+6}-2{8+10-6}-1{6-5-12}-3{4+2+8}
= 1{16}-2{12}-1{-11}-3{14}
= -39

Q. 3 Check whether the following matrix is singular or not
Maths 33

A =
1 0 2
1 2 3
2 4 6

Ans. A matrix is singular if A =0

1 0 2
A = 1 2 3 =1[12-12]- 0[6- 6]+2[4- 4] = 0
2 4 6
A = 0

Hence A is singular matrix.

Q. 4 Find the mines and cofactors of elements of the
determinant
2 -3 5
6 0 4
1 5 -7

Ans. We have
34


0 4
M = = 0- 20 = -20
11
5 -7
6 4
M = = -42- 4 = -46
12
1 -7
6 0
M = = 30- 0 = 30
13
1 5
-3 5
M = = 21- 25 = -4
21
5 -7
2 5
M = = -14- 5 = -19
22
1 -7
2 -3
M = = 10 + 3 = 13
23
1 5
-3 5
M = = -12- 0 = -12
31
0 4
2 5
M = = 8- 30 = -22
32
6 4
2 -3
M = = 0 +18 = 18
33
6 0

Co- factors

1+1
2
A = -1 .M = (-1) (-20) = -20
11 11
1+2 3
A = -1 .M = -1 (-46) = 46
12 12
1+3
4
A = -1 .M = (-1) 30 = 30
13 13
2+1
3
A = -1 .M = (-1) (-4) = 4
21 21
2+2 4
A = (-1) .M = (-1) (-19) = -19
22 22
2+3 5
A = (-1) .M = (-1) (13) = -13
23 23
3+1 4
A = (-1) .M = (-1) (-12) = -12
31 31
A
3
3+2 5
= (-1) .M = (-1) (-22) = 22
2 32
3+3 6
A = (-1) .M = (-1) 18 = 18
33 33

Maths 35


Q. 5 If W is one of the imaginary cubs root of unity, find the
value of

2
2
2
1 w w
w w 1
w 1 w
=
Ans. Given
2
2
2
1 w w
w w 1
w 1 w
=
C C +C +C
1 1 2 3
gives

2 2
2 2
2
1+ w+ w w w
w+ w +1 w 1
w + w+1 1 w
=
Since
2
1+ w+ w = 0
So
2
2
0 w w
= 0 w 1
0 1 w

Now finding its determinant & expending along first column
= 0
3 2 2 4
w -1 - 0 w -w +0 w-w = 0

Q. 6 Prove that
2 2 2
a b ax +by
b c bx +cy = (b - ac) ax + 2bxy +cy
ax +by bx +cy 0


Ans. Let A =
a b ax +by
b c bx +cy
ax +by bx +cy 0

Appling
3
3 1 2
c -xc -yc c , we get
36

A =
a b ax +by - ax- by
b c bx +cy - bx - cy
ax +by bx +cy 0- x(ax +by) - y(bx +cy)

A =
2 2
a b 0
b c 0
ax +by bx +cy -(ax + 2bxy +cy )

Now expending along
3
c we get

2 2 2
b bx+cy - c(ax+by) - 0[a(bx+cy) - a(ax+by)] +2bxy +cy )[ac- b ] A=0 -(ax

b
(a
(
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ 2bxy +cy )(ac - b )
ac)(ax + 2bxy +cy )
A= - x
A =

Hence proved


Q. 7 Find the area of triangle with vertices at the points (3, 8), (-4,
2) and (5,-1).
Ans. Let A (3, 8), B (-4, 2), C (5,-1) are three given vertices of
triangle. So the area of ABC is
given by
1
2
3 8 1
-4 2 1
5 -1 1

1
3 2 +1 - 8{-4- 5} +1{4- 10}
2
1
33 +89 +1(-6)
2
1
9 +72- 6
2
75
2
=
=
=
=

Maths 37

Q. 8 If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear, Prove that a
+ b = ab
Ans. The given points are collinear so

a 0 1
0 b 1 = 0
1 1 1


a[b- 1] +1[0- b] = 0
ab- a - b = 0
ab = a +b

Hence proved.
Q. 9 using determinant find the equation of the line joining the
points (1, 2) and (3, 6).
Ans. Let P (x, y) be a point on line AB i.e. the points A (1, 2), B (3, 6)
and P(x, y) are collinear so
ABP = 0

1 2 1
1
3 6 1
2
x y 1
= 0

0
1 2 1
3 6 1
x y 1
1[6- y]- 2[3- x]+1[3y - 6x] = 0
6 - y - 6 + 2x + 3y - 6x = 0
-4x + 2y = 0
y = 2x

Which is the required equation of line.
Q. 10 Find the adjoint of the matrix

1 3 3
A = 1 4 3
1 3 4

Ans. First we have to find cofactors
38


1+1
11
1+2
12
1+3
13
2+1
21
2+2
22
2+3
23
3+1
31
3+2
32
3+3
33
c = (-1) 7 = 7
c = (-1) (1) = -1
c = (-1) (-1) = -1
c = (-1) (3) = -3
c = (-1) (1) = 1
c = (-1) (0) = 0
c = (-1) (-3) = -3
c = (-1) (0) = 0
c = (-1) (1) = 1


T
7 -1 -1
adjA = -3 1 0
-3 0 0
7 -3 -3
adjA = -1 1 0
-1 0 1

Q. 11 Find the inverse of matrix
2 -1
A =
3 4
.
Ans. A = 8+3 =11 0
So, A is non singular matrix and therefore it is invertible. Now
finding co-factors

1+1
11
1+2
12
2+1
21
2+2
22
c = (-1) 4 = 4
c = (-1) 3 = -3
c = (-1) (-1) = 1
c = (-1) 2 = 2


T
4 -3
adj A =
1 2
4 1
adjA =
-3 2

Maths 39

Hence
-1
1
A =
A
.adj(A)
=
4 1 4/11 1/11
1
=
-3 2 -3/11 2/11 11


4/11 1/11

-3/11 2/11

Q. 12 Find the inverse of
1 3 3
A = 1 4 3
1 3 4
and verify that
-1
3
A A = I
Ans. From question No. 10 we find that
adj A =
7 -3 -3
-1 1 0
-1 0 1

A =1[16- 9]- 3[4- 3]+3[4- 3] =7- 3- 3 =1 0
So A is invertible
Hence

-1
-1
1
A = adjA
A
7 -3 -3 7 -3 -3
1
A = -1 1 0 = -1 1 0
1
-1 0 1 -1 0 1

Now
40


-1
-1
-1
-1
3
7 -3 -3 1 3 3
A A = -1 1 0 1 4 3
-1 0 1 1 3 4
7 - 3- 3 21- 12- 9 21- 9- 12
A A = -1+1+0 -3 +4 +0 -3 + 3 +0
-1+0 +1 -3 +0 + 3 -3 +0 +4
1 0 0
A A = 0 1 0
0 0 1
A A = I

Hence verified

Q. 13 Solve the following system of equations by using cramers
rule.

x + 2y = 3
4x +8y = 12

Ans. We have

1
2
1 2
D = = 8- 8 = 0
4 8
3 2
D = = 24- 24 = 0
12 8
1 3
D = = 12- 12 = 0
4 12

Since D,
1
D and
2
D all are equal to zero so the given system of
equations has infinitely
many solutions.
Let y=k then from equations x+2y=3
x+2k=3
x= 3-2k
Hence, x=3-2k, y= k is the solution of the given system of
equations, where k is arbitrary
Maths 41

real number.

Q. 14 solve the following system of equations by cramers rule
x 2y = 4
- 3x +5y = -7
Ans. We have

1
2
1 -2
D = = 5- 6 = -1 0
-3 5
4 -2
D = = 20- 14 = 6
-7 5
1 4
D = = -7 +12 = 5
-3 -7

So, by Cramers rule, we have

1
2
D 6
x = = = -6
D -1
D 5
y = = = -5
D -1

x= -6, y= -5 is required solution.

Q. 15 Solve the following system of equations
2x+3y+4z=0
x+ y+ z = 0
2x-y+3z=0
Ans. We have

2 3 4
D= 1 1 1
2 -1 3
= 2(3 +1) - 3(3- 2) +4(-1- 2)
= 8- 3- 12
D= -7 0

So, the given system of equations has only the trivial solutions
i.e x=0, y=0, z=0

42


Q. 16 Solve the following homogeneous system of equations
x+y-2z=0..............................................................(1)
2x+y-3z=0...(2)
5x+4y-9z=0.(3)

Ans. We have,

1 1 -2
D= 2 1 -3
5 4 -9
= 1(-9+12) - 1(-18+15) - 2(8- 5)
= 3+ 3- 6
D= 0

So, the system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
Consider eq. (1) & (2). Put z=k in equations(1) and (2), we get

x+y =2k
2x+y=3k
Solving these equations by cramers rule

1
2
1
2
1 1
D= = 1- 2 = -1
2 1
2k 1
D = = 2k - 3k = -k
3k 1
1 2k
D = = 3k - 4k = -k
2 3k
D -k
x = = = k
D -1
D -
y = =
D
k
-
= k
1

x=k, y=k and z=k gives the solution for each value of k.

