Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of deree of !a"helor of Te"hnolo# In Computer S"ien"e Enineerin PROJECT $%I&E' (r) Ra*esh Ra*ori#a ITT(+ (TN, NE- &E,HI Shadipur Telephone E."hane NE- &elhi) /SHISH 0%(/R 1234556237558 /C0NO-,E&$E(ENT Our gratitude, first of all goes to !9COE+ New &elhi for providing us with a chance to undergo a 6-weeks of industrial training at ITTM MTNL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, !elhi, one of India"s most prestigious and respected telecommunications compan#$ %e are e&tremel# thankful to (r) Ra*esh Ra*ori#a+ S&E1Tr8 and (r) ()0) (ishra &E1Tr8 for their valua'le guidance and support without which, the completion of this work would have 'een impossi'le$ Their profound knowledge and sound advice helped us complete this pro(ect report to the 'est of our a'ilities$
!ate) *+,-.,+/ Name of student) /SHISH 0%(/R 1234556237558
T/!,E OF CONTENTS
5) INTRO&%CTION 3) Important Information 0$+ 1rief 2istor# of MTNL 0$0 Infrastructure 3rowth 0$* 4ision of MTNL 0$/ Organi5ation 6tructure :) Networ;in Con"ept *$+ Network !efinition *$0 Network 7haracterstics *$* T#pes of Network *$/ !evices 8sed to make Network <) !rief &es"ription about Pro*e"t /$+ Network !iagram of 9ro(ect /$0 9ro(ect Implementation /$* 9ro(ect 7onfiguration /$*$+ 7onfiguring :outing /$*$0 7onfiguring ;7L /$*$* 7onfiguring N;T /$*$/ 7onfiguring 9;T /$*$< 7onfiguring 4L;N /$*$6 7onfiguring Trunk /$*$= 7onfiguring 4T9 6) Con"lusion <$+ 7onclusion ,IST OF T/!,ES Contents
+$ 2istorical !evelopment at MTNL 0$ Network Infrastructure
,IST OF /!!RE9I/TIONS 36M 3LO1;L 6@6T?M MO1IL? 7!M; 7O!? !I4I6ION M8LTI9L? ;77?66 O69> O9?N 62O:T?6T 9;T2 >I:6T ?I3:9 ?N2;N72?! INT?:IO: 3;T?%;@ :O8T?: ;1: ;:?; 1O:!?: :O8T?: ;61: ;8TONOMO86 6@6T?M 1O8N!;:@ :O8T?: I9 INT?:N?T 9:OTO7OL 4L6M 4;:I;1L? L?N3T2 681N?T M;6A L;N LO7;L ;:?; N?T%O:A %;N %I!? ;:?; N?T%O:A I6! INT?:N;TION;L 68167:I1?: !I;LLIN3 T79,I9 T:;N6MI66ION 7ONT:OL 9:OTO7OL M;7 M?!I; ;77?66 7ONT:OL :I9 :O8TIN3 IN>O:M;TION 9:OTO7OL 4L;N 4I:T8;L L;N ;7L ;77?66 LI6T 6T! 6T;N!;:! T:8NA !I;LIN3 I6!N INT?3:;T?! 6?:4I7? !I3IT;L N?T%O:A I94/ INT?:N?T 9:OTO7OL 4?:6ION / I946 INT?:N?T 9:OTO7OL 4?:6ION 6 M;N M?T:O9OLITI;N ;:?; N?T%O:A INTRO&%CTION O'(ective of IITM is to impart induction training short duration training to its officers and emplo#ees in the field of Telecom IT 7omputers s#stems 36M Management to enhance their knowledge ,skills ,attitude to perform in 'etter and professional wa#$ Histori"al &e=elopment of (TN, 5>4? 7reation of Mahanagar Telephones Nigam Limited 5>4? >irst digital e&change world technolog# 'rought to India 5>47 Largle 6cale introduction of push 'utton telephone made dialling easier$ 5>44 9hone 9lus services multiplied 'enefits to telephone users$ 5>>3 4oice Mail 6ervice Introduced 5>>? I6!N services introduced 5>>7 %ireless in Local loop introduced 5>>> Internet services introduced$ 3222 Millennium Telecom Limited, a wholl# owned su'sidar# of MTNL is 'orn 3225 Launched 36M 7ellular Mo'ile service under the 'rand name !olphin Launched %LL Mo'ile services under the 'rand name 3aruda$ The compan# listed at New @ork stock e&change(N@6? 8nited telecom ltd$,MTNL Boint venture in Nepal,for providing %LL 'ased services in Nepal 'ecame operational$ 7LI 'ased Internet e&press services introduced$ 3223 Launched pre-paid 36M Mo'ile services under the 'rand name Trump$?mail on 96TN lines introduced under the 'rand name mtnlmail$ 322: Introduced 7!M; +& 0--- Technolog# under the 'rand name 3aruda +- &$Introduced pilot pro(ect of ;!6L 'ased 1road'and services$Introduced 4irtual 9hone services$Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Ltd$ 'agged second operator license in Mauritius$ 322< ?