Senior Five Biology

a
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

Ministry of Education and Sports
TEACHING SYLLABI FOR
Biology
Chemistry
Agriculture
VOLUME 1
2013
Uganda Advanced Certificate
of Education
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
Uganda Advanced
Certificate of Education
TEACHING SYLLABI FOR
Biology
Chemistry
Agriculture
VOLUME 1
2013
ii
Copyright
National Curriculum Development Centre, Uganda, 2013
Published by
National Curriculum Development Centre,
P.O. Box 7002,
KAMPALA.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any
means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-9970-00-046-3
Website: www.ncdc.go.ug
iii
Acknowledgement iv
Foreword v
General Introduction vii
Biology 1
Chemistry 121
Agriculture 267
iv
PHYSICS
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) would like to thank
everyone who worked tirelessly towards the production of the Advance
Level (UACE) Curriculum Teaching Syllabi.
Special thanks go to the Ministry of Education and Sports for supporting
the work. NCDC would also like to thank the following for their professional
input: Secondary Schools, Universities, National Teachers Colleges, Uganda
National Examinations Board (UNEB), Directorate of Educational Standards
(DES), Secondary Science and Mathematics Teachers Programme
(SESEMAT), Technical and Business Institutions, Religious Organisations,
Professional Organisations, retired and practising Teachers.
Last but not least, NCDC would like to thank all those who worked behind
the scenes to finalise the uocuments.
NCDC takes full responsibility for any errors and omissions in the documents
and welcomes suggestions to address them.
v
FOREWORD
For a long time teachers have been using Uganda National Examinations
Board (UNEB) syllabi to plan their teaching schemes. This approach has
rendered the curriculum to be largely driven by examination.
Working with relevant subject panels, NCDC has produced the Teaching
Syllabi for all the Advanced Level subjects. The subject content in the
syllabi has been claiifieu using appiopiiate specific objectives. It shoulu be
noted that the content in the syllabi has remained largely the same except
in a few subjects where it has been updated by removing obsolete and/
or irrelevant material. Suitable teaching / learning strategies have been
suggested to the teacher and other users.
Teacheis will finu the syllabi useful in planning the teaching leaining
processes. The content therein will go a long way in enhancing the learners
educational experiences and guide the teachers towards successful delivery
of meaningful learning experiences.
The teaching / learning strategies suggested in the Syllabi are just a
guide to the teacher but are not meant to substitute the rich professional
approaches that the teacher may opt to use to deliver knowledge, and to
develop understandings, skills, values and attitudes.
Connie Kateeba
DIRECTOR
National Curriculum Development Centre
vi
TEACHING SYLLABUS
SCIENCE SUBJECTS
A LEVEL
vii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This volume of the Advanced Level syllabi contains three subjects: Agriculture,
Biology and Chemistry. There are other volumes containing other Advanced
Level subjects. The purpose of this merger is twofold. First, NCDC considered
the content relatedness of the subjects and second, the need to avoid extremely
voluminous books.
These syllabi have been written in accordance with the National Objectives on
Secondary Education. The syllabi content continues from that of the Ordinary
Level curriculum. The syllabi have suggested a teaching order, teaching and
learning strategies, and assessment strategies. In all cases the syllabi have tried
as much as possible to integrate the theory and practicals. This means that
the teaching and learning should be done through practical work as much as
possible. The puipose is to make the leainei acquiie the necessaiy scientific
skills.
The use of models or ICT opportunities should be exploited to help the learner
visualise concepts which aie iathei haiu oi uifficult to unueistanu. The teacheis
are encouraged to help the learners acquire relevant mathematical skills so as
to solve quantitative aspects of the subjects, including graphical methods and
the use of logarithms.
The Agriculture syllabus has five topics: Basic Science, Ciop Piouuction, Animal
Production, Agricultural Engineering and Farm Mechanisation and Economics.
The topics have been coded I or II, etc in order to differentiate them from
the O level syllabus content. These topics are meant to address crucial issues,
such as improved agriculture practices, new and appropriate crop and livestock
technologies, high value crops, and practical skills.
The Biology syllabus comprises 14 topics: Cell Biology; Chemicals of Life; Cell
Physiology; Levels of Organisation and Diversity of Life; Ecology; Inheritance
and Evolution; Transport; Nutrition; Gaseous Exchange; Respiration;
Homeostasis; Coordination; Support and Movement; and Reproduction,
Growth and Development. The syllabus places emphasis on understanding,
application, analysis and evaluation of Biology concepts relating them to
everyday experiences.
viii
TEACHING SYLLABUS
SCIENCE SUBJECTS
A LEVEL
The Chemistry syllabus has three main sections: Physical Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry. It is hoped that when teaching
topics in the various sections, emphasis will be placed on the application
of chemistry in East Africa, particularly in the industries and communities.
The suggested teaching and learning strategies are meant to encourage
understanding of the basics of chemical behaviour.
1
Biology
Uganda Advanced
TEACHING SYLLABUS
2
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
3
3

Table of Contents

SECTI0N I ................................................................................................................................... 7
Intiouuction .............................................................................................................................. 7
SECTI0N II .............................................................................................................................. 1S
SENI0R FIvE TERN 0NE ............................................................................................ 1S
Topic 1: Cell Biology ........................................................................................................... 1S
Sub-Topic 1: Cell Stiuctuie anu Nicioscopy ............................................................ 1S
Sub-Topic 2: Biveisity of Specialiseu Cells anu Tissues ...................................... 17
Sub-Topic S: Chiomosomes ............................................................................................ 18
Sub-Topic 4: Cell Bivision anu Chiomosome Concept ......................................... 19
Sub-Topic S: Piotein Synthesis ...................................................................................... 2u
Topic 2: Chemicals of Life ................................................................................................ 21
Sub-Topic 1: Acius, Bases anu Salts ............................................................................. 21
Sub-Topic 2: Watei ............................................................................................................. 22
Sub-Topic S: Stiuctuie of Caibohyuiates .................................................................. 2S
Sub-Topic 4: Stiuctuie of Lipius .................................................................................... 24
Sub-Topic S: Stiuctuie of Pioteins ............................................................................... 2S
Sub-Topic 6: vitamins ........................................................................................................ 27
Sub-Topic 7: Enzymes ....................................................................................................... 28
SENI0R FIvE TERN TW0 ........................................................................................... Su
Topic S: Cell Physiology .................................................................................................... Su
Sub-Topic 1: Novement In anu 0ut of Cells.............................................................. Su
Topic 4: Levels of 0iganisation anu Biveisity of Life ........................................... SS
Sub-Topic 1: Biveisity of Living Things ..................................................................... SS
Sub-Topic 2: viiuses (Akaiyotae) ................................................................................. SS
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BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
Sub-Topic S: Kinguom Noneia ...................................................................................... S6
Sub-Topic 4: Kinguom Piotoctista ................................................................................ S7
Sub-Topic S: Kinguom Fungi ........................................................................................... S8
Sub-Topic 6: Kinguom Plantae ....................................................................................... 4u
Sub-Topic 7: Kinguom Animalia .................................................................................... 41
Topic S: Ecology ................................................................................................................... 44
Sub-Topic1: Components of the Enviionment ........................................................ 44
Sub-Topic 2: Concept of Ecosystem ............................................................................. 4S
Sub-Topic S: Population anu Natuial Resouices .................................................... 47
Sub-Topic 4: Inteiuepenuence ....................................................................................... 48
Sub-Topic S: Effects of Buman Activities on Ecosystems ................................... 49

SENI0R FIvE TERN TBREE ....................................................................................... S1
Topic 6: Inheiitance anu Evolution .............................................................................. S1
Sub-Topic 1: uenetics ........................................................................................................ S1
Sub-Topic 2: Chiomosomes anu uenes ...................................................................... SS
Sub-Topic S: vaiiation ....................................................................................................... S4
Sub-Topic 4: Population uenetics ................................................................................. SS
Sub-Topic S: 0iigin of Life ............................................................................................... SS
Sub-Topic 6: Nechanisms of Evolution ...................................................................... S6
Sub-Topic 7: Eviuence of Evolution ............................................................................. S7
Sub-Topic 8: Selection anu Speciation ........................................................................ S8
Topic 7: Tianspoit .............................................................................................................. 6u
Sub-Topic 1: Necessity foi Tianspoit Systems ....................................................... 6u
Sub-Topic 2: Watei as a Neuium in Plants anu Animals ..................................... 6u
Sub-Topic S: Ciiculatoiy Systems in Animals .......................................................... 61
Sub-Topic 4: Befence against Biseases ....................................................................... 6S
Sub-Topic S: vasculai System of Floweiing Plants ............................................... 64
5
SENI0R SIX TERN 0NE ................................................................................................. 67
Topic 8: Nutiition ................................................................................................................ 67
Sub-Topic 1: Autotiophic Nutiition ............................................................................. 67
Sub-Topic 2: Beteiotiophism ......................................................................................... 69
Topic 9: uaseous Exchange.............................................................................................. 74
Sub-Topic 1: Piinciples of uaseous Exchange Systems ....................................... 74
Sub-Topic 2: uaseous Exchange in Plants ................................................................. 7S
Sub-Topic S: uaseous Exchange in Animals ............................................................. 76
Topic 1u: Respiiation ......................................................................................................... 78
Sub-Topic 1: Respiiation .................................................................................................. 78
Topic 11: Bomeostasis ...................................................................................................... 8u
Sub-Topic 1: ueneial Piinciples of Bomeostasis .................................................... 8u
Sub-Topic 2: Regulation of ulucose .............................................................................. 81
Sub-Topic S: Regulation of Respiiatoiy uases ........................................................ 82
Sub-Topic 4: Tempeiatuie Regulation ....................................................................... 8S
Sub-Topic S: Excietion ...................................................................................................... 8S
Sub-Topic 6: 0smoiegulation ......................................................................................... 86

SENI0R SIX TERN TW0 ................................................................................................ 88
Topic 12: Cooiuination...................................................................................................... 88
Sub-Topic 1: Concepts of Reception anu Response in Plants ............................ 88
Sub-Topic 2: Plant Boimones ......................................................................................... 89
Sub-Topic S: Response anu Behavioui in Animals ................................................ 9u
Sub-Topic 4: ueneial Piinciples of Reception anu Response in Animals ..... 92
Sub-Topic S: Neivous Cooiuination in Animals...................................................... 9S
Sub-Topic 6: Boimonal Cooiuination in Animals .................................................. 94
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BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS

SENI0R SIX TERN TBREE.......................................................................................... 96
Topic 1S: Suppoit anu Novement ................................................................................ 96
Sub-Topic 1: Suppoit Systems in Plants anu Animals .......................................... 96
Sub-Topic 2: Nuscles ......................................................................................................... 98
Sub-Topic S: Novement Locomotion ....................................................................... 99
Topic 14: Repiouuction, uiowth anu Bevelopment ...........................................1u1
Sub-Topic 1: Asexual Repiouuction ...........................................................................1u1
Sub-Topic 2: Sexual Repiouuction in Animals ......................................................1u2
Sub-Topic S: Sexual Repiouuction in Lowei 0iganisms anu Plants ............1uS
Sub-Topic 4: uiowth anu Bevelopment ...................................................................1u7
Appenuices ...........................................................................................................................11u
Refeiences ............................................................................................................................119

7
SECTION I
Introduction
This Biology Teaching Syllabus is a guiue to teaching 0ganua Auvanceu
Ceitificate of Euucation (0ACE) Biology couise. Bowevei, othei
stakeholueis of A level (0ACE) may use it, as it is uesigneu to assist the
leaining piocess. This teaching syllabus emphasises unueistanuing,
application, analysis, synthesis anu evaluation of Biology concepts ielating
them to uaily expeiiences. This necessitates use of a vaiiety of teaching
methous like expeiiments, piojects thiough investigations, suiveys, fielu
stuuies, uiscussions, ieseaich, etc. It is expecteu to piomote leaining by
pioviuing a guiue that iequiies use of challenging tasks. This encouiages
uiscoveiy, cieativity, ciitical thinking, anu team woik among the leaineis.
The syllabus ensuies that accuiate facts, concepts anu knowleuge aie
piesenteu to the leaineis to allow pioblem-solving with iegaiu to new
Biological situations in the communities foi sustainable uevelopment.
The teaching syllabus is uiviueu into fouiteen topics. Each is sub-uiviueu
into sub-topics, aiiangeu in a chionological sequence that piesents
concepts in a logical way, but not iestiicting the teaching pioceuuies, anu
specific objectives.
Purpose of the Teaching Syllabus
A teaching syllabus enables teacheis to covei the syllabus content to the
appiopiiate uepth iequiieu by the acauemic level stanuaiu. The uesign of
this syllabus emphasises the teaching appioaches to be useu foi each sub-
topic fiom among the geneial appioaches given by the syllabus to achieve
the geneial objectives of the syllabus. The peiious allocateu guiue teacheis
to make effective plans so that they can complete the syllabus within the
iecommenueu stuuy peiiou of 0ACE.
General Objectives
By the enu of this couise the leaineis shoulu be able to:
i) uevelop an inteiest in leaining Biological natuial tienus of
enviionment anu communities.
ii) apply Biological knowleuge in theii uay to uay life anu have the
ability to use Biological concepts to solve pioblems.
iii) communicate oi uisseminate accuiate Biological facts.
iv) uevelop the ability to uesign anu caiiy out piactical investigations,
inteipiet uata anu wiite logical, piecise anu cleai iepoits.
v) use available iesouices, local mateiials anu facilities to caiiy out
pioject woik ieseaich to obtain infoimation.
8
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
vi) ielate vaiious concepts anu explain theii ielationship to aspects in
the enviionment.
vii) ielate scientific infoimation to piioi expeiiences.
viii) appieciate the ways by which human beings influence the natuial
tienus of enviionment anu communities.
Target
This Biology teaching syllabus aims at guiuing anu enhancing teaching
stiategies foi A level teacheis of Biology at seconuaiy school.
Teacheis aie expecteu to pioviue uetaileu content suitable foi A level
leaineis within the iange inuicateu in the syllabus anu use a vaiiety of
methous to enhance the leaining piocess.
Scope and Depth
The following table summaiises the teaching sequence foi A Level Biology.
The topics aie uesigneu in a foimat that ensuies that the teachei integiates
theoiy anu piactical woik in the teachingleaining piocess.

Topic Sub-Topic Period
s
1. Cell Biology

1. Cell Stiuctuie
2. Biveisity of Specialiseu Cells anu
Tissues
S. Chiomosomes
4. Cell Bivision
S. Piotein Synthesis
S

2.Chemicals of
Life

Acius, Bases anu Salts
Watei
Stiuctuie of Caibohyuiates
Stiuctuie of Lipius
Stiuctuie of Pioteins
vitamins
Enzymes
46
3. Cell Physiology

1. Novement In anu 0ut of Cells

18
9
s
4.Levels of
Organisation
and Diversity
of Life
1. Biveisity of Living things
2. viius (Akaiyotae)
S. Kinguom Noneia
4. Kinguom Piotocista
S. Kinguom Fungi
6. Kinguom Plantae
7. Kinguom Animalia

S6
5. Ecology

1. Components of Enviionment
2. Concept of Ecosystem
S. Population anu Natuial
Resouices
4. Inteiuepenuence
S. Effects of Buman Activities on
Ecosystems
S1
6.Inheritance
and Evolution

1. uenetics
2. Chiomosomes anu uenes
S. vaii
ation
4. Population uenetics
S. 0iigin of Life
6. Nechanisms of Evolution
7. Eviuence of Evolution
8. Selection anu Speciation
S4
7. Transport

1. Necessity foi Tianspoit Systems
2. Watei as a Neuium Plants anu
Animals
S. Ciiculatoiy Systems in Animals
4. Befence against Biseases
S. vasculai System of Floweiing
Plants
S6
10
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
s
8. Nutrition

1. Autotiophic Nutiition
2. Beteiotiophism
Bolozoic Nutiition
Sapiophytism
Nutualism
Paiasitism
42
9. Gaseous
Exchange
1. Piinciples of uaseous Exchange
Systems
2. uaseous Exchange in Plants
S. uaseous Exchange in Animals
24
10. Respiration
1. Respiiation

u8
11. Homeostasis

1. ueneial Piinciples of Bomeostasis
2. Regulation of ulucose
S. Regulation of Caibon Bioxiue
4. Tempeiatuie Regulation
S. Excietion
6. 0smoiegulation
28
12. Coordination

1. Concepts of Reception anu
Response in Plants
2. Plant Boimones
S. Response anu Behavioui in
Animals
4. ueneial Piinciples of Reception
anu Response in Animals
S. Neivous Cooiuination in Animals
6. Boimonal Cooiuination in
Animals
S6
13. Support and
Movement
1. Suppoit Systems in Plants anu
Animals
2. Suppoit System in 0iganisms
(piactical)
S. Nuscles
4. Novement Locomotion
S1
11
s
14.
Reproduction
, Growth and
Development

1. Asexual Repiouuction
2. Sexual Repiouuction in Animals
S. Sexual Repiouuction in Lowei
0iganisms anu Plants
4. uiowth anu Bevelopment

48
Time Allocation
Time allocation in this syllabus is built on the assumption that theie aie ten
(1u) weeks of effective teaching in a teim. A peiiou is 4u minutes of
teaching. It is iecommenueu that 12 peiious pei week be allocateu to the
teaching of Biology on the school timetable; (eight (8) foi Biology theoiy
anu foui (4) peiious foi Biology piactical woik.
How to Use the Biology Teaching Syllabus
This Biology Teaching Syllabus is aimeu at pioviuing you with guiuance
iequiieu to teach Biology at Auvanceu level. The syllabus is a guiue
theiefoie, it is not meant to limit youi cieativity. Bowevei, use the available
time allocateu to covei the content anu to assist the leaineis uevelop skills
anu competences iequiieu of an A level giauuate.

The syllabus has the following featuies:
a) General Objective(s)
This is a statement of the geneial leaining outcome expecteu of a leainei at
the enu of the topic.
b) Specific Objectives
These fuithei claiify the scope anu uepth of content. You shoulu use the
specific objectives to plan foi the teaching -leaining piocess suitable foi
the leainei at Auvanceu level. Specific objectives also will guiue you in
evaluation at the enu of concept oi leaining piocess.
c) Content
Items in the content column have been listeu but shoulu be hanuleu
togethei with the specific objectives to uevelop a uetaileu piesentation.
d) Teaching Aids
These pioviue you with guiuance, to effectively plan foi the leaining
outcome, but shoulu not iestiict the innovations of the teachei.
12
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
e) Number of periods per sub-topic
The suggesteu numbei of peiious foi each sub-topic is the guiue to enable
you covei the woik effectively anu auequately.
Mode of Assessment
Continuous Assessment (Formative assessment)
It is iecommenueu that you caiiy out continuous assessment uuiing the
teaching-leaining piocess. The assessment shoulu ieflect acquisition of the
following testable competences oi leaining outcomes:

a) Knowledge of:
common piinciples anu geneialisation iuentifieu in the syllabus.
tienus anu sequences of phenomena.
classification anu categoiising.
investigation, pioceuuies anu techniques oi methous to acquiie
uata.
conventions anu piesenting facts accuiately.
ways anu means of uefining teims, anu specifics.

b) Comprehension: Ability to:
tianslate facts anu communicate knowleuge accuiately in the
coiiect language.
inteipiet anu explain concepts.
extiapolate, uesciibe anu ueteimine implications, anu effects of a
phenomenon.

c) Application: Ability to use abstiact knowleuge oi situations to solve
a pioblem.

d) Analysis of:
scientific infoimation.
ielationships anu inteiaction of piinciples concepts.
piinciples, systematic aiiangementoiganisation anu stiuctuie
of concepts.

e) Synthesis ability to:
uevelop iueas fiom expeiiences knowleuge.
plan piopose a set of woik activities basing on situations oi
infoimation pioviueu.
ueiive make ueuuctions fiom the uata pioviueu.

f) Evaluation of:
13
teims anu logical communication of knowleuge.
juugement of exteinal ciiteiia mateiials infoimation.
eviuence, accuiacy anu consistency of infoimation.

g) Affective and practical abilities to be developed include:
Application of knowleuge to piactical situations
Nanipulation of the appaiatus, peifoiming expeiiments anu
integiating with theoiy
Naking anu iecoiuing obseivations accuiately
Bemonstiating unueistanuing of obseivations
Piesentation of uata in an appiopiiate foim oi selecteu foimat
Biawing conclusions fiom obseivations maue oi iesponses.
Assessing suitability of pioceuuie, expeiiment anu obseivations
maue in suppoit of the conclusion
Naking uiawings of natuial stiuctuies accuiately
Summative Assessment
0ganua National Examinations Boaiu (0NEB) will auministei a Biology
piincipal subject examination at the enu of the seconu yeai of stuuy. The
test blue piint uevelopeu foi this examination is baseu on the cuiiiculum
content specifications. 0NEB will also pioviue the examination iegulations.
Examination Format
Theie will be thiee papeis. Papeis one anu two aie theoiy while papei
thiee is piactical.

Paper 1: (2 hours)
The papei will consist of two sections: A anu B.
Section A will contain 40 compulsory multiple choice questions baseu on
any pait of the teaching syllabus.
Section B will contain six compulsory shoit stiuctuieu answei questions
also baseu on any pait of the syllabus.
(Total: 100 marks)

Paper 2: (2 hours)
The papei will consist of two sections: A anu B. Six questions will be set as
follows:
Section A. One compulsory question fiom any majoi topic (40 marks)
Section B. Five questions; Canuiuates will answer only three questions in
this section. Each question caiiies 20 marks.
(Total: 100 marks)
14
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS

Paper 3: (3
1
/
4
hours)
Three compulsory questions will be set. Canuiuates will be iequiieu to
answei ALL questions.
(Total: 100 marks)

15
SECTI0N II
SENIOR FIVE TERM ONE
Topic 1: Cell Biology
Buiation: S6 Peiious
Overview
The cell is a basic unit of life. A cell caiiies out a numbei of activities
incluuing piotein synthesis, cell uivision anu it is wheie the heieuitaiy
mateiial is. Specialiseu cells constitute tissues.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the
stiuctuie, function anu oiganisation of cells in an oiganism.
Sub-Topic 1: Cell Structure and Microscopy

Specific Objectives Content
The leainei shoulu be able to:
iuentify plant anu animal cell
stiuctuies visible unuei the
light micioscope.
uiaw anu label uetaileu animal
anu plant cells.
state functions of cell stiuctuies
as seen unuei an election
micioscope.

uistinguish between the plant
cell anu animal cell ultia
stiuctuies as visible unuei the
election micioscope.
explain the theoiy behinu the
stiuctuie of the plasma
membiane.
uesciibe the fluiu mosaic mouel
of the plasma membiane.

Stiuctuie of the animal anu
plant cell as seen unuei a light
micioscope
Betaileu animal anu plant
cells
Functions of uetaileu cell
stiuctuies inuicating the
inteiielationship

Biffeiences between plant cell
anu animal cell ultia
stiuctuies

The theoiy behinu the
stiuctuie of the plasma
membiane
The fluiu mosaic mouel-
plasma membiane
16
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
(Practical)
explain the functioning
piinciples of a light anu election
micioscope.
piepaie tempoiaiy mounts of
cell anu tissue sliues.

use simple stains in stuuying
cells anu tissues.
iuentify uiffeient plant tissues
using uiffeient laboiatoiy
stains.
ueteimine cell size.
uiaw anu label the uiffeient
types of epithelial tissues.

The functioning piinciples of a
light anu election micioscope:
iesolving powei, etc
Piepaiation of tempoiaiy
mounts of cell anu tissue
sliues
Simple staining methous

Staining plant tissues

Estimation of cell size
Epithelial tissues
classification
Teaching/ Learning Resources
Cell stiuctuies: chaits, mouels, illustiations, photomiciogiaphs, text
books, simulations
Staining ieagents: iouine solution, aciuifieu phloioglucinol, methylene
blue, Leishman's stain
Nicioscopes, sliues, covei slips, plastic iulei giauuateu in millimeties,
onion, cheek cells, piepaieu sliues of cells anu tissues
Suggested Teaching Procedure
Biscuss the stiuctuie anu uiffeiences of animal anu plant cells as seen
with the aiu of a light micioscope.
Biscuss the:
- uiffeiences in the functioning piinciples of a light anu election
micioscope.
- cell stiuctuies as seen with the aiu of an election micioscope using
miciogiaphs anu chaits.
- functions of cell stiuctuies using mouels, animations, simulations,
etc.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik using the light micioscope to
stuuy plant anu animal cells anu tissues.
Bemonstiate the piepaiation of tempoiaiy sliues on plant anu animal
cells anu tissues.
uuiue leaineis to stuuy anu examine piepaieu sliues of plant anu animal
tissues.
17
Biscuss the stiuctuie of the plasma membiane using miciogiaphs anu
animations.
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on estimating the size of a
cell.
Assessment Strategy
Evaluate the topic by giving piactical exeicises on how to use a
micioscope as well as oial anu wiitten questions on cell stiuctuie anu
functions.

Sub-Topic 2: Diversity of Specialised Cells and
Tissues
uistinguish between piokaiyotes
anu eukaiyotes.

explain cell anu tissue
specialisation.

explain how epithelial tissues aie
auapteu to uiveisity of functions
in the bouy.
uistinguish between the uiffeient
levels of oiganisation.

state the auvantages anu
uisauvantages of being
unicellulai.

state the auvantages of being
multicellulai.
Biffeiences between
eukaiyotic cells anu
piokaiyotic cells
Specialiseu cells anu tissues:-
xylem, phloem, tiacheius,
scleienchyma, collenchyma,
paienchyma, connective anu
skeletal tissue
Function anu auaptation of
epithelial tissues

Levels of oiganisation: cell,
tissue, oigan anu oigan system
Auvantages anu uisauvantages
of being unicellulai
Auvantages of a multicellulai
state
Teaching/Learning Resources
Illustiations anu hanuouts
Staining Reagents: Iouine solution, aciuifieu phloioglucinol, methylene
blue, Leishman's stain, micioscopes, sliues, covei slips, onion, cheek
cells, plastic iulei giauuateu in millimeties, piepaieu sliues of cells anu
tissues
18
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Biscuss with illustiations the uiffeiences between eukaiyotic anu
piokaiyotic cells.
uuiue leaineis to examine bacteiia, plant anu animal tissues using a light
micioscope.
Biscuss levels of oiganisation.
Assessment Strategies
Evaluate the topic by giving a piactical exeicise on iuentification of plant
anu animal tissues.
uive the leaineis oial questions on tissues anu uiffeiences between
bacteiia anu viiuses.
Sub-Topic 3: Chromosomes
uesciibe the composition of
chiomosomes anu stiuctuie of
nucleotiues.
uesciibe the stiuctuie of BNA
anu RNA.
uistinguish BNA anu RNA.

explain the Watson Ciick
hypothesis of the natuie of BNA.
explain the piocess of BNA
ieplication.
uesciibe the natuie of genes.
uesciibe the stiuctuie of the
genetic coue.

Composition of chiomosomes
anu stiuctuie of nucleotiues

Stiuctuie of the nucleic acius
BNA anu RNA
Biffeiences between BNA anu
RNA
The Watson- Ciick hypothesis of
the natuie of BNA
BNA ieplication

Natuie of genes
Stiuctuie of the genetic coue
Nouels, illustiations, simulations, suitable mouel mateiials (woou
plasticins, toothpicks, iibbons etc) micioscopes, electiic
wiiesthieaustiaws of uiffeient colouis, piepaieu sliues on mitosis
Biscuss the stiuctuie of the nucleotiue anu illustiate the stiuctuie of
nucleic acius (BNA anu RNA) using chaits, mouels simulations.
uuiue leaineis to make mouels of BNA anu RNA.
19
Biscuss the Watson-Ciick hypothesis anu BNA ieplication.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the stiuctuie of nucleic acius.
Sub-Topic 4: Cell Division and Chromosome Concept
uesciibe mitosis anu meiosis.
compaie mitosis anu meiosis.
explain the significance of changes
in the nucleus uuiing cell uivision.

state the significance of mitosis
anu meiosis to living oiganisms.

Nitosis anu meiosis
Compaiison of mitosis anu
meiosis
Significance of the cell uivision
events e.g. foimation of the
spinule fibies, chiasmata,
synapsis, bivalents anu
movement of chiomosomes,
etc
Role of mitosis anu meiosis in
living oiganisms
(Practical)
iuentify stages of mitosis fiom
piepaieu sliues.
uiaw cells at uiffeient stages of
mitosis.
piepaie mouels oi illustiations of
BNA anu RNA.

Cells at uiffeient stages of
mitosis
Nouels of the nucleic acius:
(BNA RNA), uouble helix
Biagiams illustiating the mitosis anu meiosis, animations, piepaieu sliues
on ioot tip, micioscopes, anu computei aiueu leaining mateiials
Biscuss the:
- phases in mitosis anu meiosis by illustiating with uiagiams anu
animations.
- significance of cell uivision events.
- iole of cell uivision in living oiganisms.
20
BIOLOGY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
uuiue leaineis to examine piepaieu sliues showing stages of mitosis in a
ioot tip.
uive piactical woik anu a wiitten exeicise on iuentification of stages of
mitosis anu meiosis.
uive a wiitten exeicise on the impoitance of cell uivision in oiganisms.
(See appendix 1: This is an example of Cell Biology practical).
Sub-Topic 5: Protein Synthesis
uesciibe the foimation of RNA.
uesciibe the piocess of piotein
synthesis.
state the iole of BNA anu RNA
in piotein synthesis.

Foimation of RNA (mRNA)
Piocess of piotein synthesis

Role of BNA anu RNA in piotein
synthesis

Nouels, illustiations, simulations, chaits
Biscuss the:
- foimation mRNA using mouels, illustiations, chaits anu
simulations.
- piocess of piotein synthesis using illustiations.
- iole of BNA anu RNA in piotein synthesis.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the piocess of piotein synthesis highlighting
the iole of nucleic acius.

21
Topic 2: Chemicals of Life
Buiation: 46 Peiious
Overview
All cells aie maue up of a vaiiety of substances some of which aie
oiganic while otheis aie inoiganic. Watei foims the laigest component
anu is also a meuium foi all ieactions in a cell. The othei substances
incluue acius, bases, salts, vitamins, caibohyuiates, lipius anu pioteins.
Theie aie enzymes anu nucleic acius which peifoim a vaiiety of
functions.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the
composition, stiuctuie, piopeities anu impoitance of inoiganic anu
oiganic substances to the life of oiganisms.
Sub-Topic 1: Acids, Bases and Salts
uesciibe piopeities of acius
bases anu salts.
explain the iole of acius, bases
anu salts in maintaining a
stable inteinal enviionment foi
physiological piocesses.

Piopeities of acius, bases anu
salts
Functions of acius, bases anu
salts in oiganisms
(Practical)
The leainei shoulu be able to
iuentify salts using quantitative
anu qualitative analysis.

Test foi piesence of mineial salts
in foou samples extiacts (iefei
to inoiganic analysis in
Chemistiy piactical)
Chaits, samples of uiineegg yolk livei extiacts, test tubes, 2N nitiic aciu,
silvei nitiate solution, uilute ammonium hyuioxiue, 2N hyuiochloiic aciu,
baiium sulphate solution, ammonium molybuate solution, platinum wiie,
conc. hyuiochloiic aciu, potassium hexacyanofeiiate(II) solution, filtei
papei, moitai anu pestle, souice of heat
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BIOLOGY
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22

Ask stuuents to uo piioi ieauing on acius, bases anu salts. (As an out of
class activity).
Biscuss piopeities of acius, bases anu salts.
Biscuss the functions of acius, bases anu salts in oiganisms.
uuiue leaineis to test foi ions in oiganic mateiials.
(See Appendix 2 and carry out a test for ions in organic materials).
uive oial questions on piopeities of acius, bases anu salts.
uive a wiitten assignment on the functions of acius, bases anu salts.
Sub-Topic 2: Water
uesciibe the moleculai stiuctuie
of watei.
state functions of watei.
explain the impoitance of watei
as a solvent.
ielate the watei piopeities to its
iole in the life of oiganisms.

Noleculai stiuctuie of watei

Functions of watei
Watei as a solvent

Role significance of watei in the
life of oiganisms in ielation to its
piopeities
(Practical)
test foi watei.
ueteimine watei content in
tissues by using uiy weight
methou.
investigate the natuial
ielationship of watei anu
oiganisms in a habitat (incluuing
humans).

Testing foi watei
Neasuiing watei content in tissues

Fielu stuuy on watei habitats. (The
natuial ielationship of watei anu
oiganisms)
Samples of plant oigans, weighing balance, heat souice oven, ciucibles,
uishes, watei habitat, cobalt chloiiue papei anhyuious coppei sulphate
cobalt thiocyanate papei
23
23

Biscuss the moleculai stiuctuie, piopeities anu functions of watei using
illustiations, mouels anu animations.
uuiue leaineis to test foi watei anu measuie watei content in tissues.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a fielu suivey on watei habitats as an out of
class activity, eithei inuiviuually oi in gioups anu piouuce a iepoit.
Leau a uiscussion on the suivey iepoits.
uive a wiitten exeicise on functions of watei in ielation to its piopeities.
uive oial questions on natuial ielationships of watei anu oiganisms.
Practical Application
Consiuei:
i) conseivation of watei habitats to conseive biouiveisity.
ii) uiinking sufficient quantities of watei foi noimal bouy function (in
humans anu othei animals).
iii) iiiigation.
Sub-Topic 3: Structure of Carbohydrates
uesciibe the stiuctuie anu
components of vaiious
caibohyuiates.
explain the piopeities of
caibohyuiates.
explain the functions of
caibohyuiates in oiganisms.

uesciibe the conuensation of
caibohyuiates.
uesciibe the hyuiolysis of
caibohyuiates.

Stiuctuie anu components of
caibohyuiates

Piopeities of caibohyuiates

Impoitance of caibohyuiates:
monosacchaiiue's, uisacchaiiues,
polysacchaiiues
Conuensation of caibohyuiates

Byuiolysis of caibohyuiates
(Practical)
caiiy out foou test foi
caibohyuiates on foou samples
extiacts.
uemonstiate hyuiolysis of non-
ieuucing sugais.

Testing foi caibohyuiates

Byuiolysis of non- ieuucing sugais
to ieuucing sugais
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BIOLOGY
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24

Illustiations on caibohyuiates stiuctuies, test tubes, heat souices, foou
samples extiacts, watei bathbeakei anu watei
Reagents: iouine solution, Beneuict's solution, uilute hyuiochloiic (BCl)
aciu, uilute souium hyuioxiue (Na0B) solution
Biscuss the:
- composition, piopeities anu impoitance of monosacchaiiues,
uisacchaiiues anu polysacchaiiues using illustiations.
- conuensation of monosacchaiiues anu hyuiolysis of caibohyuiates.
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on tests foi caibohyuiates
anu hyuiolysis of non-ieuucing sugais to ieuucing sugais.
uive a wiitten exeicise on composition, piopeities anu impoitance of
caibohyuiates.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a piactical exeicise on tests foi
caibohyuiates anu hyuiolysis of non- ieuucing sugais.
Sub-Topic 4: Structure of Lipids
components of lipiu molecules.
state piopeities of lipius.
explain the functions of lipius in
oiganisms.
uesciibe the stiuctuie of steioius.
explain effects of lipius anu steioius
to oiganisms
uesciibe the conuensation of fatty
acius anu glyceiol to foim lipius.
uesciibe the hyuiolysis of lipius to
fatty acius anu glyceiol.
compaie waxes anu lipius.

state the impoitance of cholesteiol
in oiganisms.

lipius molecules
Piopeities of lipius
Impoitance of lipius in
oiganisms
Stiuctuie steioius
Effects of lipius anu steioius to
oiganisms
Conuensation of fatty acius anu
glyceiol to foim lipius
Byuiolysis of lipius to fatty
acius anu glyceiol
Compaiison of waxes anu
lipius
Impoitance of cholesteiol in
oiganisms
25
25

(Practical)
The leainei shoulu be able to caiiy
out foou tests foi lipius on foou
samples extiacts.

Tests foi lipius

Illustiations on lipiu stiuctuies anu effects, test tubes, ethanol, foou
samples extiacts, watei, opaque piece of papei
Biscuss the:
- composition, piopeities anu impoitance of lipius using illustiations.
- effects of lipius to oiganisms.
- conuensation of fatty acius anu glyceiol. Anu Byuiolysis of lipius.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on tests foi lipius.
uive a wiitten exeicise on composition, piopeities anu impoitance of
lipius.
uive a piactical exeicise on tests foi lipius.
Sub-Topic 5: Structure of Proteins
components of pioteins.
uesciibe the piopeities of
pioteins.
explain the impoitance of
pioteins.
explain the functions of pioteins
in oiganisms.

uesciibe conuensation of amino
acius to foim pioteins.
uesciibe the hyuiolysis of
pioteins to amino acius.
explain effects of heat
tempeiatuie changes on pioteins.

pioteins
Piopeities of pioteins
Impoitance of pioteins
Functions of pioteins in
oiganisms : buffei,
enzymescatalytic, hoimones,
stiuctuial, giowth, caiiieis
etc
Conuensation of amino acius
to foim pioteins
Byuiolysis of pioteins to
amino acius
Effects of heattempeiatuie
on pioteins
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BIOLOGY
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26

(Practical)
caiiy out foou tests foi pioteins
on foou samples extiacts.

Tests foi pioteins
Illustiations on piotein stiuctuies, test tubes, heat souices, foou
samples extiacts, ieagents: 1% coppei (II) sulphate solution, uilute
souium hyuioxiue Na0B solution

Note: Nillion's ieagent is caicinogenic anu its use is uiscouiageu.
Biscuss the:
- composition, piopeities anu impoitance of pioteins using
illustiations
- conuensation of amino acius anu hyuiolysis of pioteins.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on foou tests foi piotein.
uive a wiitten exeicise on composition, piopeities, impoitance anu
functions of pioteins.
uive leaineis a piactical exeicise on test foi pioteins.

27
27

Sub-Topic 6: Vitamins
state types of vitamins.

state the impoitance of
vitamins in oiganisms.

Types of vitamins: watei
soluble anu fat soluble,
essential anu non essential
Impoitance of vitamins in the
life of oiganisms: piotection
against uiseases, foimation of
coenzymes iole in bloou
clotting anu component of
visual pigment
(Practical)
test foi vitamin C.
uemonstiate effect of ovei
boiling vegetables.
uemonstiate the effect of
stoiage on quality of fiesh
foous.

Test foi vitamin C
Effect of ovei boiling vegetables

Effects of stoiage on quality of
fiesh foous
BCPIP, vegetables, beakeis, test tubes, uioppeis, souice of heat
Ask stuuents to uo piioi ieauing on vitamins. (As an out of class activity)
Biscuss piopeities of vitamins.
Biscuss the impoitance vitamins in oiganisms.
uuiue leaineis to test foi: mineial salts in oiganic mateiials, vitamin C in
vegetables.
uive a piactical exeicise on the ielative abunuance of vitamin C in
uiffeient foou extiacts.
Assess leaineis on the value of stoiage conuitions on quality of foou.
28
BIOLOGY
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28

Consiuei:
i) effect of heating vitamin C anu othei watei soluble vitamins.
ii) effect of stoiage on the quality of fiesh foou.
iii) use of acetic aciuvinegai as salau uiessing.
Sub-Topic 7: Enzymes
uesciibe the ciiteiia foi naming
enzymes.

explain the chaiacteiistics
piopeities of enzymes.

state factois that affect enzyme
action.

explain the mechanism of
enzyme action using the lock
anu key mechanism anu
inuuceu fit.
explain the iole of enzymes in
the oiganism's life.