Maths 43

Q. 17 Use matrix method to solve the following system of
equations
5x 7y =2
7x 5y =3
Ans. The given system of equations can be written as

5 -7 x 2
=
7 -5 y 3

Or A x = B, where

5 -7 x 2
A = , X , B
7 -5 y 3

So, the solution is given by
-1
X= A B. So the find
-1
A we have to
find co factors

1+1
11
1+2
12
2+1
21
2+2
22
T
-1
-1
C = (-1) (-5) = -5
C = (-1) (7) = -7
C = (-1) (-7) = 7
C = (-1) (5) = 5
-5 -7 -5 7
adj A = =
7 5 -7 5
A = -25 +49 = 24
-5 7
1 1
A = adj(A) =
-7 5 A 24
X = A B


-5 7 2
1
X =
-7 5 3 24
-10 + 21 11
1 1
X = =
-14 +15 1 24 24
11/24
X =
1/24

Hence
11
x =
24
and y=
1
24


44

Q. 18 Show that the following system of equations is consistent

2x y + 3z = 5
3x + 2y z = 7
4x + 5y 5z =9
Ans. The given of equation can be written as

2 -1 3 x 5
3 2 -1 y = 7
4 5 -5 z 9

A X =B
Where
2 -1 3 x 5
A 3 2 -1 , X y , B = 7
4 5 -5 z 9

Now
2 -1 3
A 3 2 -1
4 5 -5


= 2[-10+5]+1[-15+4]+3[15- 8]
= -10-11+21 = 0

So A is singular. So the given system of equation is either
inconsistent on consistent with
infinitely many solutions according as (adj A) B 0 or (adj A)
B= 0 respectively.
Maths 45

1+1
11
1+2
12
1+3
13
2+1
21
2+2
22
2+3
23
3+1
31
3+2
32
3+3
33
c = (-1) (-10 + 5) = -5
c = (-1) (-15 + 4) = 11
c = (-1) (15 - 8) = 7
c = (-1) (5 - 15) = 10
c = (-1) (-10 - 12) = -22
c = (-1) (10 + 4) = -14
c = (-1) (1- 6) = -5
c = (-1) (-2 - 9) = 11
c = (-1) (4 + 3) = 7
-5 11 7
adj A = 10 -
5
11
7
-5 10 -5
22 -14 = 11 -22 11
-5 11 7 -7 -14 7
-5 10 5
adj A) (B) = 11 -22 7
7 -14 9
-25 + 70 - 45 0
= 55 - 154 + 99 = 0
35 - 98 + 63 0
(adj A) (B) = 0

Thus AX=B has infinitely many solutions and the given system
of equation is consistent.






46




Unit III

Chapter 1
Continuity and Differentiability

1. Check the continuity of the function f(x) at the origin :

( ) ; 0
1; 0
x
f x x
x
x

Ans. We have to show that the given function is continuous at x= 0,
so
LHL lim ( ) lim (0 )
0 0
f x f h
x h


lim ( )
0
lim lim 1
( )
0
1
f h
h
h
h
h h
h h o
LHL

RHL lim ( ) lim (0 )
0 0
f x f h
h x


lim ( )
0
lim lim 1
( )
0
1
f h
h
h
h
h h
h h o
RHL

Now f(0) = 1
Since LHL RHL, so the function f(x) is not continuous at the
origin.
Maths 47


2. Test the continuity of the function at x= 0
sin
cos , 0
( )
2, 0
x
x when x
f x x
when x

Ans. LHL lim ( ) lim (0 )
0 0
f x f h
x h

lim ( )
0
f h
h


sin( )
lim cos( )
( )
0
h
h
h
h


sin( )
lim lim cos( )
0 0
h
h
h
h h


1 1 2
2 LHL


RHL lim ( ) lim (0 )
0 0
f x f h
h x


( )
lim cos( )
( )
0
( )
lim lim ( )
0 0
1 1 2
2
Sin h
h
h
h
Sin h
Cos h
h
h h
RHL

And f(0) = 2
Since f(0) = LHL = RHL
So the given function f(x) is continuous.
3. Find the values of a and b for which the following
function is continuous at x = 1.

2 1
( ) 1
5 2 1
x a when x
f x b when x
x when x

Ans. Since the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1. So
48


(1) (1 0)
(1) lim (1 )
lim 5(1 ) 2
0
lim 5 5 2
0
lim 3 5
0
3
f f
f f h
h o
h
h
b h
h
b h
h
b

And f(1+0) = f(1-0)

lim (1 ) lim (1 )
0 0
lim 2(1 ) lim 5(1 ) 2
0
2 3
1
f h f h
h h
h a h
h o h
a
a

Hence a = 1, b = 3
4. Show that the function
1
1
, 0
( ) 1
1
0 , 0
x
e
x
f x
x
e
x
is
discontinuous at x =0
Ans. LHL lim ( ) lim (0 )
0 0
f x f h
x h


1
1
lim ( ) lim
1
0 0
1
1
1
1
lim
1
0
1
1
1
1
1 0 1
lim 1
1
0 1
0
1
1
h
e
f h
h
h h
e
h
e
h
h
e
h
e
h
h
e

Maths 49

RHL lim ( )
0
f x
x


lim (0 ) lim ( )
0 0
1
1
1
1 1 1 0
lim lim 1
1 1 1 0
0 0
1
1
1
f h f h
h h
h
h
e e
h h
h h
e
e

Since LHL RHL
So that function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

5. Show that f(x) = (x) is not differentiate at x = 0.
Ans. LHD
( ) (0)
lim
0
0
f x f
x
x


(0 ) (0)
lim
0 0
0
f h f
h
h


( ) (0)
lim
( )
0
f h f
h
h


0
lim lim
( )
0 0
h h
h h
h h


-1

RHD
( ) (0)
lim
0
0
f x f
x
x

(0 ) (0)
lim
0
( ) (0)
lim
0
0
lim lim 1
0 0
f h f
h
h
f h f
h
h
h
h
h h
h h

Since LHD RHD so that is not differentiable at x = 0.

50

6. Check the differentiate of the following function at x=
2

1 sin 0
2
( )
2
2
2 2
x when x
f x
x when x

Ans. When x=
2


2
( ) 2
2 2 2
2
2
f x f
f

LHD
2 2
lim
0
2 2
f h f
h
h


2 2
lim
0
2
f h f
h
2
h


1 sin 2
2
lim
0
h
h
h


1 cos 2
2
lim
0
h
h


2
2sin
1 cos( )
2
lim lim
0 0
h
h
h h
h h


2
sin
2 1
2
lim . . 1 .0 0
2 2
0
2
h
h
h
h


RHD
2 2
lim
0
2
f h f
h
2
h

Maths 51


2
lim
0 h
2 2
h
2
2
2
lim lim 0
0 0
h
h
h
h
h h

Since LHD = RHD, so the given of f(x) is differentiable at
2
x


7. If f(2) = 4 and
'
(2) 1 f , then find
(2) 2 ( )
lim
2 2
xf f x
x x

Ans. We have
( ) 2 ( )
lim
2 2
xf x f x
x x


(2) 2 ( )
lim
2 2
xf f x
x x


(2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 ( )
lim
2
2
xf f f f x
x
x


2 (2) 2 2
lim
( 2)
2
x f f x f
x
x


2 (2)
( ) (2)
lim 2 lim
( 2) ( 2)
2 2
x f
f x f
x x
x x


'
(2) 2 (2)
( ) (2)
'(2) lim
2 2
4 2 1 4 2
2
f f
f x f
f
x x


8. Differentiate the function f(x) = e
sin x
by first principle.
Ans.
( ) ( )
( ) lim
0
d f x h f x
f x
dx h
h

52


sin( )
sin
lim
x h
x
d e e
f x
dx h
h o


sin( ) sin
1
sin
lim
0
x h x
e
x
e
h
h


sin( ) sin
1 sin( ) sin
sin
lim
sin( ) sin
0
x h x
e x h x
x
e
x h x h
h


sin( ) sin
1 sin( ) sin
sin
lim lim
sin( ) sin
0 0
x h x
e x h x
x
e
x h x h
h h


2sin cos
1
2 2 sin
lim lim
0 0
2
2
h h
y
x
e
x
e
y h y h

Where y= sin (x + h) sin x and when h 0 ,y 0

sin
1
2 sin
( ) lim lim lim cos
2
0 0 0
2
sin
( ) (1) (1) cos
sin
cos
h
y
d e
x
h
f x e x
h
dx y y h h
d
x
f x e x
dx
x
e x

Hence
sin sin
cos
d
x x
e e x
dx
.

9. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x
2
sin 1 f x x
Ans. Let
2
sin 1 y x putting
2
1 u x , we get y= sin u and
2
1 u x
cos
dy
u
du
and 2
dy
x
du

Maths 53

Now
dy dy du
dx du dx


cos( ) 2
2
2 cos 1
u x
x x

Hence
2 2
sin 1 2 cos 1
d
x x x
dx


10. Differentiate
2
logsin x w. r .t x
Ans. Let
2
logsin y x , putting
2
sin u x and
2
v x
log , sin y u u v and
2
v x

1
, cos
dy du
v
du u dv
and 2
dv
x
dx

Now
dy dy du dv
dx du dv dx


1
cos 2
dy
v x
dx u


1
cos 2
sin
dy
v x
dx v

cot 2
dy
v x
dx


2
2 cot
dy
x x
dx


Hence
2 2
logsin 2 cot
d
x x x
dx


11. Differentiate
1 1
1
tan
1 1
x x
y
x x
w. r. t. x
Ans. Put cos x
1
cos x
So
1 cos 1 cos
1
tan
1 cos 1 cos
y

54


2 cos 2 sin
2 2 1
tan
2 cos 2 sin
2 2
y



2 2
2cos 2sin
2 2
1
tan
2 2
2cos 2sin
2 2
y

1 tan
2 1
tan
1 tan
2
y

1
tan tan
2
4
4 2
1
1
cos
4 2
y
y
y x


Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get


1 1 1 1
0
2 2
2 2
1 1
dy
dx
x x


1 1
2
2
1
dy
dx
x


12. Differentiate
1 1
1
sec , 0
2
2
2 1
x
x

Ans. Putting cos x , we get
Maths 55


1
1
sec
2
2cos 1
1
1 2 1 1
cos 2cos 1 sec cos
1
cos cos 2
2
1
2cos
2
2
1
y
y x
x
y
y
y x
dy
dx
x


13. Differentiate
3
sin y x x w. r. t. x.
Ans.
3
sin y x x

3 3
sin sin
dy d d
x x x x
dx dx dx


3 2
cos sin 3
dy
x x x x
dx


3 2
cos 3 sin
dy
x x x x
dx

14. Differentiate y = x sin x log x w. r. t. x.
Ans. y = x sin x log x

sin log log sin sin log
dy d d d
x x x x x x x x x
dx dx dx dx
dy
x
dx
1
sin x
x
log cos sin log 1
sin log cos sin log
x x x x x
dy
x x x x x x
dx

15. Differentiate
1 sin
x
e
x

Ans. Let y =
1 sin
x
e
x

56


1 sin 1 sin
2
1 sin
1 sin 0 cos
2
1 sin
1 sin cos
2
1 sin
d d
x x
x e e x
dy
dx dx
dx
x
x x
x e e x
dy
dx
x
x
e x x
dy
dx
x

16. Differentiate
2 2
y Log x a x w. r. t. x.
Ans. Let
2 2
y Log x a x

1
2 2
2 2
dy d
x a x
dx dx
x a x


1 1
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
2
dy d
a x
dx dx
x a x a x


1 1
1
2 2
2
dy
dx
x a x
2
2 2
a x
x

1
1
2 2 2 2
dy x
dx
x a x a x


2 2
1
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
dy a x x
dx
x a x a x
dy
dx
a x

17. Differentiate sin
x
x w. r. t. x.
Ans. Let y = sin
x
x . Taking log both sides.
Maths 57

log y = x log (sin x).
Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x

1
log sin logsin
1 1
cos logsin 1
sin
1
cot logsin
cot log sin
sin cot logsin
dy d d
x x x x
y dx dx dx
dy
x x x
y dx x
dy
x x x
y dx
dy
y x x x
e
dx
x dy
x x x x
dx

18. Find
dy
dx
, when
2
2 1
1 1
sin , cos
2 2
1 1
t t
x y
t t

Ans. Let tan t

2tan
1 1
sin sin sin2
2
1 tan
x

2
2
x
dx
d


2
1 tan
1
cos
2
1 tan
y

1
cos cos2 y

2
2
1
2
1
y
dy dy d
dx dx d
dy
dx

19. If
2
x at and y = 2at then find dy dx
58

Ans. Since
2
x at and y = 2at

2 , 2
2
2
1
dy dx
at a
dt dt
dy dy dt
dx dx dt
dy a
dx at
dy
dx t

20. Differentiate
1
cos x w. r. t. 1 x
Ans. y =
1
cos x

1 1
2 1
1
1
2 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
1
dy
dx
x x
z x
dz
dx
x
dy dx
dy
x
dz dz dx
x x
dy
dz
x

21. Differentiate
x
x w. r. t. log x
e

Ans. y=
x
x and z= log x
e

Taking log
Log y = x log x
Now differentiating both sides
Maths 59


1 1
log 1
1
1 log
1 log
1 log
1
1 log
1
1 log
1
log
dy
x x
y dx x
dy
x
y dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
x
x x
dx
dz
dx x
dy dx
dy
dz dz dx
x
x x
dy
dz x
dy
x
x x x
e
dz
dy
x
x ex
e
dx

22. Find (dy/dx) if
i)
y
x
x y
ii) y x x x
i) Given
y
x
x y Taking log both sides, we get log log y x x y
e e

Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x.
60

1 1
log log (1)
log log
log log
log
log
log
log
dy dy
y x x y
e e
x dx y dx
y dy dy x
x y
e e
x dx y dx
y dy x
y x
e e
x dx y
y
y
e
dy
x
x
dx
x
e
y
y y x y
dy
e
dx
x x y x
e

ii) Let y x x x
y x y
Squaring both sides, we get
2
y x y
Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x
2 1
2 1 1
1
2 1
dy dy
y
dx dx
dy
y
dx
dy
dx y

23. Find
2 2
2 2 2 0
dy
ifax hxy by gx fy c
dx

Ans. Given
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c
Differentiating w. r. t. we get:-
Maths 61


2 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2
dy dy dy
ax hy hx by g f
dx dx dx
dy
ax hy g hx by f
dx
2
dy
hx by f
dx
ax hy g
ax by g
dy
dx hx by f

24. If y = A sin x + B cos x, prove that
2
0
2
d y
y
d x

Ans. Given y = A sin x + B cos x. Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x
cos sin
dy
A x B x
dx

Again differentiating w. r. t. x

2
cos sin
2
2
sin cos
2
2
sin cos
2
2
2
2
0
2
x
x
x
x
x
d y d
A x B x
dx
d
d y
A x B x
d
d y
A x B x
d
d y
y
d
d y
y
d

Hence proved.
25. If
1
sin y x , then show that
2
2
1 0
2
x
d y dy
x x
dx
d

Ans. Given
1
sin y x
62


1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1 0
2
2 2
1 1 0
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
x
x
dy
dx
x
dy
x
dx
dy d
x
dx dx
d y dy d
x x
dx dx
d
d y dy
x
dx
d
2
2
1 x
0
2
2
1 0
2
2
1
2
2
1 0
2
x
x
x
d y dy x
x
dx
d
x
d y dy
x x
dx
d

Hence proved.

26. Discuss the applicability of Rolles theorem for the following
function on the indicated interval sin
x
f x e x,
V [0, ] x
Ans. i) Given function is a product of two continuous function
x
e and sin x.
Hence f(x) is
continuous for every value of x. Hence f(x) is continuous in [0, ]
interval.
ii) ' sin cos
x x
f x e x e x
'( ) (sin cos )
x
f x e x x
Which is defined for every value of x in the interval (0, ). Hence f
(x) is differentiable
Maths 63

in this interval.
iii) f (0) = 0 = f ( ).
Hence the function satisfies all the three conditions of Rolles
theorem. Now '( ) 0 f x
cos sin 0
cos sin
tan 1
4
3
4
x x
x x
x
x
x

Clearly
3
0, , 0
4
x
e
Hence the interval 0, contains one point
3
4
c for which f (c)
=0.
Hence the Rolles Theorem is verified.
27. Verify Rolles Theorem for the
function
2
( ) ( 3) ,0 3 f x x x x .
Ans. We have,

2
( ) ( 3)
2
( ) ( 6 9)
3 2
( ) 6 9
f x x x
f x x x x
f x x x x

We know that a polynomial function is every where differentiable
and so continuous
also. So f (x) is continuous in [0, 3] and differentiable in (0, 3).
Also f (0) = 0 = f (3). Thus, all the conditions of Rolles theorem
are satisfied. Now we
have to show that there exist (0,3) c , Such that f (c) =0
We have
64


3 2
( ) 6 9 f x x x x

2
'( ) 3 12 9 f x x x
'( ) 0 f x

2
3 12 9 0 x x

2
3 3 9 9 0
3 ( 1) 9 1 0
1 3 9 0
1,3
x x x
x x x
x x
x

Thus c = 1 (0,3) such that f (c) = 0. Hence rolles theorem is
verified.

28. Verify Lagranges mean values theorem for the following
function on the indicated intervals
( ) log f x xV
e
[1,2] x
Ans. Since ( ) log f x x
e
is differentiable and so continuous for all x>0. So f
(x) is continuous
on [1,2] and differentiable on (1,2). Thus both the conditions of
langranges mean value
Theorem is satisfied. Hence there exist some 1, 2 c such that :
Maths 65


2
(2) (1)
'( )
2 1
( ) log
1
'( )
(2) log 2, (1) log 1 0
(2) (1)
'( )
2 1
log 2 0
1
1
1
log 2
1
log
2
log 2
2 4
log 2 log log 4
2 2 2
1 log 2
log 1, 2
2
(2) (1)
'
2 1
e
f f
f c
f x x
e
f x
x
f f
e e
f f
f x
e
x
e
x
x e
e
Now e
e
c e
f f
f c

Hence Lagranges mean value theorem is verified.
29. Check the validity of Lagrange mean value theorem for the
following function
( ) , f x x V [ 1,1] x
Ans. We know that ( ) f x x is continuous every where. Hence the function
( ) f x x is also
continuous in [-1, 1] interval. But ( ) f x x is not differentiable at x
= 0. Hence the function ( ) f x x is not differentiable in interval (-
1,1 ). Hence the interval [-1,1] does not satisfy Lagrange mean
value theorem for the given function ( ) f x x `
66






Chapter 2
Application of Derivatives

1. The distance travelled by a particle in t second moving along a
straight line is given by
3 2
6 5 6 s t t t . Find velocity and
acceleration at t= 5 second.
Ans. Given
3 2
6 5 6 s t t t
Velocity
ds
v
dt


2
3 12 5 v t t
Velocity at t =5 second

2
3(5) 12(5) 5
140 / sec.
v
v m

Now acceleration
dv
a
dt


2
3 12 5
6 12
dv
a
dt
d
t t
dt
a t

Acceleration at t = 5 sec.
a= 6(5)+12
=30+12
= 42 m/sec
2
.
Maths 67

2. If a particle is moving along a straight line according to the
formula
3 2
6 15 s t t t . Then find the time interval for which
velocity is ve and acceleration is positive.
Ans. Given
3 2
6 15 s t t t
Velocity
2
3 12 15
ds
v t t
dt

And acceleration
dv
a
dt

6 12 a t
Now v < 0 and a > 0

2
3 12 15 0 6 12 0
2
3 4 5 0 6( 2) 0
2
4 5 0 2 0
5 1 0 2 0
1 5 2
2 5
t t and t
t t and t
t t and t
t t and t
t and t
t

Hence after 2 second and before 5 second velocity will be negative
and acceleration will
be positive.