&panded 36M C 7!M; capacit# '# .--,--- lines each (total +$6 million lines e&panded 6T!,I6! rates slashed '# almost 6-D$ MTNL su'sidiar# MTML o'tained license to provide fi&ed, mo'ile C IL! services in Mauritius$ Launched %i- >i C digital certification services$ 6tate of the art training centre E7?TTMF commissioned$ 3226 Leading market in 36M customer additions$ Launched 'road'and services under the 'rand name ET:I 1;N!F$ >loated tender for + million *3 36M lines$ Network Infrastructure Network Infrastructure 1986 2006 +$No of e&changes ++/ <0G 0$?Huipped capacit# (Million -$.. .$// *$6u'scri'er 'ase (Million -$=< <$G0 i 1asic %ireline C 7!M; >i&ed -$=< *$.. ii 7!M;-Mo'ile - -$+- iii 36M 7ellular - +$G/ /$Internet - +,+..,0-/ <$1road'and - 0++,G*< 6$9u'lic 7all Offices (Local and Long !istance +-,<G* 0=G,-/+ =$No of stations on Long !istance Network 06/ *G,*-* .$No of countries connected overseas on I6! ++ 0*G G$!igitali5ation of e&change network Nil +--D (ission (ission To remain market leader in providing world class Telecom and IT related services at afforda'le prices and to 'ecome a glo'al pla#er 9ision 9ision 1ecome a total solution provider compan# and to provide world class telecom services at afforda'le prices$ 1ecome a glo'al telecom compan# and to find a place in the I>ortune <--" companies$ 1ecome the largest provider of private networks and leased lines$ 4enture into other areas in India and a'road on the strength of our core competenc#$ Networ; Stru"ture Networ; Stru"ture 19 Years of Growth \MTNL as a compan#, over last nineteen #ears, grew rapidl# '# modernising the network, incorporating the 6tate-of-the-art technologies and a customer friendl# approach$
NET-OR0IN$ &efinition of Networ; Network descri'es two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer , an internet connection , application or a com'ination of these$ Chara"teristi"s of a networ; are 6peed 7ost 6ecurit# 6cala'ilit# :elia'ilit# T#pes of networ; a$ !epending on geographical coverage like L;N ,M;N,%;N '$ !epending on the architecture of the network like 9??:,6?:4?:- 7LI?NT c$ Network on the 'asis access like Intranet , ?&tranet , Internet &e=i"es used to ma;e our networ; Swit"hes J ; switches can read the destination M;7 (media access control from the data frame$ It operate on the O6I Model !ata Link La#er 0$ Routers - ; router is used to route data packets 'etween two networks$ ; router is a communication device that is used to connect two logicall# and ph#sicall# different networks, two L;Ns, two %;Ns and a L;N with %;N$ %orks on O6I la#er *$ PROJECT NET-OR0 &I/$R/( &etails of routers @@@@@@ O69> o ;rea - - (core J7oreKrouter o 1order :outer ---- :outerKospf-+ , :outerKospf -0 o ;rea -+ ---a J :uterKospf-+ '$- :outerKospfKeigrp ;rea - 0 ----a$routerKospf -0 '$ :outerKospfKsta ?igrp ----- :outerKospfKeigrp, :outerKeigrp , :outerKeigrp 6tatis routing ----- :outerKospfKsta , :outerKstaKdef !efault routing - :outerKstaKdef , :outerKinternet N;T is implemented on router :outerKstaKdef 4L;N J on 6%+ T#pe of routin @@@@ !irectl# connected) :outer attaches to this network 6tatic routing) ?ntered manuall# '# a s#stem administrator !#namic routing) Learned '# e&change of routing information !efault route) 6taticall# or d#namicall# learnedL used when no e&plicit route to network is known Stati" Routes @@@In our network, it is implemented 'etween routers :outerKospfKsta :outerKstaKdef 7onfigure unidirectional static routes to and from a stu' network to allow communications to occur$ Confiuration of stati" Routin @@@@ :outerM(configN ip route network OmaskP Qaddress R interfaceS !efines a path to an I9 destination network or su'net or host ;ddress T I9 address of the ne&t hop router Interface T out'ound interface of the local router $ E.ample from abo=e networ; fiure @5 :outerKospfKsta(configNip route +G0$+6.