Ciiteiia foi naming
enzymes :0se type of substiate,
type of ieaction
Chaiacteiistics Piopeities of
enzymes ielating to factois
affecting enzyme activities :
Piotein in natuie, can be
uenatuieu, catalytic change
iates of ieactions, woik in small
amounts, specific to ieactions
they catalyse, catalyse ieveisible
ieactions, can be inhibiteu,
affecteu by tempeiatuie, pB,
concentiation of substiate anu
some iequiie coenzymes
cofactois
Factois affecting enzyme action:
pB, tempeiatuie, inhibitois,
substiate concentiation
The enzyme action: lock anu key
mechanism, inuuceu fit

Role of enzymes in living
oiganisms incluuing inhibition,
competitivenon competitive,
ieveisiblenon ieveisible
29
29

(Practical)
uemonstiate piopeities of
enzyme action in specific
tempeiatuie, pB iange,
substiate concentiation.

iuentify enzymes in the
uiffeient paits of the gut baseu
on theii actions on uiffeient
foou substances.
caiiy out foou tests on gut
contents.

Enzyme piopeities ielating to
factois (tempeiatuie anu pB,
concentiation of substiate)
affecting enzymes' activities
Enzymes in the uiffeient paits of
the gut baseu on theii actions on
uiffeient foou substances

Foou tests using the animal gut
contents anu enzymes
Illustiations , mouel on the lock anu key hypothesis, enzyme extiacts,
foou substiate extiacts, acius, bases, salts anu watei, univeisal
inuicatois, theimometeis, heat souice, incubatoi, cockioaches (gut),
iattoau, uissecting kits, ieagents (uepenuing on the foou substiate)
Biscuss the:
- naming anu piopeities of enzymes.
- moue of action of enzymes using illustiations anu mouels.
Biscuss functioning of enzymes, incluuing enzyme inhibitois, allosteiic
enzymes, cofactois anu piosthetic gioups.
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on enzyme piopeities
ielating to: factois affecting enzyme activities, foou tests on
caibohyuiates anu pioteins using enzymes of gut contents.
uive wiitten exeicises on piopeities anu functioning of enzymes.
uive piactical exeicises on effects of gut enzymes on foou substances.
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BIOLOGY
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30

SENI0R FIvE TERN TW0
Topic 3: Cell Physiology
Overview
Nateiials move in anu out of cells by the following piocesses: - 0smosis,
uiffusion, active tianspoit, phagocytosis anu pinocytois. Some of these
piocesses iequiie eneigy while otheis uo not. The mateiials incluue watei,
gases, enzymes, hoimones, antibouies, among othei solvents anu solutes.
General Objectives
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to:
i) explain the physiological piocesses by which mateiials move in anu
out of cells.
ii) explain the iole of these piocesses in the life of oiganisms.
Sub-Topic 1: Movement In and Out of Cells

uesciibe uiffusion, osmosis,
active tianspoit, phagocytosis
anu pinocytosis.

state the factois that affect the
piocess of uiffusion.
uesciibe the piocesses of
osmosis.

explain the significance of
uiffusion anu osmosis in
oiganisms.
explain how solvents anu solutes
aie exchangeu in animal anu
plant tissues oi cells acioss the
cell membiane in ielation to its

Biffusion anu osmosis, active
tianspoit, phagocytosis anu
pinocytosis: exocytosis anu
enuocytosis
Factois affecting piocess of
uiffusion
Piocess of osmosis: incluuing;
tuigiuity, plasmolysis, watei
potential, osmotic potential,
wall piessuie
Significance of the piocesses
of uiffusion anu osmosis in
oiganisms
Exchange of solvents anu
solutes in plant anu animal
tissues oi cells acioss the cell
membiane in ielation to its
31
31

stiuctuie.
uesciibe how unicellulai
oiganisms obtain watei anu
foou.
explain the ielationship between
stiuctuie anu function of a cell
membiane.
stiuctuie
Ways by which unicellulai
oiganisms obtain watei anu
foou
Relationship between
stiuctuie anu function of a
cell membiane
(Practical)
iuentify habitats with suitable
meuia foi oiganisms' suivival.
uemonstiate use of salt in foou
pieseivation.
uemonstiate use of visking
tubing, glass columns,
micioscope in uiffusion anu
osmosis expeiiments.
uemonstiate conuitions affecting
the iate of uiffusion.
uemonstiate effects of osmosis
on the cells tissues.

Babitats with suitable meuia
foi oiganisms' suivival
0se of salt in foou
pieseivation
0se of visking tubing, glass
columns anu micioscope in
uiffusion anu osmosis
expeiiments
Conuitions affecting the iate
of uiffusion
Effect of osmosis in living
cellstissues
Illustiations on movement of mateiials in anu out of cells, potassium
peimanganate, methlyene blue, watei, suciose solutions, plant oigans:
(potato tubeis pawpaw petioles uniipe pawpaw fiuits, bidens sp. stem
cuttings.), filamentous algae, sliues , micioscopes, iazoi, cellophane
visking tubing, coik boiei, knife, onion epiueimis Tradescantia
/Zebrina leaf epiueimis
Biscuss uiffusion, osmosis, active tianspoit, phagocytosis anu
pinocytosis using illustiations anu uemonstiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on conuitions affecting the
iate of uiffusion anu on osmosis in living tissues.
uive a wiitten exeicise on inteipietation of uata (in table giaph foim)
on movement in anu out of cells.
32
BIOLOGY
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32

uive a piactical exeicise on movement in anu out of cells.
Consiuei piactical application foi example:
i) Avoiu exposing living oiganisms tissues to concentiateu meuia.
ii) Foou pieseivation by salting.

33
33

Topic 4: Levels of Organisation and Diversity of
Life
Overview
This topic involves application of biosystematics piinciples. These incluue
iuentification, classification anu nomenclatuie. It inuicates the ielationship
among oiganism basing on theii chaiacteiistics.
It shoulu be noteu that although viiuses have non living chaiacteiistics
they show some chaiacteiistics of living things when they aie within the
living cells of an oiganism.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to tiace the ielationships
between gioups of oiganisms.
Sub-Topic 1: Diversity of Living Things

explain the piinciples of
taxonomy.

classification.

stuuying uiveisity.
list S ciiteiia foi classifying
oiganisms.

state the hieiaichy of classification
accoiuing to Cail Linnaeus.

uistinguish between scientific anu
local names.
explain the neeu to conseive

Piinciples of taxonomy:
iuentification, classification anu
nomenclatuie
Piinciples of classification:
aitificial anu natuial
classification
Impoitance of stuuying uiveisity

S Ciiteiia foi classifying
oiganisms: moiphology,
anatomy, physiology
Bieiaichy of classification
accoiuing to Cail Linnaeus
(kinguom-phylum uivision -
class-oiuei-family-genus-
species)
Scientific binomial
nomenclatuie anu local names
Impoitance of conseiving
34
BIOLOGY
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34

biouiveisity. biouiveisity
(Practical)
iuentify oiganisms using
obseivable featuies.
constiuct simple biological keys.

Iuentification of oiganisms using
obseivable featuies
Constiuction anu use of simple
biological keys
0se simple anu common oiganisms oi oigans (e.g. aithiopous, leaves,
floweis, fiuits, mouifieu stems), chaits, , pieseiveu specimens anu
piepaieu sliues
Biscuss the:
- piinciples of taxonomy anu piinciples of classification using
illustiations, chaits anu specimens.
- uiveisity of living things anu significance of stuuying uiveisity using
chaits, pieseiveu specimens anu oiganisms in the school
compounu. uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out a fielu stuuy to obseive
biouiveisity anu collect some specimens in the school
suiiounuings.
uuiue leaineis on the constiuction anu use of simple biological keys.
Assessment Strategy
uive piactical exeicises on tabulation of obseivable stiuctuial featuies
of oiganisms anu using the featuies to constiuct uichotomous keys.
Consiuei conseivation of biouiveisity.
35
35

Sub-Topic 2: Viruses (Akaryotae)
uesciibe the geneial stiuctuie of
a viius.
explain chaiacteiistics of viiuses.
uesciibe the economic
impoitance of viiuses.
outline methous of pieventing
the spieau of viial uiseases.

Stiuctuie of viiuses

Chaiacteiistics of viiuses

Economic impoitance of viiuses

Nethous of pieventing the spieau
of viial uiseases
Computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits, uiseaseu plants anu animals
(CARE).
Biscuss the stiuctuie, chaiacteiistics anu economic impoitance of
viiuses using chaits, computei aiueu stuuy mateiial anu specimens of
uiseaseu plants anu animals.
uive an out of class activity on pievention of common viial uiseases.
uuiue a uiscussion on viial uiseases in the next lesson.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the stiuctuie anu economic impoitance of
viiuses.
Consiuei pievention of viial uiseases.
36
BIOLOGY
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36

Sub-Topic 3: Kingdom Monera

make a labelleu uiagiam to show
the stiuctuie of bacteiial cell.
uesciibe chaiacteiistics of
bacteiia.

uiffeientiate between bacteiia anu
viiuses.
state the iole of bacteiia in the
enviionment.

Stiuctuie of bacteiial cell

Chaiacteiistics of bacteiia: shape,
cell wall, iepiouuction, movement
Biffeiences between bacteiia anu
viiuses
Economic impoitance of bacteiia
in the enviionment
(Practical)
uiaw, label anu state the types of
bacteiia
uemonstiate the iole of bacteiia in
the piouuction of uaiiy piouucts.
iuentify common bacteiial
uiseases in plants anu animals.
uemonstiate methous of
pieventing the common bacteiial
uiseases.

Types of bacteiia

Role of bacteiia in piouuction of
uaiiy piouucts

Common bacteiial uiseases in
plants anu animals
Nethous of pieventing common
bacteiial uiseases
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits, piepaieu bacteiia
cultuies fiom milk, soil anu plant pait extiacts, stains, micioscope,
incubatoi, fiiuge, piepaieu sliues, computei simulations
Biscuss the chaiacteiistics, stiuctuie anu economic impoitance of
bacteiia using illustiations, computei simulations, piepaieu sliues anu
chaits.
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out a fielu stuuy on economic impoitance of
bacteiia as an outsiue class activity anu leau uiscussion of theii finuings.
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37

Besciibe uiffeient types of bacteiia using illustiations.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on chaiacteiistics, stiuctuie anu economic
impoitance of bacteiia.
Consiuei:
i) pievention of bacteiial uiseases.
ii) iole of bacteiia in uecomposition of oiganic mattei.
iii) use of bacteiia in the manufactuie of uaiiy piouucts e.g. buttei,
yoghuit, cheese, ghee.
Sub-Topic 4: Kingdom Protoctista
state chaiacteiistics of Piotoctista.
uesciibe the stiuctuie of piotozoa
anu algae.
outline the iole of piotozoa anu
algae in the enviionment.

Name common uiseases causeu by
piotozoa.
0utline methous of pieventing
spieau of uiseases causeu by
piotoctists.

Chaiacteiistics of Piotoctista

Stiuctuie of piotozoa anu algae

Economic impoitance of
piotozoa anu algae e.g. Amoeba,
Euglena, Entamoeba,
Paramecium, Trypanosoma,
Plasmodium
Common uiseases causeu by
piotozoa
Nethous of pieventing the spieau
of uiseases causeu by piotoctists
(Practical)
piepaie tempoiaiy mount of
Spirogyra filaments.
uiaw anu label stiuctuie of
Spirogyra as seen unuei a light
micioscope.
iuentify anu uiaw piotozoa fiom
piepaieu sliues.

Stiuctuie of the Spirogy

Stiuctuie of piotozoa

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Computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, illustiations, micioscope, sliues, covei
slips, Spiiogyia, piepaieu sliues of piotozoa
Biscuss the stiuctuie anu chaiacteiistics of piotoctists using chaits,
computei aiueu stuuy mateiials anu piepaieu sliues.
uuiue leaineis to obseive the stiuctuie of Spiiogyia as seen with the aiu
of light micioscope.
Biscuss economic impoitance of the piotoctists.
uive a piactical exeicise on stiuctuie of spiiogyia.
uive a wiitten exeicise on the economic impoitance of piotoctists.
Consiuei pievention of uiseases causeu by piotozoa.

Sub-Topic 5: Kingdom Fungi
state chaiacteiistics of fungi.

state chaiacteiistics of Rhizopus
oi Mucor, yeast, anu the
mushioom.
state the economic impoitance of
fungi.
name common fungal uiseases.
uesciibe the methous of
pieventing the spieau of fungal
uiseases.
explain the use of yeast in
biewing alcohol anu bieau
making.

Chaiacteiistics of fungi (feeuing,
iepiouuction).
Chaiacteiistics of Rhizopus oi
Mucor, yeast, anu the mushioom
Economic impoitance of fungi

Common fungal uiseases
Nethous of pieventing the
spieau of fungal uiseases

0se of yeast in biewing alcohol
anu bieau making
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(Practical)
piepaie tempoiaiy mount of
yeast, Mucor/Rhizopus.

uiaw anu label stiuctuie of
Rhizopus oi Mucor, yeast anu the
mushioom.

Stiuctuies of yeast,
MucorRhizopus as seen unuei
the light micioscope
Stiuctuie of the mushioom
Computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, illustiations, chaits, anu specimens.
Noulu samples, micioscope, sliues, covei slips
Biscuss the stiuctuie, chaiacteiistics anu economic impoitance of fungi
using specimens, chaits, photogiaphs, anu computei aiueu stuuy
mateiials.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on mushiooms anu
tempoiaiy mounts of yeast, rhizopus oi mucor.
uive a wiitten exeicise on the stiuctuie, chaiacteiistics anu economic
impoitance of fungi.
uive a piactical exeicise on the stiuctuie of yeast, ihizopus oi mucoi.
Consiuei:
i) pievention of fungal uiseases in plants anu animals.
ii) mushioom giowing.
iii) use of yeast in bieau making anu biewing alcohol.
iv) pieseivation of foou by uiying to pievent fungal giowth.
v) pievention of ueteiioiation of natuial mateiials e.g. leathei anu
woou by keeping them uiy to pievent fungal giowth.
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Sub-Topic 6: Kingdom Plantae

iuentify lowei plants anu highei
plants using stiuctuial featuies.
name the plant gioups to phyla.

outline the chaiacteiistics anu
stiuctuies of the nameu plant
gioups.

state the iole of plants in the
enviionment.

Stiuctuial featuies of lowei plants
anu highei plants
Lowei plants:
Biyophyta anu Pteiiuophyta
(Feins)Filicinophyta
Bighei plants: Conifeiophyta,
Speimatophyta
Chaiacteiistics anu stiuctuies of
nameu plant gioups: Biyophyta,
Filicinophyta, Conifeiophyta,
Speimatophyta: gymnospeims
anu angiospeims to class level
Economic impoitance of plants in
the enviionment
(Practical)
Iuentify uistinguishing
stiuctuial featuies of plant
gioups in lowei plants.
iuentify uistinguishing
stiuctuial featuies of plant
gioups in highei plants.

Stiuctuial featuies of lowei
plants: Biyophyta,
Pteiiuophytes Filicinophyta
Stiuctuial featuies of highei
plants:
Conifeiophyta, Speimatophyta:
(gymnospeims, angiospeims)

Teaching /Learning Resources
Plant specimens, illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits,
sample plant oigans, hanu lenses, micioscopes
Biscuss chaiacteiistics anu stiuctuial featuies of plant gioups.
uuiue leaineis to uo piactical woik on stiuctuial chaiacteiistics of the
following plants:
- moss
- feins
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41

- conifeious plant
- angiospeims
uuiue the leaineis to make tiansveise sections of ioots anu stems of
monocotyleuonous anu uicotyleuonous plants.
Biscuss the economic impoitance of plants using illustiations anu
computei aiueu stuuy mateiials.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a ieseaich on the iole of plants in the
habitat.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on stiuctuie, chaiacteiistics anu economic
impoitance of plants.
Consiuei:
i) giowing oinamental plants.
ii) giowth of plants foi foou, timbei, natuie conseivation, meuicine,
iaw mateiial foi ciafts, fibie piouucing plants (sisal, hemp, cotton),
etc.
Sub-Topic 7: Kingdom Animalia

state chaiacteiistics of
inveitebiates anu veitebiates.
state the uistinguishing stiuctuial
featuies of oiganisms in uiffeient
animal phyla.

Chaiacteiistics of
inveitebiates anu
veitebiates
Bistinguishing stiuctuial
featuies of vaiious animal
phyla:
- poiifeia
- coelenteiatacniuaiia
- platyhelminthes
- nematoua
- anneliua
- mollusca
- echinoueimata
- aithiopoua uown to
classes. consiuei class
insecta uown to oiuei
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explain the iole of animals in the
enviionment.
uiscuss the welfaie of uomestic
anu wilu animals.

- choiuata uown to
veitebiate classes
the animal gioups
Welfaie of uomestic
(consiuei caie anu feeuing)
anu wilu animals (mention
piotection anu
conseivation)
(Practical)
classify phylum Aithiopoua to
class level using stiuctuial
featuies.
iuentify stiuctuial featuies of class
Insecta uown to oiuei level.
state uistinguishing stiuctuial
featuies of animals othei than
Aithiopoua.

Stiuctuial featuies of
Aithiopoua uown to class
level
Stiuctuial featuies of class
Insecta uown to oiuei level
Stiuctuial featuies of
animals othei than
aithiopous
Animal specimens, illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials,
photogiaphs, sample oigans, hanu lenses, light micioscope,
iuentification keys
Biscuss the stiuctuial featuies of animals in the uiffeient phyla using
specimens, photogiaphs, sample oigans, etc.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik using stiuctuial
chaiacteiistics to classify animals.
Biscuss the economic impoitance of animals using illustiations anu
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out ieseaich on animal welfaie activities as an
out of class activity.
Then leau a uiscussion on theii finuings.
uive wiitten exeicises on stiuctuie, chaiacteiistics anu economic
impoitance of animals.
uive piactical woik on constiuction anu use of uichotomous keys.
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Consiuei:
i) welfaie of uomestic anu wilu animals
ii) use of beneficial insects
iii) plant anu animal pests anu uiseases
iv) biological contiol
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Topic 5: Ecology
Overview
Ecology is the stuuy of the ielationship of living oiganisms with each othei
anu theii non living enviionment. The stuuy of ecology lays a founuation foi
unueistanuing agiicultuie, foiestiy, fisheiies, conseivation, impact of human
activities on the ecosystem anu how to iemeuy these impacts.
General Objectives
i) uesciibe the ielationships of oiganisms with each othei anu theii non
living enviionment.
ii) explain the impact of humans on the ecosystem anu the neeu foi
conseivation in natuie.

Sub-Topic1: Components of the Environment
uesciibe the abiotic anu biotic
components.

state abiotic anu biotic factois.

explain how the components anu
enviionmental factois influence
the uistiibution anu abunuance
of oiganisms in an ecosystem.

Abiotic components: aii, watei,
soil
Biotic components: living things
Abiotic factois: light, tempeiatuie,
humiuity, atmospheiic piessuie,
iainfall, euaphic factois
Biotic factois: competition,
pieuation, biological associations
Influence of abiotic anu biotic
components anu factois of the
enviionment on uistiibution anu
abunuance of oiganisms
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(Practical)
collection of uata fiom fielu
stuuies.

analyse anu inteipiet uata oi
liteiatuie on ecological
piinciples.

Collection of uata on ecological
components anu factois of an
ecosystem
Analysis anu inteipietation of
uata oi liteiatuie on ecological
piinciples
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits, photogiaphs,
school anu community natuial iesouices,(choose one oi two natuial
iesouices foi the stuuy)
Bata in foim of giaphs, tables, chaits, photogiaphs, illustiations, CBs,
quauiats, stiing, theimometeis, tape measuie, uiy cobalt chloiiue
papei, hanu lenses, pooteis, sweep nets, etc.
Biscuss the abiotic anu biotic components anu factois using
illustiations anu computei aiueu stuuy mateiials.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a fielu stuuy on collection anu analysis of
uata on components anu factois of the enviionment of the oiganism.
(See Appendix 4 field activity.)
Assessment Strategy
uive leaineis an exeicise to analyse anu inteipiet uata oi liteiatuie on
components anu factois of the enviionment.
Consiuei enviionmental conseivation.

Sub-Topic 2: Concept of Ecosystem
uesciibe an ecosystem.
state the types anu piopeities of
an ecosystem.

Ecosystem: uefinition
Aquatic anu teiiestiial
ecosystems anu piopeities of an
ecosystem: feeuing ielations,
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explain the ecological factois
influencing the life of oiganisms in
an ecosystem.
explain changes in an ecosystem.

uesciibe feeuing ielations in an
ecosystem.
explain eneigy flow anu iecycling
of nutiients in an ecosystem.
uesciibe biogeochemical cycles.
cycling of mateiials, succession,
climax, anu homeostasis of an
ecosystembalance of natuie
Ecological factois influencing the
life of oiganisms in an ecosystem:
abiotic, biotic, euaphic
Changes in an ecosystem:
ecosystem piouuctivity,
succession anu climax
Feeuing ielations: foou chains,
foou webs, ecological pyiamius
Recycling of nutiients anu eneigy
flow in ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycles: nitiogen,
caibon, watei
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials
Biscuss the concept of the ecosystem using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis in a fielu stuuy on the inteiaction of oiganisms in a
habitat an ecosystem.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise to analyse anu inteipiet uata ielateu to
ecological piinciples in an ecosystem oi habitat.

Consiuei piactical application, foi example, living in haimony with oui
enviionment.

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47

Sub-Topic 3: Population and Natural Resources
state population chaiacteiistics.
explain factois affecting
population uensity.
uesciibe methous oi techniques
of estimating populations.
explain population giowth
patteins.
explain the teims ienewable anu
non-ienewable iesouices.
uiscuss enviionmental iesistance
anu "balance of natuie".
uiscuss the impoitance of natuial
iesouices.
uesciibe methous of
conseivation of natuial
iesouices.

Population chaiacteiistics: uensity,
age stiuctuie, sex, giowth pattein,
biith iate, ueath iate
Population uensity uepenuent
factois anu uensity inuepenuent
factois
Nethous oi techniques of
measuiing anu estimating
population uensity
Population giowth patteins

Natuial iesouices types:
ienewable anu non-ienewable,
impoitance, conseivation
Enviionmental iesistance: uensity
uepenuent factois affecting
"balance of natuie"
Impoitance of natuial iesouices

Nethous of conseivation of natuial
iesouices
(Practical)
uemonstiate the methous useu in
estimating populations.

Nethous of estimating population:
quauiat, line tiansect, captuie-
iecaptuie
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, quauiat, sweep net,
stiing iopepeg, tiaps, specimen bottles containeis, beaus of
uiffeient colouis, maikeis, viueos
Biscuss population anu natuial iesouices using illustiations anu viueos.
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uuiue leaineis in piactical woik on estimating populations using
quauiats, line tiansect.
uuiue leaineis to estimate a population using captuie-iecaptuie
methou.
(See Appendix 3 simulation of capture-recapture).
Assessment Strategy
uive wiitten exeicise on effect of population inciease on natuial
iesouices.
Consiuei:
i) Wise use of natuial iesouices
ii) Population contiol
Sub-Topic 4: Interdependence
explain the vaiious inteiactions
of oiganisms in natuie.

state the significance of
oiganisms' inteiactions in
natuie.

Inteiactions among oiganisms
anu theii effects: inteispecific
anu intiaspecific ielationships
between oiganisms:
competition, paiasitism,
pieuation, sapiophytism,
mutualism, commensalism
Significance of oiganisms'
inteiactions in natuie
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, viueo, photogiaphs
Biscuss inteiactions between oiganisms using photogiaphs, viueo, anu
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a fielu stuuy on inteiaction of oiganisms in a
habitat an ecosystem.
(See Appendix 4 field activity)
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49

Assessment Strategy
Ask leaineis to make piesentation on inteiactions between oiganisms
in uiffeient habitats ecosystems.
Sub-Topic 5: Effects of Human Activities on
Ecosystems

uiscuss the impact of human
activities on an ecosystem.
explain the effects of human
activities on ecological
components anu factois in a
habitat.

uiscuss natuial iesouice
utilisation anu sustainable
uevelopment.

Impact of human activities on
an ecosystem
Effects of human activities on
ecosystem components anu
factois in a habitat:
- inteiiuption of
biogeochemical cycles,
natuial iesouices
imbalances, population
imbalances, soil eiosion, soil
exhaustion, extinction,
pollution, speciation.
Natuial iesouices utilisation
anu sustainable uevelopment

(Practical)
uemonstiate conseivation
piactices.

Natuial iesouice conseivation
piactices: mulching, teiiacing,
ciop iotation, affoiestation,
iefoiestation, mixeu faiming,
agio foiestiy, wise use of
iesouices, etc.
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, viueos, photogiaphs, anu
uata.
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Biscuss the effects of human activities on ecosystems using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate natuial iesouice conseivation piactices.
uuiue leaineis to collect infoimation on the effects of human activities
on the ecosystems.
uive a wiitten exeicise on effects of human activities on the
enviionment.
uive a wiitten assignment on uata analysis anu inteipietation.
(See appendix 4b ecology)
Consiuei conseivation of natuial iesouices

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SENIOR FIVE TERM THREE
Topic 6: Inheritance and Evolution
Duration: 34 Periods
Overview
0iganisms show vaiiations which may be as a iesult of the influences of
the enviionment anu genetic factois. These vaiiations can be passeu on
fiom one geneiation to anothei.
Evolution anu vaiiation piocesses aie linkeu because both cause
changes in oiganisms.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the
patteins of inheiitance anu evolution.
Sub-Topic 1: Genetics
explain the concept of
inheiitance.
uefine genetics teims.

uesciibe Nenuel's investigations
on heieuity.
explain inheiitance of tiaits
using the monohybiiu anu
uihybiiu ciosses.
explain the two Nenuel's laws of
inheiitance.

uiscuss the challenges of
inheiitable uisoiueis.

Concept of inheiitance

Befinition of genetics teims
e.g. inheiitance, gene, allele,
chiomosome, BNA, tiait, etc
Nenuel's woik on heieuity

Nonohybiiu inheiitance anu
uihybiiu inheiitance.

Nenuel's laws of inheiitance:
law of inuepenuent assoitment
anu law of segiegation
Challenges of inheiitable
uisoiueis
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(Practical)
uemonstiate monohybiiu anu
uihybiiu inheiitance.

illustiate a peuigiee.

Nonohybiiu inheiitance
uominant anu iecessive tiaits:
using unifoim money coins
beausseeus.
Peuigiee stuuy: baluness, eaily
gieying of haii, haemophilia,
eye coloui, sickle cell, albinism
Teaching / Learning Resources
Illustiations, chaits, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, bean cow pea
seeus, unifoim money coins oi uiscs, beaus, gioup of oiganisms oigans
Biscuss concept of inheiitance anu Nenuel's woik on heieuity using
illustiations.
Biscuss monohybiiu inheiitance illustiating with ciosses.
uuiue leaineis to woik out uihybiiu inheiitance illustiating with
ciosses.
Biscuss challenges of heiitable uisoiueis, using ielevant examples.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on monohybiiu anu uihybiiu
inheiitance using simulations (see appenuix S).
uuiue leaineis to inteipiet anu illustiate peuigiees.
Ask leaineis to gathei infoimation on peuigiees as an out of class
activity.
uive wiitten assignment on inheiitance of chaiacteiistics.
uive a wiitten assignment on peuigiee analysis.
Consiuei:
i) pateinity mateinity tests
ii) genetic counselling

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Sub-Topic 2: Chromosomes and Genes
explain the teims: gene
inteiactions, sex linkage, sex
ueteimination, sex limitation,
lethal genes anu polygenes.

explain gene anu chiomosome
mapping.
Teims:
- gene inteiactions: uefinition
anu examples: linkage,
multiple alleles, co-
uominance, incomplete
uominance, uominant anu
iecessive tiaits, epitasis anu
complementaiy genes
- sex linkage uefinition,
examples anu inheiitance
- sex ueteimination:
uefinition anu examples in
humans
- sex limitation: uefinition
anu examples
- lethal genes: uefinition anu
examples: phenyl ketonuiia,
neuiospoia, etc
- polygene: uefinition anu
examples
uene anu chiomosome mapping
Biscuss gene inteiactions using illustiations anu examples.
Woik out pioblems baseu on gene inteiactions.
Biscuss gene anu chiomosome mapping using illustiations.
uive wiitten exeicise on woiking out ciosses baseu on gene
inteiactions.
Allow leaineis to piesent oial answeis on gene inteiactions.
uive wiitten exeicise on gene anu chiomosome mapping.
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Sub-Topic 3: Variation

explain population tiaits anu types
of vaiiation.

uesciibe the causes of vaiiation.

uefine mutation.
uesciibe types anu causes of
mutations.

uistinguish between chiomosomal
anu gene mutations.

mutations.
Population tiaits anu types of
vaiiations: continuous
(quantitative) anu uiscontinuous
(qualitative)
Causes of vaiiation: genetic anu
enviionmental factois
Befinition of mutation
Types of mutations: gene anu
chiomosomal mutation
Causes of mutation: chance,
iauiation, chemicals
Biffeiences between the
chiomosomal anu gene mutations
Significance of mutations
(Practical)
iuentify vaiiations in oiganisms.
collect uata on vaiiations among
themselves.

vaiiations among oiganisms
Bata on vaiiations among
oiganisms (e.g. sex, height,
tongue iolling)
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits, pieseiveu
specimens anu leaineis
Biscuss, with illustiations the types, causes anu significance of vaiiation
anu mutations.
uuiue leaineis to collect uata on vaiiation.
Assessment Strategy
uive wiitten assignment on inteipietation of uata on vaiiation.
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55

Consiuei selection of bettei vaiieties of ciops, animals anu oinamental
plants.
Sub-Topic 4: Population Genetics

explain gene fiequency in the gene
pool of a population.

state the Baiuy -Weinbeig
equilibiium.
explain how uiffeient factois affect
the gene fiequency in a population.

uene fiequency in the gene pool
of a population
Causes of changes in gene
fiequency in a population
Baiuy-Weinbeig equilibiium

Factois affecting the Baiuy-
Weinbeig equilibiium: natuial
selection, non ianuom mating,
mutation, migiation, population
size
Biscuss the Baiuy-Weinbeig equilibiium anu guiue leaineis to calculate
gene fiequencies using uata fiom ielevant texts.
uive calculations baseu on the Baiuy-Weinbeig equilibiium.
uive wiitten exeicise on factois affecting gene fiequencies.

Sub-Topic 5: Origin of Life
explain the theoiies ielateu to the
oiigin of life.
Theoiies of the oiigin of life:
special cieation, spontaneous
geneiation, biochemical evolution
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Illustiations
Biscuss the theoiies of oiigin of life using illustiations.
Assessment Strategy
uive ieauing anu wiitten assignments on the theoiies of oiigin of life.
Sub-Topic 6: Mechanisms of Evolution
uiscuss Lamaick's theoiy of
evolution.

explain Baiwin's theoiy of natuial
selection.

explain the impoitance of vaiiation
in evolution.
uiscuss Neo-Baiwinism.

explain the causes of piesent uay
evolution.

Lamaick's theoiy of evolution of
acquiieu chaiacteis thiough use
anu uisuse
Baiwin's theoiy of natuial
selection: obseivations anu
ueuuctions
Impoitance of vaiiation in
evolution
Neo- Baiwinism (piesent uay
theoiy of evolution)
Causes of piesent uay evolution:
competition, changes in the
enviionment, sexual
iepiouuction, mutations, gene
iecombination, inuustiialisation,
effects of uiug chemical
iesistance, aitificial selection,
polyploiuy
Illustiations, Computei aiueu stuuy mateiials
Biscuss the mechanisms of evolution using illustiations.
uive a competitive quiz baseu on the out of class ieauing assignment.
uive wiitten assignment on mechanisms of evolution.
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57

Sub-Topic 7: Evidence of Evolution
uiscuss eviuence of
evolution.
explain the emeigence of
vaiiations among
oiganisms.

Evolution eviuence baseu on: fossilisation,
compaiative stuuy of anatomy,
embiyology, cytology, biochemistiy,
taxonomy, geogiaphical uistiibution,
vestigial stiuctuies, analogous stiuctuies,
homologous stiuctuies
Emeigence of vaiiations among oiganisms
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, photogiaphs of fossils,
fossils, viueos, chaits
Biscuss changes in living things anu emeigence of vaiiations among
oiganisms using illustiations.
0iganise a quiz on the teims ielateu to evolution.
uive wiitten exeicise on eviuence of evolution.
Consiuei iesistance to uiseases, uiugs, pesticiues anu heibiciues.
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Sub-Topic 8: Selection and Speciation

explain natuial selection anu
aitificial selection.
uefine speciation.
uesciibe allopatiic speciation anu
sympatiic speciation.
state the ioles of natuial selection
anu aitificial selection in speciation.
uesciibe mechanisms ielateu to
speciation of oiganisms.

explain extinction.

Natuial selection anu aitificial
selection
Befinition of speciation
Allopatiic speciation anu
sympatiic speciation
Role of natuial selection anu
aitificial selection in speciation
Nechanisms ielateu to
speciation: continental uiift,
migiation, auaptive iauiation,
uiveigent anu conveigent
evolution, isolation i.e.
ecological, iepiouuctive anu
genetic
Extinction: meaning, causes anu
effects
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits, photogiaphs
Biscuss natuial anu aitificial selection using illustiations.
Biscuss isolating mechanisms giving examples.
Assign gioups of leaineis to ieau about paiticulai mechanisms of
speciation as an out of class activity.
uuiue leaineis in the piesentation of theii finuings.
Biscuss extinction giving examples.
0iganise a quiz on the teims ielateu to selection anu speciation.
uive a wiitten assignment on the mechanisms of speciation.

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59

Consiuei:
i) emeigence of vaiieties iesistant to uiseases, uiugs, pesticiues anu
heibiciues
ii) genetic engineeiing
(See appendix 6: Genetics)
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Topic 7: Transport
Overview
The moue of tianspoit of mateiials laigely uepenus on the size of an
oiganism. Tianspoit systems have auuitional functions othei than
movement of mateiials within the oiganism. These incluue piotection anu
suppoit.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the stiuctuie
anu functioning of tianspoit systems.
Sub-Topic 1: Necessity for Transport Systems
Specific Objective Content
explain the limitations of simple
uiffusion in the tianspoit
piocess.
Limitations of simple uiffusion
piocess: concept of suiface aiea:
volume iatio anu its effect on
uiffusion iate
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, chaits
Biscuss the necessity foi tianspoit systems using illustiation oi
uemonstiation.
Assessment Strategy
Allow leaineis to give oial answeis to questions on the neeu foi a
tianspoit system.
Sub-Topic 2: Water as a Medium in Plants and Animals
Specific Objective Content
explain the significance of watei
in tianspoit.
Significance of watei in tianspoit:
solvent, meuium of tianspoit
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61

Chaits, computei aiueu mateiials
Biscuss the iole of watei as a meuium of tianspoit in plants anu
animals using illustiations.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the iole of watei in the tianspoit of mateiials
within oiganisms.
Consiuei oial iehyuiation, iiiigation uuiing uiy season, wateiing
animals, ensuie sufficient intake of watei by humans.
Sub-Topic 3: Circulatory Systems in Animals
uesciibe types of ciiculatoiy systems.

uesciibe the ciiculatoiy systems in
insects, annelius anu mammals.

explain the auvantages anu
uisauvantages of open anu closeu
systems in animals.
compaie the stiuctuie anu function of
veins, aiteiies anu capillaiies.

compaie the ciiculatoiy systems of
fish anu mammals.

uesciibe the functioning of the
mammalian heait.

explain the iesponse of the heait to

Types of ciiculatoiy
systems: open anu closeu,
single anu uouble
Ciiculatoiy systems in
insects, annelius anu
mammals
Auvantages anu
uisauvantages of open anu
closeu systems in animals
stiuctuie anu function of
veins, aiteiies anu
capillaiies
Stiuctuie of tianspoit
systems in fish anu
mammals
Functioning of the
mammalian heait: caiuiac
cycle, bloou piessuie
changes, myogenic
piopeity, contiol of the
heait beat
Response of heait to bouy
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bouy activities.
explain how the heait beat iate is
contiolleu.
ielate the action of auienalin anu
acetylcholine to the inneivation of the
heait.
inteipiet infoimation on the effects of
uiugs anu vaiiation of tempeiatuie on
the caiuiac fiequency.
uesciibe the iole of bloou components
in the tianspoit piocess.
explain the uiseases ielateu to the
ciiculatoiy system.
activities
Contiol of heait beat iate

Action of auienalin anu
acetylcholine on the
inneivation of the heait
Effects of uiugs anu
tempeiatuie vaiiations on
the caiuiac fiequency
Bloou constituents anu
functions
Common uiseases of the
bloou anu heait, incluuing,
sickle cell anaemia anu
coionaiy aiteiy uisease
(Practical)
iuentify stiuctuial featuies of bloou
vessels.
uisplay anu uiaw majoi stiuctuies of
the ciiculatoiy systems in insects,
toaus, anu mammals.

uesciibe the insects', toaus' anu
mammals' ciiculatoiy system in
ielation to theii functions.
uesciibe the stiuctuial auaptations of
the muscles of the ciiculatoiy system
of mammals.

Stiuctuie of bloou vessels
(veins, aiteiies, capillaiies)
Ciiculatoiy systems in
insects, toaus anu
mammals: gioss stiuctuie
anu fine stiuctuie
Insects, toaus anu mammals
ciiculatoiy systems in
ielation to functions
Stiuctuial auaptation of
caiuiac muscle anu smooth
muscle of the ciiculatoiy
system of mammals
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, chaits, viueo,
piepaieu sliues of bloou smeai, piepaieu sliues of bloou vessels anu
caiuiac muscle, micioscopes, uissecting setskits, photogiaphs, pins,
boaius, uishes, animal specimens, uissection guiues, chloiofoim, cotton
wool, thieau
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63

Biscuss the:
- stiuctuie, types anu functioning of the ciiculatoiy system in
animals using illustiations.
- bloou constituents anu theii functions, common uiseases of the
bloou anu the heait using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on uissections anu
micioscopy of the ciiculatoiy systems.
uive wiitten exeicise on ciiculatoiy systems in animals.
uive piactical exeicise on uissection, uisplaying, uiawing anu labelling
bloou vessels.
uive piactical woik on iuentifying, uiawing anu labelling bloou cells
anu bloou vessels.
Consiuei:
i) fiist aiu to stop bleeuing.
ii) pievention of uiseases of the ciiculatoiy system anu bloou.
iii) bloou tiansfusion.

Sub-Topic 4: Defence against Diseases
uesciibe the mechanism of
bloou clotting.
uesciibe immune iesponses
in humans.
state the iole of the thymus
glanu in immunity.
explain the immune
iesponses uuiing bloou
tiansfusion.
uesciibe the effects of the
Rhesus factoi uuiing
piegnancy.

Nechanism of bloou clotting

Immune iesponses in humans:
uefinition, piimaiy, seconuaiy
The iole of the thymus glanu in
immunity
Bloou gioups anu bloou
tiansfusion

Effects of the Rhesus factoi
uuiing piegnancy
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Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, chaits
Biscuss mechanism of bloou clotting, immune iesponses, the iole of the
thymus glanu using illustiations.
Explain antigen-antibouy ieactions using bloou gioups anu the Rhesus
factoi as an example.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on uefence against uiseases.
Consiuei
i) immunisation
ii) bloou tiansfusion
iii) alleigy

Sub-Topic 5: Vascular System of Flowering Plants
uesciibe the stiuctuial anu
functional auaptations of the
vasculai tissues to the tianspoit
piocess of mateiials in
monocotyleuonous anu
uicotyleuonous plants.
tianspoiting mateiials in plants.
uesciibe the eviuence foi the path
of mateiials in plants.
uesciibe tianslocation anu
uptake of watei anu mineial salts
in plants.
explain the iole of tianspiiation
in tianspoit of watei anu
uissolveu mineial salts in plants.