3. Find the points on curve
2 2
2 3 0 x y x where tangent is
i) Parallel to x axis
ii) Perpendicular to x axis
iii) Makes equal angle with both axes
Ans. Given curve is
2 2
2 3 0 x y x _________________(1)
Differentiating with respect to x we get
68


2 2 2 0
1
1
_______________(2)
dy
x y
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy x
dx y

i) Tangent is parallel to x axis

tan0 0
1
0
1
dy
dx
x
y
x

Substituting x = 1 in equation (1)

2
1 2 3 0
2
4
2
y
y
y

Hence required points are (1,2) and (1, -2).
ii) Tangent is perpendicular to x - axis

tan90
dy
dx


So from equation (2)

1 1
0
0
x
y
y

Substituting y = 0 in equation (1)

2
0 2 3 0
2
2 3 0
3 1 0
1,3
x x
x x
x x
x

Hence required points are (-1, 0) and (3, 0).
Maths 69

iii) Making equal angle with both axes
tan45 1
dy
dx


From equation (2)

1
1
1
x
y
y x

Substituting y = (1 x) in equation (1)

2
2
1 2 3 0
2 2
1 2 2 3 0
2
2 4 2 0
2
2 1 0
1 2, 1 1 2 2
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x y

Hence required points are , 1 2 2 1 2, 2 and
4. Find tangent and normal of the curve
2 2
1
2 2
x y
a b
, on
cos , sin a b .
Ans. Given curve
2 2
1
2 2
x y
a b

Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
70


cos , sin
2 2
0
2 2
2
2
a b
y dy x
dx
a b
dy xb
dx
ya
dy a
dx
2
cos b
b
2
sin a
cos , sin
cos
sin
1 sin
cos
a b
b
a
a
b dy
dx

Hence equation of tangent at cos , sin a b is

cos
sin cos
sin
2 2
sin sin cos cos
2 2
cos sin cos sin
cos sin
b
y b x a
a
ay ab bx ab
bx ay ab
bx ay ab

Equation of normal at cos , sin a b

sin
sin cos
cos
2 2
cos sin cos sin sin cos
2 2
sin cos sin cos
2 2
sec cos
a
y b x a
b
by b ax a
ax by a b
ax by ec a b

5. A balloon, which always remain spherical has a variable
diameter
3
2 3
2
x . Determine the rate of change of volume with
respect to x.
Ans. Diameter of balloon =
3
2 3
2
x
Maths 71


3
2 3
4
Radius x
Volume of a sphere (V) =
4
3
3
r

3
4 3
2 3
3 4
3 9
2 3
16
x
V x

Rate of change of volume
2 9
3 2 3 2
16
dv
x
dx


2 27
2 3
8
dv
x
dx


6. A stone is dropped in to a quite lake and waves move in a circle
at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the
circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
Ans. Let r be the radius and A be the area of the circular wave at any time t
then

2
3.5 / sec.
2
2
2 3.5
7
7 7.5
2
52.5 / sec.
dr
A r and cm
dt
dA dr
r
dt dt
dA dr
r
dt dt
dA
r
dt
dA
r
dt
dA
dt
cm

72

7. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of
3
12 / sec. cm The
falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the
height of the cone is always one sixth of the radius of the base.
How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the
height is 4 cm?
Ans. Let r be the radius, h be the height and v be the volume of the sand
cone at any time t.
Then.

1
2
3
1
2
36
3
3
12
2
36
2
12 36
1
2
3
1 1
2 48
4
3 4
V r h
V h h
V h
dV dh
h
dt dt
dh
h
dt
dh
dt
h
dh
dt
h

Thus, the height of the sand cone is increasing at the rate of
1
/ sec.
48
cm


8. Find all the points of local maxima and minima of the function
3 2
6 9 8 f x x x x
Maths 73

Ans. Given y =
3 2
6 9 8 f x x x x . Then
2
3 12 9
dy
x x
dx

For maxima and minima 0
dy
dx


2
3 12 9 0
2
4 3 0
2
3 3 0
3 1 3 0
1 3 0
1,3
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x

Now we have to check that whether these points are the points of
maxima or minima. So

2
6 12
2
2
6 1 12 6 0
2
1
d y
x
dx
d y
dx
x

Hence at x = 1 the given function has maximum value and the value
is

3 2
1 6 1 9 1 8
1 6 9 8
4
f x
f x
f x

Now
2
6 3) 12
2
3
d y
dx
x

74


2
18 12
2
3
2
6 0
2
3
d y
dx
x
d y
dx
x

Hence the function has minimum value at x = 3. The minimum
value of the function at x = 3 is

3 2
3 6 3 9 3 8
27
f x
f x 54 27 8
8 f x

9. Find the maxima and minima of the function
2
1
x
f x x e .
Ans. Given
2
1
x
y x e

2
2 1 1
dy
x x
x e x e
dx

For maxima and minima 0
dy
dx


2
2 1 1 0
2
x
x x e
x
2
2 2 x x 1 0
2
1 0
2
0, 1 0
1
x
e
x
x e
x
e x
x

Now
2
2
2 2 1 2 1 1
2
d y
x x x x
e x e x e x e
dx


2
2
2 4 1 1
2
d y
x
e x x
dx

Maths 75

Now for x= 1

2
' 2 4 0 0
2
1
2
2 0
2
1
d y
e
dx
x
d y
e
dx
x

Hence the value of the function is minimum at x = 1 and the
minimum value is

2
1
1 1 0 f x e
Now for x = -1

2
1
2 4 2 4
2
1
2
1
2 8 4
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
d y
e
dx
x
d y
e
dx
x
d y
e
dx
x

Hence the value of the function is maximum at x = -1. The
maximum value is

2 4
1 1
1 1 4 e e
e

10. Prove that the maximum value of
1
1
e
e
x

Ans. Let
1
x
y
x
Taking log both sides.
Log y =
1
log x
x

log log y x x
Log z = z(let)
76

Here the maximum or minimum value of will also be maximum or
minimum value of z
so

1
log
1 log
dz
x x
dx x
dz
x
dx

And maxima or minima

0
1 log 0
1
1
dz
dx
x
x e
x
e

Now

2
1
2
2
1
0
2
1
1
d z
x
d x
d y
e
e
d x
x
e

Hence the function has maximum value at
1
x
e

And maximum value is
1
e
e `
Hence proved.



Maths 77



Chapter 3
Integrals

1. Integrate the following
2 2
sin cos
dx
x x

Ans.
2 2
sin cos
2 2 2 2
sin cos sin cos
x x dx
dx
x x x x

2
sin x.
2
sin
dx
x
2
cos
2
cos
x
x
2 2
sin cos
dx
x x
1 1
2 2
cos sin
2 2
sec cos
tan cot
dx dx
x x
xdx ec xdx
x x c

2. Integrate
2
dx
x x
e e

Ans.
2 2
4
2
dx dx
x x x x
e e e e

78


1
2 4
cosh
1
2
sec
4
cosh
2
x
dx
h xdx
x x
e e
x


1
tanh
4
x c
3. Integrate the following
(I)
sin x
dx
x
II)
cos log x
dx
x

Ans. i)
sin x
dx
x
_________________ (1)
Let x t

1
2
1
2
dx dt
x
dx dt
x

From eg. (1)

2 sin
2 cos
2cos
2cos
I tdt
t c
t c
x c

i) Let
cos(log )
(1)
x
I dx
x

Let log x = t
1
dx dt
x

From (1)
cos .
sin
sin log
I t dt
t c
x c

Maths 79

4. Integrate the following
sin cos
2 2
cos sin
x xdx
a x b x

Ans. Let I =
sin cos
2 2
cos sin
x xdx
a x b x

Let
2 2
cos sin a x b x t

2 cos sin 2 sin cos .
2 sin cos
sin cos
2( )
2( ).
1
log
2( )
1
2 2
log cos sin
2( )
a x x b x x dx dt
b a x xdx dt
dt
x xdx
b a
dt
I
b a t
t c
b a
I a x b x c
b a

5.
1
4 5sin
dx
x

Ans. Let I =
1
4 5sin
dx
x

Since
2tan
2
sin
2
1 tan
2
x
x
x


2tan
2
4 5
2
1 tan
2
dx
I
x
x


2
1 tan
2
2
4 4tan 10tan
2 2
x
dx
x x

80


2
sec
1
2
5
4 2
1 tan tan
2 2
2
x
dx
x x

Let tan
2
x
t


1
2
sec
2 2
x
dx dt

1 2
5
4 2
1
2
dt
I
t t


5
4
1
5
2
2
1
2
1
5 25 25 2
2
1
4 16 16
1
2 2
5 2 9 16
5 3
4 4 1 1
log
2 3 5 3
2
4 4 4
1
1
2
log
3 2
1 2 1
log
3 2 4
2tan 1
1
2
log
3
2tan 4
2
t
dt
t t
dt
t t
dt
t
t
C
t
t
C
t
t
C
t
x
x
C