$+$- 0<<$0<<$0<<$- +=0$+6$0$+- :outerKstaKdefKnat(configNip route +=0$+6$-$- 0<<$0<<$-$- =0$+6$0$G :outerKstaKdefKnat(configNip route -$-$-$- -$-$-$- +0$+0$+0$0 (default routing &efault Routes A In our network ,it is used 'etween routers :outerKstaKdef :outerKinternet Routin proto"ol :outing protocol is used to allow routers to d#namicall# learn routes from other routers and to advertise routes to other routers T#pe of routing protocol o !istance vector routing o Link state routing
OSPF %e implemented O69> routing protocol 'etween routers 7oreKrouter, :outerKospf-+ , :outerKospf -0, :uterKospf-+, :outerKospfKeigrp link-state (O69> router keeps a record of) o O69> router keeps track of the state of all the various network "onne"tions 1links 'etween itself and a network it is tr#ing to send data to o Its immediate neigh'or routers$ o The 'est paths to each destination o ;ll the other routers in the network, or in its area of the network, and their attached networks$ o 6end periodic updates (link-state refresh, at long intervals, such as ever# *- minutes$ There are 0 versionsL O69>v0 is for I9v/ and O69>v* is for I9v6 O69> features include) o >ast convergence o 6upports 4L6M o ?fficient use of 'andwidth - 6end triggered updates when a network change occurs$ (no periodic updates J incremental changes(Minimi5es routing ta'le entries o 6upports large network si5e$ o :outing 'ased on 'est path selection o it onl# supports I9 routing 2as unlimited hop count o ;llows multi-vendor deplo#ment (open standard o :eHuires a hierarchical network design o Load 1alancing with O69> --- 9aths must 'e eHual cost OSPF /reas To minimi5e processing and memor# reHuirements, O69> can divide the routing topolog# into a two-la#er hierarch# called areas ;n area is a set of routers that will share routing information (details a'out one or more networks$ ;rea s are logical 'oundaries$ !a";bone /rea o :eferred to as ;rea - o ;lso known as the Transit ;rea$ Reular 1Standard8 /reas ;lso known as a non-'ack'one areas$ OSPF databases B tables O69> ad(acenc# data'ase T Neigh'or ta'le J 7ommand - sh ip ospf neigh'or Information - List of all neigh'ors routers to which a router has esta'lished 'idirectional communication$ O69> link-state data'ase T Topolog# ta'le J 7ommand - sh ip ospf data'ase 7ommand to see the information sended '# a router 6h ip ospf data'ase router
Routin table --- o O69> forwarding data'ase T :outing ta'le o 7ommand - sh ip route o ?ach router"s routing ta'le is uniHue and contains information on how and where to send packets to other routers 2ow O69> routers e&change information is 'ased on) The function of the router$ The t#pe of L6;s it can forward$ The t#pe of area it resides in$ O69> routers ma# function as either) Internal router 1ack'one router ;rea 1order :outer (;1: ;utonomous 6#stem 1oundar# :outer (;61: Note) ; router can e&ist as more than one router t#pe$ O69> Metric calculation J Metric of O69> is cost$ This value ma# 'e overridden '# using the command$ ip ospf "ost The cost of the entire path is the sum of costs of the outgoing interfaces along the path$ 7ost is an ar'itrar# value as defined in :>7 0**., 7isco uses a simple eHuation of 7ost T +-U. , 'andwidth$ O: 7ost T ref-'andwidth,'andwidth To change the ref-'anwidth J config-routerNauto-cost reference-'andwidth Confiurin Sinle@/rea OSPF :outerM(configN router ospf process-id :outerM(config-routerN network address wildcard-mask area area-id Example from above said network figure - 1 router ospf +-- network +=0$+6$+$- -$-$-$* area - network +=0$+6$+$/ -$-$-$* area + router ospf +-- network -$-$-$- 0<<$0<<$0<<$0<< area - router ospf +-- network +=0$+6$0$- -$-$-$* area - network +=0$+6$0$/ -$-$-$* area 0 9erif#in the OSPF Confiuration :outerMN show ip protocols :outerMN show ip route :outerMN show ip ospf :outerMN show ip ospf interface :outerMN show ip ospf neigh'or EI$RP ;nother d#namic routing protocol named ?I3:9 is used 'etween routers in our network (figure-+ o :outerKospfKeigrp o :outerKeigrp o :outerKeigrp :eferred to as a h#'rid routing protocol as it has characteristics of 'oth distance- vector and link-state protocols$ sends traditional distance-vector updates containing information a'out networks plus the cost of reaching them link-state characteristics Vit s#nchroni5es routing ta'les 'etween neigh'ors at startup, and then sends specific updates onl# when topolog# changes occur$ o 6upport for I9, I9M, and ;ppleTalk via protocol-dependent modules ?I3:9 supports different Network la#er protocols through the use of protocol- dependent modules (9!Ms ?ach ?I3:9 9!M maintains a separate series of ta'les containing the routing information that applies to a specific protocol$ ?I3:9 routers must 'ecome neigh'ors 'efore e&changing routes with each other$ three conditions for neigh'orship esta'lishment) o 2ello or ;7A received o ;6 num'ers match o Identical metrics (A values W o To maintain the neigh'orship relationship, ?I3:9 routers must continue receiving 2ellos from their neigh'ors The neigh'orship ta'le ( neigh'or ta'le records information a'out routers with whom neigh'orship relationships have 'een formed$ The topolog# ta'le stores the route advertisements a'out ever# route in the internetwork received from each neigh'or$ The route ta'le stores the routes that are currentl# used to make routing decisions$ Feasible distan"e This is the 'est metric along all paths to a remote network, including the metric to the neigh'or that is advertising that remote network$ This is the route in the routing ta'le, 'ecause it is considered the 'est path$ Reported distan"e This is the metric of a remote network, as reported '# a neigh'or$ Su""essor o ; successor route is the 'est route to a remote network Feasible su""essor ; feasi'le successor is a path whose reported distance is less than the feasi'le distance, and it is considered a 'ackup route$ EI$RP Confiuration :outerM(configN router eigrp autonomous-s#stem :outerM(config-routerN network network-num'er ?&le from a'ove network figure - + router eigrp +-- router eigrp +-- router eigrp +-- network +=0$+6$-$- network +=0$+6$-$- network +=0$+6$-$- network +G0$+6.$0$- network +G0$+6.$*$- 9erif#in the EI$RP Confiuration :outerMN show ip route eigrp :outerMN show ip protocols :outerMN show ip eigrp interfaces >or securit# ,;7L is implemented on core router and servers$ ;n access list is essentiall# a list of conditions that categori5e packets$ ;7L is filtering unwanted packets when implementing securit# policies$ >or e&le - onl# certain hosts to access we' resources on the Internet while restricting others$ 7reating access lists is reall# a lot like programming a series of if@then statements Vif a given condition is met, then a given action is taken$ Once the lists are 'uilt, the# can 'e applied to either in'ound or out'ound traffic on an# interface$ ;ppl#ing an access list causes the router to anal#5e ever# packet crossing that interface in the specified direction and take the appropriate action$ Two methods used to identif#' Standard /C,s J Num'er standard---- Num'ered standard I9v/ lists (+JGG test conditions of all I9 packets for source addresses$ ?