Stiuctuie anu functional
auaptations of vasculai
tissues in
uicotyleuonous plants

Nechanism of tianspoiting
mateiials in plants
Eviuence foi the path of
mateiials in plants
0ptake of watei anu
mineial salts in plants

Role of tianspiiation in
tianspoit of watei anu
uissolveu mineial salts in
plants
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(Practical)
inteipiet uata ielateu to
tianspoit of mateiials.

iuentify types anu the pattein of
uistiibution of vasculai bunules
in plant oigans.
stain anu make tempoiaiy
mounts of tiansveise sections
(T.S) anu longituuinal sections (
L.S) of: stems, ioots anu T.S of
leaves fiom heibaceous plant
oigans.
inteipiet T.S anu L.S of stems,
ioots anu T.S of leaves.
uiaw anu label low powei plans
to show uistiibution of tissues in
T.S anu L.S of stems, ioots anu T.S
of leaves.
make high powei labelleu
uiawings of vasculai tissues in
T.S anu L.S of stems, ioots anu T.S
of leaves.

Stiuctuie anu uistiibution
pattein of the vasculai
tissues in
Tiansveise (T.S) anu
longituuinal sections (L.S)
of: stems, ioots anu, T.S of
leaves of monocotyleuonous
anu heibaceous

Labelleu uiagiams of T.S anu
L.S of stems, ioots anu T.S of
leaves

Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials , mouels, chaits, simple
stains, micioscopes, sliues, covei slips, stems, ioots, leaves of
heibaceous plants, iazoi blaues, concentiateu hyuiochloiic aciu (BCl)
anu sulphuiic aciu (B
2
S0
4
) with phloioglucinol
Biscuss the stiuctuie anu functioning of the vasculai system of
floweiing plants using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on stiuctuie anu uistiibution
of vasculai tissues in plant oigans.
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uive piactical exeicises on uistiibution of vasculai tissues in monocots
anu uicots.
uive wiitten exeicises on vasculai systems of floweiing plants.

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SENI0R SIX TERN 0NE
Topic 8: Nutrition
Overview
0iganisms iequiie foou mateiials that supply them with nutiients.
Autotiophs aie able to manufactuie foou mateiials while the
heteiotiophies obtain alieauy manufactuieu foou.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the moues of
obtaining nutiients by uiffeient oiganisms.

Sub-Topic 1: Autotrophic Nutrition
explain the types of autotiophic
nutiition.

uesciibe chemosynthesis.
uesciibe photosynthesis.

uesciibe the stiuctuie of
chloioplasts.
uesciibe the absoiption anu
action spectium of chloiophyll.
inteipiet expeiimental eviuence
foi the existence of a light anu
uaik stage in the piocess of
photosynthesis.
explain the enviionmental anu
inteinal factois influencing the
iate of photosynthesis.

inteipiet expeiimental iesults
conceining measuiements of

Types of autotiophic nutiition:
chemosynthesis anu
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis incluuing
auaptations of CS, C4 anu CAN to
uiffeient enviionmental
conuitions
Stiuctuie of chloioplasts

Absoiption anu action spectium
of chloiophyll
Eviuence of the light anu uaik
stages in the piocess of
photosynthesis

Enviionmental anu inteinal
factois influencing the iate of
photosynthesis (emphasise
concept of limiting factois)
Bata on expeiimental iesults
conceining measuiements of
photosynthetic iate
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photosynthetic iate.
autotiophic nutiition in an
ecosystem.

The impoitance of autotiophic
nutiition in the ecosystem
(Practical)
uesign anu caiiy out
expeiiments to investigate
factois affecting the iate of
photosynthesis.
caiiy out expeiiments to test foi
staich piouuction in teiiestiial
plants anu oxygen in aquatic
plants.

Expeiiments to investigate factois
affecting photosynthesis: light,
caibon uioxiue, availability of
watei, chloiophyll, tempeiatuie.
Tests foi staich in teiiestiial
plants anu tests foi oxygen in
aquatic plants.
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, uata fiom expeiiments, aquatic
plants, light souice, clock, filtei funnels, test tubes, heat souice, beakeis,
watei, white tiles, iouine solution, ethanol, souium hyuiogen caibonate,
tiipous, wiie gauzes, uioppeis.
Biscuss autotiophic nutiition piocess in plants using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to:
- inteipiet uata on factois affecting photosynthesis.
- caiiy out expeiiments on factois affecting iate of photosynthesis.
- test foi staich in teiiestiial plants anu oxygen in aquatic plants.
uive a wiitten exeicise on:
i) inteipieting uata collecteu fiom expeiiments on photosynthesis.
ii) explaining effects of limiting factois on the iate of photosynthesis.
iii) compaiing CS anu C4 anu CAN plants.

Consiuei:
i) use of gieen houses in hoiticultuie
ii) impoitance of tiees aiounu homes in puiifying aii
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Sub-Topic 2: Heterotrophism
uefine heteiotiophism.
state types of heteiotiophism.

explain the impoitance of foou in
the bouy.

Beteiotiophism
Types of heteiotiophism:
holozoic, sapiophytism,
mutualism, paiasitism
Foou values, uiet, anu effects of
ueficiencies
2.1 Holozoic Nutrition
uefine holozoic nutiition.
uesciibe the piocesses of
uigestion, absoiption, assimilation
anu stoiage of uigesteu foou.
explain methous of feeuing in
mammals anu insects.

explain nutiition in insectivoious
plants.
ielate stiuctuies of the alimentaiy
canal to theii functions.

Explain the iole of the neivous anu
hoimonal systems in uigestion.

Bolozoic nutiition
Piocesses of uigestion,
absoiption, assimilation anu
stoiage of uigesteu foou
Feeuing methous in mammals
(heibivoies, omnivoies,
cainivoies), anu insects
Plants as heteiotiophs
(insectivoious plants)
Stiuctuie anu function of the
alimentaiy canal: mouth,
stomach, intestine, livei,
pancieas
The iole of the neivous anu
hoimonal systems in the
iegulation contiol of uigestion
(Practical)
open up the animal anu uisplay the
uigestive system.

examine, uiaw anu label the majoi
paits of the animals' uigestive
systems.
obseive anu state stiuctuial
auaptations of the paits of the
uigestive system.

The uigestive system of
cockioach, toaufiog, biius,
iatiabbitcowgoat
Paits of the uigestive system

Function anu stiuctuial
auaptations of the uigestive
system paits
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iuentify foou substances in the
uiffeient paits of the gut.
Iuentify enzymes in the uiffeient
paits of the gut.
iuentify, uiaw the uiffeient paits
that make up the mouth of insects,
mammals anu toau.
state the functions of mouth paits
of insects, mammals anu toau.
compaie uentition in the animals.
Foou tests on gut content

uut extiacts actions on uiffeient
foous
Stiuctuie of mouth paits of
insects, mammals anu toau

Functions of mouth paits of
insects, mammals anu toau
Bentition in animals
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, animal specimens, uissecting
boaius uish, uissecting setkit, pins, foou test ieagents, gut extiact
(enzymes), gut content(foou), chloiofoim, cotton wool thieau,
micioscopes, sliues, covei slips
Biscuss the holozoic nutiition piocess in oiganisms using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on:
i) uissecting, uisplaying anu uiawing of uigestive system paits in
cockioach, toaufiog anu iat iabbit uuinea pig.
ii) foou tests on gut contents.
iii) investigating effect of gut extiacts on uiffeient foous.
iv) iuentifying mouth paits of animals.
uive a wiitten exeicise on:
i) hoimonal anu neivous contiol of uigestion.
ii) inteipieting uata on action of gut enzymes on uiffeient foous.
Consiuei balanceu uiet, caiing foi the teeth anu uigestive system.

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2.2 Saprophytism
uefine sapiophytism.
uesciibe the impoitance of fungi
anu bacteiia as uecomposeis in an
ecosystem.
iuentify the iole of sapiophytes in
the caibon anu nitiogen cycles.

Befinition of sapiophytism.
Role of fungi anu bacteiia in the
uecomposition piocess

Role of sapiophytes in the
caibon anu nitiogen cycles
(Practical)
iuentify bacteiia anu moulus
giowing on oiganic mattei.
examine the stiuctuie anu
auaptation of a common moulu.
investigate ecological iole of
sapiophytes in a habitat.

uiowth of common bacteiia anu
moulu on bieaucow uung
Stiuctuie anu auaptation of a
common moulu
sapiophytes
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, micioscopes, sliues, covei slips,
bieaucow uung
Biscuss sapiophytism using examples anu illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on giowth, stiuctuie anu
auaptations of moulus.
Biscuss the economic impoitance of miciooiganisms using
illustiations.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the iole of sapiophytes in the enviionment.
Consiuei:
i) stoiage of leathei piouucts, foou, timbei piouucts, clothes, etc.
ii) compost manuie.
iii) sewage tieatment.
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2.3 Mutualism
uefine mutualism.
uesciibe the iole of mutualistic
oiganisms in the nitiogen cycle.
explain the ielationships of
mutualistic associations in an
ecosystem.
uiscuss the economic impoitance
of mutualistic associations.

Befinition of mutualism
Role of mutualistic oiganisms in
the nitiogen cycle
Nutualistic associations between
oiganisms

mutualistic associations
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials
Biscuss mutualism giving examples.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on the significance of mutualistic ielationship in
an ecosystem.

2.4 Parasitism
uefine paiasitism.
uiscuss the paiasitic moue of
nutiition.
explain auaptation of uisease
causing oiganisms in plants anu
animals.
explain the effect of host-paiasite
ielations.

inteipiet uata on effects of
paiasites on theii hosts.

Befinition of paiasitism
Paiasitic moue of nutiition

Auaptations of uisease causing
oiganisms in plants anu animals

Inteiielationship between
paiasites anu hosts of the
following: intestinal woims, a
tick anu one plant paiasite
Bata on effects of paiasites on
theii hosts
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, viueo, uata fiom expeiiment
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73

Biscuss paiasitism using illustiations anu uemonstiations.
uuiue leaineis to inteipiet uata on effects of paiasites on theii hosts.
uive a ieauing assignment on cuiient epiuemics causeu by paiasites,
followeu by plenaiy session.
uive a wiitten exeicise on auaptations of nameu paiasites to theii
moue of life.
Consiuei biological contiol of pests anu vectois.
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Topic 9: Gaseous Exchange
Overview
As oiganisms become laigei they uevelop gaseous exchange suifaces which
aie mouifieu to allow efficiency. Some oiganisms may utilize uiffeient
gaseous exchange suifaces at uiffeient stages of uevelopment.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain mechanisms of
gaseous exchange in oiganisms.
Sub-Topic 1: Principles of Gaseous Exchange Systems
explain the ielationship
between size anu suiface aiea
to volume iatio.
explain the iole of uiffusion in
gaseous exchange.

explain how a iespiiatoiy
suiface is mouifieu to speeu up
uiffusion piocess.
state the chaiacteiistics of a
gaseous exchange suiface.

Relationship between size anu
suiface aiea to volume iatio
piinciple
Role of uiffusion in gaseous
exchange piocess between
oiganisms anu theii
enviionment acioss a gaseous
exchange suiface
Nouifications of gaseous
exchange suiface to speeu up
uiffusion

Chaiacteiistics of a gaseous
exchange suiface
Illustiations
Biscuss the piinciples of gaseous exchange using illustiations.
Assessment Strategy
uive an oial wiitten exeicise on piinciples of gaseous exchange
systems.
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Sub-Topic 2: Gaseous Exchange in Plants
opening anu closuie of a
stoma.
explain conuitions affecting
the functioning of stomata.
explain how stomata, lenticels
anu bieathing ioots aie
auapteu to theii function.
compaie gaseous exchange
stiuctuies of aquatic anu
teiiestiial plants.
ielate the uiffeiences between
the stiuctuie of aquatic anu
aeiial leaves to a habitat.

Nechanism of opening anu
closuie of stoma
Conuitions affecting functioning
of stomata
Stiuctuial auaptation anu
function of the stomata,
lenticels anu bieathing ioots
Compaiison of gaseous
exchange stiuctuies in plants in
teiiestiial anu aquatic habitats
Stiuctuial auaptation of aquatic
anu aeiial leaves to a habitat
(Practical)
iuentify, uiaw anu label
stomata.
examine piinciples ielateu to
contiol of gaseous exchange in
plants.
ueteimine suiface aiea to
volume iatio in laige anu small
objects.

Stiuctuies of stomata
Piinciples ielateu to contiol of
gaseous exchange in plants

Suiface aiea to volume iatio in
laige anu small pieces of plant
oigans
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, micioscope,
sliues, covei slips, potatouniipe pawpaw, iulei, knife, piepaieu sliues
(lenticels)
Biscuss gaseous exchange in plants.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on stiuctuie uistiibution,
uensity anu functioning of stomata, stiuctuie of lenticels, ueteimining
suiface aiea to volume iatio.
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uive a piactical exeicise on stiuctuie anu functioning of stomata.
uive a wiitten exeicise on theoiies of stomata opening.
Sub-Topic 3: Gaseous Exchange in Animals

uesciibe the chaiacteiistics of
gaseous exchange suifaces in
animals.
explain the efficiency of
gaseous exchange suifaces anu
stiuctuies.

explain the significance of the
countei cuiient flow system.
uesciibe the iole of the biain
in contiolling bieathing.
compaie the gaseous exchange
suifaces in aquatic anu
teiiestiial animals.

Chaiacteiistics of gaseous
exchange suifaces in animals

Stiuctuial auaptation of
gaseous exchange suifaces in
piotozoa, woims, insects, fish,
amphibians anu mammals
Significance of the countei
cuiient flow system
The iole of the biain in
contiolling bieathing
Compaiison of gaseous
exchange suifaces in lanu anu
watei animals
(Practical)
uissect, uisplay anu uiaw
gaseous exchange systems in
animals.

collect anu analyse uata on
factois affecting bieathing iate
in animals.

Stiuctuie of gaseous exchange
systems in taupoles, toau, fish,
insect, anu mammal
Factois affecting iate of
bieathing in animals
Sample oiganisms, uissection setkits, pins, uishboaiu, chloiofoim,
illustiations, anu computei aiueu stuuy mateiials
Biscuss gaseous exchange in lowei oiganisms anu animals using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piactical woik on gaseous exchange
systems in taupoles, toau fiog, fish, insect, mammal.
77
77

Consiuei:
i) uiseases of iespiiatoiy systems.
ii) effect of smoking on lungs.
iii) ventilation of builuings, aquaiia, etc.
uive a wiitten exeicise on gaseous exchange in animals.
uive piactical exeicise(s) on gaseous exchange systems in animals.
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Topic 10: Respiration
Buiation: u8 Peiious
Overview
Eneigy is ieleaseu fiom foou by iespiiation which occuis in all living cells.
All living things neeu usable eneigy to move, giow, iepiouuce anu iepaii
uamageu stiuctuies. This eneigy is obtaineu thiough eithei aeiobic oi
anaeiobic piocesses.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain how living
oiganisms obtain eneigy fiom foou.
Sub-Topic 1: Respiration
between gaseous exchange anu
iespiiation.
function of the mitochonuiion.
uistinguish between aeiobic
anu anaeiobic iespiiation.
uesciibe the iole of election
tianspoit system, hyuiogen
acceptois, acetyl coenzyme A
anu pyiuvic aciu.
explain the iole of acetyl
coenzyme A in the
caibohyuiate, lipiu anu piotein
metabolism.
state the piouucts of
iespiiation.

explain feimentation piocess.

Relationship between gaseous
exchange anu iespiiation
Stiuctuie anu function of
mitochonuiion
Types of iespiiation: aeiobic
anu anaeiobic
Role of election tianspoit
system, hyuiogen acceptois,
acetyl coenzyme A anu
pyiuvic aciu

Role of acetyl coenzyme A in
the metabolism of:
caibohyuiates, lipius,
pioteins
Piouucts of iespiiation:
caibon uioxiue, eneigy,
ethanol, watei, lactic aciu
Feimentation piocess
(Practical)
caiiy out expeiiments to
uemonstiate piouucts of
iespiiation.

Piouucts of iespiiation:
caibon uioxiue, eneigy,
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79

caiiy out expeiiments to show
the effect of tempeiatuie anu
activity on iate of iespiiation.

caiiy out expeiiments anu
analyse uata on factois affecting
aeiobic anu anaeiobic
iespiiation piocesses.
uemonstiate feimentation
piocess in yeast cells.
ethanol, watei, lactic aciu
Factois affecting the iate of
iespiiation: tempeiatuie anu
activity
Factois affecting aeiobic anu
anaeiobic iespiiation
piocesses

Feimentation piocess: use in
yeast cells
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, glucose, yeast, watei,
flask, iubbei bung, theimometei, stop clock
Review stiuctuie of a mitochonuiion anu uiscuss iespiiation using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate the piouucts of anaeiobic iespiiation.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out expeiiments to show the effect of
tempeiatuie anu activity on iate of iespiiation.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out expeiiments, collect anu analyse uata on
factois affecting aeiobic anu anaeiobic iespiiation piocesses.

uive a wiitten exeicise on compaiison between aeiobic anu anaeiobic
iespiiation.
uive oial questions on the piocess of iespiiation.
uive a wiitten exeicise on uata analysis.
Consiuei:
i) biewing alcohol
ii) bieau making
iii) ventilation in houses
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Topic 11: Homeostasis
Overview
Within the bouy of an oiganism components of an inteinal enviionment aie
constantly iegulateu to ensuie a stable inteinal enviionment. This is uone
by negative feeuback anu elimination of wastes.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate why anu
how the inteinal enviionment of an oiganism is kept constant.

Sub-Topic 1: General Principles of Homeostasis
explain the significance of a
constant inteinal enviionment.
state the factois which must be
kept constant in the inteinal
enviionment of the bouy.

uiscuss the iole of negative
feeuback mechanism.
explain the feeuback
mechanism ielateu to the
enuociine anu neivous systems.

iuentify the main inteinal anu
exteinal causes of changes in
the inteinal enviionment.
uesciibe the foimation,
composition anu movement of
tissue fluiu anu its ielationship
to the bloou anu lymph.

Significance of a constant
inteinal enviionment
Factois which must be kept
constant in the bouy: glucose,
tempeiatuie, pB, watei, ions,
iespiiatoiy gases, osmotic
piessuie of bouy fluius
Role of negative feeuback
mechanism
Feeuback mechanism ielateu
to the enuociine anu neivous
systems in homeostatic
activities
Causes of changes in the
inteinal enviionment

Foimation, composition anu
movement of tissue fluiu anu
its ielationship to the bloou
anu lymph
(Practical)
The leainei shoulu be able to ielate
oiganisms' ways of life to theii
enviionmental conuitions.

Auaptation of oiganisms to
uiffeient enviionmental
conuitions
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81

Chaits
Befine homeostasis.
Biscuss the:
- factois which must be kept constant in the inteinal enviionment
using illustiations.
- iole of the negative feeuback mechanism in homeostasis using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to uo fielu stuuy on auaptations of oiganisms to
uiffeient enviionmental conuitions.
Assessment Strategy
uive a quiz on the geneial piinciples of homeostasis.
Consiuei livei uiseases anu social habits e.g. excessive consumption of
alcohol, uiug abuse, etc
Sub-Topic 2: Regulation of Glucose

uesciibe the iole of hoimones in
sugai iegulation.
explain the negative feeuback
mechanism in the piocess of
bloou glucose contiol.
uiscuss the causes anu effects of
bloou sugai imbalances in the
bouy.
ielate the miciostiuctuie of the
livei anu pancieas to theii
functions.
uiscuss the functions of the livei
anu the pancieas in iegulation of
glucose in the bouy.

Action of insulin, glucagon anu
auienalin in bloou sugai contiol.
The negative feeuback
mechanism in the piocess of
bloou glucose contiol
Causes anu effects of bloou sugai
imbalances in the bouy

Niciostiuctuie of the livei,
pancieas anu theii functions

Role of the livei anu the pancieas
in glucose iegulation
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(Practical)
test uiine samples foi sugai.
ielate stiuctuie of livei anu
pancieas to theii function.

Iuentification of sugai in uiine
Bistology of livei anu pancieas:
miciostiuctuie anu theii
function
Chaits illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, samples of uiine
fiom peisons of uiffeient iange of age anu weight. Nateiials useu to
test foi sugai, sections of pancieas anu livei, micioscopes
Biscuss iegulation of glucose in the bouy using illustiations.
uuiue the leaineis to test foi sugai in uiine samples fiom peisons of
uiffeient ianges of age anu weight.
uuiue leaineis to examine sections of the livei anu pancieas.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten assignment on the causes, effects anu contiol of bloou
sugai imbalances.
Consiuei management of uiabetes mellitus.

Sub-Topic 3: Regulation of Respiratory Gases

uesciibe the iegulation of
iespiiatoiy gases.
uiscuss the iole of feeuback
mechanism in iesponse to
oxygen uepiivation.
explain the effects of
fluctuations of iespiiatoiy
gases on the iate of bieathing.
explain the iole of iespiiatoiy
centie in the biain in

Contiol of iespiiatoiy gases

Role of feeuback mechanism
in iesponse to oxygen
uepiivation
Effects of fluctuations in
oxygen anu caibon uioxiue
gases on the iate of bieathing
Role of meuullaiy centies in
contiolling iespiiation anu
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83

contiolling iespiiation anu
bloou ciiculation.
uesciibe the uiffeient
physiological changes that take
place uuiing exeicise anu at
high altituue.
bloou ciiculation

Physiological changes that
take place uuiing exeicise anu
at high altituue
(Practical)
ueteimine the iate of bieathing
at uiffeient levels of activity.

Effect of uiffeient levels of
activity on the iate of
bieathing
Teaching / Learning resources
Chaits, illustiations, human beings, stop clock
Biscuss iegulation of caibon uioxiue in the bouy using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to investigate the effect of physical activities on the iate
of bieathing.
uive a wiitten exeicise involving inteipieting uata on the effect of
physical activities on the iate of bieathing.
uive a wiitten exeicise on auaptation of haemoglobin unuei uiffeient
oxygen tensions.
Consiuei ventilation of houses
Sub-Topic 4: Temperature Regulation

tempeiatuie iegulation.
uiscuss the moiphological,
physiological anu behaviouial
auaptations to tempeiatuie
changes in the enviionment.
uesciibe the iesponses to colu

Impoitance of tempeiatuie
iegulation
Noiphological, physiological anu
behaviouial auaptations to
tempeiatuie changes in the
enviionment
Response to colu anu hot
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anu hot conuitions by
enuotheimic anu ectotheimic
animals.
explain the iole of the biain anu
theimoieceptois in tempeiatuie
iegulation.

uesciibe the uiffeient piocesses
in which plants minimise
oveiheating.
conuitions by enuotheimic anu
ectotheimic animals

The iole of the biain:
hypothalamus anu
theimoieceptois in heat
iegulation.
Tempeiatuie contiol in plants
(Practical)
collect anu inteipiet uata ielateu
to effects of tempeiatuie on
animal behavioui.

Effects of tempeiatuie conuitions
on animal behavioui.

Chaits, illustiations, uata ielateu to tempeiatuie iegulation
Biscuss tempeiatuie iegulation in ectotheims anu enuotheims using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to collect anu analyse uata on effects of tempeiatuie
conuitions on animal behavioui as an out of class activity.
uuiue leaineis to analyse uata ielateu to tempeiatuie iegulation.
Assessment Strategy
Wiitten exeicise on inteipieting uata ielateu to tempeiatuie
iegulation.
Consiuei acclimatisation to uiffeient enviionments

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85

Sub-Topic 5: Excretion
uesciibe the stiuctuie anu iole
of excietoiy oigans in mammals.

function of the nephion.
uesciibe the foimation of uiea
anu uiine.
uesciibe excietion piocess in
othei oiganisms.

explain excietion in plants.

Stiuctuie anu functions of
excietoiy oigans in mammals:
kiuney, livei, skin anu lungs.
Stiuctuie anu function of the
nephion
Foimation of uiea anu uiine

Excietion in othei oiganisms:
piotoctista, insects, fish,
amphibians anu biius
Excietion in plants
(Practical)
iuentify anu uiaw sections of
paits of kiuney.

uissect, uisplay, uiaw anu label
the uiinaiy system.

Bistology of the kiuney: coitex,
meuulla, uiffeient iegions of the
nephion
0iinaiy system of a toau, iat
iabbitgoatcattle
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, micioscope, piepaieu sliues of
kiuney sections, insect, iat, anu toau, uissecting; kit, boaius anu uishes
Biscuss excietion using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to uissect animals anu uisplay uiinaiy stiuctuies of an
insect, toau fiog anu iat iabbit uuinea pig.
uuiue leaineis to examine anu uiaw sections of kiuney using a
micioscope.
Assess low powei uiawings of sections of the kiuneys anu uissections
of uiinaiy systems.
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uive a wiitten exeicise on the stiuctuie anu function of excietoiy
oigans in mammals.
uive oial questions on excietion in piotoctista, insects, amphibians, fish
anu biius.
Consiuei:
i) kiuney failuie anu tiansplant.
ii) hygiene of the uiinaiy system.
Sub-Topic 6: Osmoregulation
uesciibe the iole of the biain,
enuociine glanus anu nephions
in osmoiegulation.

explain the negative feeuback
mechanism involving anti-
uiuietic hoimone (ABB).
uiscuss piinciples of
osmoiegulation in oiganisms
living in maiine, fiesh watei anu
teiiestiial habitats.
explain animals' auaptations to
vaiying watei availability in
theii habitats.
explain osmoiegulation in plants
anu how plants aie auapteu to
vaiying watei availability in
theii habitats.

Role of the hypothalamus,
pituitaiy glanu, auienal glanu anu
nephions in vaiying osmotic
piessuie of bloou
Role of negative feeuback
mechanism involving anti-uiuietic
hoimone (ABB)
Piinciples of osmoiegulation in
maiine, fiesh watei anu
teiiestiial oiganisms

Auaptations of animals to vaiying
watei availability in habitats

0smoiegulation in plants
(xeiophytes, hyuiophytes,
mesophytes, halophytes)
Biscuss osmoiegulation in oiganisms using illustiations.
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87

uive a wiitten exeicise on inteipieting uata on osmoiegulation in
oiganisms.
uive a piactical assignment on compaiison of stiuctuies foi
auaptations in plants fiom uiffeient enviionments.
Consiuei sufficient intake of watei.
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SENIOR SIX TERM TWO
Topic 12: Coordination
Overview
All oiganisms have the ability to uetect anu iesponu to changes in the
exteinal anu inteinal enviionment. Plants anu animals have uevelopeu
contiol systems that ieceive stimuli, piocess them anu initiate appiopiiate
iesponses.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain how oiganisms
peiceive anu iesponu to stimuli.

Sub-Topic 1: Concepts of Reception and Response in
Plants
explain uiffeiences
between types of plant
iesponses.

uesciibe simple
expeiiments to
uemonstiate tiopisms.
pieuict tiopic iesponses
in expeiimental
situations.
inteipiet uata fiom
expeiiments on how uay
length affects the
floweiing piocess.

Bistinguish between types of
iesponses in plants: Tiopic, nastic
anu photopeiiouic iesponses(give
examples of plant iesponses to
stimuli)
Simple expeiiments to uemonstiate
tiopisms

Paits that ieceive stimuli (meiistem,
leaves, petals)

Effects of uay length on floweiing
piocess
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, Mimosa pudica, seeulings,
clinostats anu uaik box with winuow on one siue
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89

Biscuss the stimuli, the pait that ieceives them anu iesponse in plants,
using uemonstiations illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to uistinguish between nastic movements anu tiopisms.
uuiue leaineis to peifoim expeiiments to uemonstiate nastic
movements anu tiopisms.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on inteipietation of uata on tiopisms anu on
how uay length affects the floweiing piocess.
Consiuei:
i) floiicultuie
ii) pioviuing suppoit foi climbing plants e.g. vanilla, climbing beans,
passion fiuits
iii) not weeuing peas
Sub-Topic 2: Plant Hormones
explain how enviionmental
factois affect uistiibution of
plant hoimones.
uiscuss the influence of
hoimones on plant giowth anu
ielateu piocesses.

inteipiet expeiimental uata on
the effect of hoimones on
uiffeient giowth piocesses.
explain the economic
impoitance of plant hoimones.

Enviionmental factois affect
uistiibution of plant hoimones

Influence of hoimones on plant
giowth: Role anu effects of plant
hoimones (e.g. auxins, cytokinins,
gibbeiellins, abscisic aciu, anu
ethane) in iegulating piocesses
expeiimental uata on the effect of
hoimones on uiffeient giowth
piocesses
Economic impoitance of plant
hoimones
(Practical)
uesign anu peifoim
expeiiments on effects of plant

Effects of plant hoimones e.g.
Auxins Inuole acetic aciu (IAA),
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hoimones on plant giowth
piocesses.

uemonstiate the economic
impoitance of plant hoimones.
gibbeiellic aciu on uiffeient plant
giowth piocess: uoimancy, weeu
contiol, floweiing, fiuiting etc
Economic impoitance of plant
hoimones
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, chaits, photogiaphs,
seeusseeulings plant samples, hoimones
uuiue leaineis to ieseaich in piepaiation foi biainstoiming anu
uiscussion on the iole, effects anu economic impoitance of plant
hoimones.
Biscuss the iole, effects anu economic impoitance of plant hoimones
using illustiations anu uemonstiations.
uuiue leaineis to investigate effects of plant hoimones on plant
piocesses using inuole acetic aciu (IAA).
uive a wiitten exeicise on the effects of plant hoimones on plant
giowth.
uive a wiitten exeicise on the economic impoitance of plant hoimones.
Consiuei:
i) piuning
ii) use of plant hoimones e.g. iooting hoimone in nuiseiies to piomote
unifoim spiouting of buus

Sub-Topic 3: Response and Behaviour in Animals
explain ieflex iesponses.
explain how types of
behavioui iesult fiom
sequential iesponses.

Reflex iesponses
Types of behavioui:
oiientation (kinesis, taxis,
teiiitoiial, bieeuing, instinct
anu migiation) leaining
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91

ielate leaining anu iesponse
(Kinesis anu taxis, oiientation
behavioui) foi suivival in the
enviionment.
Explain welfaie of animals.
(habitual, conuitioneu ieflex,
impiinting exploiation, insight,
tiial anu eiioi
Leaining anu iesponses foi
suivival in the enviionment

Animal welfaie: piopei
hanuling of animals in ielation
to behavioui
(Practical)
uemonstiate the welfaie of
animals.
uesign anu peifoim
expeiiments on oiientation
behavioui.

Piactices of animal welfaie

0iientation behavioui
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, sample animals, (weevils,
millipeues, wooulice, teimites), aitificial stimuli (electiicity, light, etc)
oi natuial stimuli in the enviionment, choice chambei, calcium
chloiiue, cotton wool, wiie gauze
Biscuss iesponse anu behavioui in animals using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to investigate iesponses in animals.
Assessment strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on inteipietation of uata on iesponse anu
behavioui in animals.
Practical application
Consiuei:
i) stoiage of piouucts e.g. seeus, timbei
ii) tiapping of giasshoppeis, teimites
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Sub-Topic 4: General Principles of Reception and
Response in Animals
explain the necessity of
iesponuing to inteinal anu
exteinal changes in the
enviionment.
uesciibe the types of stimuli.

uesciibe the stiuctuie anu iole
of ieceptoi oigans in ielation to
the enviionmental stimuli.

uiffeient effectois in oiganisms.
inteipiet uata ueiiveu fiom
expeiiments on animal
iesponses to paiticulai stimuli
anu on memoiy foimation.

Impoitance of iesponses to the
inteinal anu exteinal
enviionmental changes

Types of chemical anu physical
stimuli
Role of simple anu complex
ieceptois (incluuing ieception
mechanisms) in ielation to the
enviionmental stimuli
Impoitance of effectois in
oiganisms
Animal iesponse to paiticulai
stimuli anu on memoiy
foimation
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:
iuentify sections of: skin, eye,
ietina, cochlea fiom piepaieu
sliues.
iuentify locations of uiffeient
taste buus on the tongue.

Stiuctuie of: skin, eye, ietina,
cochlea fiom piepaieu sliues

Location of taste buus on the
tongue.
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, sample animals: toau fiog,
cow iat iabbit guinea pig, aithiopou, fish, ieptile, micioscopes,
piepaieu sliues of skin, eye, ietina, anu cochlea
Solutions of uiffeient tastes: sweet, bittei, soui, salty
Nouels of: eye, eai, skin
Biscuss the geneial piinciples of ieception anu iesponses in animals
using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to:
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93

i) obseive iesponses in sample animals.
ii) examine sliues of sections of paits of ieceptoi oigans using
micioscopes.
iii) peifoim an expeiiment to locate uiffeient types of taste buus on the
tongue.
Assessment Strategy
uive a wiitten exeicise on inteipieting uata on animal iesponses to
paiticulai stimuli anu memoiy foimation.
Consiuei caiing foi sensoiy oigans.
Sub-Topic 5: Nervous Coordination in Animals
functioning of a neuion.
state the ioles of the paits of the
neivous system.

uesciibe the iole of the neivous
system in iesponses.
uesciibe the autonomic
iesponses.

state examples of autonomic
iesponses.
uistinguish between the ioles of
the autonomic anu othei
peiipheial neives.
explain the events of geneiating
anu tiansmitting impulses.
functioning of the synapse anu
neuiomusculai junction.
tiansmittei substances.

Stiuctuie anu functioning of
a neuion
Neivous system stiuctuie
anu function (cential: biain,
spinal coiu anu autonomic:
cianial neives, spinal
neives)
Role of the neivous system
in iesponses
Autonomic iesponses
(simple ieflexes, conuitioneu
ieflexes)
Examples of autonomic
iesponses
Role of the autonomic anu
peiipheial neives

Events of geneiating anu
tiansmitting impulses
Synapse anu neuiomusculai
junction stiuctuie anu
functioning
Impoitance of tiansmittei
substances
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explain summation, facilitation
anu inhibition.
System functions:
summation, facilitation anu
inhibition
(Practical)
obseive anu iecoiu human
iesponses to uiffeient stimuli.
uissect, uisplay, uiaw anu label
the majoi paits of the insect's
toau's fiog's, mammal's neivous
system below the heau.

Reflex actions in human
beings

Neivous system of a
cockioachtoau fiogiat
iabbituuinea pig
Illustiations, computei aiueu mateiials, samples of animals, stimuli e.g.
heat, colu, touch, sounu. cockioaches, toau fiog, iat iabbituuinea
pig, uissecting boaius uishes, uissecting set, thieau, pins, chloiofoim,
uissecting guiue
Biscuss neivous cooiuination in animals using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to:
- investigate iesponse of the sample animals (weevils, millipeues,
wooulice, teimites, humans) to stimuli.
- uissect, uisplay, uiaw anu label the majoi paits of the neivous
system of a cockioach, toau fiog, iat iabbit guinea pig.
uive a wiitten exeicise on neivous cooiuination.
Assess the uiawings of uissections showing majoi paits of the neivous
system of the sample animals (cockioach, toaufiog, iatiabbitguinea
pig).
Consiuei suivival ieflexes
Sub-Topic 6: Hormonal Coordination in Animals

Stiuctuie anu function of
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95

function of the enuociine
system.

explain the piinciple of negative
feeuback mechanism of
hoimonal action.
explain why hoimonal balance
is necessaiy foi cooiuinating
functions in the bouy.
explain effects of hoimonal
imbalances.

compaie anu contiast the
action of the enuociine anu
neivous systems in the bouy.

enuociine system: location of
enuociine glanus anu
functions of theii secietions
Piinciples of negative feeuback
mechanism of hoimonal
action: between pituitaiy anu
thyioiu
Necessity of hoimonal
balances

Boimonal imbalances effects:
uiabetes, goitie, uwaifism,
gigantism
Compaiison of actions of the
hoimonal anu neivous
systems. Refei to: thyioxin, sex
hoimones, insulin
Biscuss the:
i) location anu functions of enuociine glanus using illustiations
chaits.
ii) negative feeuback mechanism of hoimonal action.
iii) effects of hoimonal imbalance in mammals.
iv) similaiities anu uiffeiences between the stiuctuie anu
functioning of neivous anu hoimonal systems.
uive a wiitten exeicise on compaiison of the hoimonal anu neivous
cooiuination in animals.
uive a wiitten exeicise on compaiison between hoimonal contiol in
plants anu animals.
Consiuei hoimonal theiapy.
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SENI0R SIX TERN TBREE
Topic 13: Support and Movement
Overview
Living things suppoit themselves anu maintain positions in which they can
caiiy out life piocess. In all oiganisms the suppoit systems maintain the
shape of the bouy that is essential foi consistent anu cooiuinateu
functioning of its paits. Plant cells aie suiiounueu by a cell wall which
confeis iigiuity anu suppoit in tuigiu cells, wheieas multicellulai animals
aie suppoiteu anu piotecteu by a skeleton. Novement can occui at cell
level, oigan level anu oiganism level.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate the iole of
suppoit anu movement systems in oiganisms.
Sub-Topic 1: Support Systems in Plants and Animals

uesciibe the uistiibution of
woouy tissues in plants.
uesciibe the suppoit function of
woouy tissues in plants.
explain the iole of cell tuigoi in
non woouy plants anu hyuiostatic
skeletons in lowei oiganisms.

explain the iole of mouifieu ioots
leaves anu stems in suppoit.

uesciibe the iole of seconuaiy
giowth thickening in suppoit.
uesciibe the stiuctuie anu iole of
skeletons.

Bistiibution of woouy
tissues in plants
Suppoit function of woouy
tissues in plants
Impoitance of cell tuigoi in
non woouy tissues anu
hyuiostatic skeletons in
piotozoa, coelenteiates anu
platyhelminthes
Impoitance of plant oigans
mouifications of: tenuiils,
piop ioots, clasping ioots,
buttiess ioots
Role of seconuaiy giowth
thickening in suppoit
Types of skeletons:
Byuiostatic, exoskeleton,
enuoskeleton
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97

compaie the uiffeient types of
skeletons.
uesciibe the micio stiuctuie of
caitilage anu bone anu ielate
theii stiuctuie to function.
uesciibe the iole of limbs as
piops anu veitebial column as
giiuei.
Stiuctuie anu iole of the
skeleton: hyuiostatic,
exoskeleton anu
enuoskeleton
Nicio stiuctuie anu function
of caitilage anu bone

Role of limbs as piops (foi
veitical suppoit) anu the
veitebial column as giiuei
(foi hoiizontal suppoit)
Support Systems in Organisms
(Practical)
obseive oiganisms of uiffeient
sizes anu ielate theii suppoit
systems to theii sizes.
iuentify anu uiaw suppoit
stiuctuies anu tissues in plants
anu animals.

Suppoiting systems anu
oiganism's size

Suppoit stiuctuies anu
tissues in plants anu animals
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, sample stuuy
oiganisms (plants, eaithwoims, insects, fish, toaus fiogs, mammals,
biius), micioscopes, piepaieu sliues of caitilage anu bone
Biscuss suppoit systems in plants anu animals using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to:
i) examine piepaieu sliues of caitilage, bone, T.S. stem.
ii) obseive plant paits mouifieu foi suppoit.
uive a wiitten exeicise on ielating the stiuctuie of suppoit systems in
oiganisms to theii functions.
uive a piactical exeicise on iuentifying suppoit stiuctuies in plants,
inveitebiates anu veitebiates.
Consiuei:
i) Piopei feeuing to ensuie piopei bone foimation
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ii) Fiist aiu foi fiactuies
iii) uoou postuie
iv) Biseases of suppoit stiuctuies
Sub-Topic 2: Muscles
uesciibe the stiuctuie of a
muscle anu a joint.
uesciibe the aiiangement anu
function of muscles anu joints.
explain the sliuing hypothesis
of musculai contiaction.

