1

HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Pettijohn et al. 1987 p.59
chemical
composition
of common
arenites
(E) Sediment
geochemistry
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Herron 1988
Pettijohn 1963, 1987
classification based
on geochemistry
2
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
5%
25%
10%
NCI
CE
NCE
CI
s
an
d
s
to
n
e
s
.s
tr.
N
C
I-be
arin
g
sa
nd
sto
ne
N
C
I-rich
sa
n
dsto
n
e
hyb
rid are
nite
N
C
I-b
e
aring
h
ybrid are
nite
N
C
I-rich
h
ybrid
a
re
nite
calcarenite calclithite
quartzarenite, arkose, litharenite
glauconitic greensand
oolithic ironstone
reworked phosphorite
gypsarenite
33%
90%
Q
F L incl. CE
a
r
k
o
s
e
quartzarenite
lithic arkose
feldspathic
litharenite
litharenite
lithic subarkose
sublitharenite subarkose
2. 1.
Example:
Swiss
Molasse Basin
classification based
on petrography
-1
0
1
0 1 2
q
u
a
r
t
z

a
r
e
n
i
t
e
arkose
subarkose
sublitharenite
Fe-sandstone
Fe-shale
shale
w
a
c
k
e
litharenite
log(SiO /Al O )
2 2 3
l
o
g
(
F
e
O
)
2
3
/
K
O
2
classification based
on geochemistry
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Pettijohn et al. 1987 p.59
3
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Rollinson 1993
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Tectonic Setting Discrimination diagrams
Rollinson 1993 p.208
(1) Major elements:
4
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Rollinson 1993 p.207
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
discrimination of tectonic setting
by major elements
does it work properly ?
Armstron-Altrin & Verma 2005, Sed Geol 177
5
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Armstron-Altrin & Verma 2005
success rate
be very careful with such discrimination diagrams !!!
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
the problem of grain-size
Bhatia 1983, Bhatia & Crook 1986, Roser & Korsch 1988
D
C
B
A
A
B
C
D
increasing grain size
greywackes from type-locality Oberharzer Grauwacke
O-g
O-m
O-f
G-g
G-m
G-f
6
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40
LOI
C
a
O
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
SiO
2
C
a
O
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 10 20 30 40
LOI
M
g
O
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CaO
M
g
O
Bivariate Ca / Mg / LOI-plots of Swiss Molasse sandstones (litharenites)
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
3 2 1 4 6 5 7 8
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
Ma
60
%
30 0
S
3 2 1 4 6 5 7 8
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
Ma
60
%
30 0
S
G
WSW
ENE
7
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
framework composition vs. wr-geochemistry
von Eynatten 2003
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Rollinson 1993 p.208
(2) Trace elements:
8
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
McLennan 1993,
GSA Spec Pap 284
detection of various processes
such as recycling, sorting, etc.
Th/Sc monitors the compositional
variation of the source area, and
Zr/Sc monitors zircon enrichment
due to sedimentary (sorting and)
recycling
Active Margin Turbidites
Zr / Sc
.1 1 10 100 1000
.1
1
10
.01
.001
T
h

/

S
c
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
Trailing Edge Turbidites
Andean Foreland
Loess
Sediment
Recycling
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
% L
u
(serpentinite clasts)
group III
group II
group I
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
Cr-spinel chemistry
0 0.05 0.10 0.15
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
TiO
2
[Gew.-%]
IPB
IAB
MORB
Fe
III
/(Cr+Al+Fe)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Fe
III
/(Cr+Al+Fe)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
IPB
IAB
MORB
TiO
2
[Gew.-%]
von Eynatten 2003, Sedimentology 50
9
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
SW
NE
WSW
ENE
3 2 1 4 6 5 7 8
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
Ma
SEDIMENTE
Granitoide
Granitoide
SEDIMENTE
SEDIMENTE
Sedimente
Sedimente
Sedimente
Granitoide
G
r
a
n
i
t
o
i
d
e
(Ultra-)basite
S
e
d
i
m
e
n
t
e
(Ultra-)basite
(Ultra-)
basite
(Ultra-)basite
Flysch
M
e
t
a
s
e
d
i
m
e
n
t
e
Meta-
sedi-
mente
> > >
?
~ 21 Ma
~ 20 Ma
~ 25 Ma
? recycling ?
? recycling ?
>75% 50 - 75% 25 - 50% 10 - 25%
WSW ENE
von Eynatten 2003
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Contribution of mafic to
ultramafic (ophiolitic)
source rocks
( Mixing! )
McLennan 1993
10
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Rare earth patterns of sediments
from different sources
McLennan 1993
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Nesbitt & Young 1989
Alteration
(weathering, diagenesis, ...)
CIA = 100
Al
2
O
3
+CaO* +Na
2
O +K
2
O
Al
2
O
3
Chemical Index of Alteration:
(with CaO* =CaO from silicate phases)
increasing alteration
11
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Leeder 1999
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Nesbitt & Young 1989
12
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
chemical weathering of granitoid rocks
Toorongo granodiorite
(Nesbitt et al. 1980, GCA 44)
Chemical Index of Alteration:
Al
2
O
3
+CaO*+Na
2
O+K
2
O
Al
2
O
3
100
C

I

A
A
CN K
50
100
+
Kf Pl
Ka
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
p(A)
p(CN) p(K)
g
s
k
=(k p
w1
) g
p
w1
=(0.49, 0.13, 0.38)
99.5%
+
chemical weathering of granitoid rocks
Toorongo
granodiorite
von Eynatten et al. 2003
13
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Toorongo
granodiorite
normalized
to Al
2
O
3
=1
0
0
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
CaO*
Na O
2
Al O
2 3
K O
2
k
von Eynatten et al. 2002, Math. Geol. 34
chemical weathering of granitoid rocks
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
suspended sediment load of
the worlds major rivers
(McLennan 1993, J. Geol. 101)
s = cc (k p
w2
)
p
w2
=(0.51, 0.13, 0.36)
97.1%
p
w1
=(0.49, 0.13, 0.38)
99.5%
chemical weathering at global scales
g
p(A)
p(CN) p(K)
Mackenzie
cc
Orinoco
Indus
Ganges
Danube
St. Lawrence
Niger
Mekong
Congo
river k
St. Lawrence 0.13
Danube 0.25
Ganges 0.75
Indus 0.78
Orinoco 1.01
Mekong 1.87
Congo 2.15
Niger 3.49
von Eynatten et al. 2003, Math. Geol. 35
14
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Observed trends often due not
correlate with predicted trends
She et al. 2006, Chem Geol.
X
1
X
2
X
3
1
2
?
a
superposition of processes
von Eynatten 2004, Sed Geol
HvE - Sedimentpetrologie
Trace elements such as Rb, Ba, Sr, U, Th, Zr, etc. may provide valuable
additional information on weathering processes
McLennan 1993