&panded range (+*--J+GGG$ Name standard E.tended /C,s - Num'er e&tended---- Num'ered e&tended I9v/ lists (+--J+GG test conditions of source and destination addresses, specific T79,I9 protocols, and destination ports$ ?&panded range (0---J06GG$ Name ?&tended ;7Ls :outerM(config N access-list access-list-num'er Qpermit R den# R remarkS source OmaskP :outerM(config-ifN ip access-group access-list-num'er Qin R outS E.ample of /C, implemented in networ; shown in fiure + coreKroute(configrNaccess-list +- permit host +G0$+6.$+$0 (;7L t#pe is standard O: access-list ++- permit tcp host +G0$+6.$+$0 an# eH telnet(;7L t#pe is e&tended coreKroute(configrNline vt# - / coreKroute(config-linerNaccess-class +- in --------- to allow the access of vt#(telnet and stop others$ ?&tended I9 access list ++- den# icmp an# host +G0$+6.$+$0 echo den# icmp an# host +G0$+6.$+$* echo den# tcp an# host +G0$+6.$+$* eH telnet den# tcp an# host +G0$+6.$+$0 eH telnet permit icmp an# an# permit tcp an# an# N/T@Networ; address Translation@ ;ddress translation is a method '# which we can translate pu'lic address to private and vise-versa$ There are two 'enefits of N;T --- 6ecurit# J we a'le to hide our actual configuration where as translated information will 'e appeared$ 6haring - One 9u'lic I9 address can 'e translate into man# private I9 T#pes of Networ; /ddress Translation 6tatic N;T !#namic 9;T P/T A1 port address Translation8 @ It is implemented to access internet in our network$ O=erloadin @ This is the most popular t#pe of N;T configuration$ 8nderstand that overloading reall# is a form of d#namic N;T that maps multiple unregistered I9 addresses to a single registered I9 addressVman#-to-oneV'# using different ports$ it"s also known as 9ort ;ddress Translation (9;T$ Confiuration@@@@ :outerM(configNaccess-list access-list-num'er permit source source-wildcard :outerM(configNip nat inside source list access-list-num'er interface interface verload On the interfa"e for whi"h IP is lo"al inside :outerM(config-ifN ip nat inside On the interface for which I9 is glo'al inside :outerM(config-ifN ip nat outside E.ample of P/T implementation in Fiure @5 a""ess@list 52 permit 5>3)5?4)5)2 2)2)2)366 ip nat inside sour"e list 52 interfa"e FastEthernet2B5 o=erload interfa"e FastEthernet2B2 ip address 5>3)5?4)5)5 366)366)366)2 ip nat inside interfa"e FastEthernet2B5 ip address 53)53)53)5 366)366)366)363 ip nat outside 9,/N---------9irtual ,/N ; 4L;N is a logical grouping of network users and resources connected to administrativel# defined ports on a switch$ ; 4L;N is treated like its own su'net or 'roadcast domain 1# default, inter 4lan communication is not availa'le >or inter-4L;N communication, the router is reHuired In static 4L;Ns an administrator creates 4L;Ns and assigns switch ports to each 4L;N 6tatic 4L;Ns are the usual wa# of creating 4L;Ns, and the#"re also the most secure$ 6tatic 4L;N configuration is comparativel# eas# to set up and monitor, 6tatic 4L;N works well in a network where the movement of users within the network is controlled$ :outers allow 'roadcasts onl# within the originating network, 'ut switches forward 'roadcasts to all segments$ /d=antaes of 9,/N'@ 4L;Ns simplif# network management) Network adds, moves, and changes are achieved easil#$ ?nhances 8ser 6ecurit# 4L;Ns can 'e considered independent from their ph#sical or geographic locations$ ?nhance network securit#$ 4L;Ns increase the num'er of 'roadcast domains while decreasing their si5e$ Stati" 9lans'@ In static 4L;Ns an administrator creates 4L;Ns and assigns switch ports to each 4L;N 6tatic 4L;Ns are the usual wa# of creating 4L;Ns, and the#"re also the most secure$ 6tatic 4L;N configuration is comparativel# eas# to set up and monitor, 6tatic 4L;N works well in a network where the movement of users within the network is controlled$ &#nami" 9lans'@ In !