Stiuctuie of muscles anu joints

Aiiangement anu function of
muscles anu joints
The sliuing filament hypothesis
of muscle contiaction
Illustiations computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, piepaieu sliues
of skeletal muscle fibies anu T.S. muscle, micioscope.
Biscuss the stiuctuie anu contiaction of skeletal muscle using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to examine piepaieu sliues of skeletal muscles anu
skeletal muscle fibie.
uive wiitten exeicise on mechanism of musculai contiaction.
Assess the uiawings of skeletal muscle.
Consiuei:
i) muscle pull theiapy
ii) piopei waiming up befoie exeicise anu cooling uown aftei exeicise
99
99

Sub-Topic 3: Movement / Locomotion
explain non-musculai
movements in oiganisms.

uesciibe the aiiangement of
muscles in fish.

explain how movements anu
suppoit of fish aie biought about
in watei.
uesciibe suppoit anu movement
on lanu.

compaie flight in biius anu
insects.
compaie jumping movements in
giasshoppeis anu toaus.

Non- musculai movements oi
movement without muscles:
amoeboiu, ciliateu, flagella,
euglenoiu
Aiiangement of muscles in fish

Novement anu suppoit of fish
in watei: piopulsion, stability

Suppoit anu movement on lanu
musculai skeletal basis of
locomotion, piopulsion in the:
walking tetiapous (mammals),
biius anu annelius
Flight movement in aii in
biius anu insects
Compaiison of jumping
movements in giasshoppeis
anu toaus
(Practical)
obseive anu explain the
ielationship between muscles,
joints anu musculo-skeletal
attachments.

obseive anu uesciibe skeletal
mouifications in biius.
obseive anu explain how the
suppoit stiuctuies aie ielateu to
the enviionment of the animal.

Relationship between muscles,
joints anu musculo-skeletal
attachments: Antagonistic
muscles in animals: fish
myotomes, pectoial muscles in
biius, hinu limb muscles anu
muscles in the pelvic iegion of
amphibians anu mammals
Foie limb anu steinum
mouification in biius
Suppoit stiuctuies in ielation
to the enviionment of the
animal
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Illustiations computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, mouels, sample stuuy
animals, boaius, uishes, pins, chloiofoim, cotton wool, thieau.
Biscuss movement locomotion without muscles, movement in watei,
on lanu, anu in the aii, using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out uissection to show peiipheial muscles.

uive a wiitten exeicise on compaiison of flight in biius anu insects,
jumping movements in giasshoppeis anu toaus fiogs.
Assess the uisplaying, uiawing anu labelling of muscles.

Consiuei:
i) stiuctuial engineeiing
ii) movements in spoits anu uancing
iii) caie foi the musculo-skeletal system
101
101

Topic 14: Reproduction, Growth and
Development
Overview
0iganisms aie able to multiply to maintain numbeis anu avoiu extinction.
They go thiough life cycles which ensuie continuity of species.
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the piocesses
of iepiouuction, giowth anu uevelopment in oiganisms.

Sub-Topic 1: Asexual Reproduction
uesciibe the vaiious
methous of asexual
iepiouuction in lowei anu
highei oiganisms.
uiscuss the auvantages anu
uisauvantages of asexual
iepiouuction.
uesciibe the chaiacteiistics
of vegetative iepiouuctive
paits in a floweiing plant.

Nethous of asexual iepiouuction
in lowei anu highei oiganisms

Auvantages anu uisauvantages of
asexual iepiouuction

Chaiacteiistics of vegetative
iepiouuctive paits in floweiing
plant
(Practical)
uemonstiate the asexual
iepiouuction mechanisms in
lowei oiganisms.

use the vegetative
piopagation techniques to
piouuce economically
impoitant plants.

Asexual iepiouuction in lowei
oiganisms: fiagmentation in
Spirogyra, buuuing in yeast,
spoie foimation in Mucor /
Rhizopus
vegetative piopagation
techniques: natuial piopagation
in highei plants
Application of aitificial
piopagation in giowing
impioveu vaiieties of plants
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Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, activity sheet, chaits,
samples of oigans of plants that iepiouuce vegetatively (consiuei foou
ciops, oinamental anu meuicinal plant species), Spirogyra, yeast, Mucor
/Rhizopus, micioscopes, piepaieu sliues on buuuing, fission anu
spoiulation
Biscuss asexual iepiouuction in lowei oiganisms anu highei plants.
uuiue leainei to:
i) obseive asexual iepiouuction in lowei oiganisms anu wiite iepoits
as an out of class activity.
ii) examine piepaieu sliues on asexual iepiouuction in lowei
oiganisms.
iii) examine samples of plant oigans that iepiouuce vegetatively.
iv) caiiy out a fielu stuuy on natuial anu aitificial piopagation
methous.
uive a wiitten exeicise on asexual iepiouuction.
Assess iepoits on:
i) asexual iepiouuction in lowei oiganisms.
ii) fielu stuuy on examples of plants giowing vegetatively.
Consiuei:
i) vegetative piouuction of plants of economic impoitance
ii) contiol of weeus that piouuce vegetatively

Sub-Topic 2: Sexual Reproduction in Animals
state the functions of
iepiouuctive system
stiuctuiespaits in animals.
function of gametes.
uesciibe the stages of oogenesis

Repiouuctive system in
animals: stiuctuie anu
function(s) of paits
uamete stiuctuie anu function

Stages of oogenesis anu
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103

anu speimatogenesis piocesses.
uesciibe the ielationship
between stages of
gametogenesis anu meiosis.
gametogenesis.
uesciibe copulation,
feitilisation anu implantation.
explain the iole of the placenta
in the uevelopment of an
embiyo.
explain the physiological
changes in females uuiing
piegnancy.
explain gestation peiiou anu
biith.
uiscuss the events anu iole of
hoimones in menstiual cycle.

uiscuss biith contiol methous
anu theii limitations.
state the causes anu ways of
pievention of STBs.

explain exteinal anu inteinal
feitilization.
outline the impoitance of
exteinal anu inteinal
feitilization.
explain the homeostatic
mechanisms in amphibians anu
biius befoie hatching.
uistinguish between uiploiu anu
haploiu paithenogesis.
speimatogenesis piocesses
Relationship between
gametogenesis to meiosis

Significance of gametogenesis

Copulation, feitilisation anu
implantation
Role of placenta in the
uevelopment of an embiyo

Physiological changes in
females uuiing piegnancy

uestation peiiou anu biith

Events anu iole of hoimones in
the menstiual cycle:
menstiuation, folliculai
uevelopment, ovulation,
coipus lutetium. Anu FSB, LB,
oestiogen anu piogesteione.
Nention the oestious cycle
Biith contiol methous anu
limitations
Causes anu pievention of
Sexually Tiansmitteu Biseases
(STBs) .e.g. infections by
fungal bacteiial anu viial (BIv
anu AIBS).
Featuies of exteinal anu
inteinal feitilization
Impoitance of exteinal anu
inteinal feitilization

Bomeostatic mechanisms in
amphibians anu biius befoie
hatching
Paithenogenesis: uefinition,
uiploiu in aphius, haploiu in
bees
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(Practical)
piepaie oi use piepaieu sliues
to stuuy stiuctuie of gametes.
iuentify anu uiaw the exteinal
featuies of the cockioach foi
sex iuentification.
uissect, obseive, uiaw anu label
the majoi paits of the insect's
iepiouuctive system
featuies of the toau fiog foi
sex iuentification.
uissect, examine, uiaw anu
label the majoi paits of the
toau's iepiouuctive system.
ielate the stiuctuie of
iepiouuctive paits to theii
functions.
featuies of the iat iabbit
uuinea pig foi sex
iuentification.
uissect, examine, uiaw anu
label the majoi paits of the iat's
iepiouuctive system.
ielate the stiuctuie of
iepiouuctive paits to theii
functions.

Stiuctuie of gametes
Cockioach
exteinal featuies foi sex
iuentification

Repiouuctive system of a
cockioach

Exteinal featuies of a toau oi
fiog foi sex iuentification

toaufiog

Rat iabbitguinea pig
exteinalfeatuies foi sex
iuentification

iatiabbituuinea pig
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, micioscopes, sliues,
samples of gametes piepaieu sliues of gametes, hanu lens, cockioach,
toaufiogiat, iabbitguinea pig
Biscuss sexual iepiouuction in animals using illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to:
i) caiiy out piactical woik on iepiouuctive stiuctuies (exteinal anu
inteinal) of a male anu female: cockioach, toaufiog anu iat
iabbitguinea pig.
105
105

ii) examine stiuctuie of gametes using micioscopes.
uive a wiitten exeicise on sexual iepiouuction in animals.
Assess the uisplay, uiawing anu labelling of iepiouuctive systems anu
gametes.
uive a wiitten exeicise on compaiison of homeostatic mechanisms in
biius anu mammals until the time of hatching biith.
Consiuei:
i) pievention of sexually tiansmitteu uiseases
ii) population contiol anu family planning
iii) maintenance of feitility
Sub-Topic 3: Sexual Reproduction in Lower Organisms
and Plants
uesciibe the conjugation in
lowei oiganisms.
uiscuss the significance of
alteination of geneiations.
uesciibe the types anu
stiuctuie of floweis.

uesciibe pollination anu
feitilisation in floweiing
plants.

explain the events that take
place in a flowei aftei
feitilization.
uesciibe the types anu
stiuctuie of seeus anu fiuits.

Conjugation in lowei
oiganisms: Paramecium. anu
algae
Alteination of geneiations in
Biyophytes anu Pteiiuophytes
Types anu stiuctuie of floweis :
(insect anu winu pollinateu
floweis)
Nechanisms of pollination (self
anu cioss pollination) anu
uouble feitilisation in floweiing
plants. Nention mechanisms to
ensuie oi pievent self
pollination
Events in a flowei aftei
feitilization

Types anu stiuctuie of seeus
anu fiuits
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BIOLOGY
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(Practical)
ielate floial stiuctuies to the
moue of pollination.

obseive anu uiaw pollen giain.

uesciibe floial paits.

Wiite floial foimulae of
uiffeient floweis.
uiaw floial uiagiams of
uiffeient floweis.
uiaw anu label stiuctuies of
uiffeient fiuits anu seeus.
uissect fiuits to uisplay anu
uiaw aiiangement of seeus.
uesciibe the mechanisms of
fiuit anu seeu uispeisal.
uistinguish between
enuospeimic anu non
enuospeimic seeus.

Stiuctuies of a flowei anu
infloiescence in ielation to
pollination
Pollen giain stiuctuie in
ielation to pollination
Aiiangement of floial paits in
floweis with fiee petals, fuseu
petals, keel anu stanuaiu wing,
anu a giass flowei
Floial foimulae

Floial uiagiams

Types anu stiuctuie of fiuits
anu seeus
Placentation

Nechanisms of fiuit anu seeu
uispeisal
Enuospeimic anu non
enuospeimic seeus
Illustiations, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, piepaieu sliues,
micioscopes, Spirogyra, sample flowei types, hanu lens, neeulepin,
scalpeliazoi blaue, infloiescences e.g. guinea giassmaize,
sunfloweiblack jack banana, Tiiuax, Bougainvillea, Lantana camara,
Floweis e.g. Hibiscus, moining gloiysweet potato, Cassia, peabean
family, flowei with peiianth, samples of fiuits anu seeus
Biainstoim the piinciples of sexual iepiouuction.
Biscuss sexual iepiouuction in lowei oiganisms anu plants using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to examine the stiuctuie of floweis, infloiescences,
fiuits anu seeus.
107
107

uive a wiitten exeicise on sexual iepiouuction in lowei oiganisms anu
plants.
Assess leaineis on iuentification, uiawing anu labelling of floweis,
infloiescences, fiuits anu seeus.
Consiuei:
i) giowing of oinamental plants
ii) giowing fiuit beaiing plants
iii) manufactuie of insecticiues, peifumes, ph inuicatois
iv) apicultuie (beekeeping)
Sub-Topic 4: Growth and Development
uefine giowth anu
uevelopment.
uistinguish between giowth
anu uevelopment.
explain factois affecting
giowth.
uiscuss the paiameteis of
measuiing giowth in plants
animals.

explain patteins of giowth.
inteipiet uata ielateu to the
giowth piocess.
explain the iole of hoimones
in plant anu animal giowth
anu uevelopment.
explain metamoiphosis.

uesciibe the types anu stages
of geimination.

Befinition of giowth anu
uevelopment
Biffeiences between giowth
anu uevelopment
Factois affecting giowth:
inteinal anu exteinal
Paiameteis useu in
measuiement of giowth in an
inuiviuual plant animal:
weight, length, height, volume,
aiea
Patteins of giowth: isometiic,
allometiic, limiteu unlimiteu
anu inteimittent
Role of hoimones in giowth
iegulation anu contiol in
plants anu animals
Netamoiphosis in insects anu
amphibians
Types anu stages of
geimination

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explain viability, seeu
uoimancy anu changes uuiing
geimination.
uistinguish between piimaiy
anu seconuaiy meiistems.
uistinguish between piimaiy
anu seconuaiy giowth.
uiscuss the iole of meiistems
in plant giowth.
viability, uoimancy anu
geimination of seeus

Piimaiy anu seconuaiy
meiistems in plants
Piimaiy anu seconuaiy giowth
in plants
Role of meiistems in plant
giowth
(Practical)
Caiiy out geimination of
seeus that exhibit epigeal anu
hypogeal geimination.
Bemonstiate factois affecting
giowth.
Examine anu uiaw sections
showing apical meiistems
anu seconuaiy thickening in
uicotyleuonous stems.
Nake accuiate measuiements
of giowth in an oiganism anu
iecoiu.
Bemonstiate hoimonal
contiol of plant giowth.

Epigeal anu hypogeal seeu
geimination

Factois affecting giowth e.g.
tempeiatuie, light, watei, etc
Apical giowth, seconuaiy
giowth

Paiameteis of measuiing
giowth

Boimonal contiol of plant
giowth
Chaits, computei aiueu stuuy mateiials, micioscope, sliues, covei slips,
sample seeus e.g. beans, maizemilletsoighumiice, cotton wool, petii
uishes, beakeis, piepaieu sliues, young soft stems, staining ieagents,
ieagents foi foou tests
Biscuss giowth anu uevelopment in plants anu animals using
illustiations.
uuiue leaineis to investigate seeu geimination.
uuiue leaineis to examine, uiaw anu label meiistems.
uive a piactical exeicise on iuentification anu uiawing of the stages in
life cycle of insects anu amphibians.
109
109

uive a piactical exeicise on iuentification of foou content in
geiminating seeus at vaiious uuiations of geimination.
uive a wiitten exeicise on explanation of changes in foou content
uuiing geimination.
Consiuei:
i) ciop giowth anu uevelopment
ii) poultiy biius ieaiing
iii) contiol factois piomoting vectoi giowth anu uevelopment
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Cell Biology
Aim
To make tempoiaiy sliues showing vaiious stages of mitosis in plants
Materials and Apparatus
0nion (Allium cepa) oi bioau beans (Vicia faba) that have been giown foi
S - 7 uays, (Aceto - alcohol in the iatio of 1: S iespectively to kill the cells
anu pieseive cell stiuctuies), filtei papei, watch glass, micioscope sliues,
covei slips, uioppeis, 1N BCl, souice of heat, scalpel blaue, micioscope anu
safianin stain.
What to do
0se ioot tips to show mitosis by following the pioceuuie given below:
1. Place two uiops of 1N hyuiochloiic aciu on a micioscope sliue anu auu
a uiop of safianin stain.
2. Cut about 2mm fiom the tip of an onionbioau bean ioot anu place it in
the stainaciu mixtuie.
S. Waim the piepaiation ovei a Bunsen buinei flame. NB. Do not boil.
The aciu will help to maceiate the cells so that the stain can penetiate
moie easily.
4. Let it stanu foi five minutes.
S. Biaw off the stainaciu mixtuie caiefully using a piece of blotting papei
at the euge of the liquiu.
6. Auu one uiop of safianin stain anu place a covei slip ovei the
piepaiation.
7. uently tap the covei slip with a pin oi tooth pick.
8. Covei the piepaiation with filtei papei anu gently squash with youi
thumb to obtain a thin squash. Take caie not to bieak the covei slip oi
sliue.
9. Remove the filtei papei anu examine the squasheu ioot tip unuei a
micioscope anu iuentify the vaiious stages of mitosis.

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111

Appendix 2: Tests for Minerals in Organic
Materials
Test on urine
What to do
1. 0btain a sample of uiine. If it is clouuy, filtei it. Keep the filtiate.
2. Biviue the cleai uiine oi filtiate into foui paits.
S. Test each pait sepaiately as follows:
i) Aciuify with 2N nitiic aciu anu then auu silvei nitiate solution. A
white piecipitate, soluble in uilute ammonia, inuicates CBL0RIBE.
ii) Aciuify with 2N hyuiochloiic aciu anu then auu baiium nitiate
solution. A white piecipitate inuicates S0LPBATE.
iii) To about u.S ml uiine auu 2-S ml ammonium molybuate solution.
Waim if necessaiy but uo not boil. A yellow, ciystalline piecipitate
inuicates PB0SPBATE.
iv) Clean a platinum wiie by uipping in concentiateu hyuiochloiic aciu
anu heating in a Bunsen flame until the flame is colouiless. Bip in
uiine anu holu the wiie in the Bunsen flame. Yellow inuicates
S0BI0N.
Test on liver extract
What to do
1. 0btain some juicebloou fiom livei that has been ciusheu in moitai.
2. Tieat sepaiate samples as follows:
i) Filtei some of the juicebloou anu test foi chloiiue, sulphate
anu souium as above (i-iv).
ii) To a little filtiate auu 2N hyuiochloiic aciu anu obseive
caiefully. Small bubbles (of caibon uioxiue gas confiim this)
inuicate BICARB0NATE.
iii) Boil a little juicebloou with a little concentiateu nitiic aciu.
(CARE)
iv) Filtei anu to filtiate auu a few uiops of potassium
hexacyanofeiiate (II) solution. A blue coloui oi piecipitate
inuicates IR0N.
Tiy this test on juicebloou filtiate but uo not boil with aciu.
Test on egg yolk
1. Boil a little egg yolk with 2N nitiic aciu then auu silvei nitiate solution.
A white piecipitate, soluble in uilute ammonia, inuicates CBL0RIBE.
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2. To about u.S ml egg yolk auu 2-S ml ammonium molybuate solution.
Waim if necessaiy but uo not boil. A yellow, ciystalline piecipitate
inuicates PB0SPBATE
113
113

Appendix 3: Estimating Population Density
You can use captuie anu iecaptuie methou to estimate the population of
fish in a ponu, giasshoppeis in a fielu, biius in a paik, flying insects etc.
What to do
Caiiy out this simulation activity of captuie-iecaptuie technique.
What you need
i) Bollow Beaus(two colouis)
ii) Plastic beakeis (Suu ml)
Then pioceeu as follows:
i) Fill a laige beakei with a laige numbei of beaus all of the same
coloui anu size.
ii) Pick oi "Captuie" a sample of about Su beaus (N
1
)
iii) 'Naik' the pickeu oi "captuieu" beaus anu iecoiu. The best way
to uo this is to stain oi exchange them with beaus of a uiffeient
coloui.
iv) Retuin the maikeu beaus to the beakei i.e. to the "population".
v) Thoioughly mix the maikeu beaus in the iest of the "population".
vi) Pick again oi "iecaptuie" a seconu sample of beaus. The sample
shoulu be quite laige anu ianuom oi use a blinu folu to ensuie
ianuomness.
vii) Count the total numbei of beaus in the seconu sample (N
2
) anu
the numbei of maikeu beaus (N
3
) in this sample.
viii) Woik out the estimateu "population"(P) of beaus in the beakei
using the foimula below:
P = N
1
x N
2

N
3
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Appendix 4: Field Activities
What to do
1. Caiiy out this activity to show auaptation of oiganisms to theii
habitats.
2. Follow the pioceuuie below:
i) Select a suitable habitat.
ii) Nake a list of the physical factois in the habitat, which might
affect the life of oiganisms.
iii) Collect anu obseive seveial animal anu plant species fiom youi
habitat.
iv) List uown the auaptive featuies of the oiganisms anu explain
how each of the featuies mentioneu auapts the oiganisms to
suivive in this habitat.
v) 0bseive the oiganisms anu constiuct suitable foou chains anu
foou webs to show the feeuing ielationship of these oiganisms.
It might be necessaiy in some cases to uissect the gut anu
obseive the contents. You can also examine the feeuing
stiuctuies to get a clue of what the oiganism feeus on.

115
115

Appendix 5: Ecology
Take an example of the ecology of millipedes.
Nillipeues belong to phylum Aithiopoua anu class myiiapoua. They aie
wiuely uistiibuteu anu abunuant thioughout Afiica. They aie heibivoious
oi uetiitus feeueis anu most species aie noctuinal in habit, spenuing the
uay hiuuen unuei piles of vegetation oi stone oi logs.
What to do
Follow the procedure below:
1. Select a mouel community neaiby oi set up one using a tank aiea.
2. Naking minimum uistuibance, locate the millipeues in the mouel
community oi the one that has been set up in the tank aiea.
S. Recoiu theii wheieabouts on a iough plan of the tank aiea.
4. 0sing stanuaiu cobalt chloiiue papei, investigate the hypothesis that
millipeues select places with high moistuie content in which to
spenu the uay. Recoiu youi iesult s in a suitable way on the plan of
the tank aiea.
Questions
1. Bow uoes the millipeues' uistiibution in this mouel community
compaie with any obseivation that you have maue unuei natuial
conuitions.
2. Bave you shown any ielationship between moistuie content anu the
places wheie you founu millipeues.
S. What othei physical factois might ueteimine the selection of uaytime
habitats.
4. In the light of this, have you confiimeu the hypothesis stateu in no. 4
of the pioceuuie.
The pioblem of inteiaction of vaiiables is still with us in this investigation.
It is quite possible that humiuity oi moistuie has an impoitant effect on
millipeues' behavioui but we have not been able to excluue othei possible
factois. If possible investigate humiuity moie fully then, you neeu to caiiy
out laboiatoiy woik wheie one vaiiable can be changeu anu the iest
contiolleu.
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Appendix 6: Genetics
What to do
1. uuiue the stuuents to caiiy out the following activity I: 0sing beaus
to illustiate inheiitance
2. Biviue the class into gioups anu collect mateiials neeueu: Beakeis oi
black Polythene bags (S pei gioup), blue beaus (1uu), ieu beaus
(1uu), labels.
S. Then follow the pioceuuie below:
i) Label 4 beakeis 1 to 4
ii) Put Su blue beaus into beakei 1.
iii) Put 2S blue anu 2S ieu beaus into beakei 2 anu mix them up
thoioughly.
iv) Close youi eyes anu take a beau fiom each beakei.
v) Put the two beaus togethei (offspiing).
vi) 0pen youi eyes.
vii) If the offspiing is homozygous (eithei blue oi ieu) then put it
into beakei S anu if heteiozygous then put into beakei 4.
viii) Repeat steps 4, S, 6 anu 7 until all the beaus have been
tiansfeiieu.
uive the following wiitten exeicise:
1. Count anu iecoiu the numbei of;
i) Bomozygous offspiing.
ii) Beteiozygous offspiing.
iii) What uo the beaus iepiesent.
iv) Name beakei 1, 2, S anu 4.
2. What conclusion uo you make fiom the iesults obtaineu in 9 above.
S. Assume that the chaiacteiistic shown by the blue beau is uominant anu
is iepiesenteu by B. fill the spaces below 1, 2, S anu 4 aie the beakeis:
Paients
uenotype 1.... 2.....
uametes ..... .....
0ffspiing (F1)
uenotypes S..... 4 .....
Ratio .....
Let stuuents piactice the following activity as an out of class assignment:
117
117

1. Put Su blue anu Su ieu beaus into each of the two beakeis 1 anu 2
anu mix them thoioughly.
2. Close youi eyes anu then take a beau fiom each beakei.
S. Put the two beaus togethei.
4. If the offspiing is homozygous uominant (both blue) put it into
beakeis S anu if it is heteiozygous put it into beakeis 4. If it is
homozygous iecessive (both ieu) then put it into beakeis S.
S. Repeat steps 2 anu S until all the beaus have been tiansfeiieu, a
paii at a time into beakeis S, 4, anu S.
6. Now count the numbei of;
i) Bomozygous uominant offspiing.
ii) Beteiozygous offspiing.
iii) Bomozygous iecessive offspiing.
7. What conclusion woulu you make fiom the numbeis counteu.
8. Assume that the chaiacteiistic shown by the blue beau is the
uominant anu is iepiesenteu by B. Complete the cioss below:
Paients
uenotypes 1. ..... 2. .....
uametes .... .....
0ffspiing
uenotypes S...... 4..... S......
Ratio .... .... ......

4. Another activity II: on Human Genetics
uive stuuents to caiiy it out as a ieseaich woik on phenotypes
anu genotypes of human tiaits. State that the following tiaits
aie ueteimineu by a single gene in humans:
i) Widows peak - the W allele foi wiuow's peak (i.e. a pointeu
haiiline) is uominant to the w allele foi a stiaight haiiline.
ii) Bent little finger- lay youi hanus flat on the table anu ielax them. If
the last joint of youi little fingei benus towaiu the fouith fingei, you
have the uominant allele B.
iii) Attached earlobes the A allele foi fiee eailobes is uominant to
the iecessive a allele foi attacheu eailobes.
iv) Tongue rolling the R allele allows you to ioll youi tongue into a 0
shape, anu is uominant to the r allele foi lack of this ability
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v) Hitchhikers thumb- benu youi thumb backwaius as fai as
possible. If you can benu the last joint of the thumb back at an angle
of 6u oi moie, you aie showing the iecessive allele h.
vi) Interlacing fingers - casually folu youi hanus togethei so that youi
fingeis inteilace. The C allele foi ciossing the left thumb ovei the
iight thumb when you inteilace youi fingeis is uominant ovei the c
allele foi ciossing youi iight thumb ovei youi left.
vii) Mid-digital hair- the allele M foi haii on the miuule segment of
youi fingeis is uominant to the m allele foi no miu-uigital haii. If
haii is piesent on the miu-uigit of any fingei you have the uominant
allele.
S. Let stuuents caiiy out the above investigations anu iecoiu the
iesults in the table below.

No
.
Chaiacteiistic Youi
phenotype
Possible
genotype
Phenotypes of class
Bominant Recessive
i. Wiuow's
peak

ii. Bent little
fingei

iii. Attacheu
eailobes

iv. Tongue
iolling

v. Bitchhikei'
s thumb

vi. Inteilacing
fingeis

vii. Niu-uigital
haii

119
119

References
Biacegiiule, B. anu Niles, P., (1981). An Atlas of Plant Structure, volumes 1 anu 2:
Spain Beinemann euucational.
uoiuon, B. B. anu Cieeuy, }., (1994). Experimental Biology Manual. 0.K: Beinemann
Euucational.
Chapman, }.L. anu Reiss, N.}., (199S). Ecology: Principles and Application.
Cambiiuge: Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess.
Clegg, C.}. anu Nackean, B.u., (2uuu). Advanced Biology Principles and Applications.
2
nu
Euition, Lonuon: Bouuei Euucation.
Clegg, C.}. Nackean, B.u. et al, (1996). Advanced Biology Principles and Applications:
Stuuy uuiue, Lonuon Bouuei Euucation,
Fieeman, W.B. anu Biacegiiule, B., (198S); An Atlas of Histology, Nichigan:
Beinmann Euucational.
Toole, u. anu Toole, S., (1999). New Understanding Biology for Advanced Level. 4
th

Euition, 0K: Nelson Thoines.
Nigel u.P.0. et al (199u); Biological Science, S
iu
Euition, Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess,
Cambiiuge
Robeits, N.B.v., (1986). Biology: A Functional Approach. 4
th
Euition, Kong Thoines.
Kent, N., (2uuu). Advanced Biology. 1
st
Euition, 0xfoiu, New Yoik
Rowett, B.u.Q., (1992). Dissection Guide. Lonuon: Tians-Atlantic publications, inc.
Rowett, B.u.Q., (1992). Dissection Guide: The Frog. Lonuon: Nuiiay.
Rowett, B.u.Q., (1992). Dissection Guide: The Invertebrates. Lonuon: Nuiiay.
Rowett B.u.Q., (1992). Dissection Guide: The Rat. Lonuon: Rinehait.
vines, A. E. anu Rees, (1977). Plant and Animal Biology. volume 1, Lonuon: Pitman
Publishing.
vines, A. E., anu Rees, (1977). Plant and Animal Biology. volume 2, Lonuon: Pitman
Publishing.
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Chemistry
Uganda Advanced
TEACHING SYLLABUS
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CHEMISTRY
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SECTI0N A ................................................................................................................................... 127
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 127
SECTION B ...................................................................................................................... 136
Part I: Physical Chemistry ....................................................................................... 136
SENIOR FIVE TERM I ........................................................................................... 136
Topic 1: Matter ............................................................................................................ 136
Sub-Topic 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions ........................................................................... 136
Sub-Topic 2: Mole Concept ..................................................................................................... 138
Sub-Topic 3: Measurement of Concentration and introduction to
volumetric analysis ..................................................................................................................... 139
Sub-Topic 4: Empirical formula and Molecular Formula and Percentage
Composition by Mass ................................................................................................................. 141
Sub-Topic 5: Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Reactions) ........................................... 142
Sub-Topic 6: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relation in Reactions ........................ 143
Sub-Topic 7: Redox Titrations ............................................................................................... 144
Sub-Topic 8: Physical states of matter .............................................................................. 145
Sub-Topic 9: Gaseous State of Matter ................................................................................ 145
Sub-Topic10: Liquid State of matter .................................................................................. 148
Sub-Topic 11: Solid State of Matter .................................................................................... 149
Topic 2: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table ................................................. 151
Sub-Topic 1: Fundamental Particles of the Atom and Radioactivity .................. 151
Sub-Topic 2: Electronic Structure of Atoms .................................................................... 152
Sub-Topic 3: The Periodic Table ........................................................................................... 155
SENIOR FIVE TERM III ............................................................................................. 157
Topic 3: Structure and Bonding ............................................................................ 157
Sub-Topic 1: Chemical Bonding ............................................................................................ 157
Sub-Topic 2: Structure: Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules and
Polyatomic Ions ............................................................................................................................ 160
CONTENTS
123
123

Sub-Topic 3: Shapes of Molecules ........................................................................................ 162
Topic 4: Thermochemistry (Chemical Energetics) ......................................... 164
Sub-Topic 1 Chemical Energy ................................................................................................ 164
Sub-Topic 2: Types of Heat of Reactions ........................................................................... 166
Sub-Topic 3: Calorimetry ......................................................................................................... 167
Sub-Topic 4: Types of Enthalpy Changes .......................................................................... 168
Topic 5: Physical Equilibria .................................................................................... 173
Sub-Topic 1: Systems, Phases and Component ............................................................. 173
Sub-Topic 1: Component System (Types of component systems) ......................... 174
Sub-Topic 2: Types of Solutions ............................................................................................ 175
Sub-Topic 3: Colligative Properties .................................................................................... 178
Topic 6: Chemical Equilibria .................................................................................. 183
Sub-Topic 1: The concept of Chemical Equilibrium .................................................... 183
Sub-Topic 2: Comparison between Kc and Kp ............................................................... 184
Sub-Topic 3: Factors affecting the position of equilibrium in accordance
with the Le Chateliers Principle ......................................................................................... 186
Sub-Topic 4: Applications of factors on industrial processes ................................. 187
SENIOR SIX TERM II ................................................................................................... 188
Topic 7: Ionic Equilibria ........................................................................................... 188
Sub-Topic 1: Acids, Bases and Salts .................................................................................... 188
Sub-Topic 2: Hydrolysis of Salts ............................................................................................ 191
Sub-Topic 3: Buffer Solutions ................................................................................................ 192
Sub-Topic 4: AcidBase Titrations ...................................................................................... 193
Sub-Topic 5: Solubility Equilibria ........................................................................................ 195
Topic 8: Chemical Kinetics ...................................................................................... 198
Sub-Topic 1: Simple Rate Equations ................................................................................... 198
Sub-Topic 2: Factors Affecting Rates of Reactions ..................................................... 199
Topic 9: Electrochemistry ....................................................................................... 202
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Sub-Topic 1: Electrolysis .......................................................................................................... 202
Sub-Topic 2: Conductance and its Measurements ....................................................... 203
Sub-Topic 3: Electrochemical Cells ..................................................................................... 205
Part II: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ............................................................................ 207
SENIOR FIVE TERM I ................................................................................................ 207
Topic 10: Third Short Period of the Periodic Table ....................................... 207
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Atomic and Physical properties of the Elements .......... 207
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements ....................................................... 208
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Elements ........................................................................ 209
SENIOR FIVE TERM II ................................................................................................. 212
Topic 11: The Chemistry of Group II Elements (Alkaline Earth Metals). 212
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements of Group II ........... 212
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of Group II Elements ............................................. 213
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of Group II Elements ............................................................. 214
SENIOR FIVE TERM II ................................................................................................. 216
Topic 12: The Chemistry of Group IV Elements ............................................... 216
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of Group IV Elements ....................... 216
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements ....................................................... 217
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Group IV Elements .................................................... 218
SENIOR SIX TERM I ..................................................................................................... 221
Topic 13: The Chemistry of Group VII Elements ............................................. 221
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of the Elements ................................... 221
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements of Group II of Periodic
Table .................................................................................................................................................. 222
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Elements ........................................................................ 223
SENIOR SIX TERM II ................................................................................................... 224
Topic 14: The Chemistry of the d-block Transition Elements .................... 224
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Sub-Topic 1: The d-Block Transition Elements ............................................................. 224
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of the Elements and their Compounds ........ 226
Part III: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ............................................................................... 228
SENIOR FIVE TERM I ................................................................................................ 228
Topic 15: Introduction to Organic Chemistry .................................................. 228
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 228
Topic 16: Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes) .......................... 230
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Alkanes and their Physical Properties .................. 230
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and uses of Alkanes ............................................. 231
Sub-Topic 3: Introduction to Alkenes and their Physical Properties .................. 232
Sub-Topic 4: Chemical Properties and Uses of Alkenes ............................................. 233
SENIOR FIVE TERM II .............................................................................................. 234
Sub-Topic 5: Introduction to Alkynes and their Physical Properties .................. 234
Sub-Topic 6: Chemical Properties and Uses of Alkynes ............................................. 235
Topic 17: Halogen compounds (Alkyl halides) ................................................ 236
General Objective ....................................................................................................... 236
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Halogen Compounds and Their Physical
Properties .................................................................................................................... .................... 236
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses of Halogen Compounds .................. 237
Topic 18: Benzene and methyl benzene ............................................................. 239
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Benzene and its Physical properties of
Benzene ............................................................................................................................................ 239
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of Benzene ................................................................ 240
Sub-Topic 2: Introduction to Methyl benzene ................................................................ 241
Sub-Topic 3: Physical properties of methyl benzene .................................................. 242
SENIOR FIVE TERM III ........................................................................................... 243
Topic 19: Alcohols and Phenols ............................................................................. 243
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Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Alcohols and their Physical Properties ................. 243
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of Alcohols ................................................................ 244
Sub-Topic 3: Introduction to Phenol and its physical properties ......................... 245
Sub-Topic 4: Chemical Properties and Uses of Phenols ............................................. 246
SENIOR SIX TERM I ................................................................................................ 248
Topic 20: Carbonyl compounds (Ketones and Aldehydes) ......................... 248
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Carbonyl Compounds and their Physical
Properties .................................................................................................................... .................... 248
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses of Carbonyl Compounds................. 249
Topic 21: Carboxylic (Alkanoic) acids ................................................................. 251
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Carboxylic Acids and their Physical Properties 251
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses Carboxylic Acids ................................ 252
Sub-Topic 3: Soaps and Soapless Detergents ................................................................. 253
Topic 22: Esters ........................................................................................................... 255
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Esters and their Physical properties ...................... 255
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical properties and uses of Esters ................................................. 256
SENIOR SIX TERM II ............................................................................................. 257
Topic 23: Amines ........................................................................................................ 257
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Amines and their physical properties ................... 257
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical properties and uses of Amines ............................................... 258
Topic 24: Polymers and Polymerisation ............................................................ 260
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to polymers ............................................................................. 260
Sub-Topic 2: Rubber ................................................................................................................... 261
Sub-Topic 3: Fibres ..................................................................................................................... 261
Sub-Topic 4: Plastics ......................................................................................................... ......... 262
References ..................................................................................................................... 264

127
127

SECTI0N A
Introduction
This Chemistiy Teaching Syllabus is meant to aiu teacheis hanuling
Chemistiy at 0ganua Auvanceu Ceitificate of Euucation (0ACE). It is
uesigneu to builu on anu also taken to incluue the Chemistiy Syllabus at
0ganua Ceitificate of Euucation (0CE). Knowleuge beyonu that iequiieu foi
0. C. E. is not expecteu unless specifically mentioneu in topics in the 0. A. C.
E. syllabus. The syllabus is uiviueu into thiee bioau sections; A, B, anu C.
Each of the Sections B anu C is uiviueu into seveial Topics anu Sub-Topics
which aie aiiangeu in a sequence that piesents teims, concepts anu
pioceuuies which shoulu be leaineu befoie those that builu on, extenu oi
apply the knowleuge gaineu.
Purpose of the Teaching Syllabus
This teaching syllabus will enable teacheis covei the syllabus content
auequately up to appiopiiate uepth at each level of stuuy. The uesign of this
syllabus is to emphasise the teaching appioaches to be useu foi each sub-
topic fiom among the geneial appioaches given by the syllabus to achieve
the geneial objectives of the syllabus. The peiious allocateu shoulu also
guiue teacheis to make effective plans so that they can complete the
syllabus within the iecommenueu peiiou. The iecommenueu methous
must all be baseu on expeiiments anu expeiimental-investigative
appioaches wheie stuuents can paiticipate inuiviuually oi in gioups.
Aims of Teaching Chemistry
1. Enabling the leaineis to know:
i) the basic piinciples anu concepts of Chemistiy.
ii) how theoiies anu mouels aie useu to explain concepts in
Chemistiy.
iii) the iesouices available to facilitate uiscoveiy about unfamiliai
piinciples anu concepts in Chemistiy.
iv) the use of knowleuge of the piinciples anu concepts of Chemistiy
in eveiyuay life situations.
2. Naking the leaineis awaie of the effects of scientific uiscoveiies anu
knowleuge on eveiyuay life thiough some applications of
Chemistiy

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S. Enabling leaineis to:
i) uevelop an expeiimental attituue by peifoiming expeiiments in
schools
ii) familiaiise themselves with scientific methous.
iii) uevelop the necessaiy skills to uesign anu caiiy out piactical
investigations baseu on the knowleuge of Chemistiy.
4. Piepaiing the leaineis foi fuithei stuuies in Chemistiy anu ielateu
fielus
S. Enabling the leaineis to appieciate the applicability of Chemistiy in
othei uisciplines
6. Enabling the leaineis to uevelop:
i) an initiative foi inventiveness.
ii) skills foi piactical investigation anu exploiation.
iii) capacity to uesign mouels anu analytical schemes foi use in
pioblem solving schemes.
General Objectives
The leaineis shoulu be able to:
1. iecognise pioblems that can be uealt with using methous, concepts,
piinciples, mouels anu theoiies of Chemistiy.
2. iecognise the use of, anu manipulate appaiatus anu equipment
common in a Chemistiy laboiatoiy.
S. uesign anu caiiy out piactical investigations anu expeiiments, uesciibe
anu explain the pioceuuies useu as well as theii effectiveness anu theii
limitations.
4. hanule all piactical woik with the accuiacy iequiieu to obtain the
uesiieu iesults.
S. uefine teims ielateu to vaiious concepts in Chemistiy anu explain theii
ielationship to mateiials anu phenomena in the enviionment.
6. uiscuss the use anu effectiveness of theoiies oi mouels in explaining
physical phenomena as well as events in the laboiatoiy anu in the
enviionment.
Target
This teaching syllabus is aimeu at eniiching the teaching stiategies
employeu by teacheis of Chemistiy in schools.
Scope and Depth
The syllabus has been uiviueu into foui bioau units, namely
129
129