6. Integrate
sin
1 sin
x
dx
x

Maths 81

Ans. Let I =
sin
1 sin
x
dx
x


1 sin 1
1 sin
x
dx
x


1 sin
1
1 sin 1 sin
x
dx
x x


1
1 sin
1 sin
x
x


2
1 sin cos sin
2 2
x x
x

1
cos sin
2 2
cos sin
2 2
x x
I dx dx
x x


1
2sin 2cos cos
2 2 4 2
2
x x x
I ec dx

1
2 sin cos 2logtan
2 2 8 4
2
x x x
I c


2 sin cos 2logtan
2 2 8 4
x x x
I c
7. Integrate
2
sin x xdx
Ans. Here
2
x is taken as first function and sin x as second function (according to
ILATE)
Now let I =
2
sin x xdx
Integrating by parts
82


2
2
sin sin
2
cos 2 cos
2
cos 2 cos
2
cos 2 cos . cos
2
cos 2 sin sin
2
cos 2 sin 2cos
d
I x xdx x xdx dx
dx
I x x x x dx
I x x x xdx
d
I x x x xdx x xdx dx
dx
I x x x x xdx
I x x x x x c

8. Integrate
2
log 1 x x dx
Ans. Let I =
2
log 1 x x dx

2 2
log 1 1. log 1
1 2
2
log 1 1
2
1
d
I x x dx x x dx dx
dx
I x x x
x x 2
x
2
1
1
2
log 1
2
1
xdx
x
I x x x
x x
2
1 x x
2
1
2
log 1 (1)
2
1
xdx
x
x
I x x x dx
x

Let
Maths 83


1
2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
x
I dx
x
x t
xdx tdt
tdt
xdx
t
t
I
dt
t
2
1 (2)
1
t c
I x c

From (1) & (2)

2 2
log 1 1 I x x x x c
9. Solve
3 2
2
1 1 2
x
x x x

Ans. Let
3 2
3 1 2 4
2 2
1 1 2
1 1 2 1
A A A A
x
x x x
x x x x


2 2
3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
1 2 3 4
x A x x x A x x A x x A x x

Putting x= 1

3 1 2 1 1 1 2
2
1 6
2
1
6 2
A
A
A

Putting x = -1
84


2
3 1 2 1 1 1 2
3
5 4 1
3
5
3
4
A
A
A

Putting x = -2

2
3 2 2 2 1 2 1
4
8 9 1
4
8
4
9
A
A
A

Putting x= 0
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
1 2 3 4
A A A A
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
A A A A

1 5 8
2 2 2 2
1
6 4 9
A

1 5 8
2 2
1
3 2 9
A

1 5 8 2
2
1
3 2 9 1
A

6 45 16 36
2
1
18
A

13
2
1
18
A

13
1
36
A

3 2 13 1 5 8
2 2
36 1 4 1 9 2
1 1 2 6 1
x
x x x
x x x x


13 1 1 5 8
log 1 log 1 log 2
36 6 1 4 9
x x x
x


13 1 5 8
log 1 log 1 log 2
36 6 1 4 9
x x x
x

Maths 85

10. Evaluate
1 2 3
4 5 6
x x x
dx
x x x

Ans. Let
1 2 3
1 (1)
4 5 6 4 5 6
x x x
A B C
x x x x x x

Then
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 6 4 6 4 5 x x x x x x A x x B x x C x x

Putting x = 4
(3) (2) (1) = A (-1) (-2)
6 = 2A
A = 3
Putting x = 5
(4) (3) (2) = B (1) (-1)
-24 = B
Putting x = 6
(5) (4) (3) = C (2) (1)
60 = 2C
= C = 30
From (1)

1 2 3
3 24 30
1
4 5 6 4 5 6
1 2 3
1. 3 24 30
4 5 6 4 5 6
3log 4 24log 5 30log 6
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
dx dx dx
dx dx
x x x x x x
x x x x C




86




Chapter 4
Application of Integrals

1) Find the area bounded by the parabola
2
4 y ax and its latus rectum.
Ans. Let S (a, 0) be the focus and LSL be the directrix of the parabola
2
4 y ax. The
required area is
LOLL. Since the curve is symmetric along x axis. So required solution (area) =
2 (Area LOSL)
Let us consider a strip of length = y and width = x.
Area y x
4 Area ax x
Since the strip can more between x= 0 and x=a
A = 2(area of LOSL) y P(x, y)
L
0
0
3
2
0
3
2
3
2
2
2 4
4
4
3
2
2
4 0
3
8
.
3
8
3
a
a
a
axdx
a xdx
x
A a
a a
a a
A a
X y
S(a,0) X
Maths 87

Sq. units y

2
4 y ax
2) Find the area bounded by the parabola
2
16 y x and y= x
Ans.
2
16 y x is a parabola which is symmetric along x axis and its vertex is (0, 0).
y= x is an equation of st. line which passes from origin and makes an angle of 45
with x axis.
Let A be the intersection point of parabola and straight line.

2
x =16x Or
2
x -16x =0
x (x 16) = 0
x = 0, 16
When x= 0, y= 0 and when x= 16 then y= 16
Hence coordinated of intersection points are (0, 0) and (16, 16) y
Required area =
16 16
ydx - ydx
0 0

~ .~ .~

(For parabola) (For St. Line)


16 16
4
0 0
xdx xdx
11~



16 16
3 2
2
2
4
3 2
0 0
x
x




8 1
64 0 256 0
3 2


512
128
3


^


128
.
3
squnits
88

3) Find the area bounded by curve y= sin 2x + cos 2x and x= 0,
4
.
Ans. When 0
2
x
0 2
2
x and 2 0, cos2 0, 0,
4
Sin x x x
sin2 cos2 0 y f x x x
Hence required solution
4
0
f x dx

4
sin2 cos2
0
4
cos2 sin2
2 2
0
2 2
cos sin cos0
sin0
2 2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x x dx
x x

4) Find the area bounded by curve
2 2
1 x y and x + y = 1 in first quadrant.
Ans.
2 2
1 x y 1s a circle which passes from origin and is radius is one. x + y= 1 is
a straight line which
passes from (1,0) and (0,1)
y
Hence required area =
1 1
0 0
ydx ydx

1 ~ ~

(For circle) (For straight line)
Maths 89


1 1
2
1 1
0 0
1
1
2
1
2 1
1 sin
2 2 2
0
0
1 1
1
0 sin (1) 0 1 0
2 2
1 1 1
. 2
2 2 2 4
x dx x dx
x x
x x x
^

5) Find the area bounded by the curve y= 4x(x-1) (x-2) and x axis.
Ans. Put y = 0
4 1 2 0 x x x
0,1, 2 x
Thus the curve touches x- axis at (0,0) (1,0) and (2,0).
Required area =
1 2
0 1
ydx ydx

1 2
3 2 3 2
4 12 8 4 12 8
0 1
1 2
4 3 2 4 3 2
4 4 4 4
0 0
1 4 4 16 32 16 1 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 2
x x x dx x x x dx
x x x x x x
squreunit


90




Chapter 5,
Differential Equations


1) Find degree and order of the following differential
equation
2
2
d y dy
x
y e
dx
dx
.
Ans. Given differential equation is of order 2 because the order of highest derivative is 2.
The degree of given differential eq. is one.

2) Find the differential equation for the following curves y =
2 3 x x
Ae Be .
Ans. y =
2 3 x x
Ae Be --------------- (1)
Differentiating w.r.t. x

2 3
2 ( 3)
dy
x x
Ae Be
dx
------------- (2)
Differentiating equation (2) W.R.T x

2
2 3
4 9
2
d y
x x
Ae Be
dx
---------------- (3)
Adding equation (2) and (3)

2
2 3
6
2
2
6
2
d y dy
x x
Ae Be
dx
dx
d y dy
y
dx
dx

Hence
2
6
2
d y dy
y
dx
dx
is required equation.

Maths 91

3) Find the differential equation of all circles touching the x axis at the origin.
Ans. The equation of familyof circles touching x axis at origin is

2 2
2
0
2 2
2 0 (1)
x y a a
x y ay

Where a is a parameter
Differentiating (1) W.r.t. x
2 2 2 0
dy dy
x y a
dx dx

x y dy dx
a
dy dx
------------------------------------- (2)
Substituting the value of a in equation (1)
2 2
2
x y dy dx
x y y
dy dx

2 2
2
dy
x y xy
dx

Which is required differential equation.

4) Solve
2
1
2
1
dy y
dx
x

Ans. Separating the variables of the given equations.

2 2
1 1
dy dx
y x

Now integrating both sides.