#namic 4L;Ns, administrator assign all the host devices" hardware addresses into a data'ase,and the switches are configured to assign 4L;Ns d#namicall# whenever a host is plugged into a switch$ ; d#namic 4L;N determines a node"s 4L;N assignment automaticall#$ 4L;N assignments can 'e 'ased on hardware (M;7 addresses, protocols, or applications to create d#namic 4L;Ns$ ; d#namic 4L;N makes management and configuration easier 'ecause if a user moves, the switch will assign them to the correct 4L;N automaticall#$ a lot more work is reHuired initiall# setting up the data'ase$ 7isco administrators can use the 4L;N Management 9olic# 6erver (4M96 service to set up a data'ase of M;7 addresses that can 'e used for d#namic addressing of 4L;Ns$ ; 4M96 data'ase maps M;7 addresses to 4L;Ns$ 9lan Identifi"ation (ethods'@ 6witches use 4L;N identification to keep track of all those frames as the#"re traversing a switch fa'ric$ Trunking methods) o Inter@Swit"h ,in; 1IS,8 o IEEE 423)5C I6L is proprietar# to 7isco switches, and it"s used for >ast ?thernet and 3iga'it ?thernet links onl#$ I! routing can 'e used on a switch port, router interfaces, and server interface cards to trunk a server$ There are two different t#pes of links in a switched environment) /""ess lin;s Trun; lin;s 9,/N "onfiuration on swit"hes 6witchN"onfi t 6witch(configN=lan 3 6witch(config-vlanN 6witch(config-vlanNname Sales Port assinment to a 9,/n 6witch(config-ifNint f2B3 6witch(config-ifNswit"hport a""ess =lan 3 6witch(config-ifNint f2B: 6witch(config-ifNswit"hport a""ess =lan : 6witch(config-ifNint f2B< 6witch(config-ifNswit"hport a""ess =lan < 6witch(config-ifN 6witchNsh =lan brief Confiurin Trun;@@@ 6witchNconfig t 6witch(configNint f2B53 6witch(config-ifNswit"hport mode trun; 6witch(config-ifNDE ?&le of 4L;N interface >ast?thernet-,-$0 encapsulation dot+X 0 ip address +G0$+6.$0$+ 0<<$0<<$0<<$- Y interface >ast?thernet-,-$* encapsulation dot+X * ip address +G0$+6.$*$+ 0<<$0<<$0<<$- interface >ast?thernet-,+ switchport access vlan 0 interface >ast?thernet-,+/ switchport access vlan * interface 3iga'it?thernet+,+ switchport mode trunk 9lan Trun;in Proto"ol19TP8'@ 4L;N Trunking 9rotocol (4T9 manages all configured 4L;Ns across a switched internetwork and maintains consistenc# throughout that network$ 4T9 allows an administrator to add, delete, and rename 4L;Ns and this information is then propagated to all other switches in the 4T9 domain$ !enefits Of 9TP'@ 7onsistent 4L;N configuration across all switches in the network 4L;N trunking over mi&ed networks, such as ?thernet to ;TM L;N? or even >!!I ;ccurate tracking and monitoring of 4L;Ns !#namic reporting of added 4L;Ns to all switches in the 4T9 domain 9lug-and-9la# 4L;N adding 9TP Requirements'@ create a 4T9 server$ ;ll servers that need to share 4L;N information must use the same domain name, a switch can 'e in onl# one domain at a time$ a switch can onl# share 4T9 domain information with other switches if the#"re configured into the same 4T9 domain$ use a 4T9 domain if more than one switch is connected in a network, if all switches are in onl# one 4L;N, there is no need to use 4T9$ 4T9 information is sent 'etween switches via a trunk port$ 9TP Operation'@ 6witches advertise 4T9-management domain information, a configuration revision num'er and all known 4L;Ns with an# specific