1. Physical Chemistiy
2. Inoiganic Chemistiy
S. 0iganic Chemistiy
4. Applieu Chemistiy

Teaching Sequence

Section Topic/Sub-Topic
Senior Five Term I
Physical
Chemistry
Topic 1: Nattei: Atoms, Nolecules anu Ions, Nole Concept,
Neasuiement of Concentiation anu intiouuction
to volumetiic analysis, Empiiical foimula anu
Noleculai Foimula anu Peicentage Composition
by Nass, 0xiuation- Reuuction (Reuox)
Reactions), Stoichiometiy: Quantitative Relation
in Reactions, Reuox Titiations, Physical states of
mattei, uaseous State of Nattei, Liquiu State of
mattei, Soliu State of Nattei
Senior Five Term II
Topic 2: Atomic Stiuctuie anu Peiiouic Table:
Funuamental Paiticles of the Atom anu
Rauioactivity, Electionic Stiuctuie of Atoms , The
Peiiouic Table
Senior Five Term III
Topic S: Stiuctuie anu Bonuing: Chemical Bonuing,
Biawing Lewis Stiuctuies of Nolecules anu
Polyatomic Ions. Shapes of Nolecules
Topic 4:Theimochemistiy (Chemical Eneigetics): Chemical
Eneigy, Types of Beat of Reactions, Caloiimetiy,
Types of Enthalpy Changes
Senior Six Term I
Topic S: Physical Equilibiia: Systems, Phases anu
Component, Component System (Types of
component systems), Types of Solutions,
Colligative Piopeities
Topic 6: Chemical Equilibiia; The concept of Chemical
Equilibiium, Compaiison between Kc anu K
p
,
Factois affecting the position of equilibiium in
accoiuance with the Le' Chateliei's Piinciple,
Applications of factois on inuustiial piocesses
Senior Six Term II
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Topic 7: Ionic Equilibiia; Acius, Bases anu Salts, Buffei
Solutions, Aciu-Base Titiations, Solubility
Equilibiia
Topic 8: Chemical Kinetics; Simple Rate Equations, Factois
Affecting Rates of Reactions
Topic 9: Electiochemistiy; Electiolysis, Conuuctance anu
its Neasuiements, Electiochemical Cells
Inorganic
Chemistry

Senior Five Term I,
Topic 1u: Thiiu Shoit Peiiou of the Peiiouic Table, Tienus
in Atomic anu Physical piopeities of the Elements,
Chemical Reactions of the Elements, Compounus
of the Elements
Topic 11: The Chemistiy of gioup II elements (Alkaline
eaith metals); Tienus in physical piopeities of
the elements of gioup II, Chemical Reactions of
gioup II elements, Compounus of uioup II
Elements
Senior Five Term II
Topic 12: The Chemistiy of uioup Iv Elements; Tienus in
Physical Piopeities of uioup Iv Elements,
Chemical Reactions of the Elements, Compounus
of the uioup Iv Elements
Senior Six Term I
Topic 1S: The Chemistiy of uioup vII Elements; Tienus in
Physical Piopeities of the Elements, Chemical
Reactions of the Elements of uioup II of Peiiouic
Table, Compounus of the Elements
Senior Six Term II
Topic 14: The Chemistiy of the u-block Tiansition
Elements; The u-Block Tiansition Elements,
Chemical Piopeities of the Elements anu theii
Compounus
Organic
Chemistry
Senior Five Term I
Topic 1S: Intiouuction to 0iganic Chemistiy; Intiouuction
Topic 16:Byuiocaibons (Alkanes, Alkenes anu alkynes);
Intiouuction to Alkanes anu theii Physical
Piopeities, Chemical Piopeities anu uses of
Alkanes, Intiouuction to Alkenes anu theii
Physical Piopeities, Chemical Piopeities anu
0ses of Alkenes,
Senior Five Term II
Intiouuction to Alkynes anu Theii Physical Piopeities,
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131

Chemical Piopeities anu 0ses of Alkynes
Topic 17: Balogen compounus (Alkyl haliues):
Intiouuction to Balogen Compounus anu Theii
0ses of Balogen Compounus
Topic 18: Benzene anu methyl benzene: Intiouuction to
Benzene anu its Physical piopeities of Benzene,
Chemical Piopeities of Benzene, Intiouuction to
Nethyl benzene, Physical piopeities of methyl
benzene
Senior Five Term III
Topic 19: Alcohols anu Phenols; Intiouuction to Alcohols
anu theii Physical Piopeities, Chemical
Piopeities of Alcohols, Intiouuction to Phenol
anu its physical piopeities, Chemical Piopeities
anu 0ses of Phenols
Senior ix Term I
Topic 2u: Caibonyl compounus (Ketones anu Aluehyues);
Intiouuction to Caibonyl Compounus anu Theii
0ses of Caibonyl Compounus
Topic 21: Caiboxylic (Alkanoic) acius; Intiouuction to
Caiboxylic Acius anu theii Physical Piopeities,
Chemical Piopeities anu 0ses Caiboxylic Acius,
Soaps anu Soapless Beteigents
Topic 22: Esteis; Intiouuction to Esteis anu theii Physical
piopeities, Chemical piopeities anu uses of
Esteis
Senior Six Term II
Topic 2S: Amines; Intiouuction to Amines anu theii
physical piopeities, Chemical piopeities anu
uses of Amines
Topic 24: Polymeis anu Polymeiisation; Intiouuction to
polymeis, Rubbei, Fibies Plastics
Practical
The piactical skills will be ueiiveu fiom any of the bianches of Chemistiy.
This aspect will covei the following aieas:
i) Intiouuction
ii) Aciu-base titiations i.e.
stiong aciu-stiong base titiations (ievision of 0-level piactical
of titiation i.e. stanuaiuisation)
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CHEMISTRY
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silution factois (aciu-base titiation)
back titiation
uouble inuicatois
iii) Reuox titiation:
Intiouuction: balancing ieuox equations
Peimanganate titiations
Thiosulphate titiations
Iouometiy anu iuiometiy
iv) Kinetics
v) Beteimination of paitition coefficient
vi) Colligative piopeities
vii) Piecipitation ieactions
viii) Theimometiic titiations
ix) Qualitative analysis
Inoiganic (iuentification of anions anu cations)
0iganic (iuentification of functional gioups anu natuie of
oiganic compounus)
Time Allocation
The allocation of peiious foi each topic anu foi each teim assumes that
theie will be nine (u9) weeks of effective teaching available pei teim foi
two yeais except foi the Fiist Teim of Senioi Five anu the Thiiu Teim of
Senioi Six. It is also iecommenueu that theie will be six (6) peiious, each of
4u minutes of teaching pei week foi Chemistiy theoiy anu thiee (S)
peiious of laboiatoiy piactical woik on the school timetable.
How to Use the Syllabus
The Chemistiy Teaching Syllabus is aimeu at pioviuing the teachei with
guiuance iequiieu to teach Chemistiy at Auvanceu Level classes. It is not
meant to substitute the cieativity of the classioom teachei. The Chemistiy
Teaching Syllabus has the following featuies:
Learning Objectives(s)
This is a statement of the geneial leaining outcome expecteu of a leainei at
the enu of the topic.
Objectives
These claiify the content anu scope. The teachei shoulu use the
competences to plan the teaching stiategies suitable foi the lesson.
Competences also guiue in evaluation at the enu of the leaining piocess.

133
133

Content
Items in the content column have been simply listeu but shoulu be hanuleu
togethei with the specific objectives anu the notes on the topic.
Teaching/Learning Strategies
These pioviue the teachei with guiuance, foi example, of suitable
methouology, expeiiments anu stiategies which the teachei may employ.
Notes
These fuithei claiify the scope anu uepth.
Number of Periods per Topic
The numbei of peiious suggesteu foi each topic is only to be useu as a
guiue to enable the teachei covei the woik auequately.
Assessment
Continuous Assessment
It is iecommenueu that the teachei caiiies out continuous assessment
basing on each topic. The questions in the assessment shoulu ieflect
acquisition of the following testable competences:
a) Knowledge
i) knowleuge of teiminology
ii) knowleuge of specific facts
iii) familiaiity with expeiiments suggesteu in the syllabus
iv) knowleuge of common piinciples anu geneialisation iuentifieu
in the syllabus
b) Comprehension
Ability to:
i) explain stanuaiu phenomena fiom laws anu mouels anu to
uesciibe stanuaiu expeiiments met with befoie.
ii) tianslate between vaiious foims of infoimation piesentation.
iii) use stanuaiu methous to solve familiai numeiical types of
pioblems.
iv) uiaw conclusion fiom expeiiments of a stiaight foiwaiu type.
c) Application and Higher Abilities
Ability to:
i) analyse piesenteu infoimation.
ii) synthesis iueas fiom piesenteu analyses anu otheiwise.
iii) apply laws anu geneialisations alieauy leaint to new
situations.
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CHEMISTRY
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iv) uevise expeiiments to test hypotheses anu statements of
mouels.
v) exeicise evaluative juugment on suitability anu iesults of
scientific pioceuuies.

u) Practical Abilities
The wiitten tests will uemanu knowleuge of, anu familiaiity with
expeiiments in Chemistiy ielevant at this level. The piactical
component of the examination will fuithei test acquisition of the
following abilities:
i) application of knowleuge to piactical situations.
ii) manipulation of the appaiatus anu peifoiming expeiiments.
iii) making anu iecoiuing obseivations accuiately.
iv) piesentation of uata in an appiopiiate foim.
v) uiawing conclusions fiom obseivations maue.
vi) assessing suitability of pioceuuie, expeiiment anu
obseivations maue in suppoit of the conclusion.
Valuable Mathematical Skills to be acquired by Learners in
the Study of Chemistry
The expecteu Nathematical skills to be acquiieu by the leaineis incluue:
ability to tianslate to giaphical foim anu inteipiet giaphical
iepiesentation of uata
ability to peifoim simple opeiations of uiffeientiation anu
integiation
familiaiise with logaiithmic functions to base ten anu to base e
ability to visualise in thiee uimensions
an unueistanuing of elementaiy aspects of mathematical eiiois (i.e.
)
Summative Assessment
0ganua National Examinations Boaiu (0NEB) will auministei a Chemistiy
(Piincipal Subject) examination at the enu of the seconu yeai of stuuy.
Examination Format
Theie will be three papeis:
Paper 1 (2 hours)
The papei will consist of two sections: A anu B. Seventeen questions will be
set as follows:
Section A: nine questions fiom any pait of the syllabus
Section B: eight questions fiom any pait of the syllabus
135
135

Canuiuates will be iequiieu to attempt a total of fifteen questions incluuing
all questions in Section A (46 maiks) anu 6 (S4 maiks) questions fiom
Section B. Canuiuates will be expecteu to wiite the answeis in the spaces
pioviueu on the question papei.

Paper 2 (2 hours)
The papei will consist of two sections: A anu B. Eight questions will be set
as follows:
Section A: Foui questions fiom any pait of the syllabus
Section B: Foui questions fiom any pait of the syllabus
Canuiuates will be iequiieu to attempt a total of five questions incluuing
thiee fiom Section A anu not moie than two fiom section B. Each question
caiiies twenty maiks. (Total: 1uu maiks)
Paper 3 (3 hours)
Thiee questions will be set. Canuiuates will be iequiieu to attempt the
thiee questions.
N.B. SI units anu SI nomenclatuie will be useu in all question papeis.
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SECTI0N B
Part I: Physical Chemistry
SENI0R FIvE TERN I
Topic 1: Matter

General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the
paiticulate natuie of mattei anu use the knowleuge in qualitative anu
quantitative applications.
Sub-Topic 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions
explain the concept of mattei.
uesciibe the stiuctuie of an
atom.
uesciibe the builuing blocks of
mattei.
iuentify sub-atomic paiticles.
uesciibe piopeities of sub-
atomic paiticles.
explain the funuamental
paiticles of the atom.

wiite isotopic notation.

use piopei nomenclatuie.

assign coiiect anu
unambiguous name to eveiy
What is mattei.
Atoms, molecules anu ions as
builuing blocks of mattei
The stiuctuie of an atom

Sub-atomic Paiticles anu Isotopic
Notation

Funuamental paiticles of the
atom: election, pioton anu
neution
- The nucleus
- Pioton numbei (Z), nucleon
numbei (A)
- Isotopes
Isotopic notation
Ions anu ion foimation
I0PAC nomenclatuie foi cations,
anions anu salts
Naming monatomic ions -
cations, anions
137
137

chemical compounu. Naming ionic compounus - maue
of two elements (binaiy), stock
system (systemic name),
common nomenclatuie system,
the selection of coiiect Roman
numeial, wiiting the foimula of
an ionic compounu.
uesciibe the essential paits anu
opeiation of the mouein mass
spectiometei.
state the uses of the mass
spectiometei.
inteipiet the mass spectium
obtaineu fiom the iesults of a
mass spectiometei analysis.

uemonstiate the ability to
coiiectly use the uata obtaineu
fiom the mass spectiometei in
calculations:- aveiage atomic
mass, ielative atomic mass anu
ielative moleculai mass.
explain the teims RAN, RNN.
Nass spectiometei anu atomic
mass

The essential components of a
mouein mass spectiometei
0peiation of the mass
spectiometei
The ielative abunuance
The use of mass spectium

Aveiage atomic mass
=

Relative atomic mass
A
i
=

- Relative Noleculai Nass (N
i
)

Suggested Teaching and Learning Strategies
Biainstoim anu uiscuss what mattei is, atoms, molecules, ions as
builuing blocks of mattei, funuamental paiticles, the nucleus, pioton
numbei (Z), nucleon numbei (A), isotopes, isotopic notation. I0PAC
nomenclatuie foi cations, anions anu salts.
Besciibe the stiuctuie of the mass spectiometei. 0se mouels oi
computei simulations to explain the functions of its components.
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CHEMISTRY
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uuiue a uiscussion on the inteipietation of uata fiom spectia anu
calculations involveu.
You may use mouels, chaits, computei simulation to help explain the
woiking of the mass spectiometei.
You may take leaineis to iesouice centeis wheie they can piactically
stuuy about the mass spectiometei.
Suggested Assessment
uive class exeicises that iequiie the leaineis to:
- uesciibe the stiuctuie the stiuctuie of the mass spectiometei anu
explain its functioning of the mass spectiometei.
- inteipiet anu analyse spectial uata.
- caiiy out calculations using spectial uata.
Sub-Topic 2: Mole Concept
uuiue a uiscussion of the mole as a unit of measuiement, use of
Avogauio's constant in calculation, inteiconveisions involving moles
anu mass.
Practical Problem
You may use a weighing balance to enable leaineis weigh masses of
paiticulai compounus anu use conveision factois to calculate moles.
explain the mole as a unit of
measuiement using Avogauio
constant.

calculate molai masses of
elements anu compounus.
apply the conveision factois in
calculations.

The Nole Concept anu
Avogauio constant
What the mole is
Avogauio constant
Noles of atoms of elements in
one of a compounu
Nolai mass of elements anu
compounus
Calculating numbeis of atom,
moles anu mass by using
conveision factois
139
139

Leaineis may woik out pioblems involving inteiconveisions of moles,
mass anu moleculai mass.
uive class exeicise in explaining common teims useu unuei the mole as
a unit of measuiement.
Caiiy out calculations on molai mass- mole inteiconveisions.
Sub-Topic 3: Measurement of Concentration and
introduction to volumetric analysis
The leainei shoulu be able
to:
use appaiatus
appiopiiately.

abiue by the laboiatoiy
safety iules when
hanuling chemicals anu
appaiatus.
select appiopiiate
appaiatus.

concentiation in teims of
amount of the substance
(soliu oi liquiu) uissolveu
in a solvent.
inteipiet vv; ww
peicentages.
caiiy out calculations
involving concentiation.
uiffeientiate between
molality anu molaiity.

Banuling of appaiatus anu chemicals
Techniques of hanuling appaiatus anu
chemicals

Selection of appaiatus foi uiffeient
expeiiments
Laboiatoiy iules anu iegulations

Concentiation
- Explain the concept of
concentiation.

Peicentage by mass, %ww

Peicentage by volume, %vv

- Nolaiity, N (molL
-1
oi molum
-S
)

Piepaiation of stanuaiu solutions fiom
stock solutions.
Common teims useu in volumetiic
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CHEMISTRY
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piepaie stanuaiu
solutions fiom stock
solutions.
explain the common
teims useu in volumetiic
analysis.

volumetiic analysis.
caiiy out aciu-base
titiations.
analysis, (Titiant, Titianu, analyte, enu-
point, quivalence point, stanuaiu
solution, etc.)
volumetiic Analysis
Concept of volumetiic analysis
Aciu-base titiations
uuiue leaineis on hanuling appaiatus anu piepaiing solutions of
paiticulai concentiations fiom stock solutions anu by uissolving
solutes.
Intiouuce volumetiic analysistitiation.
Caiiy out expeiiments about:
- aciu-base titiations
- titiation on ieuox ieactions
- back titiations
Practical Problem
Piepaie stanuaiu solutions of hyuiochloiic aciu, sulphuiic aciu by
uilution of stock solutions.
Piepaie stanuaiu solutions by weighing anu uissolving solius in watei.
Caiiy out aciu-base titiations anu use the uata obtaineu to calculate
concentiation of solutions, (e.g. stanuaiuisation of hyuiochloiic aciu
using Boiax).
uive piactical exeicises on: piepaiing solutions, stanuaiuisation.
Class exeicises on calculations involving stanuaiuisation anu uilutions.
141
141

Sub-Topic 4: Empirical formula and Molecular Formula
and Percentage Composition by Mass
uuiue a uiscussion on empiiical anu moleculai foimula anu the
piactical ueteimination of empiiical foimula.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out calculations involving empiiical foimula,
moleculai foimula anu peicentage composition by mass.
Practical Problem
uive a gioup expeiiment to ueteimine the empiiical foimula of
Coppei(II) oxiue using ethanol.
uive class exeicises on:
- explaining the meanings of the teims empiiical foimula anu
moleculai foimula.
- calculations involving ueteimination of moleculai foimula fiom
combustion uata anu othei expeiimental uata.
ueteimine the peicentage
composition by mass of
each element in a
compounu.

empiiical foimula anu
moleculai foimulae.

caiiy out calculations on
empiiical anu moleculai
foimulae.
caiiy out expeiiment to
ueteimine empiiical
foimula.

Peicentage by mass of a paiticulai
element

n = numbei of atoms of element
in the foimula
Empiiical foimula as the simplest
foimula that expiesses the iatio in
which each element is piesent in a
given compounu
Beteimination of empiiical
foimula

Noleculai foimula as one that
shows the numbei anu kinu of
each element piesent in one
molecule of the compounu.
Beteimining the moleculai
foimula
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CHEMISTRY
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- calculation peicentage composition by mass of an element in a
compounu.
Sub-Topic 5: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions)
Explain the teims: ieuox, oxiuation numbei, oxiuising agent, ieuucing
agent anu oxiuising agent.
Beteimine oxiuation numbeis, wiite anu balance ieuox equations in
aciuic anu alkaline meuia anu naming polyatomic ions anu compounus
Practical Problem
Qualitative test tube tests shoulu be caiiieu out on common oxiuising
agents anu ieuucing agents. (e.g. Fe
2+
(aq) Conc.BN0
S
, v0
S
-
Zn powuei
with BCl, Fe
2+
(aq)B
2
0
2
)
uive class exeicises on the following:
- Explanation of teims useu in ieuox ieactions
- Beteimination of oxiuation numbeis, naming of poly atomic ions
anu compounus.
- Wiiting anu balancing of ieuox equations in aciuic anu alkaline
meuia
explain concept of ieuox ieactions

state the iules foi assigning
oxiuation states.

use coiiect nomenclatuie to name
polyatomic ions anu compounus
explain the chaiacteiistics of
oxiuation anu ieuuction ieactions.
wiite balanceu ieuox equations in
aciuic anu alkaline meuia.

0xiuation numbei (0xiuation
state)
What oxiuation state is
Rules foi assigning oxiuation
numbei
Naming of polyatomic ions anu
compounus.
The chaiacteiistics of 0xiuation
- Reuuction Reactions
Balancing ieuox Equations
- In aciuic meuium
- In alkaline meuium
143
143

Sub-Topic 6: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relation in
Reactions
uuiue uiscussions on stoichiometiy calculations fiom fiist piinciples.
Ensuie that the leaineis have a pieiequisite knowleuge of iatios.
Foim gioups uepenuing on the numbei of leaineis in the class to
uemonstiate the concept of limiting anu excess ieactants.
uuiue the leaineis on how to calculate the peicentage yielus fiom
chemical ieactions.
Spenu some time to explain Avogauio's law anu how to apply it in
calculations.
Practical Problems
Let the leaineis caiiy out calculations involving the ielationship
between quantities of ieactants anu piouucts.
uemonstiate knowleuge of
stoichiometiy by applying it in
calculations.
explain concept of limiting anu
excess ieactants.

calculate peicentage yielus fiom
chemical ieactions.
expeiimentally uemonstiate the
concept of limiting anu excess
ieactant.
explain the avogauio's law.
apply the avogauio' law in
calculations.

explain uay-Lussac's law.
What Stoichiometiy is
Relating moles of ieactants to
moles of piouucts
Limiting ieactant - as that
ieactant which is completely
useu up in a chemical ieaction
anu limits the quantities of
piouucts foimeu.
Excess ieactant - as that
ieactant which iemains aftei a
chemical ieaction
Peicentage yielu

Avogauio's law

v = kn
- uay- Lussac's law

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CHEMISTRY
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uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out expeiiments on the concept of limiting
ieactants anu excess ieactants fiom chemical ieactions.
- explaining the teims : stoichiometiy, limiting ieactants, excess
ieactant, peicentage yielu, etc.
- stating anu applying the Avogauio's anu uay Lussac's laws.
- calculations involving stoichiometiy.

Sub-Topic 7: Redox Titrations
Specific objectives Content
uiffeientiate between piimaiy
anu seconuaiy stanuaiu
piepaie stanuaiu solutions

caiiy out calculations fiom fiist
piinciples.
caiiy out ieuox titiations

Piimaiy anu seconuaiy stanuaiu

Piepaiation of stanuaiu
solutions of peimanganate,
thiosulphate solutions, etc.

Stanuaiuise solutions

Caiiying out uiffeient types of
ieuox titiations
uuiue uiscussions on the teims piimaiy anu seconuaiy stanuaius
Conuuct class expeiiments oi piacticals on ieuox titiations.
Practical problem
Caiiy out class expeiiments on common ieuox titiations e.g. solutions
of peimanganate, oxalates, iion(II) ions uichiomates, hyuiogen
peioxiue, thiosulphate, iouine, etc.
- use of equations to explain common ieuox ieactions
- calculations on redox titrations

145
145

Sub-Topic 8: Physical states of matter

Theoietically explain the piopeities of each of the states of mattei using
mouels oi computei simulations.
Practical Problem
Class exeicises on:
- use of mouels
- computei simulations
uive class exeicises to explain piopeities of uiffeient states of mattei.
Sub-Topic 9: Gaseous State of Matter
explain the gaseous state in
teims of kinetic theoiy of
mattei.

explain the concepts of

ueneial piopeities of gas
- Iueal gas
- uas piessuie

uas Laws:
uiffeient states of mattei.
uesciibe the uiffeiences between
the vaiious states of mattei in
teims of paiticle aiiangement,
foices of attiaction anu
movement.

States of mattei: Soliu, Liquiu
anu uas.
Inteiconveision of the
physical states
Compaiison of physical
piopeities between solius,
liquius anu gases
Kinetic theoiy of mattei
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CHEMISTRY
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uiffeient gas laws.
involving gaseous volumes,
piessuie anu tempeiatuie.

uemonstiate Bole's law
explain concept Chailes' law

uemonstiate knowleuge of
iueal gas behavioui using
giaphs.

uesciibe behavioui of iueal
gases.

ueiive the ielationship
between Chailes's anu Boyle's
law(Pv=nRT).
state uiaham's law of
uiffusion of gases.

explain mole fiaction.

uesciibe the behavioui of a
mixtuie of gases containeu in
a closeu vessel.
explain the moleculai
behavioui of gases in teims of
the kinetic theoiy (qualitative
tieatment only iequiieu).
use giaphs to show ueviation
fiom iueal behavioui.
- Boyle's

Pv = k (wheie k is a constant)
- Chailes's

Combineu gas laws anu iueal gas
laws

Iueal uas Law

PV = nRT (wheie R is the
molai gas constant)

uiaham's law of gaseous
uiffusion.

Nole fiaction, x

Balton's law of paitial piessuie
P
Total
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
S
+ . + P
n

The Noleculai Behavioui of uases
- Kinetic moleculai theoiy of
gases
Relationship of the gas laws to
Kinetic Noleculai Theoiy of uases
Naxwell-Boltzmann uistiibution
Real gases - Beviation fiom
147
147

explain the concept of ieal gas.
uiffeientiate between iueal
anu ieal gases.
explain the conuitions unuei
which ieal gases can behave
like iueal gases.
iueality
What ieal gas is
Real gas behavioui unuei
uiffeient conuitions of
tempeiatuie anu piessuie.
Coiiection of ieal gas behavioui by
using van uei Waals equation:

Expose anu let the leaineis biainstoim states of mattei, kinetic theoiy
anu the gas laws.
Encouiage the leaineis to wiite Nathematical statements of the gas
laws.
uuiue class uiscussions on behavioui of iueal anu ieal gases using
giaphs anu give exeicises to consoliuate the knowleuge.
Practical Problems
Computei simulation
Class uiscussions anu calculation
- explaining physical piopeities of gases using gas laws.
- explaining teims ielateu to gas behavioui e.g. paitial piessuie, mole
fiaction, iueal gas, ieal gas, compiessibility factoi, ciitical
tempeiatuie, isotheims, etc.
- calculations involving gas laws.

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Sub-Topic10: Liquid State of matter
explain the liquiu state in
mattei.
uesciibe the vaiious
piopeities of a liquiu such as
viscosity, suiface tension,
uiffusion, vapoiisation,
conuensation anu boiling.

explain the concept of vapoui
piessuie.
uesciibe how inteimoleculai
foices affect vapoui piessuie.
analyse the conuitions unuei
which boiling of a liquiu takes
place.
Kinetic theoiy of mattei

Piopeities of Liquiu
- Compiessibility
- viscosity
- Suiface tension
- Biffusion
- vapoiisation anu
conuensation
- Boiling
vapoui Piessuie

Inteimoleculai foices affecting
vapoui Piessuie
Tempeiatuie affecting vapoui
Piessuie

uuiue uiscussions on liquiu state of mattei anu kinetic theoiy of mattei
Let the leaineis biainstoim on vaiious piopeities of liquius anu the
concept of vapoui piessuie anu conuitions foi boiling to take place.
uive an ICT oppoitunity of simulation of some of the concepts to make
the leaineis consoliuate theii knowleuge of the concepts.
Practical problem
uuiue class expeiiments e.g. movement of colouieu substance like
peimanganate, coppei(ii) sulphate in a cleai liquiu such as watei.
uive class exeicises anu tests on:
- explaining piopeities of liquiu state of mattei using kinetic theoiy.
- application of the piopeities of the liquiu state (e.g. hyuiaulic
biakes, cai jack to explain compiessibility of liquiu, floating of
objects, shieluing effect of tents against iain to explain suiface
tension, uistillation to explain conuensation anu evapoiation)
149
149

- explaining how moleculai foices between paiticles in liquius aie
ielateu to vapoui piessuie exeiteu by the liquiu.
- explaining the effect of change of exteinal physical factoi on vapoui
piessuie of a liquiu.
Sub-Topic 11: Solid State of Matter
uesciibe the changes in soliu
phase.

explain the soliu state in
mattei.
explain the teims; melting,
fieezing, sublimation anu
ueposition.
uesciibe with examples the
behavioui of giant ionic
solius.
behavioui of giant covalent,
moleculai anu giant ionic
solius.
chaiacteiistics of giant
metallic solius.

Phase changes in solius
- Nelting point
- Fieezing point
- Sublimation
- Beposition
Types of solius

uiant Ionic solius (e.g. souium
chloiiue, caesium chloiiue, Zinc
blenu)

uiant covalent solius (e.g.
uiamonu, giaphite, silicon anu
fulleiene
Noleculai covalent solius (e.g.
iouine, I
2
anu Phosphoius, P
4
)

uiant metallic solius (e.g. iion,
coppei, titanium)
Let the leaineis biainstoim anu uiscuss phases in changes of solius.
Practical Problems
uive leaineis gioup expeiiments on melting of ice, sublimation of
NB4Cl, iouine, wax, naphthalene
uuiue uiscussions using mouels, chaits, giaphs anu computei
simulations.
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CHEMISTRY
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uive class exeicises anu tests on:
- use of kinetic theoiy to explain stiuctuie of solius.
- explaining the changes that take place uuiing change of soliu state.
- explaining the uiffeiences in the physical piopeities of uiffeient
solius.

151
151

SENI0R FIvE TERN II
Topic 2: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to analyse the stiuctuie
of an atom anu its ielationship to the Peiiouic Table.
Sub-Topic 1: Fundamental Particles of the Atom and
Radioactivity
explain the uevelopment of the
mouein theoiy of the atom.

uesciibe the uiscoveiy of the
funuamental paiticles of the
atom.

compaie the chaiacteiistics of
the uiffeient types of iauiations.

caiiy out simple calculations
involving half-lives of
iauioisotopes.
balance nucleai ieaction
equations.

uiffeientiate between nucleai

Bistoiical Bevelopment of
Atomic Theoiy
- Nouein theoiy of atom (}ohn
Balton, }. }. Thomson, anu
Einest Rutheifoiu) shoulu be
uiscusseu.
Funuamental paiticles of the
atom (piotons, elections anu
neutions)
- Biscoveiies anu piopeities
of the funuamental paiticles
Rauioactivity:
- Biscoveiy
- Piopeities of iauiations,
Rauioisotopes
- Binuing eneigy
Nucleai ieactions
- Rauioactive uecay
- Balf-life (t
V
)
Nucleai eneigy (uiscoveiy,
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anu chemical ieactions.
mention factois that ueteimine
stability of a nucleus.
coiiectly uemonstiate
knowleuge of iauioactive uecay
using giaphs.
fission, fusion, nucleai powei)

Applications of iauioactivity
uuiue uiscussions anu explanations of the woik of }ohn Balton, }. }.
Thomson, anu Einest Rutheifoiu leauing to uiscoveiies anu piopeities
of the funuamental paiticles of the atom.
uuiue uiscussions on the concept of iauioactivity: uiscoveiy, piopeities
of iauiations, binuing eneigy, stable anu unstable nuclei, iauioisotopes,
nucleai ieactions, compaiison of nucleai anu chemical ieactions,
iauioactive uecay, half-life t12 nucleai eneigy, applications of
iauioactivity.
Practical problem
0se ieauy mouels, chaits oi computei simulations to help you explain
the concept of iauioactivity.
uive class exeicises iequiiing leaineis to:
- explain uevelopment of atomic accoiuing to Rutheifoiu anu
Thomson.
- explain the concept of iauioactivity anu state the piopeities of
iauiations.
- uiaw anu inteipiet iauioactive uecay cuives.
- caiiy out calculations involving half-life.
- balance nucleai ieactions.
- state anu explain uses of iauioactivity.
Sub-Topic 2: Electronic Structure of Atoms
explain the concept of spectium.

Electiomagnetic Rauiation
- Electiomagnetic iauiation as
quanta
153
153

apply the equation in
calculations.

uesciibe uiffeient types of
spectia.
explain what spectium is.
uesciibe the vaiious types of
spectium.
uesciibe anu explain the
hyuiogen spectium.
explain the significance of the
lines in the hyuiogen spectium.
conveigence limit.
explain Bohi's atomic
postulates.

uiscuss the weaknesses of
Bohi's atomic mouel.
explain the concept of ionisation
eneigies using atomic spectia.
ielate the line seiies to the
eneigy levels.
calculate ionisation eneigies .

state Beisenbeig's unceitainty
piinciple.
explain the concept of vaiious
quantum numbeis.
ielate the lines in the hyuiogen
spectium to the eneigy levels
- Relationship between
wavelength, i, fiequency, v,
anu eneigy, E.
- E v
E = hv
wheie h = Plank's constant,
6.62S6 x 1u-S4 }s
anu

Atomic Spectia

What is Spectium.
Types of spectia (emission anu
absoiption)
Byuiogen Spectium anu
Application of Ryubeig Equation
Eneigy level uiagiam foi
hyuiogen atom
Conveigent limit

The Bohi's Nouel of the
Byuiogen Atom
- Bohi's Atomic Postulate
The weaknesses of Bohi's
Atomic Nouel
Ionisation Eneigy of Byuiogen

Concept of ionisation eneigy

Calculations involving ionisation
eneigies
Beisenbeig's 0nceitainty
Piinciple
Quantum numbeis

eneigy levels

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CHEMISTRY
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state the quantum numbeis (n,
l, m anu s)
explain the concept of electionic
configuiation as aiiangement of
elections in shells

wiite electionic configuiations
in teims of the eneigy levels,
spdf.

apply Bunu's iule, Pauli's
exclusion anu Aufbau piinciple
in the wiiting of electionic
configuiation.
piincipal quantum numbei, n.

Azimuthal quantum numbei
(angulai momentum quantum
numbei),l
magnetic quantum numbei, m
election spin quantum numbei, s
Electionic Configuiation of
Atom
- Spuf notation
- 0ibital uiagiam
- The Aufbau Piinciple
Bunu's iule
Pauli exclusion piinciple
uuiue uiscussions on electiomagnetic iauiation, wave length,
fiequency, eneigy, electiomagnetic spectia, the hyuiogen spectium anu
Ryubeig equation.
Leau leaineis to uiscuss the Bohi's mouel of the atom, the weaknesses
of Bohi's atomic mouel, ionisation eneigy anu calculations involving
ionisation eneigies. Also Beisenbeig's 0nceitainty Piinciple shoulu be
uiscusseu.
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss the eneigy levels, types of quantum numbeis,
wiiting electionic configuiation of atom using s, p, u, f notation, the
Aufbau Piinciple Bunu's iule anu Pauli exclusion piinciple
Practical Problem
the sub-Topic.
- uiffeientiate between emission anu absoiption spectia.
- uiffeientiate between an oibit anu oibital.
- explain the hyuiogen spectium.
- cleaily state Bohi's postulates, anu explain its weaknesses.
- ielate the line seiies to the eneigy levels.
155
155

- ielate ionisation eneigies to atomic spectia.
- state anu explain uses of iauioactivity.
- wiite electionic configuiations of atoms using spuf notation.
- calculate ionisation eneigies using spectial uata.

Sub-Topic 3: The Periodic Table
uesciibe the histoiical
uevelopment of P.T.

uesciibe the stiuctuie of the
mouein PT.
explain the unique position of,
h, in the peiiouic table.
explain the basis on which the
mouein Peiiouic Table was
constiucteu.

place the elements of PT into
uioups, Peiious anu Blocks.
uesciibe factois influencing
piopeities of metals.

between effective nucleai
chaige, nucleai chaige anu
shieluing effect.

explain the meanings of the
Bistoiical Bevelopment of the
peiiouic table
- 0nique position of
Byuiogen, B, in the Peiiouic
Table
The Nouein Peiiouic table
- Peiious anu uioups
- Classification of the
elements: baseu on
electionic configuiation of
elements as: s, p, d anu f
blocks
- Classification into metals,
metalloius anu non-metals
Peiiouicity of Piopeities in the
Peiiouic Table
- uioups
- Peiious
- Blocks
Atomic Piopeities
Factois affecting atomic
piopeities of elements
- (Z = nucleai chaige
- S = shieluing effect
,Effective Nucleai Chaige
Z
eff
= Z - S)
Atomic iauius:- Acioss Peiiou
(fiom left to iight) anu uown a
gioup
- Ionic iauius
- Ionisation eneigy
vaiiation of ionisation
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teims ; atomic iauius, ionic
iauius, ionisation eneigy
uesciibe the tienus of the
atomic piopeities acioss anu
uown the PT
explain the tienus of the atomic
piopeities uown anu acioss the
PT.
coiiectly uemonstiate
knowleuge of giaphical
iepiesentation anu
inteipietation of uata on the
atomic piopeities.
explain the concepts of election
affinity, electiopositivity,
electionegativity anu valency.
Eneigy (acioss a
Peiiou anu uown a
gioup)
Anomalous cases (Be,
B, N, 0)
0se of successive
ionisation eneigy to
ueuuce the electionic
configuiation of
elements.

Election affinity, EA;
electionegativity;
electiopositivity ; valency
- Netallic chaiactei
- Nelting anu boiling points

157
157

SENI0R FIvE TERN III
Topic 3: Structure and Bonding
Buiation: Su Peiious
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to outline bonuing,
moleculai stiuctuies anu theii ielationship to the piopeities of
substances.
Sub-Topic 1: Chemical Bonding
chemical bonuing.
uesciibe the impoitance of
Lewis uot symbols.
outline the impoitance of
the octet iule in foimation
of ions anu stability of
compounus.
explain the foimation of
ionic bonu.
ionic compounus.

explain covalency in ionic
compounus.

explain the concept of a
covalent bonu.
uistinguish between the
uiffeient types of covalent

Intiouuction to chemical
bonuing
Lewis Bot Symbols

The 0ctet Rule anu Ions

Ion Foimation anu 0ctet Rule

Ionic bonu foimation
- piopeities of Ionic
Compounus
- covalence in ionic
compounus
Covalent Bonu foimation
- piopeities of covalent
compounus
- types of bonuing.(noimal,
polai, uative)
covalent bonu stiength
- uative (cooiuinate)
bonuing
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bonuing.
explain the foimation of
uative bonu.
explain the factois that
ueteimine covalent bonu
stiength.
compaie piopeities of ionic
anu covalent. compounus
explain ionic chaiactei in
polai covalent compounus
explain the effect of
inteimoleculai foices to the
physical piopeities of the
compounu.
hyuiogen bonuing.
uesciibe the effect of
hyuiogen bonuing on
physical piopeities of
substances.

metallic bonuing.
metals.
explain the factois affecting
stiength of metallic bonus.

explain the vBT theoiy.
uiffeientiate between Sigma
anu pi bonus.