2 2
1 1
1 1 1
tan tan tan
1 1
tan tan
1
1
1
dy dx
y x
y x c
y x
c
xy
y x
c
xy
y x yx c

92


5) Solve the differential equation
2 2
1 1 0
x x
e dy y e dx given that
when x= 0, y= 1.
Ans. Separating variables in given equation

2 2
1 1
x
dy e dx
x
y e

Now integrating both sides

2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
tan tan
1
tan tan (1)
x
dy e dx
x
y e
x
e t
x
e dx dt
dy dt
y t
y t c
x
y e c

When x = 0 , y= 1

1 1 0
tan 1 tan
4 4
4 4 2
e c
c
c

Putting
2
C is equation --------------------------- (1)

1 1
tan tan
2
x
y e

1 1
tan tan
2
x
y e

1 1
tan tan
2
x
y e



Maths 93


1
y
x
e
x
y e

Which is required solution.
6) Solve
2
3
(1)
2
3
dy xy y
dx
x

Ans. Given differential equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
Let y = vx --------------------------------- (2)
3
dy dv
v x
dx dx

From (1), (2) and (3)

2 2 2 2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
dv x v v x
v x
dx
x
dv v v
v x
dx
dv v v
x v
dx
dv v
x
dx
2
3 v v
3
2
3
1
2
3
dv v
x
dx
dv
dx
x
v

Integrating both sides.

1 1
log
3
1
log
3
x c
v
x
x c
y

Which is required equation.
7) Solve the differential equation
2
0 x dy y x y dx , given that y=1, when
x = 1
94

Ans.
2
0 x dy y x y dx

2
2
2
(1)
2
x dy y x y dx
dy y
x y
dx
x
dy xy y
dx
x

Since each of the function
2
xy y and
2
x is a homogeneous function of degree
2
Eq. (1) is a homogeneous equation so,
Let y= vx ------------------------------ (2)
(3)
dy dv
v x
dx dx

From (1), (2) and (3)

2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
dv vx v x
v x
dx
x
dv
v x v v
dx
dv
x v v
dx
dv dx
x
v v

Integrating both sides.
Maths 95


2
2
2
2 1 1
2
2
1 1
1 1 1
log log log
2 1 1 1
1
log log log
2 2
log 2log 2log
2
2
log log
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
dv dx
x
v v
dv dx
x
v v
dv dx
x
v
v
x c
v
v
x c
v
v
x c
v
vx
k
v
vx
k
v
y
x
x
k
y
x
x y
k
y x

It is given that when x= 1, y = 1

1
3
2
1
2 3
2
3 2
k
x y
y x
x y y x

Which is required equation.
96

8) Solve
2 2
1 2 4
dy
x yx x
dx

Ans.
2
2 4
2 2
1 1
dy x x
y
dx
x x

Here
2
2
1
x
P
x
and
2
4
2
1
x
Q
x

Integrating factors

2
2
1
2 2
log 1 1
x
dx
e
x
x x
e

Hence required solution

2
4
2
1
2
1
x
y x
x
2
1 x
2 2
1 4
3
4
2
1
3
3
4
2 2
1
3 1
dx c
y x x dx c
x
y x c
x c
y
x
x

9) Solve log 2log
dy
x x y x
dx

Ans.
2
log
dy y
dx x x x

Here
1
log
P
x x
and
2
Q
x

Integrating factor
log
dx
x x
e


log log
log
x
e x
Hence required solution is
Maths 97


2
log log
2
log
y x xdx c
x
y x
2
log
2
x
log
log
c
c
y x
x

10) Solve
3 3
dy
xy x y
dx

Ans.
3 2 3
(1)
dy
y xy x
dx

Let
2
y v

3
2
dy dv
y
dx dx

From equation (1)

1
3
2
dv
xv x
dx


3
2 2 (2)
dv
xv x
dx


2
2
xdv
x
e e
Hence required solution is
98


2 2
3
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
2 2
1
x x
ve x e dx c
x t x x
ve x x e dx c
xdx dt
x t
ve t e dt c
x t t
ve te e c
x
ve et t c
x x
ve e x c
x x
y ve e x c
x
y x ce



Maths 99



Unit IV

Chapter I
Vectors

1) If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC, prove that 0 GA GB GC

.
Ans. Let , a bandc

be the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively. Then
the position vector of
the centroid G is
3
a b c


Now GA GB GC



3 3 3
3
3
0
a b c a b c a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c a b c






2) Show that the point with position vectors 2 3 , 2 3 2 a b c a b c

and
8 13 a b

are collinear.
Ans. Let P, Q, R be the points with position vectors 2 3 , 2 3 2 a b c a b c

and
8 13 a b

respectively
then
100

2 3 2 2 3
3 5 (1)
8 13 2 3 2
6 10 2
2 3 5 (2)
PQ a b c a b c
PQ a b c
and
QR a b a b c
QR a b c
QR a b c






From (1) & (2)
2 QR PQ


This shows that PQ

and QR

are parallel vectors. But Q is common point to

them. So PQ

and QR

are
Collinear. Hence P, Q and R are collinear.

3) Find the unit vector in the direction of a b

if

2 2 a i j k

and

b i j k

.
Ans. We have

2 - 2 -
0
2 2 2
1 0 1 2
a b i j k i j k
a b i j k
a b






Required unit vector =
a b
a b




1
0
2
1 1
2 2
i j k
i k



Maths 101

4) Find the direction cosines of the vector finding the points A (1, 2,-3) and B (-
1,-2, 1) directed from A to B.
Ans. AB

J Position vector of B Position vector of A

2 2 3
2 4 4
AB i j k i j k
AB i j k

The direction ratios are proportional to -2, -4, and 4. So direction cosines of
AB

are

2 4 4
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
1 2 2
, ,
3 3 3

are direction cosines.
5) Find the value of , so that the vectors 2 a i j k

and
2 3 b i j k

are
i) Perpendicular to each other
ii) Parallel to each other
Ans. I) a b



0
2 2 3 0
2 2 3 0
5 2
5
2
a b
i j k i j k



II) We know that if two vectors
1 2 3
a a i a j a k

and

1 2 3
b b i b j b k

are parallel to each
102

other then
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 1
1 2 3
2
2
4
a a a
b b b

6) Show that the diagonal of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
Ans. Let OACB be a rhombus. Taking O as the origin let the position vector of A and B
be a

and b

respectively. Then OA a

and OB b


F

In OAC
OC OA AC
OC OA OB
OC a b




OB AC


Position vector of C is a b



a

The position vector of mid-point of
2
a b
C

and position vector of mid-point
of
2
a b
AB


Hence the mid- point of OC coincides with mid- point of AB.
Now OC AB


Maths 103


2 2
2 2
0
b a
OB OA
OB OA
OC AB

Hence the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
7) Show that the area of parallelogram having diagonals 3 2 i j k

and
3 4 i j k

is5 3.
Ans. Let 3 2 , 3 4 a i j k b i j k




3 1 2
1 3 4
4 6 12 2 9 1
2 14 10
2 2 2
2 14 10
300
i j k
a b
a b i j k
a b i j k
a b
a b









Area of parallelogram =
1
2
a b



1
300
2
J
10
3 5 3
2
Square unit
8) If D, E, F are the mid- points of the sides of a triangle ABC, prove by vector
method that area of
104

DEF =
1
4
(area of ABC)
Ans. Taking A as origin, let the position vector of B and C be b

and c

respectively.
Then the position vector
of D, E and F are
1 1
,
2 2
b c c

and
1
2
b

respectively.
A (origin)
Now

. . . .
1 1
2 2
2
DE PV of E PV ofD
DE c b c
b
DE

B
C

And

. . . .
1 1
2 2
2
DF PV of F PV ofD
DF b b c
c
DF

Area of DEF =
1
2
DE DF


Maths 105

1
2 2
2
1
8
1 1
4 2
1
4
b c
b c
AB AC
area of ABC



#

Hence area of (DEF) =
1
4
area of ABC #
9) For any vector a

, prove that
2 2 2 2
2 a i a j a k a



Ans. Let
1 2 3
a a i a j a k

Then
1 2 3
a i a i a j a k i

106


1 2 3
2 3
2 3
1 3
1 3
1 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
a i a i i a j i a k i
a i a k a j
a i a a
a j a k a i
a j a a
a k a a
a i a j a k
a a a a a a
a a a a

Hence proved

10) Find a b

if 2 a i k

and b i j k

Ans. We have
Maths 107


2 0 1
1 1 1
0 1 2 1 2 0
2
i j k
a b
a b i j k
a b i j k









108




Unit IV

Chapter 2
Three Dimension Geometry

1) Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of P (2, -1, 4) and Q
(4, 3, 2) in the ratio 2:3
(i) internally (ii) Externally.
Ans. Let R (x, y, z) be the required point. Then ,
i)
2 4 3 2 14
2 3 5
x
2 3 3 1 3
2 3 5
y
2 2 3 4 16
2 3 5
z
So, the coordinator of the required point are

14 3 16
, ,
5 5 5
R
ii)
2 4 3 2
2
2 3
x
Maths 109

2 3 3 1
9
2 3
2 2 3 4
8
2 3
y
z

So, the coordinator of the required point are
2, 9,8 R


2) Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn form the point A
(1, 2, 1) to the line joining B(1, 4, 6) and C(5, 4, 4).
Ans. Let D be the foot of perpendicular drawn from A on BC. Let D divides BC in the
ratio :1. Then the
coordinators of D are

5 1 4 4 4 6
, , (1)
1 1 1

Now direction ratio of BC are proportional to 5 1, 4 4, 4 6 i.e. 4, 0, -2 and
direction ratios of AD are
proportional to
5 1 4 4 4 6
1, 2, 1
1 1 1