parameters$ 8pdates are sent out as revision num'ers that are the notification plus +$ ;n# time a switch sees a higher revision num'er, it knows the information that it"s receiving is more current, and it will overwrite the current data'ase with that new information 9TP (odes of Operation'@ Three different modes of operation within a 4T9 domain$ 6erver 7lient Transparent Confiurin 9TP'@ 6witch(configNvtp mode W client 6et the device to client mode$ server 6et the device to server mode$ transparent 6et the device to transparent mode$ 6witch(configNvtp mode server 6witch(configNvtp domain W 6witch(configNvtp domain routersim 6witch(configN Routin !etween 9lans'@ 2osts in a 4L;N live in their own 'roadcast domain and can communicate freel#$ 4L;Ns create network partitioning and traffic separation at la#er 0 of the O6I >or inter-vlan communication, a la#er * device is a'solutel# necessar#$ 8se a router that has an interface for each 4L;N or a router that supports I6L routing$ S%!NETTIN$ Class / /ddresses' 7lass ; I9 addresses use the + st . 'its (+ st Octet to designate the Network address$ The + st 'it which is alwa#s a -, is used to indicate the address as a 7lass ; address C the remaining = 'its are used to designate the Network$ The other * octets contain the 2ost address$ There are +0. 7lass ; Network ;ddresses, 'ut 'ecause addresses with all 5eros aren"t used C address +0= is a special purpose address, +06 7lass ; Networks are availa'le$ There are +6,===,0+/ 2ost addresses availa'le in a 7lass ; address$ :ather than remem'ering this num'er e&actl#, #ou can use the following formula to compute the num'er of hosts availa'le in an# of the class addresses, where E n F represents the num'er of 'its in the host portion) 13 n A 38 F Number of a=ailable hosts >or a 7lass ; network, there are) 0 0/ J 0 or +6,===,0+/ hosts$ 2alf of all I9 addresses are 7lass ; addresses$ @ou can use the same formula to determine the num'er of Networks in an address class$ ?g$, a 7lass ; address uses = 'its to designate the network, so (0 = J 0 T +06 or there can 'e +06 7lass ; Networks$ Class ! /ddresses' 7lass 1 addresses use the + st +6 'its (two octets for the Network address$ The last 0 octets are used for the 2ost address$ The + st 0 'it, which are alwa#s +-, designate the address as a 7lass 1 address C +/ 'its are used to designate the Network$ This leaves +6 'its (two octets to designate the 2osts$ 6o how man# 7lass 1 Networks can there 'eW 8sing our formula, (0 +/ J 0, there can 'e +6,*.0 7lass 1 Networks C each Network can have (0 +6 J 0 2osts, or 6<,<*/ 2osts$ Class C /ddresses' 7lass 7 addresses use the + st 0/ 'its (three octets for the Network address C onl# the last octet for 2ost addresses$the + st * 'its of all class 7 addresses are set to ++-, leaving 0+ 'its for the Network address, which means there can 'e 0,-G=,+<- (0 0+ J 0 7lass 7 Networks, 'ut onl# 0</ (0 . J 0 2osts per Network$ SPECI/, /&&RESSES ; few addresses are set aside for specific purposes$ Network addresses that are all 'inar# 5eros, all 'inar# ones C Network addresses 'eginning with +0= are special Network addresses$ %ithin each address class is a set of addresses that are set aside for use in local networks sitting 'ehind a firewall or N;T (Network ;ddress Translation device or Networks not connected to the Internet$ ; list of these addresses for each I9 address class) CONC,%SION %e have developed a network 'ased on the methodologies of routing, 4lans, ;ccess 7ontol List$ The Network is used to transfer the resources from one computer to another$ !ifferent routers have different routing protocols$ The Network diagram is shown 'elow)