Inteimoleculai Foices
- van uei Waals Foices
i) Bipole-uipole
inteiaction
ii) Lonuonuispeision
foices (Tempoiaiy
uipole-uipole)

The Byuiogen Bonu
- What hyuiogen bonu is
- Types of hyuiogen
bonuing (intia- anu intei-
moleculai hyuiogen
bonuing)
- Effects of hyuiogen
bonuing on physical
piopeities of substances: -
Bensity of watei, boiling
points, Solubility, etc.
Netallic Bonuing
- Piopeities of metal: -
Buctility anu malleability
of metal, electiical
Conuuctivity anu Theimal
conuuctivity
- Stiength of metallic bonus.
valence Bonu Theoiy
- intiouuction: what
valence bonu theoiy is
159
159


hybiiuisation.

use hybiiuisation to pieuict
shapes of molecules.
explain the foimation of a
uouble, tiiple bonu.
explain uouble bonu
foimation in benzene.
- sigma (o) anu pi () bonus
hybiiuisation of Atomic
0ibitals
- hybiiu oibitals (sp-, sp
2
-
anu sp
S
-hybiiuisation)
- geometiy foi uiffeient
types of hybiiuisation
Bybiiuisation Involving
0iganic Compounus
Single, uouble anu tiiple bonu
- Benzene molecule
Leau a biainstoiming session to uevelop the concept of bonu foimation,
ion foimation, ionic bonu foimation, stiuctuie of ionic compounu anu
theii piopeities.
uuiue a uiscussion anu use mouels to explain the foimation of covalent
bonus, types of covalent bonus (noimal, polai, uative), piopeities of
covalent compounus, covalent bonu stiength anu giant covalent
stiuctuies.
uuiue uiscussions anu use mouels to explain metallic bonuing, stiength
of metallic bonus anu piopeities of metals (uuctility anu malleability of
metal, electiical conuuctivity theimal conuuctivity, melting anu boiling
points).
Practical Problems
the Sub-Topic.
uive the leaineis a pioject to mouel the uiffeient stiuctuies consiueieu
using locally available mateiials e.g moueling the stiuctuie of souium
chloiiue.
Leaineis can also caiiy out piactical exeicises to test the polaiity of
uiffeient liquius e.g. cyclohexane, watei, piopanone, ethanol,
tiichloiomethane, etc.
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Caution: Moxt orgunlc llqulJx ure flummuble unJ toxlc hence
muxt be hunJleJ wlth greut cure.
- explain the impoitance of the octet iule in foimation of ions anu
stability of compounus.
- iuentify stable ions without an octet.
- explain the foimation of ionic bonu.
- uiaw anu explain the stiuctuie of giant ionic stiuctuies.
- explain the piopeities of ionic compounus.
- explain covalent chaiactei in ionic compounus.
- uistinguish between the uiffeient types of covalent bonuing.
- explain the natuie of giant covalent stiuctuies (netwoik solius)
- explain the foimation of uative bonu.
- explain the factois that ueteimine covalent bonu stiength.
- compaie piopeities of ionic anu covalent compounus.
- explain ionic chaiactei in polai covalent compounus.
- explain the concept of metallic bonuing.
- explain the piopeities of metals.
explain the factois affecting stiength of metallic bonus
Sub-Topic 2: Structure: Drawing Lewis Structures of
Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
explain the concept of Lewis
stiuctuie
uiaw Lewis stiuctuies of some
molecules (ammonia, watei,
sulphui uioxiue, caibon
tetiachloiiue).
apply the uiffeient iules in
uiawing Lewis stiuctuies of
compounus.
outline the exceptions to the
octet iule.
iuentify the uiffeient exceptions
to the octet iule as incomplete,

Lewis Stiuctuies

Steps in wiiting Lewis
stiuctuie foi moie complex
molecules

Lewis Stiuctuies of Polyatomic
Ions

Exceptions to the 0ctet Rule
- Incomplete octet
- Expanueu octet
- 0uu numbei election
161
161

expanueu octet anu ouu
numbei election.
iecognise the foimal chaiges on
uiffeient species (molecules
anu ions).
foimulate shapes of molecules
anu ions.
illustiate how iesonance
stiuctuies aiise.

explain the vSEPR theoiy.

outline the effect of lone paiis
on moleculai geometiy.
compaie the extent of iepulsion
between lone paiis anu bonu
paiis.

uiaw molecules of compounus
in thiee uimensions.
Shapes of molecules anu ions

Foimal Chaiges
= numbei of valence elections
in fiee atom-|numbei of non-
bonuing elections + V
numbei of bonuing electionsj
Resonance - as the situation in
which two oi moie possible
Lewis stiuctuies can be
wiitten.
valence Shell Election Paii
Repulsion (vSEPR) Theoiy
The Effect of Lone Paiis on
Noleculai ueometiy
Lone paii - lone paii iepulsion
> lone paii-bonuing paii
iepulsion > bonuing paii-
bonuing paii iepulsion
Noleculai shapes that may
iesult: - Bent (v-shapeu),
Tiigonal pyiamiual, Lineai,
Squaie pyiamiual, squaie
planai, tiiangulai bi-
pyiamiual, Tetiaheuial,
octaheuial
0se mouels to explain the valence shell election paii iepulsion theoiy,
uiaw shapes of molecules, effect of electionegativity anu lone paiis on
size of bonu angles.
Biscuss the factois ueteimining polaiity of molecules anu iuentification
of polai molecules.
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CHEMISTRY
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Practical Problems
Let the leaineis mouel uiffeient molecules of compounus in thiee
uimensions.
Let the leaineis caiiy out an expeiiment to test foi the polaiity of
molecules using uiffeient liquius (tiichloiomethane, ethyl ethanoate,
ethanol, uistilleu watei, cyclohexane, cyclohexa -1- ol, piopanone)
Belp the leaineis to caiiy out an expeiiment to compaie the volatility
of iouine, giaphite anu calcium chloiiue using a haiu glass tube.
uive class exeicises iequiiing the leaineis to:
- explain the valence shell election paii iepulsion theoiy.
- uiaw molecules of compounus in thiee uimensions.
- pieuict the appioximate bonu angles.
- explain the effect of electionegativiity on size of bonu angles.
- uistinguish between polai anu non-polai molecules.
- explain the factois that ueteimine the polaiity of molecules.
Sub-Topic 3: Shapes of Molecules
explain the concept of polai
anu non-polai molecules.
mouel molecules of simple
covalent compounus.

Polai anu Non-polai Nolecules

Nouelling of simple covalent
molecules
0se mouels to explain the valence shell election paii iepulsion theoiy,
uiaw shapes of molecules, effect of electionegativity anu lone paiis on
size of bonu angles.
Biscuss the factois ueteimining polaiity of molecules anu iuentification
of polai molecules.
Practical Problems
Let the leaineis mouel uiffeient molecules of compounus in thiee
uimensions.
163
163

Let the leaineis caiiy out an expeiiment to test foi the polaiity of
molecules using uiffeient liquius (tiichloiomethane, ethyl ethanoate,
ethanol, uistilleu watei, cyclohexane, cyclohexa -1- ol, piopanone)
Belp the leaineis to caiiy out an expeiiment to compaie the volatility
of iouine, giaphite anu calcium chloiiue using a haiu glass tube.
- explain the valence shell election paii iepulsion theoiy.
- uiaw molecules of compounus in thiee uimensions.
- pieuict the appioximate bonu angles
- explain the effect of electionegativiity on size of bonu angles.
- uistinguish between polai anu non-polai molecules.
- explain the factois that ueteimine the polaiity of molecules
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Topic 4: Thermochemistry (Chemical
Energetics)

General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to compiehenu eneigy
changes that accompany chemical ieactions.
Sub-Topic 1: Chemical Energy
explain the concepts of
theimochemistiy.
explain the concept of heat
content of a substance

uemonstiate coiiectly that heat
changes can be measuieu.

iecognise enthalpy change as
heat content measuieu at s.t.p.
uuiing a chemical ieaction

peifoim simple calculations on
enthalpy changes.

uemonstiate heat of ieaction
using simple expeiiments.

Intiouuction to Chemical Eneigy
Changes
- What theimochemistiy is
- What happens to bonus
when chemical ieactions
take place
Enthalpy, H
- That eveiy substance has
some stoieu chemical eneigy
Enthalpy Change, H
- As the change in heat content
measuieu at constant
tempeiatuie anu piessuie,
uuiing a chemical ieaction.
Enthalpy change is calleu heat of
ieaction anu is uenoteu as H
rxn

Bemonstiate heat of ieaction
165
165

Biscuss the meaning of Theimochemistiy, enthalpy, enthalpy change.
Wiite Theimochemical equations, uemonstiation of exotheimic anu
enuotheimic ieactions using simple expeiiments
Let the leaineis caiiy out expeiiments to ueteimine the heat capacity
of a caloiimetei
Biscuss enthalpy of foimation, enthalpy of combustion anu caiiy out
expeiiment to ueteimine enthalpy of combustion of low moleculai
mass alcohols
Conuuct a uiscussion on enthalpy of neutialisation anu its expeiimental
ueteimination
Biscuss enthalpy of; uisplacement anu its expeiimental ueteimination,
atomisation, ionisation, election affinity, lattice, sublimation,
hyuiationsolvation
Conuuct a uiscussion anu an expeiiment on heat of solution anu
piecipitation
Explain to the leaineis Bess's law incluuing its expeiimental
justification, constiuction of enthalpy cycles anu calculations ielateu to
it
Explain the Boin-Babei cycle (applying Bess's law to ionic compounus)
incluuing expeiimental justification anu ielateu calculations
Let the leaineis uiscuss the vaiious eneigy souices, how they aie
hainesseu, efficiency of vaiious fuels anu theii impact on the
enviionment
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to use simple test tube expeiiments to iuentify the
enuotheimic anu exotheimic ieactions.
uuiue a gioup expeiiment to ueteimine heat capacity of a simple
caloiimetei.
uuiue a gioup expeiiment to ueteimine heat of combustion of ethanol,
piopanol, butanol.
Belp the leaineis to caiiy out titiation expeiiments to ueteimine heat
of neutialisation of stiong acius anu stiong bases.
uuiue gioups to caiiy out expeiiments to ueteimine heat of
uisplacement ieaction foi zinc powuei anu coppei (II) sulphate
solution.
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166

Leau gioup expeiiments to ueteimine heats of solution of sulphuiic
aciu anu souium hyuioxiue.
Belp leaineis to caiiy out simple test tube expeiiments to ueteimine
heat of piecipitation of silvei chloiiue using stanuaiu equal molai
solutions of silvei nitiate souium chloiiue.
uuiue a gioup expeiiment to justify Bess's law using heat of solution foi
anhyuious anu hyuiateu magnesium sulphate oi coppei (II) sulphate.
- calculate enthalpy changes bonu uissociation eneigies.
- constiuct boin Babei cycles.
- explain common teims useu in theimochemistiy.
- apply Bess's law in calculating enthalpy changes.
- uiscuss uiffeient eneigy souices, efficiency of fuels anu theii
impact on the enviionment.
uive laboiatoiy exeicises to ueteimine enthalpies of;
- uisplacement ieaction
- neutialisation
- heat of solution
Sub-Topic 2: Types of Heat of Reactions
explain concepts of exotheimic
anu enuotheimic ieactions.

sketch eneigy uiagiams foi an
exotheimic ieaction taking
place.
give chaiacteiistics of
exotheimic
explain concepts of enuotheimic

Exotheimic Reaction
- Chaiacteiistics of
exotheimic ieactions
- Eneigy level uiagiam
- Applications of exotheimic
ieactions in eveiyuay life
Enuotheimic Reactions
- Chaiacteiistics of
exotheimic ieactions
Eneigy level uiagiam

Applications of enuotheimic
ieactions in eveiyuay life.
167
167

ieactions.
sketch eneigy uiagiams foi an
enuotheimic ieaction taking
place.
give chaiacteiistics of enuotheimic
ieactions.

Theimo chemical equations
Biscuss the chaiacteiistics of exotheimic anu enuotheimic ieactions.
uuiue the leaineis to sketch the eneigy uiagiams foi exotheimic anu
enuotheimic ieactions.
Belp the leaineis to explain the concepts of exotheimic anu
enuotheimic ieactions using the eneigy uiagiams they have sketcheu.
Biscuss the applications of enuotheimic anu exotheimic ieactions in
eveiyuay life (foi example, colu heat anu hot packs).
uuiue the leaineis to wiite theimochemical equations anu explain the
meanings of the equations.
uive the leaineis exeicises on chaiacteiistics of enuotheimic anu
exotheimic ieactions.
Sub-Topic 3: Calorimetry
Biscuss heat capacity of plastic cup caloiimetei in teims of mcH (wheie
m = mass, c = heat capacity H = change in tempeiatuie).
Specific Objectives Specific Objectives
The leainei is able to:
ueteimine the heat capacity of
plastic cup caloiimetei.
outline bomb caloiimetei
expeiiment to ueteimine
caloiific value of substances.

Beat Capacity anu
Caloiimetiy
- Coffee-cup caloiimetei
- Bomb caloiimetei
168
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
168

Explain how bomb caloiimetei is useu to ueteimine caloiific value of
substances.
Caiiy out simple expeiiments on quantitative ueteimination of caloiific
values of some foou substances.
uive the leaineis exeicises on uesciiption of how to ueteimine heat
capacities of a plastic cup caloiimetei anu outline the bomb caloiimetei
expeiiment to ueteimine caloiic value of some foou substances.
Sub-Topic 4: Types of Enthalpy Changes
explain concepts of the uiffeient
types of eneigy changes.
caiiy out expeiiments on
enthalpy of combustion.

pieuict the ielative stability of
compounus fiom enthalpy of
foimation.
iestate stanuaiu enthalpy of
combustion.
peifoim expeiiment to
ueteimine heat of combustion of
substances.
coiiectly use uata fiom
expeiiments peifoimeu to caiiy
out calculations.
ueteimine heats of combustion
of vaiious alcohols.
explain the application of
enthalpy of combustion in ieal
life situation.
unueiline fuel value of vaiious

Types of Enthalpy Changes
Stanuaiu enthalpy of Foimation,

Beteimination of enthalpy of
foimation
Calculating using heats
of foimation
Relative stability of compounus

Stanuaiu Enthalpy of
Combustion,
The meaning of Beat of
Combustion
Beteimination of
Calculating heats of combustion

Beats of combustion of vaiious
Alcohols

The fuel values of vaiious fuels

169
169

fuels.

explain the concept of heat of
neutialisation.
enthalpy of neutialisation.
peifoim expeiiments to
ueteimine the heat of
neutialisation of stiong acius
anu alkalis.
investigate the uiffeience
between heat of neutialisation
of between weak aciu anu
stiong aciu with stiong alkali.
ueteimine heat of neutialisation
between weak aiu anu stiong
alkali.
ueteimine heat of neutialisation
between weak aiu anu weak
alkali.
out calculations.
enthalpy of neutialisation in ieal
life situations.
explain the concept of heat of
piecipitation.
enthalpy of piecipitation.
out calculations.
enthalpy of piecipitation in ieal
life situations.
Neutialisation,

The meaning of Beat of
Neutialisation.
Expeiimental ueteimination of

Beteimining the heat of
neutialisation between stiong
acius anu alkalis

Investigating the uiffeience
between heat of neutialisation
between weak aciu anu stiong
aciu with stiong alkali
Beat of neutialisation between a
weak aciu anu a stiong alkali.

Beat of neutialisation between a
weak aciu anu a weak alkali.

Calculating heats of
neutialisation

Applications of enthalpy of
neutialisation.

Concept of heat of piecipitation

Beteimining the Beat of
Piecipitation
Calculations involving heats of
Piecipitation

Applications of enthalpy of
piecipitation
170
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
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170

Caiiy out expeiiments on
enthalpy of uisplacement.
Coiiectly use uata fiom
out calculations.
enthalpy of uisplacement in ieal
life situations.
explain the meaning of the
teims; enthalpy of atomisation,
ionisation, election affinity,
lattice eneigy, enthalpy of
sublimation
enthalpy of solution
out calculations
enthalpy of solution in ieal life
situations.
enthalpy of hyuiation.
out calculations.
enthalpy of hyuiation in ieal life
situations.
explain Bess's law of constant
heat summation.
uemonstiate Bess's law using an
expeiiment.

constiuct enthalpy cycles.
apply Bess's law in calculations

Beat of Bisplacement
Concept of heat of uisplacement
Beteimining the Beat of
Bisplacement.
Calculations involving heat of
uisplacement
Applications of heat of
uisplacement
Atomisation
Ionisation Eneigy, IE
Election Affinity, EA
Lattice Eneigy
Enthalpy of Sublimation,
The Stanuaiu Enthalpy of
Solution
The Stanuaiu Enthalpy of
Byuiation
Beteimination of heat of
hyuiation of hyuiateu anu
anhyuious compounu (e.g.
CuS04 .SB20 anu CuS04)

Calculations of heats of
hyuiation

Application of heat of hyuiation

Bess's Law

Concept of Bess's law
Expeiimental justification of
Bess's law
Constiuction of enthalpy cycles
171
171

involving two oi moie of the
ieactants aie involveu.
outline the ielevance of Boin
Babei cycle.
iuentify the type of eneigy
changes involveu (anu teims
involveu) in the vaiious stages of
the cycle.
coiiectly constiuct a Boin-
Babei cycle foi ionic compounus
oi salts.
caiiy out calculations involving
Boin-Babei cycles.
explain bonu eneigy.
uiffeientiate between bonu
eneigy anu aveiage bonu
eneigy.
ielate the eneigy change foi
ieaction to bonus bioken anu
bonus foimeu.
aveiage bonu eneigies.
use bonu eneigies to explain
uiffeiences in physical
piopeities of compounu (e.g.
melting points, physical states of
compounus some giant atomic).
Calculations involving Bess's
law

Boin-Babei Cycle
Expeiimental justification

Teims useu in the Boin Babei
cycle
Constiuction of Boin-Babei
cycle

Simple calculations using Boin-
Babei cycle
Aveiage Bonu Eneigies
(Enthalpies)
What it is

Relationship between eneigy
change anu the foimation anu
bieaking of bonus.
Calculations involving aveiage
bonu eneigies
Impoitance of bonu eneigies in
ielation to physical piopeities of
substances
Leau a uiscussion of the vaiious types of enthalpy changes anu guiue
the leaineis to uo the vaiious calculations conceining the enthalpy
changes.
uuiue the leaineis to uo expeiiments to ueteimine the vaiious enthalpy
changes in the laboiatoiy.
172
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
172

uive the leaineis exeicises to:
- uesciibe the ueteimination of the vaiious types of heat changes at
ioom tempeiatuie.
- calculate enthalpy changes fiom given uata.

173
173

SENI0R SIX TERN I
Topic 5: Physical Equilibria

General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to compiehenu the
concept of inteiconveision of phases uue to changes in the physical
conuitions anu its applications.
Sub-Topic 1: Systems, Phases and Component
uuiue a uiscussion on the teims; system, phase, component system anu
one component system with its ielateu phase uiagiams.
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss two component systems; Raoult's Law
(P
=
x
o
) anu iueal Solutions.
uuiue uiscussions on the chaiacteiistics of a system, phase anu
component.
- explain of teims useu in physical equilibiia.
- uistinguish between the teims phase, system anu a component.
- state the chaiacteiistics of a phase, system anu a component.
explain the concept of physical
equilibiium.
uistinguish between the teims:
phases, components anu
systems.
uiscuss the chaiacteiistics of a
system, phase anu component.

Intiouuction to physical
equilibiium
System
Phase
Component

174
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
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174

Sub-Topic 1: Component System (Types of component systems)
uuiue uiscussion on types of component systems with examples.
Let leaineis` explain the cooling cuives foi puie substances.
uuiue the laiueis to uiaw phase uiagiams foi the vaiious substances.
Let them inteipiet the phase changes as in the phase uiagiams anu
explain the influences of vaiious factois on the phases.
- explain of teims useu in physical equilibiia.
- uistinguish between the teims phase, system anu a component
mention uiffeient types of
component systems.
give examples of one-component
system.
explain the cooling cuives foi
puie substances.

explain the teim phase uiagiam.
uiaw phase uiagiams foi a one
component system.
explain what the uiffeient
iegions of a phase uiagiam
iepiesent.

give examples of two-
component system.
explain the uiffeient types of
two-component systems.
iuentify the uiffeient types of
two-component systems.

0ne-Component system
Types of component systems
Examples of 0ne-Component
systems ( e.g. watei, sulphui anu
Caibon uioxiue)
Cooling cuives foi puie
substances
Phase uiagiams (watei, caibon
uioxiue anu sulphui)

Inteipietation of phase changes
fiom a phase uiagiam (melting
point, tiiple point, influences of
tempeiatuie anu piessuie on the
phases)
Two-Component System

types of two-component systems
(liquiu mixtuie): Niscible
(ethanol + watei), paitially
miscible (ethei + watei) anu
immiscible (oil + watei)
175
175

Sub-Topic 2: Types of Solutions

state Raoult's law.
explain what iueal solution is.
give chaiacteiistics anu examples of
iueal solutions.
uiaw vapoui-composition uiagiams
foi iueal anu ieal solutions.
inteipiet the vapoui piessuie-
composition uiagiams.
Caiiy out calculations on Raoult's
law.

explain what ieal solution is.
uive chaiacteiistics anu examples
of ieal solutions.
uiaw vapoui-composition uiagiams
foi ieal solutions.

uiffeientiate between negative anu
positive ueviation fiom Raoult's
law.
explain what is meant by the teims
azeotiopic mixtuies anu
azeotiopes.
explain what uistillation is.
explain the piocess of fiactional
uistillation.
apply the knowleuge of phase
uiagiams to explain the piocess of
fiactional uistillation of iueal anu
non-iueal solutions.
uesciibe the piocess of vaiious
methous of sepaiation of
components of azeotiopes.
Raoult's Law ( )
Iueal Solutions
Chaiacteiistics anu examples of
iueal solutions.
vapoui Piessuie-composition
uiagiams
Boiling point-composition
uiagiams
Calculations involving Raoult's
law
Two-Component System: Non-
Iueal (Real) Solutions
Non-iueal solutions
Chaiacteiistics anu examples.
vapoui piessuie - composition
uiagiams.
Negative Beviation fiom Raoult's
Law
chaiacteiistics of vapoui
piessuie-composition uiagiams
Naximum boiling - Point
composition uiagiam (Negative
ueviation fiom Raoult's law) -
Azeotiopic mixtuie anu
Azeotiopes.
Positive Beviation fiom Raoult's
Law
its chaiacteiistics vapoui
piessuie-composition uiagiams.
minimum boiling point-
composition uiagiam (positive
ueviation fiom Raoult's law)-
azeotiopic mixtuie anu
azeotiopes
176
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
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176

explain the concept of uistillation.
uesciibe the piocess of fiactional
uistillation using phase uiagiams.
uesciibe the piocess ofpuiification
of liquiu mixtuie by using steam
uistillation.

uesciibe the piouuction of alcohol
by fiactional uistillation.

explain the uistillation of iueal anu
no-iueal solutions.
explain the sepaiation of
explain the total vapoui of
immiscible liquiu mixtuie in teims
of the vapoui of the components.
calculate the composition of the
vapoui above a mixtuie of two
immiscible liquius.
calculate the composition of the
uistillate.
state inuustiial application of steam
uistillation.
explain the concept of uistiibution
law

expeiimentally ueteimine KB.
caiiy out Calculations involving
uistiibution law.
explain the application in: -
chiomatogiaphy, solvent extiaction
anu Ion exchange.

Bistillation of a Binaiy Liquiu
Nixtuie
What uistillation is
Explanation of fiactional
uistillation of iueal anu ieal
solutions in teims of phase
uiagiams
Fiactional uistillation (e.g.
piouuction of alcohol fiom
feimenteu liquius i.e. waiagi)
Bistillation of an Iueal solution,
uistillation of a non-iueal solution
Sepaiation of components of
azeotiopes.
Immiscible liquius

vapoui piessuie of a system of
two immiscible liquius.

Composition of the vapoui phase.

Steam uistillation (calculations
involving steam uistillation).
Inuustiial application of steam
uistillation.
Bistiibution Law (Paitition
Coefficients)
- What it is
Expeiimental ueteimination of KB
Calculation involving KB

Application of paitition
coefficients (solvent extiaction,
Papei chiomatogiaphy, column
chiomatogiaphy, ion exchange).
177
177

uuiue leaineis to uiscuss two component systems; Raoult's Law
(P
=
x
o
) anu iueal solutions.
Explain non-iueal (Real) solutions anu ielateu vapoui piessuie-
composition uiagiams as well as azeotiopic mixtuies anu sepaiation of
uuiue a uiscussion of fiactional uistillation as an application of Raoult's
law, immiscible liquius mixtuies anu application of Balton's law of
paitial piessuie in steam uistillation anu inuustiial application of steam
uistillation.
uuiue gioup uiscussions of uistiibution of a solute between immiscible
liquius (the uistiibution law) anu its application in sepaiation of
mixtuies.
uuiue leaineis to biainstoim on soliu-liquiu equilibiia; cooling cuives
foi eutectic mixtuies, anu ielateu phase uiagiams.
sketch cooling cuives of puie
substances
explain the cooling cuives foi
puie substances
uiaw phase uiagiams foi
mixtuies
explain the phase uiagiams foi
mixtuies.
explain conceptbehavioui of
eutectic mixtuies.
compaie the behavioui of
eutectic mixtuie anu a puie
compounu.
give examples of substances
which foim eutectic mixtuies.

Soliu - liquiu Equilibiia

Cooling cuives foi puie
substances
Cooling cuives foi mixtuies

Phase uiagiam foi mixtuies
Explanations foi phase
uiagiams foi mixtuies
Eutectic mixtuies
Piopeities of puie substances
anu puie compounus

Examples of eutectic mixtuies

178
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
178

Practical problems
0iganise gioup piactical woik on steam uistillation e.g. lemon oil fiom
lemon giass, castoi oil fiom castoi seeus, anu oil fiom tick beiiy leaves.
0iganise a stuuy toui to a uistilling plant e.g. 0ganua Bistilleis.
Caiiyout a thin layei chiomatogiaphy using silica gel, alumina, fine
chalk uust anu watei oi acetone to sepaiate components of fine paint,
extiacteu fiom chloiophyll solution anu black ink.
uive inuiviuual piactical woik on titiation to ueteimine K
B
of solute
between two immiscible liquius.
- state Raoult's law.
- apply Raoult's in calculations.
- sketch cooling cuives of puie substances anu mixtuies.
- inteipiet cooling cuives anu phase uiagiams.
- inteipiet vapoui piessuie-composition uiagiams.
- accuiately uiaw phase uiagiams fiom given uata.
- explain iueal anu non-iueal behavioui in solutions.
- use boiling point-composition uiagiams to uiffeientiate between
positive anu negative ueviations.
- explain fiactional uistillation using boiling point-composition
uiagiams
- explain the piinciple of steam uistillation.
- state the uistiibution law anu use it to explain concepts of;
chiomatogiaphy, solvent extiaction, anu ion exchange.
- apply the uistiibution law to ueteimine amounts of solute extiacteu
using solvent extiaction.

Sub-Topic 3: Colligative Properties
colligative piopeities .
give examples of colligative
piopeities.
explain loweiing of vapoui
Colligative piopeities

Concept of Colligative
piopeities
Examples of Colligative
179
179

piessuie.
ueiive a ielationship foi
vapoui piessuie loweiing.
involving loweiing of vapoui
piessuie.
uiaw giaph of vapoui piessuie
loweiing.
explain giaphs of vapoui
piessuie loweiing.
explain limitations of
colligative piopeities.
explain boiling point anu
boiling point elevation.
between vapoui piessuie anu
boiling point of a solution.
explain how the piesence of a
solute affects the boiling point
of a solvent.
explain elevation of boiling
point using vapoui piessuie-
tempeiatuie giaph.

uesciibe an expeiiment that
can be caiiieu to ueteimine
moleculai mass using boiling
point elevation methou.
involving boiling point
elevation.
piopeities
vapoui Piessuie Loweiing

Why uoes a solute influence the
vapoui piessuie of
watei(liquiu)
vapoui piessuie loweiing,

uiaphical iepiesentation of
vapoui loweiing
Limitations of Colligative
piopeities
Boiling Point Elevation

Calculations involving piessuie
vapoui loweiing.

Bow vP affects boiling point of
liquius.

Bow the piesence of a solute
affects the boiling point of a
solvent
vapoui piessuie-tempeiatuie
uiagiams anu boiling points.

,
anu
Wheie m is the Nolality of the
solute in solution.
Expeiimental Beteimination of
moleculai mass using boiling
point elevation methou.

Calculations involving molal
boiling point elevation constant,
K
b
(ebullioscopic constant)

180
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
180

explain fieezing point, anu
fieezing point uepiession.
explain uepiession of fieezing
point using.
vapoui piessuie- tempeiatuie
giaphs.
expeiimentally ueteimine
moleculai mass using fieezing
point uepiession methou.

fieezing point uepiession.

explain osmosis anu osmotic
piessuie.
explain why osmotic piessuie
methou is the most suitable
methou foi ueteimining
moleculai mass of laige molecules
e.g polymeis.

osmotic piessuie.

molai masses anu osmotic
piessuies.
Fieezing point uepiession

vapoui piessuie - tempeiatuie
uiagiams anu fieezing points
Expeiimental Beteimination of
moleculai mass using fieezing
point uepiession
,
anu
Wheie m is the molality of the
solute in solution
Calculations involving molal
fieezing point uepiession
constant, Kf. (ciyoscopic
constant)
0smotic Piessuie,

What is osmosis anu osmotic
piessuie
Suitability of using 0smotic
piessuie in ueteimining
moleculai mass of laige
molecules e.g polymeis
Nethous of measuiing osmotic
piessuie,
0smotic piessuie, , = cRT,
wheie, c, is the solute
concentiation anu R = molai gas
constant anu T is the absolute
tempeiatuie.
Calculations of molai masses
fiom osmotic piessuies.
181
181

uuiue a uiscussion of the teim colligative piopeity, stating the
colligative piopeities of solutions anu explaining how uissolveu solutes
cause loweiing of vapoui piessuie of the solvent.
uuiue leaineis into uiscussing the ueiivation of the expiession foi
vapoui piessuie loweiing, caiiying out calculations involving vapoui
piessuie loweiing to ueteimine moleculai mass of uissolveu solute anu
inteipietation of the vapoui piessuie-tempeiatuie giaphs.
Leau a uiscussion on how uissolveu non-volatile solutes cause elevation
of boiling point, uesciibing an expeiiment to ueteimine moleculai mass
of the uissolveu solute using boiling point elevation, ueiiving an
expiession foi boiling point elevation anu caiiying out calculations
involving boiling point elevation.
Biscuss how uissolveu non-volatile solutes cause uepiession of
fieezing point, uesciibing an expeiiment to ueteimine moleculai mass
of the uissolveu solute using fieezing point uepiession (Rast's oi
Beckmann fieezing point appaiatus), ueiiving an expiession foi
fieezing point uepiession, caiiy out calculations involving uepiession
of fieezing point anu caiiying out expeiiment to ueteimine uepiession
in fieezing points using Rast's methou.
Biscuss the meaning of osmosis anu osmotic piessuie anu uiaw oi
sketch anu explain the piessuie-concentiation giaphs. Biscuss
calculations involving osmotic piessuie, limitations to colligative
piopeities as a methou of ueteimining moleculai mass of non-volatile
solutes anu why osmotic piessuie is most suitable foi ueteimining
moleculai mass of non-volatile laige molecules.
Practical Problems
uuiue piactical investigations on the effect of auuing common salt to
the boiling point of watei.
uuiue a piactical suivey on the common piactice of auuing maize floui
to hot watei meant foi mingling posho befoie it boils.
Leau leaineis to ueteimine osmotic piessuie of uiffeient solutions
using cellophane membiane.
uuiue leaineis to ueteimine uepiession in fieezing point of
Naphthalene using Camphoi as solute.
182
CHEMISTRY
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
182

uuiue leaineis to ueteimine molai mass of Camphoi using uepiession
in fieezing point of Naphthalene.
- explain common teims applieu to colligative piopeities.
- state the foui Colligative piopeities.
- sketch oi uiaw vapoui piessuie-tempeiatuie anu piessuie-
concentiation giaphs.
- inteipiet vapoui, anu piessuie-tempeiatuie giaphs.
- explain the effect of uissolveu non-volatile solute on boiling point
anu fieezing point of a solvent.
- explain the ielationship between vapoui piessuie anu boiling point
of a liquiu.
- calculate; molai mass, elevation in boiling point, uepiession in
fieezing point, anu osmotic piessuie.
- uesciibe expeiiments to ueteimine molai mass of non-volatile
solute by boiling point elevation anu fieezing point uepiession.

183
183

Topic 6: Chemical Equilibria
Buiation: 1u Peiious
General objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the concept of
ieveisible ieactions anu its applications.
Sub-Topic 1: The concept of Chemical Equilibrium
The leainei shoulu be able to:-
explain the concept of chemical
equilibiium.
uistinguish between ieveisible
anu iiieveisible ieactions.
explain uynamic equilibiium.
uiffeientiate between
homogeneous anu
heteiogeneous ieveisible
system.
Intiouuction to chemical
equilibiium
Equilibiium ieactions
Iiieveisible anu ieveisible
ieactions
Bynamic equilibiium
Bomogeneous anu
heteiogeneous ieveisible
systems

uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the uefinition of concepts of equilibiium
constants.
uuiue the leaineis to uiscuss the uiffeiences between ieveisible anu
ieveisible ieactions with examples.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a laboiatoiy expeiiment to ueteimine the
equilibiium constant foi the hyuiolysis of ethylethanoate using uilute
hyuiochloiic aciu.
uive class exeicises anu tests iequiiing leaineis to:
- explain the concept of chemical equilibiium.
- uistinguish between ieveisible anu iiieveisible ieactions.
- explain uynamic equilibiium.
- uiffeientiate between homogeneous anu heteiogeneous ieveisible
systems.
- apply the law of mass action in wiiting equilibiium expiessions.
- caiiy out calculations involving use of Kc anu K.p
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CHEMISTRY
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- ueiive a geneial expiession ielating Kcanu Kp.
- compaie Q anu Kc to ueteimine the uiiection of chemical ieaction.
- explain L Chateliei's piinciple.
- apply L Chateliei's piinciple in explaining the effects of vaiious
factois on the equilibiium of ieveisible chemical ieaction.
- uesciibe an expeiiment to ueteimine Kc.
- coiiectly apply the knowleuge of chemical equilibiia to justify
conuitions useu in inuustiial piocesses.
Sub-Topic 2: Comparison between Kc and Kp
The leainei shoulu be able to:-
iestate the law of mass action.
apply the law of mass action in
wiiting equilibiium expiessions.

ueiive a geneial expiession
ielating K
c
anu K
p
.

use of K
c
anu K
p
.

Compaie concentiation
equilibiium constant anu
piessuie equilibiium constant
(Kc, Kp).
compaie Q anu K
c
to ueteimine
the uiiection of chemical
ieaction.

inteipiet the magnituue of value
of Kc oi Kp in ielation to the
Equilibiium Constant, K
c
anu K
p

Law of mass action oi
equilibiium law, hence
equilibiium constant K

Expiessions of equilibiium
constants (foi homogeneous
aqueous solutions anu gaseous
systems; anu heteiogeneous
systems)
Beiivation of expiessions foi K
c

anu K
p

Calculations involving K
c
anu K
p

Compaie K
c
anu K
p

The Equilibiium Constant foi a
uas Phase Reaction: K
p
vs K
c

0se of iueal gas law to ielate K
p

anu K
c

Pv = nRT
Kp = K
c
(RT)
An
,
wheie An = (p + q) - (a+ b)
= change in numbei of
moles of gases
(piouuct - ieactant)
Inteipietation of magnituue of
equilibiium constant anu the
185
185

equilibiium position.

explain what ieaction quotient is.
position of equilibiium. When K
is laige, small oi neaily equal to
one.
Reaction quotient, Q

uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the uefinition of concepts of equilibiium
constants.
uuiue the leaineis to uiscuss the uiffeiences between ieveisible anu
iiieveisible ieactions with appiopiiate examples.
equilibiium constant foi the hyuiolysis of ethylethanoate using uilute
hyuiochloiic aciu.
uive class exeicises anu tests iequiiing leaineis to:
- explain the concept of chemical equilibiium.
- uistinguish between ieveisible anu iiieveisible ieactions.
- explain uynamic Equilibiium.
- uiffeientiate between homogeneous anu heteiogeneous ieveisible
systems.
- apply the law of Nass Action in wiiting Equilibiium expiessions.
- caiiy out calculations involving use of Kc anu K.p
- ueiive a geneial expiession ielating Kc anu K.p
- compaie Q anu Kc to ueteimine the uiiection of chemical ieaction.
- explain L Chateliei's piinciple.
- apply L Chateliei's piinciple in explaining the effects of vaiious
factois on the equilibiium of ieveisible chemical ieaction.
- uesciibe an expeiiment to ueteimine Kc.
- coiiectly apply the knowleuge of chemical equilibiia to justify
conuitions useu in inuustiial piocesses.
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Sub-Topic 3: Factors affecting the position of
equilibrium in accordance with the Le Chateliers
Principle
uuiue leaineis to biainstoim on the concept of Le'Chateliei's piinciple.
uuiue the leaineis to biainstoim on the factois affecting equilibiium
anu explain the factois in teims of Le'Chateliei's piinciple.
Practical Problems
Instiuct the leaineis to caiiy out an expeiiment to ueteimine the K
c

using esteiification ieaction.
explain Le' Chateliei's piinciple.

apply Le' Chateliei's piinciple in
explaining the effects of vaiious
factois on the equilibiium of
ieveisible chemical ieaction.

expeiimentally ueteimine K
c

using esteiification ieaction.

Le' Chateliei's Piinciple anu
Factois Affecting Chemical
Equilibiium.
concept of Le' Chateliei's
piinciple
factois affecting equilibiium
Effects of changes in:
Concentiation oi Paitial
Piessuies of a ieactant oi
Piouuct tempeiatuie, Piessuie
anu volume Changes
Effects of auuing noble uas: (At
Constant volume anu Constant
Piessuie)
Effects of auuing Catalyst
Kc
187
187

uive leaineis exeicises involving calculations on:
- concentiation equilibiium constant (Kc)
- piessuie equilibiium constant (Kp)
Sub-Topic 4: Applications of factors on industrial
processes
uuiue the leaineis to use Le' Chateliei's explain what happens if an
'instantaneous' change is imposeu on an equilibiium in a nameu
inuustiial piocess.
uive the leaineis an exeicise to:
- uesciibe the manufactuie of ammonia anu sulphuiic aciu.
- explain the factois that affect the yielu of the piouucts in teims of
Le'Chateliei's piinciple.
The leainei shoulu be able to show
the impoitance of equilibiium
constant factois on inuustiial
piocesses.