4 2 2 3 5
, ,
1 1 1

Since AD BC. Therefore
4 2 2 3 5
4 0 2 0
1 1 1
16 6 10 0
1

Putting 1 in (1)
The coordinate of D are (3, 4, and 5)

110

3) Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations
5 3 0 l m n and
2 2 2
7 5 3 0 l m n .
Ans. The given equations are
5 3 0 l m n ------------------- (1)

2 2 2
7 5 3 0 l m n ------------ (2)
From (1) , we have
5 3 l m n
Putting 5 3 l m n

in eq. (2)

2
2 2
7 5 3 5 3 0
2 2 2 2
7 25 9 30 5 3 0
2 2
6 7 2 0
2 2
6 4 3 2 0
3 2 2 0
2
,
3 2
m n m n
m n mn m n
m mn n
m mn mn n
m n m n
n
m n m

If
2
3
m nthen from (1), we obtain
1
3
l n
If
2
n
m , then from (1), we obtain
2
n
l
Thus direction ratios of two lines are proportional to
2
, ,
3 3
n
n n and , ,
2 2
n n
n
i.e. 1, 2, 3 and -1, 1, 2
Hence their direction cosines are
Maths 111


,
1 2 3
,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
14 14 14
1 1 2
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 2
, ,
6 6 6


4) Find the vectors equation of a line passing through a point with position
vector 2i j k

and parallel to the line joining the points
4 i j k

and 2 2 i j k

.
Ans. Let A, B, C be the points with position vectors 2i j k

, 4 i j k

and
2 2 i j k

respectively.
We have to find the equation of a line passing through the point A and parallel
to BC

.
We have BC

= Position vector of C Position vectors of B

2 2 4
2 2
BC i j k i j k
BC i j k

We know that the equation of a line passing through a point a

and parallel to b

is
a b r


2 2 2 i j k i j k r

Which is required equation.
112

5) Find the Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points A (2, -1, 3)
and B (4, 2, 1).
Ans. We know that the equation of a line passing through points
1 1, 1
, x y z and
2 2, 2
, x y z is given by

1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

So the equation of the required line is.

2 1 3
4 2 2 1 1 3
2 1 3
2 3 2
x y z
x y z

Which is required equation.
6) Find the angle between two lines having direction ratio 1, 1, 2
and 3 1 , 3 1 , 4.
Ans. Let
1
m and
2
m be vectors parallel to the two given lines. The angle between two
given lines is same as
angle between
1
m and
2
m `
Now
1
m = vector parallel to the line with direction ratio1,1, 2 2 i j k

`

2
m = vector parallel to the line with direction ratio
3 1, 3 1, 4 3 1 3 1 4 i j k


Let be the angle between the lines then,

1 2
1 2
1
2
3 1 3 1 8
.
cos
2 2
1 1 4 3 1 3 1 16
6
cos
6 24
3
m m
m m



Maths 113

7) Show that the lines
1 1 1
3 2 5
x y z
and
2 1 1
4 3 2
x y z
do not
intersect.
Ans. Let
1 1 1
3 2 5
x y z

3 1, 2 1, 5 1 x y z
So, the coordinator of a general point on this line is 3 1, 2 1, 5 1
And
2 1 1
4 3 2
x y z

4 2, 3 1, 2 1 x y z

2 1 1
4 3 2
4 2, 3 1, 2 1
x y z
x y z

So, the coordinator of a general point on this line is 4 2,3 1, 2 1
If the line intersect, then they have a common point.
So 3 1 4 2, 2 1 3 1and 5 1 2 1
3 4 3________(1)
2 3 2 _________(2)
5 2 2 ________(3)

Multiplying equation. (1) By 2 and equation. (2) by 3
6 8 6
6 9 6
12

From (1)
114

3 4 12 3
3 3 48
3 51
17

From (2)
5 17 2 12 2
85 24 2
109 2

Since 17and 12 do not satisfy equation. (3). Hence the given lines
do not intersect.
8) Find the shortest distance between the lines 4 2 3 i j i j k r

and
2 2 4 5 i j k i j k r

Ans. We know that the shortest distance between the lines
1 1
a b

and
2 2
a b

is given by

2 1 1 2
1 2
. a a b b
b b
d



Comparing the given equation with the equation with the equation
1 1
r a b

and
2 2 2
r a b

, we
have
1 2
4 , 2 a i j a i j k


and
1 2
2 3 , 2 4 5 b i j k b i j k



Now
Maths 115

2 1
2 1
2 4
3 0 2
a a i j k i j
a a i j k





And
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 3
2 4 5
( 10 12) ( 5 6) (4 4)
2 0
. ( 3 0 2 ).(2 0 )
. 6 0 0
i j k
b b
b b i j k
b b i j k
a a b b i j k i j k
a a b b
a a

1 2
1 2
. 6
4 1 0 5
b b
b b



Shortest distance
116

.
2 1 1 2
1 2
6 6
5 5
a a b b
b b



9) Find the angle between the planes . 2 6 r i j k

and . 2 5 r i j k

.
Ans. We know that the angle between two planes .
1
1
r n d

and .
2
2
r n d

is
.
1 2
cos
1 2
n n
n n



Here
1
2 n i j k

and
2
2 n i j k

2 . 2
cos
4 1 1 1 1 4
2 1 2 3 1
cos
6 6 6 2
1
cos
2
3
i j k i j k


Maths 117

10) Prove that if a plane has the intercept a, b and c and is at a distance of P unit
from the origin, then
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c P

Ans. Equation of a plane having intercept a, b, c on the coordinate axes is
1
x y z
a b c

It is given that this plane is at a distance of p unit from origin
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c
p
a b c
p
a b c
p
a b c
a b c p

Hence proved

11) Find the distance between parallel lines x+y-z+4=0 and x +y-z+5=0.
118

Ans. Let
1 1 1
, , P x y z be any point on
4 0 x y z then, 4 0 (1)
1 1 1
x y z
Then length of perpendicular from
1 1 1
, , P x y z to 5 0 x y z is

1 1 1
5
4 5
1
3
2 3 2 2
1 1 1
x y z

Therefore the distance between the two given parallel planes is
1
3
`

12) Show that the centroid of the triangle with vertices
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , , , , A x y z B x y z and
3 3 3
, , C x y z
Is
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, ,
3 3 3
x x x y y y z z z

Ans. Let D be mid-point of BC. Then coordinators of D are
2 3 2 3 2 3
, ,
2 2 2
x x y y z z

Let G be the centroid of ABC. Then G divides AD in the ratio of 2:1. So
coordinator of D are

2 3 2 3 2 3
1
1 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2 1. 1. 1.
2 2 2
, ,
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
3 3 3
x x y y z z
x y z
x x x y y y z z z




Maths 119




Unit V
Linear Programming

1) Define the following :
i) Objective function
ii) Constraints
iii) Non negative restrictions
Ans. i) Objective function If , ,
1 2
C C C
n
are constants and
, ,
1 2
x x x
n
are variable, then
the linear function
1 1 2 2
z c x c x c x
n n

Which is to be maximized or minimized is called the objective function.
ii) Constraints The inequalities or equation in the variables of a LPP which
describes the conditions
under which the optimization (maximization or minimization) is to be
accomplished are called constraints.
In the constraints given in the general form of LPP there may be one of the three
sings , , `
iii) Non negative restrictions These are the constraints which describes that
the variable involved in a
LPP are non negative.

2) A firm manufactures two types of products A and B and sells them at a profit
of Rs. 2 on type A and Rs. 3 on B. Each product is processed on two
machines G and H. Type A requires one minute of processing time on G and
two minute on H. Type B requires one minute on G and one minute on H.
The machine G is available for not more than 6 hours 40 minutes, while
machine H is available for 10 hours during any working day. Formulate the
problem as a linear programming problem.
120

Ans. Let
1
x be the number of products of type A and
2
x the number of products of type
B. The given data
may be put in following tabular from.





Machine Time of product (Minutes) Available time

Type A (
1
x units) Type B (
2
x units)

G 1 1 400
H 2 1 600
Profit Per Unit Rs. 2 Rs. 3
Since the profit on types A is Rs. 2 per product, 2
1
x will be the profit on selling
1
x units of types A.
Similarly 3
2
x will be the profit on selling
2
x units of type B. Therefore total
profit on selling
1
x unit of A
and
2
x units of B is given by 2 3
1 2
Z x x (objective function)
Since machine G takes 1 minute time on type A and 1 minute time on type B, the
total number by minutes
required on machine G is given by
1 2
x x
Similarly the total number of minutes required on machine H is given
by2
1 2
x x `
Machine G is not available for more than 6 hours 40 minutes (=400 minutes).
Therefore 400
1 2
x x
Also the machine H is available for 10 hours only. There fore 2 600
1 2
x x
Since it is not possible to produce negative quantities so
0
1
x and 0
2
x non negative restrictions)
Hence LPP of the given problem is
Maximize 2 3
1 2
z x x
Subject to the constants
Maths 121

400
1 2
2 600
1 2
0, 0
1 2
x x
x x
x x

3) A resourceful home decorator manufactures two types of lamps say A and B.
Both lamps go through two technicians first a cutter, second a finisher. Lamp
A requires 2 hours of the cutters time and 1 hour of finishers time. Lamb B
requires 1 hour of cutters time and 2 hours of finishers time. The cutter has
104 hours and finisher has 76 hours of time available each month. Profit on
lamp A is Rs. 6.00 and on one lamp B is Rs. 11.00. Assuming that he can sell
all that he produces, how many of each type of lamps should he manufacture
to obtain the best return.