Inuustiial Application of
Chemical Equilibiium
Babei piocess (manufactuie of
ammonia), Contact Piocess
(manufactuie of sulphuiic
aciu), 0stwalu piocess
(manufactuie of nitiic aciu)
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SENIOR SIX TERM II

Topic 7: Ionic Equilibria

General Learning Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the
behavioui of acius, bases anu salts in aqueous solutions.
Sub-Topic 1: Acids, Bases and Salts
explain the concepts of acius anu
bases accoiuing to vaiious
theoiies.
explain the concept of conjugate
bases anu conjugate acius.

classify acius anu bases on basis
of theii uegiee of ionisation.
explain ionisation constants foi
weak acius anu weak bases K
a

anu K
b
.
ueiive a geneial expiession foi
K
a
anu K
b
.

coiiectly apply knowleuge
about K
a
anu K
b
in calculations.

explain auto ionisation(self
ionisation) of watei
ueiive an expiession of K
w
.
explain the concept of pB scale
of 1-14

Acius anu Bases

Concepts of acius anu bases
uefinitions of acius, bases
accoiuing to Aiihenius,
Binsteu-Lowiy anu Lewis
Conjugate Aciu-base Paii
- Conjugate base anu aciu
Classifying Stiong acius anu
bases, weak acius anu bases
- Stiong acius, stiong bases,
weak acius anu weak bases
Relative Stiength of Binsteu -
Lowiy acius anu bases
Ka anu Kb as measuies of
stiengths of acius anu bases,
iespectively.
Expiessions of aciu uissociation
constant, Ka anu base
uissociation constant, Kb
- Calculations involving Ka anu
Kb
The Autoionisation (Self
Ionisation) of Watei
189
189


explain the concept pB anu
p0B.
coiiectly apply knowleuge pB
anu p0B anu pK
w
in calculation
involving stiong acius anu
bases.
between K
a
anu K
b
foi an aciu-
base conjugate paii.

ueiive expiession of pB foi
weak acius anu bases.

caiiy out calculation on pB foi
weak acius anu bases.
- Ionic piouuct of watei
- Kw = |BS0+j|0B-j = 1u-14
The pB Scale (1 - 14)
- Concept of pB
pB = -log1u |BS0+j
p0B = -log1u|0B-j
pKw = -log1uKw
- calculations involving Ph
The Relationship between Ka
anu Kb foi an Aciu-base
Conjugate
Consiuei the aciu-base conjugate
paii of
Beiivation of the ielationship, Ka
x Kb = Kw
Expiession of pB foi weak acius
anu bases
pB calculations pB calculation
foi weak aciu anu weak base
uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the theoiies of acius anu bases accoiuing
to Aihenius, Bionsteu anu Lowiy anu Lewis; conjugate acius anu bases
anu classification of acius anu bases on the basis of theii uegiee of
ionisation.
Explain the ueiivation of a geneial expiession foi Ka anu Kb, ueuucing
stiength of acius anu bases using theii ionisation constants explaining
ionisation constants foi weak acius anu weak bases Ka anu Kb anu
coiiectly applying knowleuge about Ka anu Kb in calculations.
Biscuss auto ionisation of watei, ueiiving an expiession of Kw, the
concept pB anu p0B, calculations involving pB of stiong acius anu
bases, ielationship between Ka anu Kb foi an aciu-base conjugate paii,
ueiiving the expiession of pB foi weak acius anu bases, caiiying out
calculation on PB foi weak acius anu bases anu caiiying out a class
expeiiment on compaiing pB of uiffeient solutions.
190
CHEMISTRY
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Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments to compaie the pB
of uiffeient solutions using:
- a pB metei( if available).
- pB papeis.
- univeisal inuicatoi.
Caution: Most strong acids are corrosive and should be handled with
care or using gloves.
- explain the concepts of acius anu bases accoiuing to vaiious
theoiies.
- explain the meaning of conjugate bases anu conjugate acius.
- classify acius anu bases on basis of theii uegiee of ionisation.
- ueiive a geneial expiession foi Ka anu K.b.
- ueuuce stiength of acius anu bases using theii ionisation constants.
- explain ionisation constants foi weak acius anu weak bases Ka anu
K.b
- coiiectly apply knowleuge about Ka anu Kb in calculations.
- explain auto ionization(self ionisation) of watei.
- ueiive an expiession of K.w
- explain the meaning of pB anu p0B.
- caiiy out calculations involving pB of stiong acius anu bases.
- explain the ielationship between Ka anu Kb foi an aciu-base
conjugate paii.
- ueiive expiession of pB foi weak acius anu bases.
- caiiy out calculation on pB foi weak acius anu bases.
191
191

Sub-Topic 2: Hydrolysis of Salts
explain what a salt is.
explain the concept of salt
hyuiolysis.
ueiive an expiession of K
h
.
iuentify the vaiious types of salts.

coiiectly apply knowleuge of K
h

in calculations.
explain the pB of the iesultant
solutions ueiiveu fiom hyuiolysis
of salts.
Salt
Salt Byuiolysis
What hyuiolysis is
Byuiolysis constant K
h

Salt of stiong aciu anu stiong
base, stiong aciu anu weak
base; weak aciu anu stiong base
Calculation involving K
h

pB of iesultant solution
Biscuss the meaning of a salt, salt hyuiolysis iuentification of the
vaiious types of salts, pieuicting the pB of a salt solution basing on its
composition, ueiiving an expiession of Kh anu coiiectly applying
knowleuge of Kh in calculations.
Leau leaineis to explain the pB of the iesultant solutions ueiiveu fiom
hyuiolysis of salts.
- explain the meaning of a salt.
- explain the concept of salt hyuiolysis.
- iuentify the vaiious types of salts.
- pieuict the pB of a salt solution basing on its composition.
- ueiive an expiession of Kh.
- coiiectly apply knowleuge of K
h
in calculations.
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Sub-Topic 3: Buffer Solutions
explain the concept of buffei.
classify buffei anu give
examples of each type.

explain the action of a buffei.

uesciibe the piepaiation of a
buffei.
ueiive the Benueison-
Basselbalch equation.

caiiy out calculations of pB
foi buffeis.
explain application of buffeis.
Buffei solutions
What buffei solution is
Types of buffeis: Aciuic anu
Basic a basic
Action of an aciuic anu basic
buffei solutions
Piepaiation of buffei
solutions.

Benueison-Basselbalch
Equation
Calculations involving buffei
solutions
Application of buffeis

Biscuss the concept of buffei, classifying buffeis anu giving examples of
each type, the action of a buffei, uesciibing the piepaiation of a buffei
anu ueiivation of the Benueison-Basselbalch's equation.
Biscuss calculations involving pB of buffeis, application of buffeis anu
caiiying out a class expeiiment on piepaiation of a buffei.
Practical Problems
Allow leaineis to caiiy out a laboiatoiy expeiiment to piepaie a buffei
by mixing:
- Nolai solutions of ethanoic aciu anu souium ethanoate.
- Nolai solutions of ammonia anu ammonium chloiiue.
193
193

- explain the meaning of a buffei.
- classify buffeis anu give examples of each type.
- explain the action of a buffei.
- uesciibe the piepaiation of a buffei.
- ueiive the Benueison-Basselbalch equation.
- caiiy out calculations on pB of buffeis.
- explain applications of buffeis.
Sub-Topic 4: AcidBase Titrations
explain the concept of titiation.
uefine the teims useu in
titiation.
explain the action of an
inuicatoi.
give examples of inuicatois.
uesciibe how an inuicatoi
woiks.
explain the concept of pB iange.
choose a suitable inuicatoi foi
use in aciu base titiations.
caiiy out aciu-base titiations.

sketch uiffeient types of pB-
volume cuives foi aciu-base
titiation.

Titiations
What titiation is
Titiant, titianu (analyte),
equivalent point, enu point
Aciu-Base Inuicatois
- What an inuicatoi is (BIn)
Examples of inuicatois
Bow an inuicatoi woiks
pB ianges foi inuicatois
choice of inuicatoi
Types of Aciu-Base titiations
Titiation of stiong aciu-stiong
bases: (Examples Na0B anu
BCl); weak aciu-stiong base
titiations: (Examples
CB
S
C00B anu Na0B ); stiong
aciu-weak base
(Examples: BCl anu NB
S

solution)anu weak aciu-
weak base (example:
CB
S
C00B anu NB
S
solution)
Titiation cuives foi the
vaiious types of titiations

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CHEMISTRY
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calculate pB changes uuiing
aciu-base titiations.
Calculations involving aciu-
base titiations
uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the meaning of an inuicatoi, examples of
inuicatois, the action of an inuicatoi, the meaning of pB iange anu
iuentification of pB ianges of uiffeient inuicatois.
Biscuss the choice of suitable inuicatois foi use in aciu-base titiations
basing on pB iange, pB changes uuiing titiation, calculating pB changes
uuiing aciu-base titiations, sketching uiffeient types of pB-volume
cuives foi aciu-base titiations anu inteipieting pB-volume cuives foi
aciu-base titiations.
Practical Problems
Let the leaineis caiiy out aciu-base titiations in the laboiatoiy as
inuiviuuals oi in gioups of at most five stuuents.
- explain the meaning of an inuicatoi.
- give examples of inuicatois.
- explain how an inuicatoi woiks.
- explain the meaning of pB iange.
- iuentify pB ianges of uiffeient inuicatois.
- choose suitable inuicatois foi use in aciu base titiations basing on
pB iange.
- explain pB changes uuiing titiation.
- calculate pB changes uuiing aciu-base titiations.
- sketch uiffeient types of pB-volume cuives foi aciu-base titiations.
- inteipiet pB-volume cuives foi aciu- base titiations.

195
195

Sub-Topic 5: Solubility Equilibria
explain the concept of solubility.
caiiy out an expeiiment to
ueteimine solubility of a salt.
explain the factois that affect
solubility of a salt.
plot solubility cuives foi soluble
salts.
inteipiet the solubility cuives.
explain the applications of
solubility cuives.

explain the concept of uynamic
equilibiium in a satuiateu salt
solution.
explain the factois that affect
solubility of spaiingly soluble
salts.
caiiy out calculations foi
solubility.
ueiive an expiession foi
solubility piouuct.
caiiy out an expeiiment to
ueteimine solubility piouuct.
calculate k
sp
.
solubility piouuct.
explain the ielationship between
ionic piouuct, Ksp anu
piecipitation.
explain the applications of Ksp.
explain the concept of common
ion effect.
common ion effect.

Solubility

What solubility is; Soluble salts
Nolai Solubility

expeiimental ueteimination of
solubility of a salt
factois affecting solubility
solubility cuives
application of solubility cuives
(fiactional ciystallisation
Calculation of solubility

Soluble anu Spaiingly soluble
salts
Factois affecting solubility of
spaiingly soluble

Solubility Piouuct
What solubility piouuct is
Expiessions foi Solubility
Piouuct

solubility piouuct

Calculations involving
solubility anu Solubility
Piouucts.
Solubility Piouuct anu
Piecipitation
When uoes piecipitation take
place.
Ionic piouuct
Effective concentiation
Application of Ksp
196
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Biainstoim the concept of solubility, factois that affect solubility of a
salt, uiawing anu inteipieting solubility cuives, applications of
solubility in fiactional ciystallisation, calculations foi solubility, anu
also caiiying out a class expeiiment to ueteimine solubility of a salt.
Biscuss the concept of uynamic equilibiium in a satuiateu salt solution,
the concept of solubility piouuct, the factois that affect solubility of
spaiingly soluble salts, ueiiving an expiession foi solubility piouuct,
calculations involving solubility piouuct, ielationship between ionic
piouuct solubility piouuct anu piecipitation, applications of solubility
piouuct, concept of common ion effect, application of common ion
effect anu caiiying out an expeiiment to ueteimine solubility piouuct.
Practical Problems
solubility of a salt at uiffeient tempeiatuies using potassium nitiate oi
potassium chloiate (v).
Let leaineis also caiiy out a class expeiiment to ueteimine the
solubility piouuct of calcium hyuioxiue.
- explain the concept of solubility.
- uesciibe an expeiiment to ueteimine solubility of a salt.
- explain the factois that affect solubility of a salt.
- uiaw anu Inteipiet the solubility cuives.
- explain the applications of solubility in fiactional ciystallisation.
- caiiy out calculations on solubility.
- explain the concept of uynamic equilibiium in a satuiateu salt
solution.
- explain the concept of solubility piouuct.
- explain the factois that affect solubility of spaiingly soluble salts.
- ueiive an expiession foi solubility piouuct.
- uesciibe an expeiiment to ueteimine solubility piouuct.
- caiiy out calculations involving solubility piouuct.
- explain the ielationship between ionic piouuct, solubility piouuct
anu piecipitation.
197
197

- explain the applications of solubility.
- explain the meaning of common ion effect.
- explain the applications of common ion effect.
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Topic 8: Chemical Kinetics
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate that
uiffeient ieactions occui at uiffeient iates anu explain why they uo so.
Sub-Topic 1: Simple Rate Equations
explain the concept of iate of
ieaction.
explain the law of mass action
anu its application.
explain oiuei of a ieaction anu
iate constant
uefine the uiffeient teims useu
in kinetics.
ielate mechanism of ieactions
to kinetics
uesciibe the expeiimental
pioceuuie to ueteimine the
oiueis of a ieaction.
explain the concept of half-life.

Intiouuction to iates of
chemical ieactions
What chemical kinetics is
Law of mass action
Simple iate equations
Befinition of iate equations,
Rate constant; oiuei of ieaction
anu moleculaiity.
Nechanism of ieactions.

Nathematical ueiivation of
zeio, fiist anu Seconu oiuei
iate equations.
Balf-lives, t
V

uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the concept of chemical kinetics anu iate
of ieaction. Let them piactically uemonstiate expeiimental
ueteimination of iate of ieaction.
Explain the teim, oiuei of ieaction, ielating mechanism of ieaction anu
kinetics of ieaction, moleculaiity anu uistinguishing between
moleculaiity anu oiuei of a ieaction.
uuiue a uiscussion on the ueiivation of expiessions foi oiuei of
ieaction, half-life anu sketching anu inteipieting the giaphs obtaineu.
Leau leaineis to expeiimentally ueteimine oiueis of ieaction.
199
199

Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments to ueteimine iates
of ieaction anu oiueis of ieaction using:
- ieaction between iouine anu piopanone.
- souium thiosulphate anu hyuiochloiic aciu.
- hyuiogen peioxiue anu potassium manganate (vII).
- hyuiogen peioxiue anu potassium iouiue.
- explain the law of mass action anu its application.
- explain the teim iate of ieaction.
- uesciibe an expeiiment foi ueteimination of the iate of ieaction.
- explain the teims oiuei of a ieaction anu iate constant.
- explain the ielationship between oiueis anu iates of ieactions.
- explain the teim moleculaiity of a ieaction.
- uistinguish between oiuei anu moleculaiity.
- apply the knowleuge iate equations in sketching anu inteipieting
giaphs.
- explain the concept of half-life.
Sub-Topic 2: Factors Affecting Rates of Reactions
explain the theoiies of collision.
use theoiies of ieaction to
explain factois affecting iates of
ieaction.
ueiive an expiession foi half-life
of zeio oiuei, fiist oiuei anu
seconu oiuei ieactions in teims
of iate constant.

use the theoiies of ieaction to
explain factois that affect iates
of ieaction.

Factois Affecting Rates of
Reactions
Theoiies of ieaction (Collision
theoiy, tiansition theoiy)
Effects of: tempeiatuie (eneigy
baiiiei concept; Activation
eneigy of activateu complex),
concentiation (piessuie anu
volume foi gases), catalyst
(inuustiial piouuction of
polymeis, piocesses such as
Babei piocess, manufactuie of
BN0
S
aciu, etc), paiticle size.
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CHEMISTRY
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apply the knowleuge iate
equations in sketching anu
inteipieting giaphs.

uiscuss the ielationship
between mechanism of a
ieaction anu moleculaiity.

caiiy out uesigneu expeiiments
to geneiate kinetic uata foi
ueteimining oiuei of ieaction,
iate of ieaction anu iate
constants.
caiiy out calculation iates of
ieaction.
uiffeiential anu integial foims
of fiist oiuei ieaction, half-life
(only zeio anu fiist oiuei)
Noleculaiity anu mechanism of
ieactions
effect of tempeiatuie on
ieactions, Aiihenius theoiy -
activation eneigy, collision
theoiy of ieaction iate (no
ueiivation).
Experiments
- 1
st
0iuei
- 2
nu
0iuei

Calculations involving the given
expeiiments

uuiue leaineis to biainstoim the collision anu tiansition state theoiy of
chemical ieaction.
Biscuss the factois that affect chemical ieactions which incluue:
tempeiatuie, light, concentiation, paiticle size, piessuie foi gaseous
ieactants anu catalysis.
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss the calculations on iates of ieactions.
uuiue leaineis to expeiimentally investigate the factois affecting iates
of chemical ieactions.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments to uemonstiate the
effect of uiffeient factois on iate of ieaction using:
- calcium caibonate anu hyuiochloiic aciu(paiticle size).
- souium thiosulphate anu hyuiochloiic aciu( concentiation anu
tempeiatuie.)
201
201

- use the theoiies of ieaction to explain factois that affect iates of
ieaction.
- explain the types anu woiking of catalysts.
- give applications of the factois that affect iates of chemical
ieactions.
- caiiy out calculation involving iates of ieaction.
- uiaw giaphs fiom iate of ieaction uata.
- inteipiet giaphs obtaineu fiom iate of ieaction uata.
- inteipiet iate of ieaction uata.
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Topic 9: Electrochemistry

General Objective
By enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to outline the effect of
electiic cuiient on substances anu the ability of substances to geneiate
electiicity.
Sub-Topic 1: Electrolysis
Leau a uiscussion on the moues of conuuction by uiffeient substances,
concept of electiolysis anu the uiffeient teims useu in electiolysis.
uuiue the leaineis to unueistanu the piinciple of selective uischaige of
ions, calculations involving electiolysis anu its applications.
iuentify the uiffeient moues of
conuuction in substances.
electiolysis.
explain the common teims
useu in electiolysis.

uistinguish between weak anu
stiong electiolytes with
examples.
selective uischaige of ions.
apply the laws of electiolysis
in calculations.

iuentify applications of
electiolysis in inuustiy.
Noues of Conuuction in
Substances
Electiolysis
Concept of electiolysis
Teims useu in electiolysis
(electiolytes, anoue, cathoue,
uischaige)
Weak anu stiong electiolytes

Piinciples of Electiolysis; -
(selective uischaige of Ions).
Laws of Electiolysis
Calculations on electiolysis

Applications of electiolysis:
(extiaction of metals e.g. Al, Na,
etc, manufactuie of Na0B anu
Cl
2
, metal iefining).
203
203

Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out electiolysis of coppei (II) sulphate using
coppei electioues to uemonstiate the effect of anoue on the piouucts of
electiolysis.
uuiue leaineis to also caiiy out expeiiments to ueteimine the Faiauay
constant using electiolysis of coppei (II) sulphate with coppei
electioues.
- explain the uiffeient moues of conuuction.
- explain the common teims useu in electiolysis.
- explain the changes that take place uuiing electiolysis.
- uistinguish between weak anu stiong electiolytes anu give
examples.
- apply the laws of electiolysis in calculations.
- explain applications of electiolysis in inuustiy.
Sub-Topic 2: Conductance and its Measurements
conuuctance.
explain the factois affecting
conuuctivity of electiolytes.
explain conuuctance in weak
anu stiong electiolytes.
uiffeientiate between molai
anu specific conuuctance.

explain ielationship between
molai anu specific
conuuctance.

uesciibe measuiement of
conuuctance.

Concept of Conuuctance anu
Teims useu in Conuuctance
Factois affecting conuuctance
of electiolytes
Conuuctance in uiffeient types
of elctiolytes
Conuuctance of weak anu
stiong electiolytes
Types of conuuctance: - (Nolai
Conuuctance anu Specific
Conuuctance)
Nolai conuuctance anu specific
conuuctance
Neasuiement of Conuuctance

Kholiausch's law of
204
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apply Kholiausch's law in
calculation of molai
conuuctivity at infinite uilution
of weak electiolytes.
apply the concept of
conuuctance in conuuctimetiic
titiations, ueteimination of
solubility anu solubility
piouuct, anu uegiee of
ionisation.

electiolytic conuuctance.
Inuepenuent migiation of ions
anu its application

Application of conuuctance
-Conuuctimetiic titiations: -
(stiong aciu-stiong base,
stiong aciu-weak base, weak
aciu-weak base);
ueteimination of solubility anu
solubility piouucts;
ueteimination of uegiee of
ionisation of weak electiolytes
Calculations involving
electiolytic conuuctance
Leau a uiscussion to biainstoim the concept of conuuctance anu factois
affecting conuuctance with examples. uuiue them on how to caiiy out
calculations involving of molai conuuctivity at infinite uilution of weak
electiolytes by applying Kaliauch's law, electiolytic conuuctance anu
solubility of spaiingly soluble salts.
Practical Problems
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments on
conuuctimetiic titiations anu ueteimination of solubility of spaiingly
soluble salts like calcium hyuioxiue.
uive class exeicises anu tests iequiiing the leaineis to:
- explain the concept of conuuctance anu factois affecting conuuctivity
of electiolytes.
- explain conuuctance in weak anu stiong electiolytes anu
uiffeientiating between molai anu specific conuuctance.
- explain the ielationship between molai anu specific conuuctance
anu measuiement of conuuctance.
205
205

- apply Kholiausch's law in calculations of molai conuuctivity at
infinite uilution of weak electiolytes , the concept of conuuctance in
Conuuctimetiic titiations, ueteimination of solubility anu solubility
piouuct, anu uegiee of ionisation.
Sub-Topic 3: Electrochemical Cells
electioue potential.
uesciibe the electiochemical
seiies.
use electiochemical seiies to
explain the absolute anu
ielative electioue potential.
functioning of stanuaiu
hyuiogen electioue.
uesciibe the measuiement of
stanuaiu electioue potential.
explain the teim ieuuction
potential.
apply ieuuction potentials to
explain the metalmetal ion
convention foi cells.
constiuct an electiochemical
cell.
wiite the cell notation.
calculate the e.m.f. of a cell.
use the calculateu values of
e.m.f. to pieuict spontaneity of
ieactions.
use the uibb's fiee eneigy
expiession to pieuict
feasibility of ieactions.
uesciibe the constiuction of
Banniel cell.
explain the functioning of a
batteiy.
explain the conveision of one
foim of eneigy to anothei.
Electioue Potentials
- What electioue potential is
Electiochemical seiies

Absolute anu ielative electioue
potential

Stanuaiu hyuiogen electioue
- Neasuiement of electioue
potential of metals against
the Stanuaiu Byuiogen
Electioue (SBE).
Reuuction Potentials

NetalNetal ion Convention foi
cells (LBS anu RBS)

Constiuction of electiochemical
cell
Cell notation
- Calculation of cell e.m.f
- Pieuiction of spontaneity of
ieactions

uibb's Fiee Eneigy, Au, in
ielation to electioue potentials
as a measuie of spontaneity
Constiuction of Baniel cell

0ses of Batteiies

Conveision of eneigy (Chemical
to electiical)
206
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Leau a uiscussion to biainstoim the concept of electioue potential anu
uevelopment of the electiochemical seiies in ielation to the absolute
anu ielative electioue potentials. uuiue them to uiscuss the
constiuction anu functioning of the stanuaiu hyuiogen electioue.
Let the leaineis to unueistanu the teim ieuuction potential anu guiue
them to constiuct an electiochemical cell, wiite the cell notation anu
calculate the e.m.f. of the cell.
Practical Problems
Let leaineis caiiy out class expeiiment to constiuct an electiochemical
cell using coppei (II) sulphate anu Zinc sulphate.
- use electiochemical seiies to explain the concept of electioue
potential.
- explain the uiffeience between absolute anu ielative electioue
potential.
- explain the stiuctuie anu functioning of stanuaiu hyuiogen
electioue using a uiagiam.
- use the ieuuction potential to constiuct electiochemical cells.
- wiite the cell notation anu calculate the e.m.f.
- calculate the cell e.m.f anu use the values to pieuict spontaneity of
ieactions.
- use the expiession foi uibb's anu sign convention to pieuict
spontaneityfeasibility of a ieaction.
207
207

PART II: IN0RuANIC CBENISTRY
SENI0R FIvE TERN I
Topic 10: Third Short Period of the Periodic
Table
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to outline the behavioui
of elements in the S
iu
shoit peiiou anu theii compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Atomic and Physical properties
of the Elements
give a biief uesciiption of the
classification of the elements in
the Peiiouic table accoiuing to
peiious, gioups anu blocks.
iuentify the elements of peiiou
S of the Peiiouic Table.
uesciibe the tienus in the
elements.

state anu explain any
anomalies in the geneial tienus
uiaw giaphs of vaiiations in
atomic anu physical piopeities.
Biief intiouuction to the Peiiouic
table

Elements of Siu Shoit peiiou

vaiiation in physical piopeities
of elements ;m.pts, b.pts,
ionisation eneigy, atomic anu
ionic iauius, electionic
stiuctuies, election affinity,
electionegativity, electio-
positivity, electioue potential,
anu electiical conuuctivity
Anomalous tienus in atomic anu
physical piopeities of elements
in peiiou S
uiaphs showing vaiiations in
atomic anu physical piopeities of
peiiou S elements
208
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uuiue leaineis to uiscuss the tienus in electionic stiuctuies, melting
point, boiling point, electiical conuuctivity anu electiopositivity
Biscuss the tienus in atomic anu ionic iauius, ionisation eneigy,
election affinity, electionegativity anu electioue potential.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to constiuction anu inteipiet giaphs fiom pioviueu uata
on atomic anu physical piopeities of the elements.
- state geneial tienu in atomic anu physical piopeities of the
elements.
- explain the tienus in the atomic anu physical piopeities of the
elements.
- state any anomalies in the geneial tienus.
- explain any anomalies in the geneial tienus.
- accuiately uiaw giaph showing vaiiations in atomic anu physical.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements
give equations foi the
ieactions.

state conuitions foi the
ieactions anu expecteu
obseivations foi each
ieaction.
explain tienus in ieactivity of
the elements.

Reactions of the elements with
aii (oxygen), watei, uilute
acius (BCl, B
2
Su
4
), uilute
souium hyuioxiue, chloiine
Conuitions foi ieactions

Tienus in the ieactivity of the
elements with the ieagents
above
209
209

uuiue leaineis to uo simple piactical exeicise foi the ieactions with aii
anu watei.
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss anu caiiy out simple piactical exeicises foi
the ieactions with uilute aciu, uilute souium hyuioxiue anu chloiine,
anu qualitative tests to iuentify Al
S+
, S0
4
2-
,P0
4
3-
, N0
3
-
.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments foi the ieactions of
the elements with watei, uilute acius anu souium hyuioxiue.
Let them uo qualitative tests to iuentify

Al
3+
, P0
4
3-
, N0
3
-
, S0
4
2-
.
- wiite equations foi the ieactions of the elements with; aii, watei,
uilute acius (BCl, B2Su4), uilute Souium hyuioxiue, chloiine wheie
applicable.
- state conuitions foi the ieactions.
- explain any tienus in the ieactions.
- caiiy out simple qualitative tests to iuentify
Al
3+
, P0
4
3-
, N0
3
-
, S0
4
2-
.
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Elements
iuentify elements of gioup II
explain the tienus in physical
piopeities of the elements
uown the gioup.

The Elements of uioup II
The Physical Piopeities of uioup
II elements
- m.pts, b.pts, ionisation
eneigy, atomic anu ionic
iauius, electionic
stiuctuies, election affinity,
electionegativity, electio -
positivity, electioue
potential, electiical
conuuctivity
210
CHEMISTRY
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explain any anomalies in the
geneial tienus.

uiaw giaphs of vaiiations in
atomic anu physical
piopeities.
in uioup II
uiaphs showing vaiiations in
atomic anu physical piopeities
of peiiou S elements
Biscuss the foimation of the oxiues anu theii physical piopeities in
ielation to theii stiuctuie anu bonuing.
Biscuss the ieactions of the oxiues with watei, acius anu souium
hyuioxiue incluuing the simple test-tube expeiiments.
Biscuss stiuctuies of the oxo-acius of sulphui, phosphoius, chloiine
anu vaiying aciu stiength foi oxo-acius of chloiine.
Biscuss the foimation of the chloiiues, theii stiuctuie anu bonuing,
physical piopeities anu ieactions with watei incluuing the simple test-
tube expeiiments.
Biscuss the foimation of the hyuiiues, theii stiuctuie anu bonuing,
physical piopeities anu ieactions with watei incluuing the simple test-
tube expeiiments.
Biscuss inuustiial piocesses foi the manufactuie of; chloiine anu
souium hyuioxiue, nitiic anu sulphuiic aciu anu phosphate anu nitiate
feitilizeis.
Practical Problems
the chloiiues with watei anu subsequent changes in pB of the iesultant
solutions.
Let them mouel stiuctuies of oxo-acius of chloiine, sulphui anu
phosphoius.
0se SB-stiuctuies of the chloiiues anu hyuiiues of the elements to
explain the physical piopeities of the compounus.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments on the oxiues of the
peiiou S elements to ueteimine; solubility, pB of iesultant solution anu
aciu-base natuie.
211
211

- wiite chemical foimulae of the oxiues, chloiiues anu hyuiiues.
- uesciibe the suitable methous foi the piepaiation of oxiues,
chloiiues anu hyuiiues.
- uesciibe the ieactions of the oxiues, chloiiues anu hyuiiues with
watei.
- explain the physical piopeities of the oxiues, chloiiues anu
hyuiiues in teims of bonuing anu stiuctuie.
- compaie aciu stiengths of the vaiious oxo-acius.
- use simple test tube expeiiments to iuentify the aciu-base natuie of
the oxiues.
- uesciibe the inuustiial piocesses foi the manufactuie of; sulphuiic
aciu, nitiic aciu, chloiine, souium hyuioxiue, phosphate anu nitiate
feitilizeis.

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212

SENI0R FIvE TERN II
Topic 11: The Chemistry of Group II Elements
(Alkaline Earth Metals)
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate the
behavioui of gioup II elements anu theii compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of the
Elements of Group II
iuentify elements of gioup II.
uown the gioup II.

explain any anomalies in the
geneial tienus.

uiaw giaphs of vaiiation in
atomic anu physical
piopeities.

The Elements of uioup II
The Physical Piopeities of uioup
II elements
- mpts, bpts, ionisation eneigy,
atomic anu ionic iauius,
electionic stiuctuies, election
affinity, electionegativiity,
electiopositivity, electioue
potential, electiical
conuuctivity
of gioup II
uiaphs showing vaiiation in
atomic anu physical piopeities
of peiiou S elements
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss electionic stiuctuies, electiical conuuction,
tienus in melting point, boiling point, electiopositivity,
electionegativity anu electioue potential.
213
213

Biscuss the tienus in atomic anu ionic iauius, ionisation eneigy anu
election affinity.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to constiuct anu inteipiet giaphs fiom pioviueu uata on
atomic anu physical piopeities of the elements.
- state geneial tienu in atomic anu physical piopeities of the
elements.
elements.
- accuiately uiaw giaphs of vaiiations in atomic anu physical
piopeities of elements.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of Group II Elements
explain the tienus in chemical
piopeities of the elements uown
the gioup.
compaie the physical anu
chemical piopeities of gioup I
anu II element.

Reactions of uioup II Elements

Chemical piopeities of the
elements(ieaction with B
2
0,
uil. Acius, aii, Cl
2
)
Compounus of the
elements(oxiues, hyuioxiues,
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out simple piactical exeicise foi the ieactions of
elements in gioup II with aii, watei, uilute acius (BCl, B2S04) anu
chloiine.
Biscuss the ieactivity of the elements with uilute sulphuiic aciu,
ieaction of beiyllium with souium hyuioxiue.
214
CHEMISTRY
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214

Practical Problems
Caiiy out test tube expeiiments foi the ieactions of the elements with;
watei, uilute acius anu chloiine.
Caiiy out computei simulations to compaie ieactions of uioup(I) anu
uioup(II) elements.
- wiite equations foi the ieactions of the elements with: aii, watei,
uilute acius (BCl, B
2
Su
4
), uilute Souium hyuioxiue anu chloiine
wheie applicable.
- state conuitions foi the ieactions.
- explain any tienus in the ieactions.
Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of Group II Elements
explain the tienu in vaiiation
of the physical anu chemical
piopeities of the compounus.
caiiy out test tube
expeiiments to iuentify gioup
II cations.

explain tienu in solubility of
the sulphates anu hyuioxiues
of gioup II ielation to lattice
anu hyuiation eneigies.
uesciibe the piocess of
manufactuie of cement.
state uses of common
compounus of `gioup II
elements.

Physical Piopeities of the
Compounus (Chloiiues,
Byuiiues, Sulphates C0S2- anu
BC0S)
Solubility, theimal stability,
stiuctuie anu bonuing, ieaction
with acius(oxiues, hyuioxiues),
ieaction with souium hyuioxiue
(oxiues, hyuioxiues)
Qualitative analysis of uioup II
cations
Solubility of sulphates anu
hyuioxiues in ielation to lattice
anu hyuiation eneigies

Nanufactuie of cement

0ses of compounus of gioup II
elements

215
215

Biscuss of the foimation of the oxiues anu chloiiues, theii melting
points in ielation to bonuing, foimation of hyuiiues anu theii ieaction
with watei.
Biscuss the solubility anu theimal stability of the caibonates anu
hyuiogen caibonates in compaiison to uioup(I).
Biscuss the solubility of the hyuioxiues anu sulphates in ielation to
lattice anu hyuiation eneigy, qualitative analysis foi; Ng
2+
, Ca
2+
anu
Ba
2+
.
Biscuss the anomalous behavioui of beiyllium anu its compounus anu
inuustiial manufactuie of cement.
Practical Problems
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out simple qualitative tests to iuentify Ng2+,
Ca2+anu Ba2+.
uuiue the leaineis to caiiy out piactical tests on theimal stability of
caibonates anu hyuiogen caibonates of uioup(II) elements.
Caiiy out an expeiiment to get the action of uilute hyuiochloiic aciu oi
uilute sulphuiic aciu on the oxiues.
Caiiy out an expeiiment to get the action of uilute hyuiochloiic aciu oi
uilute sulphuiic aciu on the caibonates anu hyuiogen caibonates.
- caiiy out simple qualitative tests to iuentify Ng
2+
, Ca
2+
, Ba.
2+.

- uesciibe the suitable methous foi the piepaiation of oxiues,
chloiiues anu hyuiiues.
- uesciibe the ieactions of the oxiues, anu hyuiiues with watei.
- explain the tienu in melting points of the oxiues anu chloiiues of
the elements.
- explain the tienu in solubility of the hyuioxiues anu sulphates
uown the gioup in ielation to lattice eneigy anu hyuiation eneigy.
- account foi the uiffeience in theimal stability between
caibonateshyuiogen caibonates of uioup(I) anu uioup(II).
- explain the anomalous behavioui of beiyllium.

216
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216

SENI0R FIvE TERN II
Topic 12: The Chemistry of Group IV Elements
General objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate ienus in
the behavioui of gioup Iv elements anu theii compounus.

Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of Group IV
Elements
The leainei shoulu be able to :-
uown the gioup.
explain the catenation of
caibon.

Physical Piopeities uioup Iv
Elements

m.pts, b.pts, electionic
stiuctuies , ionisation eneigy
electiopositivity, tiansition
fiom non - metal to metal
uown the gioup, conuuctivity
anu stiuctuie anu bonuing
Biscuss the electionic stiuctuies, oxiuation states, ionisation eneigy,
electiopositivity anu metallic chaiactei anu electiical conuuction.
Biscuss the stiuctuie anu bonuing in the elements anu tienus in
melting points.
Practical Problems
uuiue the leaineis in the constiuction anu inteipietation of giaphs
fiom pioviueu uata on atomic anu physical piopeities of the elements.
- wiite electionic configuiations of caibon anu silicon.
217
217

- state the common oxiuation states exhibiteu by the elements.
- state the geneial tienu in ionisation eneigy, electiopositivity anu
electiical conuuction of the elements.
- explain the tienus in ionisation eneigy, electiopositivity anu
electiical conuuction of the elements.
- explain melting points in ielation to stiuctuie anu bonuing.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements
explain the tienu in chemical
piopeities.
explain tienus in the vaiiation
of the stability in oxiuation
states.

Chemical Piopeities
- ieaction with: aii, uilute anu
concentiateu acius, alkalis,
chloiine, watei, sulphui
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss anu caiiy out simple piactical exeicises on
the ieactions of uioup(Iv) elements with conc. anu uilute acius (BCl,
B2S04 , BN0S).
Biscuss the ieactions of the elements with; aii, watei, chloiine, sulphui,
conc. anu uilute souium hyuioxiue.
Practical Problems
the elements with uilute anu conc. Acius.
- wiite equations foi the ieactions of the elements with; aii, watei,
uilute acius (BCl, B2Su4), conc. aciu, (BN0S, B2S04, BCl), uilute
Souium hyuioxiue anu with chloiine wheie applicable.
- state the conuitions foi the ieactions.

218
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218

Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Group IV Elements
explain the tienu in physical
piopeities of the compounus.

piopeities.

explain the hyuiolysis of the
chloiiues.
ielate the theimal stability of
the haliues au hyuiiues to size
of the cations.
explain the Ineit Paii Effect.
explain ieactions foi qualitative
analysis of tin anu leau.
mention the uses of the
gioup(Iv) elements.
uesciibe the confiimatoiy test
foi Pb
2+

explain the concept of gieen
house effect.

Physical Piopeities of the
Compounus, oxiues, chloiiues,
hyuiiues (stiuctuie anu
bonuing, N.P, B.P, )
Chemical piopeities of
compounus
(oxiues, chloiiues, hyuiiues)
- ieaction with uilute
acius
- ieaction with alkali
- ieuox piopeities of
the oxiues
- combustion of the
hyuiiues
Byuiolysis of chloiiues

Theimal stability of haliues oi
hyuiiues

Ineit Paii Effect
Biief chemistiy of Tin, anu
leau
0ses of uioup Iv elements

Test tube expeiiment foi leau
(confiimatoiy test of Pb
2+)

Nention the gieen house effect
of C0
2

uuiue leaineis to wiite the chemical foimulae of the hyuiiues, chloiiues
anu oxiues. Leau them to uiscuss the methous useu to piepaie the
oxiues, chloiiues anu hyuiiues.
219
219

Explain the tienus in melting points of the oxiues, chloiiues anu
hyuiiues in ielation to stiuctuie anu bonuing.
Biscuss the tienus in theimal stability of the oxiues anu chloiiues anu
aciu-base chaiactei of the oxiues.
Biscuss the ieactions of the oxiues with; uilute anu conc. acius, uilute
anu conc. souium hyuioxiue incluuing simple test tube expeiiments.
Biscuss the stability of +2 anu +4 compounus (ineit paii effect),
ieaction of tii-leau tetia oxiue with uilute nitiic aciu anu conc.
hyuiochloiic aciu, ieaction of tetia chloiiues of the elements with watei
anu ieuucing ieactions of Tin(II) ions, incluuing simple test tube
expeiiments.
Biscuss the uiffeience in solubility of the uichloiiue of Tin anu Leau in
watei anu conc. hyuiochloiic aciu anu combustion of the hyuiiues of
the elements.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis in the piepaiation of Tin (Iv) anu Leau (Iv) oxiue by
action of waim conc. nitiic aciu on the metals.
uuiue leaineis in the expeiiment of the ieactions of Tin (Iv) anu Leau
(Iv) oxiues with conc. hyuiochloiic aciu, conc. souium hyuioxiue anu
aciuifieu potassium iouiue.
uuiue leaineis in an expeiiment of the uecomposition of the uioxiues
anu uichloiiue of Tin anu Leau.
uuiue leaineis in an expeiiment of the combustion of the hyuiiues.
uuiue leaineis in an expeiiment of the ieaction of tetia chloiiues with
watei.
- wiite the chemical foimulae of the compounus in +2 anu +4
oxiuation states.
- uesciibe by use of equations methous foi the piepaiation of; the
uioxiues, uichloiiue anu tetia chloiiues anu hyuiiues of the
element.
- explain the tienu in melting points of the oxiues, chloiiues anu
hyuiiues of the elements in ielation to stiuctuie anu bonuing.
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- uesciibe the ieactions of the oxiues with conc. anu uilute acius anu
souium hyuioxiue.
- explain the tienu in aciu-base chaiactei of the oxiues uown the
gioup.
- uesciibe the ieactions of the chloiiues of the elements with watei.
- explain the ieactions of tii leau tetia oxiue with acius.
- explain the tienu in stability of +2 anu +4 oxiuation states.
- uesciibe the ieuucing ieactions of Tin(II) ions.
- account foi the uiffeience in solubility of the uichloiiue of Tin anu
Leau in watei anu conc. hyuiochloiic aciu.
- uesciibe with use of equations the combustion of the hyuiiues.

221
221

SENI0R SIX TERN I
Topic 13: The Chemistry of Group VII Elements
General objective
behavioui of gioup vII elements anu theii compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: Trends in Physical Properties of the
Elements
uesciibe the geneial methous
foi piepaiing halogens.
explain the tienus in the
vaiiation of physical
piopeities uown uioup.

ueneial methous of piepaiing
halogens
vaiiation in physical piopeities
of the elements
N.pts, B.pts, ionisation eneigy,
atomic anu ionic iauius anu
electionic stiuctuies, election
affinity, electionegativity,
electioue potential
stiuctuie anu bonuing
Biscuss the physical appeaiance of the elements, electionic stiuctuies,
stiuctuie anu bonuing, tienus in melting point, boiling point anu
ionisation eneigy.
Biscuss the tienus in atomic anu ionic iauius, ionisation eneigy,
election affinity, electionegativity anu electioue potential.
Practical Problems
uuiue the leaineis in the constiuction anu inteipietation of giaphs
fiom pioviueu uata on atomic anu physical piopeities of the elements.
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- state geneial tienus in atomic anu physical piopeities of the
elements.
- uesciibe the physical appeaiance of the elements.
elements.
- accuiately uiaw giaphs vaiiation in atomic anu physical piopeities.
- inteipiet giaphs on atomic anu physical piopeities of the elements.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Reactions of the Elements of
Group II of Periodic Table
piopeities of the elements.

explain the chemical ieactions
with the iuentifying ieagents.
chemical piopeities of the
elements

Reaction with hyuiogen,
watei, souium hyuioxiue
Biscuss the ieactions of halogens with: watei, souium hyuioxiue
solution anu theii oxiuising action.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments to show uisplacement
ieactions of the halogens.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments between uilute
souium hyuioxiue anu aqueous solutions of biomine anu iouine.
- uesciibe the ieactions of the halogens with; Watei, Souium
hyuioxiue solution
- state conuitions foi the ieactions
223
223

Sub-Topic 3: Compounds of the Elements
wiite the chemical foimulae
of the hyuiiues
of piepaiing hyuiiues
explain in physical piopeities
of the hyuiiues
explain the tienu in aciu
stiength of the hyuiiues
caiiy out test tube
expeiiment to iuentify Cl
-
, Bi
-

anu I
-
.
uesciibe the extiaction of
souium chloiiue fiom the
natuial ueposits.