Ans. The above information can be put in the following tabular form :-

Lamp Cutters time Finishers time Profit in Rs.
A 2 1 6
B 1 2 11
Maximum time
available
104 76

Let the decorator manufacture x lamps of type A and y lamps of type B.
Total profit = Rs. (6x + 11y)
Total time taken lay the cutter in preparing x lamps of type A and y lamps of type
B is (2x+y) hours. But
the cutter has 104 hours only for each month.
2 104 x y
Similarly, the total time taken by the finisher in preparing x lamps of type A and y
lamps of type B is
(x+2y) hours. But the cutter has 76 hours only for each month.
2 76 x y
Since the number of lamps cannot be negative 0, 0 x y
So, the mathematical formulation of the given LPP is as follows :
Maximize z = 6x + 11y
Subject to 2 104 x y

2 76 x y
And 0, 0 x y
122

4) Solve the following LPP graphically : maximize z= 5x+3y
Subject to
3 5 15
5 2 10
x y
x y

And 0, 0 x y
Ans. Converting the given inequalities in to equations
3 5 15,5 2 10, 0 x y x y x And y=0
The line 3x+5y=15 meets the coordinates axes at 5,0
1
A and
0,3
1
B respectively. Join these points to
get the line 3x+5y=15. Coordinate (0,0) satisfy the inequality 3 5 15 x y . So
the region containing
the origin represents the solution set of the inequality 3 5 15 x y .
The line 5x+2y =10 meets the coordinate axes at 2,0
2
A and
0,5
2
B respectively. Join these points to
get the line 5x+2y =10. Coordinate (0,0) satisfy the inequality 5 2 10 x y . So
the region containing the
origin represents the solution set of this inequality.
So the feasible region of given LPP is given by :-
The coordinates of vertices of the shaded feasible region are Y
20 45
0,0 , 2,0 , , 0,3
2 1
19 19
O A P B
Value of objective function at these points are
0, 0 5 0 3 0 0
2, 0 5 2 3 0 10
2
20 45 20 45
, 5 3
19 19 19 19
20 45 235
,
19 19 19
O z
A z
P z
P z



At 0,3 5 0 3 3 9
1
B z
Maths 123

The optional value of
235
19
z X
X
5) Define the followings :- O
i) Feasible solution Y
ii) Infeasible solution
iii) Optimal feasible solution
iv) Convex set
Ans. i) Feasible solution A set of values of the variable ,
1 2
x x x
n
is
called a feasible solution
of a LPP, if it satisfy the constraints and non negativity restriction of the
problem.
ii) Infeasible solution A solution of LPP is an infeasible solution, if the system
of constraints has no point
which satisfies all the constraints and non negativity restrictions.
iii) Optional feasible solution A feasible solution of a LPP is said to be an
optional feasible solution, if it
also optimizes (Maximize or minimize) the objective function.
iv) Convex set A set is a convex set, if every point on the line point on the line
segment joining any two
points in it lies in it.
Ex.










124



Unit VI

Probability

1) In how many ways can 3 girls and nine boys be seated in two vans, each
having numbered seats, 3 in front row and 4 at the back ? How many seating
arrangement are possible if 3 girls should sit together in a back row on
adjacent seats ? Now if all the seating arrangements are equally likely, what
is the probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats ?
Ans. Each van has 7 seats, so there are 14 numbered seats in two vans. The total number
of ways in which 3
girls and 9 boys can sit on these seats is
14
12
12
C
So, total number of seating arrangements
=
14
12
12
C
In a van 3 girls can choose adjacent seats in the back row in two ways (1,2,3 or
2, 3, 4)
So, the number of ways in which 3 girls can sit in the back row on adjacent seats
in 2(3 ) ways. The numbe
of ways in which 9 boys can sit on the remaining 11 seats is 9!
11
9
C ways. So
the number of ways in
which 3 girls and 9 boys can sit in two vans.
3! 9! 3! 9!
11 11
2 2
9 9
C C

Hence required probability

3! 9!
12!
11
4
9
14
12
c
c

2) If the letters of the word ATTRACTION are written down at random, find
the probability that
I) All the Ts occur together
Maths 125

II) No two Ts occur together
Ans. The total number of arrangements of the cutter of the word ATTRACTION is
10!
3! 2!

I) Consider all there Ts as one, then there are 8 letters consisting of two identical
As. These 8 letters can be arranged is
8!
2!
ways
Hence required probability
8!
3!8!
2!
10!
10!
3! 2!
1
15

II) Other than 3 Ts there are 7 letters which can be arranged in
7!
2!
ways. There
are 8 places 6 between the 7 letters and one on extreme left and the other on
extreme right. So 3 Ts can be arranged in 8 places
8
3
c ways
Number of ways in which no two Ts are together
7!
2!
8
3
C
Hence required probability
7!
2!
10!
3! 2!
8
7 3
15
C

3) A basket contains 20 apples and 10 orange out of which 5 apples and 3
oranges are defective. If a person takes out 2 at random what is the
probability that either both are apples or both are good.
Ans. Out of 30 fruits two can be selected in
30
2
C ways.
Consider the following two events
A = Getting two apples, B= Getting two good fruits
Required probability = P(AUB)
P A B P A P B P A B
There are 20 apples, out of which 2 can be selected in
20
2
C ways.
126


20
2
30
2
C
P A
C

There are 8 defective pieces and the remaining 22 are good. Out of 22 good
pieces, two can be selected in
22
2
C Ways.
22
2
30
2
C
P B
C

Since there are 15 pieces which are good apples, out of which two can be selected
in
15
2
C
Ways. Therefore
15
2
30
2
C
P A B
C

Now required probability P A P B P A B
20 22 15
316
2 2 2
30 30 30
435
2 2 2
C C C
C C C

4) A coin is tosses three times. Find P (E/F) in each of two following:
1) E= Head on the third toss, F= Heads in first two tosses
2) E = At least two heads, F = at most two heads
Ans. The sample space
, , , , , , , S HHH HHT HTH THH HTT THT TTH TTT
1) We have
, , ,
,
E HHH HTH THH TTH
F HHH HHT
E F HHH

Clearly 4, 2, 1 n E n F n E F
1
/
2
n E F
P E F
n F

2) , , , E HHH HHT HTH THH
Maths 127

, , , , , , F TTT THT HTT TTH THH HTH HHT
, , E F HHT HTH THH
4, ( ) 7, 3
3
/
7
n E n F n E F
n E F
P E F
n F

5) A black and a red dice are rolled in order. Find the conditional probability of
obtaining a sum greater than 9, given that the black dice resulted in a 5.
Ans. Let us consider the following equals :
A = Getting a sum greater than 9.
B = Black die resulted in a, 5.

5,5 6, 4 4, 6 6,5 5, 6 6, 6
5,1 5, 2 5,3 5, 4 5,5 5, 6
5,5 5, 6
2, 6, 6
A
B
A B
n A B n A n B

Required probability

2 1
/
6 3
n A B
P A B
n B

6) A bag contains 10 white and 15 black balls. Two balls are drawn in
succession without replacement. What is the probability that first is white
and second is black.
Ans. Let us consider the following events :
A = getting a white ball in first draw
B= getting a black ball in second draw
Required probability P A B
. / (1) P A B P A P B A [By multiplication theorem]
Now
10
10 2
1
25
25 5
1
C
P A
C
and P (B/A) = Probability of getting a black ball
in second draw when a
White ball has already been in first draw.
128

15
15 5
1
/
24
24 8
1
C
P B A
C

From (1)
2 5 2 1
5 8 8 4
P A B
7) From a well shuffled pack of cards find the probability of drawing a
diamond card in each of the two consecutive draws, if the card drawn is not
replaced after the first draw.
Ans. Let us consider the following events
A = getting a diamond card in first draw
B = getting a diamond card in second draw
P(A)=
1
4
13
13
1
52 52
1
C
C

After drawing a diamond card in the first draw 51 cards are left out of which 12 cards
are diamond cards

12
12 4
1
/
51
51 17
1
C
P B A
C

Required probability / P A B P A P B A

1 4 1
4 17 17

8) Given the
1 3
,
2 5
P A P A B and P(B) = P. Find P if A and B are I)
mutually exclusive (ii) Independent
Ans. I) If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
. P A B P A P B

3 1
5 2
P
3 1 1
5 2 10
P
ii) If A, B are independent events, then
Maths 129


.
1
2
3 1
5 2 2
3 1
2 5 2
1
5
P A B P A P B
P A B P
P A B P A P B P A B
P
P
P
P

9) A can solve 90% of the problems given in a book and B can solve 70%. What
is the probability that at least one of them will solve the problem, selected at
random from the book?
Ans. Let us consider the following events :
E = A solves the problems
F = B solves the problems
E and F are independent events such that

90 9
100 10
P E
And
70 7
100 10
P F
Required probability

1
9 7
1 1 1
10 10
1 3
1 0.97
10 10
P E F
P E P F

10) A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B 3 times in 4 shots and C 2 times in 3
shots. Calculate the probability that
1) A, B, C all may hit
2) B, C hit and A may lose
Ans. Let us consider the following events
E = A hits the target
F = B hits the target
130

G = C hits the target
We have

4
5
3
4
2
3
P E
P F
P G

1) Required probability
4 3 2 2
5 4 3 5
P E F G
P E P F P G


2) Required probability

4 3 2 1
1
5 4 3 10
P E F G
P E P F P G

















Maths 131