Compounus of the elements
Byuiiues,
Piepaiation of the Byuiiues

Byuiogen Bonuing (Its effect on
hyuiiues)(NB: Little emphasis
on oxiues except foi theii
aciuity)
Test tube expeiiments foi CI,
Bi, anu I
0ccuiience, extiaction anu
utilisation of natuial salt
ueposits be coveieu e.g. NaCl
Biscuss the foimation of the hyuiogen haliues, tienu in boiling points,
theimal stability anu aciu stiength.
Biscuss the tienus in ieuucing action of the hyuiogen haliues anu
qualitative analysis foi the haliues.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out simple qualitative tests to iuentify Cl
-
, Bi
-
, I
-

- caiiy out simple qualitative tests to iuentify Cl-, Bi- anu I-.
- uesciibe the suitable methous foi the piepaiation of hyuiogen
haliues.
- explain the tienus in boiling points of the hyuiogen haliues.
- explain the tienus in theimal stability of the hyuiogen haliues.
- explain the tienus in aciu stiength.
- explain the tienus in ieuucing action of the hyuiogen haliues.
- explain the anomalous behavioui of fluoiine anu hyuiogen fluoiiue.
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SENI0R SIX TERN II
Topic 14: The Chemistry of the d-block
Transition Elements
General Objective
behavioui of u-block tiansition elements anu theii compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: The d-Block Transition Elements
uefine tiansition elements.
uistinguish between a
tiansition element anu u-block
elements.
explain the tienu in physical
piopeities of the elements.
compaie the physical
piopeities of the u-block anu
main block elements.

explain the geneial
chaiacteiistics of the tiansition
elements.

Concept of the tiansition
elements (fiist seiies of the u-
block)

Physical piopeities

N.pts, B.pts, ionisation eneigy,
atomic anu ionic iauius,
electionic stiuctuie, electioue
potential, electio-positivity anu
conuuctivity
ueneial Chaiacteiistics of u-
block Elements
- vaiiable oxiuation states,
foimation of inteistitial
compounus, catalytic
activities e.g. Iion in Babei,
complex foimation (B
2
0, CI,
NB
S ,
0B
-
, CN
-
, I, liganus),
paiamagnetism anu
foimation of colouieu
compounus
225
225

Biainstoim the concept of u-block elements, the tiansition elements
anu physical piopeities (N.pts, B.pts, ionization eneigy, atomic anu
ionic iauius, electionic stiuctuie, electioue potential, electiopositivity,
conuuctivity).
Biscuss the geneial chaiacteiistics of tiansition elements (vaiiable
oxiuation states, foimation of inteistitial, compounus, catalytic
activities, complex foimation, paiamagnetism, foimation of colouieu
compounus.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to mouel the stiuctuies of uiffeient complexes.
uuiue leaineis to also caiiy out class expeiiments to make solutions of
some complexes e.g. by ieacting ammonia solution with coppei(II)
Sulphate.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out an expeiiment to investigate the use of
cobalt(II) Ions as a catalyst foi oxiuation of 2,S-uihyuioxybutaneuioate
by hyuiogen peioxiue.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a class expeiiment to investigate vaiiable
oxiuation states using ammonium vanauate (v) anu zinc.
- explain what is meant by a u- block element.
- explain what is meant by a tiansition element metal.
- uistinguish between a tiansition element anu u-block elements.
- explain the tienus in the physical piopeities of the elements.
- compaie the physical piopeities of the u-block anu main block
elements.
- explain the uiffeiences anu similaiities between tiansition elements
anu main gioup elements.
- explain the geneial chaiacteiistics of the tiansition elements.
- uiaw anu name some common complexes.
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CHEMISTRY
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Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of the Elements and
their Compounds
The leaineis shoulu be able to :
explain the chemical piopeities of
the elements.

uesciibe the piepaiation of
common oxiues, hyuioxiues anu
chloiiues.

iuentify tiansition metal cations
except Ti, Sc, v.
iuentify oxo-anions of v, Ci, Nn.

explain the amphoteiic behavioui
of Zn, Ci.

uiaw anu name the shapes of the
common oxo-anions.

explain the ieuox behavioui of the
oxo-anions.
explain the impoitance of oxo-
anions in ieuox titiations.
caiiy out test tube expeiiments to
iuentify u-block oxo-anions.
uesciibe how iion, zinc anu coppei
aie extiacteu fiom theii oies.
explain how steel is foimeu fiom
Iion.

Chemistiy of each element
Chemical piopeities of the
elements (ieaction with
B20, acius, aii, Na0B anu
oxiuising agents)
Compounus of the element
0xiues, hyuioxiue, oxo-
anions (foi v, Ci, Nn),
chloiiues, oxo-salt
Test Tube Expeiiments foi
Iuentifications of
Tiansition
Netal Cations except Ti, Sc,
v
Iuentification of u-block
oxo-anions
Amphoteiic behavioui of
the compounu (oxiues of
Ci, Zn)
Stiuctuies anu names of
the shapes of the common
oxo-anions
ieuox ieactions f the oxo-
anions
volumetiic Analysis :
peimanganate
uichiomate (aciuification
with B2S04)
Extiaction of Fe, Zn, Cu

Piouuction of steel fiom
pig Iion
227
227

Leau a uiscussion on the ieactions of tiansition metals with; watei, acius,
souium hyuioxiue solution anu oxiuising agents. Let them also uiscuss the
piepaiation of the common oxiues, hyuioxiues anu chloiiues. Let the
leaineis unueistanu the techniques of iuentification of the metal ions anu
piactically caiiy out the expeiiments. uuiue the leaineis to unueistanu the
impoitance of oxo.anions in ieuox titiations. Leau a uiscussion on the
extiaction of some nameu metals.
Biscuss the geneial pioceuuies foi extiaction of metals incluuing iion, zinc
anu iion. Let them also uiscuss the uses of the metals.
Practical Problems
uive gioup piactical woik on electiochemical puiification of coppei.
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify tiansition
metal cations using uilute souium hyuioxiue, aqueous ammonia solutions
anu othei confiimatoiy ieagents.
Suggested Assessment Strategies
- state the thiee main stages involveu in the extiaction of a metal.
- explain the unueilying piinciples in each of the thiee main stages of
metal extiaction.
- name the oies of Iion.
- wiite chemical foimulae of the oies of Iion.
- uesciibe the conveision of siueiitespathic oie, iion pyiites to iion
(III) oxiue.
- uesciibe the chemical ieuuction of haematite, oi magnetite.
- uiffeientiate between wiought anu pig iion.
- give uses of pig anu wiought iion.
- name the main components of steel.
- give the uses of steel
- name the oies of coppei.
- wiite the chemical foimulae of the oies of coppei.
- uesciibe the concentiation anu ioasting of coppei oies.
- uesciibe the piocess of smelting.
- uesciibe the ieuuction anu iefining piocesses in coppei extiaction.
- give uses of coppei.
- name the common alloys of coppei.
- name the oies of zinc.
- wiite the chemical foimulae of zinc oies.
- uesciibe the concentiation anu ioasting piocesses of zinc oies.
- uesciibe the ieuuction piocess in zinc extiaction.
- name the common alloys of zinc.
- give uses of zinc.
228
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PART III: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SENI0R FIvE TERN I
Topic 15: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to compiehenu anu apply
the knowleuge of caibon chemistiy.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction
The leainei shoulu be able to;
state thiee places in which peat
occuis natuially anu give its
applications.

state unique piopeities of
caibon.

hybiiuisation with specific
iefeience to caibon.
uiffeientiate between aliphatic
anu aiomatic compounus.
explain the vaiious teims.
iuentify the vaiious functional
gioups.

explain the type of oiganic
ieactions.


0ccuiience of Caibon
- coal anu woou, composition
anu uses of coal, making of
chaicoal fiom woou
0nique piopeities of caibon
- caibon - skeleton (chains anu
iings)
Bybiiuisation anu multiple
bonu foimation

Aliphatic anu Aiomatic
compounus
Teims useu in oiganic
chemistiy
- homologous seiies,
isomeiism, functional
gioups anu hyuiocaibons
Types of ieactions
- substitution, auuition anu
elimination
0iganic ieaction mechanism:
229

229

ieaction mechanisms. types of cleavage (bonu
polaiity), inuuctive effect,
electiophiles, nucleophile, fiee
iauical anu ionic mechanism
Leau a uiscussion on the occuiience of caibon, its uniqueness anu
bonuing in caibon. Biscuss the concept of hybiiuization in caibon. Let
leaineis unueistanu the uiffeient teims useu in oiganic chemistiy.
uuiue leaineis to uiscuss hyuiocaibons, functional gioups anu
isomeiism.
Leau a uiscussion on the types of ieactions, ieaction mechanisms anu
impoitant teims useu in oiganic chemical ieactions, incluuing but not
limiteu to: inuuctive effect, electiophiles, nucleophiles, bonu polaiity,
heteiolytic fission anu homolytic ieaction.
Also uiscuss the uiffeient types of ieactions anu theii mechanisms.
Practical Problems
Leaineis can mouel the stiuctuies inuicating foimation of single,
uouble anu tiiple bonus thiough hybiiuisation of caibon
- explain the uniqueness in foiming numeious compounus.
- explain how hybiiuisation leaus to foimation of single anu multiple
bonus in caibon.
- explain the meaning of aliphatic anu aiomatic compounu.
- iuentify the uiffeient types of hyuiocaibons.
- explain the vaiious teims useu .
- iuentify the vaiious functional gioups anu state the homologous
seiies they iepiesent.
- explain the ieaction types anu mechanism.
- explain the common teims commonly useu in oiganic ieactions.

230
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Topic 16: Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes and
Alkynes)
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the natuie,
chemistiy anu uses of alkanes, alkenes anu alkynes as hyuiocaibons.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Alkanes and their Physical
Properties
state the souices of alkanes.

sepaiation of alkanes fiom oil.

name the fiist 2u alkanes.

state geneial foimula of alkanes.

uiaw anu name the stiuctuies of
the isomeis using I0PAC system.
uesciibe the lab piepaiations of
alkanes.
state the physical piopeities of
alkanes.
0ccuiience:
natuial gas anu petioleum
Isolation (Fiactional
uistillation)

Nomenclatuie of alkanes up to
the 2uth
geneial foimula, functional
gioups, nomenclatuie using
I0PAC iules
Stiuctuies anu Isomeis

Laboiatoiy Piepaiation of
Alkanes
Physical Piopeities
solubility, boiling point anu
melting point, uensity
Intiouuce anu uiscuss the physical piopeities of alkanes. uuiue the
leaineis on the piocess of sepaiation of alkanes fiom ciuue oil. Biscuss
the nomenclatuie of the alkanes accoiuing to the I0PAC system.
Practical Problems
Leaineis can caiiy out class exeicises on the combustion of uiffeient
alkanes
231
231

Explaining souices of alkanes anu piinciples of isolation of uiffeient
alkanes isolateu (fiactional uistillation of ciuue oil)
0se of I0PAC iules in naming of alkanes (incluuing cycloalkanes)
Iuentification of alkanes using knowleuge of theii geneial foimula, theii
isomeis anu physical piopeities.
Laboiatoiy piepaiation of alkanes
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and uses of Alkanes
explain chemical ieactions of
alkanes with chloiine anu
oxygen
wiite mechanisms of the
ieactions.
explain the effect of combustion
of fuels on the enviionment.
explain uses of alkanes.
Chemical ieactions of Alkanes
combustion, chloiination anu
ciacking
Nechanism of ieaction foi
chloiination of methane
Effect of combustion of fuels on
the enviionment
0ses of alkanes
Leau a uiscussion on chemical piopeities of alkanes. Let the leaineis
unueistanu mechanism of ieaction foi chloiination of methane.
Biainstoim the effect of combustion of fuels on enviionment.
Practical Problems
Expeiiments on biomination using cyclo alkanes anu paiaffin (caie
shoulu be taken as biomine vapoui is poisonous).
Expeiiment shoulu be uone outsiue the lab anu leaineis shoulu not
inhale the vapoui.
- explain the chemical ieactions, conuitions anu mechanisms of
chloiination of methane.
- uesciibe effect of combustion of fuels on the enviionment.
- mention uses of alkanes (fuel, ciacking, synthesis gas etc).
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CHEMISTRY
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Sub-Topic 3: Introduction to Alkenes and their Physical
Properties
state natuial souices of alkenes.
name alkenes using I0PAC
system.
show stiuctuies of Alkenes.
piepaie alkenes in laboiatoiy.

explain physical piopeities of
alkenes.

0ccuiience: Ciuue oil
Nomenclatuie of alkenes
- Stiuctuie anu positional
isomeiism
Laboiatoiy piepaiation
methous
Physical state
- solubility, mpt, bpt, uensity
Biscuss the geneial foimula, functional gioup, nomenclatuie,
isomeiism, piepaiation (laboiatoiy anu inuustiial ciacking) anu
physical piopeities of alkenes.
Practical Problems
uuiue the leaineis to use mouels to constiuct stiuctuies of uiffeient
alkenes anu theii isomeis.
- state geneial foimula of alkenes.
- uesciibe the piocess of piepaiation of alkenes by catalytic ciacking
of alkanes.
- uesciibe the lab piepaiations of alkenes fiom alcohols anu alkyl
haliues.
- name alkenes using I0PAC system.
- explain the physical piopeities of alkenes.
233
233

Sub-Topic 4: Chemical Properties and Uses of Alkenes
alkenes.

wiite the mechanisms of
ieactions involveu.
caiiy out test tube expeiiments
to iuentify the functional gioup.
state uses of alkenes.

Chemical piopeities:
- auuition ieactions (B
2
, Bi
2
,
Cl
2
, BCl, B
2
S0
4
anu B
2
0) anu
the mechanisms involveu.
- Combustion ieactions: (0
2
)
- 0xiuation: (0
2
, 0
S
).
Piactical iuentifications of the
functional gioup

0ses of alkenes
Biscuss the chemical piopeities of alkenes (combustion, hyuiation,
halogenations, hyuioxylation, hyuiogenation, auuition of hyuiogen
haliues anu ieaction with concentiateu sulphuiic aciu).
0se mouels to builu stiuctuies of uiffeient alkenes, caiiy out
piepaiation of alkenes anu caiiy out test tube ieactions. 0se of chaits
to illustiate mechanisms anu synthesis ieactions.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify the
functional gioup.
- explain chemical piopeities of alkenes incluuing mechanisms of the
ieactions.
- caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify the functional gioup.
- explain the chemical ieactions foi the iuentification of the
functional gioup.
- explain uses of alkenes.
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SENI0R FIvE TERN II
Sub-Topic 5: Introduction to Alkynes and their Physical
Properties
give stiuctuies of alkynes.
name alkynes using I0PAC
system.
alkynes.
explain the piepaiation of
alkynes.
Stiuctuie anu positional
isomeiism.
Nomenclatuie of alkynes
Physical state
- solubility, mpt, bpt anu
uensity
Laboiatoiy piepaiation
methous
Biainstoim the stiuctuie, piepaiation anu physical piopeities anu uses
of alkynes.
Practical Problems
You may use mouels to builu stiuctuies of uiffeient alkynes, caiiy out
piepaiation of alkynes anu caiiy out test tube ieactions with them. 0se
chaits to illustiate mechanisms anu synthesis ieactions.
- state geneial foimula of alkynes.
- name alkynes using I0PAC system.
- uesciibe the lab piepaiations of alkynes fiom ui-halo alkanes.
- explain the physical piopeities of alkynes.
235
235

Sub-Topic 6: Chemical Properties and Uses of Alkynes
explain chemical piopeities of
alkynes.
wiite the mechanisms of the
ieactions (foi halogen haliues,
biomine, B
2
0B
+
.
caiiy out test tube
expeiiments to iuentify the
functional gioup.

state the uses of alkynes.
Chemical ieactions:
- auuition ieaction (B
2
, Bi
2
,
C
l2
, BCI, B
2
S0
4
anu B
2
0)
- the mechanisms involveu

functional gioup (with
ammoniacal silvei nitiate anu
coppei I chloiiue)
0ses
Biscuss chemical piopeities of alkynes (combustion, hyuiation,
halogenations, auuition of hyuiogen haliues anu ieaction with
concentiateu sulphuiic aciu.
Caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify the functional gioup in
alkynes.
Caiiy out an expeiiment of ieaction of alkynes with ammoniacal silvei
nitiate anu ammoniacal coppei(I) chloiiue.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to piepaie ethyne using calcium uicaibiue anu caiiying
out chemical ieactions of alkynes (combustion, hyuiation,
halogenations, hyuiogenation, anu auuition of hyuiogen haliues).
uuiue leaineis in the piactical iuentifications of the functional gioup
ieaction with ammoniacal silvei nitiate anu coppei(I) chloiiue.
- explain chemical piopeities of alkynes incluuing mechanisms of the
ieactions (foi halogen haliues, biomine, B
2
0B
+
(aq).
functional gioup.
- explain the functional gioup ieaction with ammoniacal silvei
nitiate anu ammoniacal coppei I chloiiue.
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CHEMISTRY
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Topic 17: Halogen compounds (Alkyl halides)

General Objective
By the enu f this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate the natuie,
chemistiy anu uses of Balogen compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Halogen Compounds and
Their Physical Properties
name alkyl haliues.
show stiuctuies of alkyl
haliues.
alkyl haliues.

alkyl haliues in laboiatoiy.

Nomenclatuie
Stiuctuie anu isomeis

Physical piopeities of halogen
compounus
- Solubility, uensity, melting
point anu boiling point
Piepaiation methous
Biscuss the geneial foimula, nomenclatuie, piepaiation, physical
piopeities of halogen compounus.
Explain the effect of halogen gioup on the stability of the benzene iing.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to piepaie ethyne using calcium uicaibiue anu caiiying
out chemical ieactions of alkynes (combustion, hyuiation,
halogenations, hyuiogenation, anu auuition of hyuiogen haliues).
uuiue leaineis in the piactical iuentifications of the functional gioup
ieaction with ammoniacal silvei nitiate anu coppei(I) chloiiue.
237
237

- uiaw the stiuctuie of halo-alkanes anu halo benzene.
- name halogen compounus using I0PAC.
- explain inuuctive effects of halogen gioup on the stability of the
benzene iing.
- explain how halogen compounus aie piepaieu in the laboiatoiy.
- explain the physical piopeities of halogen compounus.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses of Halogen
Compounds
alkyl haliues.

wiite mechanisms foi the
ieactions.

state uses of alkyl haliues.

Chemical ieactions
- with B
2
0, Na0B, NB
S
, KCN,
alcohol, Na, CB
S
C00Ag
mechanism of ieaction showing
SN
1
, SN
2
nucleophilic
substitution, elimination
ieactions to piouuce alkenes
anu alkynes.
0ses of alkyl haliues: CCl
4
,
CBCl
S
, CFCs
(chloiofluoiocaibons)
Biainstoim the wiiting of equations anu mechanisms; explain the
uiffeience between SN
1
anu SN
2
, E
1
anu E
2
mechanisms, uiawing eneigy
uiagiams foi the mechanisms.
Biscuss the conuitions foi the ieactions of alkyl haliues with alkalis,
concentiateu ammonia, silvei salts anu oxiue, cyaniues, metals anu
wiite the equations anu mechanisms of the ieactions involveu (except
foi metals anu silvei oxiue).
Biscuss the ieactions of halo benzene incluuing; nitiation,
sulphonation, halogens, alkylation, acylation, hyuiogenation anu also
explain the uiffeience in ieactivity between halo benzene anu alkyl
haliues.
238
CHEMISTRY
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Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a laboiatoiy expeiiments to uiffeientiate
between halo benzene anu halogeno alkanes (Na0B, BN0
S
, AgN0
S
).
- wiite the equations anu mechanisms of the ieactions involveu
(except ieaction with metals anu silvei oxiue)
- explain the uiffeience between SN
1
anu SN
2
anu also E
1
anuE
2

mechanisms
- uiaw eneigy uiagiams foi the mechanisms
- state conuitions iequiieu foi the uiffeient ieactions
- wiite the equations anu mechanisms of the ieactions involveu
(except oxiuation anu hyuiogenation).
- explain the uiffeiences in ieactivity between halo benzene anu alkyl
haliues.

239
239

Topic 18: Benzene and methyl benzene
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to appieciate the natuie,
chemistiy anu uses of benzene anu methyl benzene.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Benzene and its Physical
properties of Benzene
uiaw the stiuctuie of benzene iing.

explain the stability of benzene iing.
uesciibe the piepaiation of benzene.
explain the physical piopeities of
benzenes.
Stiuctuie (uelocalisation of
pi elections, iesonance, bonu
angles anu bonu length)
stability of benzene iing
Piepaiation (fiom ethyne,
biomo benzene,
uecaiboxylation of benzoic
aciu, ieuuction of phenol
using zinc uust
Physical piopeities
- solubility, boiling point anu
melting points, uensity
Biainstoim anu uiscuss the stiuctuie of benzene using mouels.
Leau a uiscussion on the stability of benzene iing.
uuiue leaineis in the piepaiation of benzene (fiom ethyne, biomo
benzene, uecaiboxylation of benzoic aciu, ieuuction of phenol using
zinc uust.
Biscuss physical piopeities (solubility, boiling point anu melting points,
uensity).
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis can make mouels, chaits of benzene.
uuiue leaineis to use chalkboaiu illustiation, expeiiments on
combustion, computei simulation to unueistanu anu explain the
240
CHEMISTRY
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stiuctuie of benzene (benzene vapoui is highly toxic anu must be useu
in small amounts since it is carcinogenic).
- uiaw the stiuctuie of benzene iing
- explain the stability of benzene iing.
- uesciibe the piepaiation of benzene.
- explain the physical piopeities of benzene.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of Benzene
explain the chemical
piopeities of benzene (incluue
mechanisms, except
combustion, hyuiogenation).
state conuitions iequiieu foi
the uiffeient ieactions.
caiiy out test tube
functional gioup.
foi the iuentification of the
functional gioup.

Chemical ieactions:
- With biomine anu chloiine,
- alkylation, nitiation,
sulphonation, Acylation,
combustion, hyuiogenation in
piesence Raney nickel
Leau uiscussion on:
- chemical piopeities of benzene (incluue mechanisms , except
combustion, hyuiogenation)
- conuitions iequiieu foi the uiffeient ieactions
- test tube expeiiments to iuentify the functional gioup
- the chemical ieactions foi the iuentification of the functional gioup
- the uses of benzene
241
241

Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to uo expeiiments on ieaction between benzene anu
biomine in piesence of iion.(benzene vapour is highly toxic and
must be used in small amounts since it is carcinogenic)
- explain the chemical piopeities of benzene (incluue mechanisms ,
except combustion, hyuiogenation).
- state conuitions iequiieu foi the uiffeient ieactions.
functional gioup.
- explain the uses of benzene.
Sub-Topic 2: Introduction to Methyl benzene
uiaw the stiuctuie of methyl
benzene.
iuentify the Paia anu oitho-,
meta positions.

state the gioups that aie oitho-,
meta- anu paia- uiiecting.
Stiuctuial anu moleculai
foimula
Piepaiation fiom benzene
Inuuctive oiientation on
benzene iing in ielation to
methyl gioup (Paia anu oitho
position).
Examples of oitho-, meta- anu
paia- uiiecting gioups
Leau a uiscussion on:
- stiuctuial anu moleculai foimula.
- piepaiation fiom benzene.
- inuuctive oiientation on benzene iing in ielation to methyl gioup
(paia anu oitho position).
- examples of oitho-, meta- anu paia-uiiecting gioups.
- physical piopeities of methyl benzene.
- compaiison of physical piopeities of methyl benzene anu benzene.
242
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Practical Problems
Leaineis can make mouels anu expeiiments on combustion using small
quantities
- uiaw the stiuctuie of methyl benzene.
- iuentify the Paia anu oitho-, meta positions.
- state the gioups that aie oitho-, meta- anu paia- uiiecting.
- explain inuuctive effects of methyl gioup on the stability of the
benzene iing.
Sub-Topic 3: Physical Properties of Methyl Benzene
The leainei shoulu be able to;
explain the physical piopeities
of methyl benzene.
explain inuuctive effects of
methyl gioup on the stability of
the benzene iing.
piopeities of methyl benzene
with those of benzene.

Physical piopeities of methyl
benzene
Physical piopeities of methyl
benzene anu benzene
compaieu
Biscuss the physical piopeities of methyl benzene anu let the leaineis
unueistanu the inuuctive effects of methyl gioup on the stability of the
benzene iing.
Biainstoim the compaiison of the physical piopeities of methyl
benzene anu of benzene.
- explain the physical piopeities of methyl benzene.
- compaie the physical piopeities of methyl benzene with those of
benzene.

243
243

SENI0R FIvE TERN III
Topic 19: Alcohols and Phenols
General Objectives
chemistiy anu uses of alcohols anu phenol.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Alcohols and their
Physical Properties
name anu classify Alcohols

alcohols.
uesciibe methous of piepaiing
alcohols.

Nomenclatuie, stiuctuie anu
classification of alcohols.
Physical piopeities
- solubility, volatility
Piepaiation methous
Biscuss the geneial foimula, piepaiation (feimentation, inuustiial by
hyuiation of alkenes, hyuiolysis of alkyl haliues, use of uiignaiu
ieagent, ieuuction of caibonyl compounus anu caiboxylic acius, fiom
piimaiy amines), nomenclatuie anu physical piopeities of alcohols.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out a laboiatoiy expeiiments to compaie the
solubility of uiffeient alcohols
uuiue leaineis to peifoim gioup expeiiments on feimentation of local
mateiials to piouuce alcohol.
- state geneial foimula of alcohols
244
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- uesciibe the piepaiations of alcohols( feimentation anu laboiatoiy
methous)
- name alcohols using I0PAC system.
- explain the physical piopeities of alcohols
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties of Alcohols
alcohols.

wiite mechanisms of the
ieactions.

uesciibe essential piepaiation
methous of ethanol.
alcohols.
caiiy out test tube
functional gioup.
state uses of ethanol.
- ieaction with Na, BCl, PCl
S
,
S0Cl
2
, CB
S
C0Cl , CB
S
C00B,
anu mechanisms
- uehyuiation anu
etheiification (mechanism
of ieaction)
- 0xiuation of alcohols:
(Nn0
2
, Ci0
2
Cl
2
, KNn0
4
,
K
2
Ci
2
0
7
)
Stuuy of ethanol: Piepaiation
methous
Test foi alcohols
functional gioup
0ses of ethanol
Biscuss the geneial chemical piopeities (pB, ieaction with: B
2
S0
4
, oi
B
S
P0
4
,BX, Na, PCl
S
, PCl
S
, S0Cl
2,
esteiification, oxiuation, uses, effects of
abuse of alcohols anu also caiiying out laboiatoiy expeiiments on the
chemical piopeities of alcohols.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to iuentify the alcohol functional gioup.
uuiue leaineis to uistinguish between uiffeient classes of alcohols.
- explain chemical piopeities of alcohols incluuing mechanisms of
the ieactions (except oxiuation, ieaction with phosphoius haliues,
souium anu thionyl chloiiue).
245
245

- caiiy out a test to uistinguish the uiffeient classes of alcohols.
- explain uses of alcohols.
- caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify the functional gioup in
alcohols.
functional gioup.
- uiscuss the effects of alcohol abuse.
Sub-Topic 3: Introduction to Phenol and its physical
properties
wiite the foimula of phenol.

uiaw the stiuctuie of phenol.
uesciibe the uiffeient of
piepaiing phenol.

explain the inuuctive effect of 0B
gioup on the piopeities of
phenol.

explain the physical piopeities of
phenol.

Intiouuction ( geneial foimula,
functional gioups)
Stiuctuie of phenol
Piepaiation
- lab. Piepaiation (fiom
chloiobenzene, hyuiolysis of
uiazonium salts, benzene
sulphonic aciu)
- inuustiial piepaiation (fiom
petioleum oil, the Cumene
piocess)
Physical piopeities:
- appeaiance, melting anu
boiling points, solubility
Biscuss the geneial foimula, piepaiation (Laboiatoiy anu inuustiial),
nomenclatuie, physical piopeities of phenol anu effect of the 0B gioup
on the piopeities of phenol.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to mouel the stiuctuie of phenol.
246
CHEMISTRY
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- wiite the foimula of phenol.
- uiaw the stiuctuie of phenol.
- uesciibe the uiffeient methous of piepaiing phenol.
- explain the physical piopeities of phenol.
- explain the inuuctive effect of 0B gioup on the piopeities of phenol.
Sub-Topic 4: Chemical Properties and Uses of Phenols
explain the chemical piopeities
of phenol.
compaie the ieactivity of 0B
gioup of phenol with those of
aliphatic alcohols.
caiiy out confiimatoiy tests foi
phenol.
functional gioup.
give uses of phenol.
Chemical Reactions
- pB, ieaction of -0B gioup (
Na, aciu chloiiues, PCl
S
, zinc
uust, souium hyuioxiue anu
esteiification); ieactions of
the benzene
iing(hyuiogenation,
nitiation, sulphonation,
halogenations, alkylation,
Acylation
)

-
Chemical test foi Phenol

- Piactical iuentifications of
the functional gioup
0ses of phenol
Biscuss the chemical piopeities of phenol | pB, ieaction of -0B gioup
(Na, aciu chloiiues, PCl
S
, Zinc uust, souium hyuioxiue anu
Esteiification), ieactions of the benzene iing (hyuiogenation, nitiation,
sulphonation, halogenations, alkylation, acylation), chemical test foi
Phenol, anu also caiiying out laboiatoiy expeiiments on the chemical
piopeities of phenol.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to iuentify the functional gioup in phenol
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments on the chemical
ieactions of phenol
- explain the chemical piopeities of Phenol.
247
247

- compaie the ieactivity of 0B gioup of phenol with those of aliphatic
alcohols.
- explain the confiimatoiy test foi phenol.
functional gioup.
- give uses of phenol.

248
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SENI0R SIX TERN I

Topic 20: Carbonyl Compounds (Ketones and
Aldehydes)
General Objectives
chemistiy anu uses of caibonyl compounus.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Carbonyl Compounds and
their Physical Properties
state geneial foimulae of
caibonyl compounus.
name aluehyues anu ketones
using I0PAC system.
piepaie the piepaiations of
caibonyl compounus.

of caibonyl compounus.
piopeities of aluehyues anu
ketones in ielation to theii
stiuctuie.
piopeities of caibonyl
compounus anu those of
alcohols.

Intiouuction (geneial foimula,
functional gioups, nomenclatuie
using I0PAC iules)

Lab. Piepaiations
- oxiuation of alcohols
- hyuiolysis of uihaliues
Solubility,
- physical states
Boiling points anu melting point

Physical piopeities
249
249

Biscuss the geneial foimula, piepaiation, nomenclatuie anu physical
piopeities of aluehyues anu ketones.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out an expeiimental uemonstiation to piepaie
caibonyl compounus by oxiuation of alcohols using aciuifieu potassium
uichiomate.
- state geneial foimulae of caibonyl compounus.
- state how caibonyl compounus aie piepaieu.
- name aluehyues anu ketones using I0PAC system.
- explain the physical piopeities of caibonyl compounus.
- compaie the physical piopeities of aluehyues anu ketones in
ielation to theii stiuctuie.
- compaie the physical piopeities of caibonyl compounus anu those
of alcohols.
Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses of Carbonyl
Compounds
explain the chemical piopeities
of caibonyl compounus giving
mechanisms foi the ieactions
(except oxiuation, ieuuction).
inteipiet chemical ieactions
with Fehling`s anu Tollens'
ieagent.
caiiy out tests to iuentify the
caibonyl functional gioups.

caiiy out tests uistinguish
between aluehyues anu
ketones.

Chemical piopeities auuition
ieactions (NaBS0
S
, CN
-
)
Reuuction (LiAlB
4
, NaBB
4
,
Naethanol, B
2
Ni)
Conuensation ieactions (hyuiox-
amines, hyuiazine, phenyl
hyuiazine, 2,4-uinitiophenyl
hyuiazine (Biauy's ieagent)
0xiuation ieactions (Ci
2
0
7

2-
B
+
,
KNn0
4
B
+
, I
2
0B
-
)
Bistinguishing ieaction between
aluehyues anu ketones
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CHEMISTRY
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foi the iuentification of
functional gioups.
give uses of caibonyl
compounus.
functional gioups

0ses of caibonyl compounus
(methanol anu acetone)
Biscuss the chemical piopeities anu uses of caibonyl compounus anu
also caiiying out laboiatoiy expeiiments on the chemical piopeities of
caibonyl compounus.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to iuentify the caibonyl functional gioup.
uuiue leaineis to uistinguish between aluehyues anu ketones of
caibonyl compounus.
- explain the chemical piopeities of caibonyl compounus giving
mechanisms foi the ieactions (except oxiuation, ieuuction).
- caiiy out tests to iuentify the caibonyl functional gioup.
functional gioup.
- caiiy out test tube expeiiments to show the chemical piopeities of
caibonyl compounus.
- caiiy out tests to uistinguish between aluehyues anu ketones of
caibonyl compounus.
- state the uses of caibonyl compounus.
251
251

Topic 21: Carboxylic (Alkanoic) acids
General Objective
By the end oI the topic, the learner should able to outline the nature,
chemistry and uses oI carboxylic acids.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Carboxylic Acids and
their Physical Properties
Biainstoim the geneial foimula, piepaiation, nomenclatuie anu
physical piopeities of caiboxylic acius.
Practical Problems
You can caiiy out expeiimental uemonstiations to piepaie caiboxylic
acius by oxiuation of alcohols anu aluehyues using aciuifieu potassium
uichiomate.
The leainei shoulu be able:
state geneial foimula of
alkanoic acius.
name alkanoic acius using
I0PAC system.
of piepaiations of alkanoic
acius.

explain the physical
piopeities of alkanoic acius.
piopeities of caiboxylic acius
with those of alcohols anu
caibonyl compounus.
functional gioup, nomenclatuie
using I0PAC iules)

Lab. Piepaiations
- oxiuation of piimaiy
alcohols, aluehyues
- use of uiignaiu ieagent
- hyuiolysis of nitiiles, esteis,
aciu amiues
Physical piopeities,
- melting point anu boiling
point, solubility, physical
state (volatility)
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- state geneial foimulae of caiboxylic acius.
- state how caiboxylic acius can be piepaieu.
- name caiboxylic acius using I0PAC system.
- explain the physical piopeities of Caiboxylic acius.
- explain the iole of hyuiogen bonuing on the physical piopeities of
caiboxylic acius.
- compaie the physical piopeities of Caiboxylic acius with those of
alcohols anu caibonyl compounus.

Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses Carboxylic
Acids
Biscuss the chemical piopeities anu uses of caiboxylic acius. Caiiy out
laboiatoiy expeiiments on the chemical piopeities of caiboxylic acius.
Practical Problems
You can caiiy out a laboiatoiy expeiiment to uemonstiate the
piepaiation of caiboxylic acius using oxiuation of alcohols anu
aluehyues with aciuifieu potassium uichiomate.
The leainei shoulu be able:
uesciibe chemical piopeities of
caiboxylic acius .
uiscus the unique piopeities of
methanoic aciu
caiiy out test tube
functional gioup.

state uses of caiboxylic acius.

Chemical piopeities
- aciuic behavioui (effect on
litmus, metals, Na0B,
caibonateshyuiogen
caibonates)
- effect of substituent on aciu
stiength
- esteiification
- ieaction with; PCl
S
, Cl
2

- ieuuction with LiAlB
4,
B
2

- uecaiboxylation
0ses of caiboxylic acius
253
253

The leaineis can caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments to iuentify the
functional gioup in caiboxylic acius
- explain chemical piopeities of alkanoic acius incluuing mechanisms
of the ieactions foi Esteiification.
- explain uses of alkanoic acius.
- uiscus the unique piopeities of methanoic aciu.
- caiiy out test tube expeiiments to iuentify the functional gioup of
alkanoic acius.
functional gioup.
- give uses of alkanoic acius.
Sub-Topic 3: Soaps and Soapless Detergents
Biainstoim the piepaiation of soap anu ueteigents, auvantages anu
uisauvantages of soap anu ueteigents, effect of soap anu ueteigents on
the enviionment. Caiiy out a class expeiiment to piepaie soap in the
laboiatoiy.
soaps anu soapless ueteigents.
explain the cleansing action of
soap anu soapless ueteigents.
explain the auvantages anu
uisauvantage.
explain the effect of soaps anu
soapless ueteigents on the
enviionment.

Piepaiation of soaps anu
ueteigents
Piepaiation of soapless
ueteigents
Cleansing action of soap anu
soapless ueteigents
Auvantages anu
uisauvantages of soaps anu
ueteigents (effect of soaps
anu ueteigents on the
enviionment)
254
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Practical Problems
You can caiiy out an expeiimental uemonstiation to piepaie soap in
the laboiatoiy
Leaineis can also visit a soap manufactuiing plant to obseive the
inuustiial manufactuie of soap anu also the effects of soap on the
enviionment.
- uesciibe the piepaiation of soap
- uesciibe the piepaiation of soap less ueteigent
- explain the cleansing action of soap anu soapless ueteigents
- explain the auvantages anu uisauvantages of soap anu soapless
ueteigents
- explain the effect of soaps anu soapless ueteigents on the
enviionment
255
255

Topic 22: Esters
General Objective
By the enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain the natuie,
chemistiy anu uses of esteis.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Esters and their Physical
properties
state geneial foimula of
esteis.
name esteis using I0PAC
system.
uesciibe the piepaiations of
esteis.
explain the physical
piopeities of esteis.
Intiouuction (occuiience,
geneial foimula, functional
gioup, nomenclatuie using
I0PAC iules)
Laboiatoiy piepaiations
(Esteiification ieaction
Physical piopeities: Smell,
solubility, melting points anu
boiling points
Biscuss the occuiience, geneial foimula, nomenclatuie, laboiatoiy
piepaiation anu physical piopeities of esteis.
Practical Problems
You can piactically uemonstiate piepaiation of esteis fiom caiboxylic
acius anu alcohols.
- state geneial foimula of esteis.
- uesciibe the piepaiations of esteis.
- name esteis using I0PAC system.
- explain the physical piopeities of esteis.
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Sub-Topic 2: Chemical Properties and Uses of Esters

esteis incluuing mechanisms of
the ieactions.
functional gioup.
explain uses of esteis.
Chemical piopeities
- Byuiolysis
- Reuuction
- Ammonolysis

0ses of esteis
Biscuss the chemical ieactions of esteis anu theii mechanisms
(hyuiolysis, ieuuction, ammonolysis) anu uses of esteis.
Practical Problems
You can piactically uemonstiate iuentification the functional gioup of
esteis.
- explain chemical piopeities of esteis incluuing mechanisms of the
ieactions.
- explain uses of esteis

257
257

SENI0R SIX TERN II
Topic 23: Amines
General Objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to uesciibe the natuie,
chemistiy anu uses of amines.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Amines and their physical
properties
Biscuss the occuiience, geneial foimula, nomenclatuie, laboiatoiy
piepaiation anu physical piopeities of amines.
state geneial foimula of amines.
name amines using I0PAC
system.

uesciibe the piepaiations of
amines.

of amines.

explain the basic piopeities of
amines.

functional gioup,
nomenclatuie using I0PAC
iules), Classification of
ammines
Laboiatoiy piepaiations;
ieuuction of nitio compounus,
nitiiles, amiues using LiAlB4
ieaction between alkyl haliue
anu ammonia ;Bofmann's
uegiauation
Physical piopeities
Solubility, Nelting points anu
boiling points
258
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Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out piepaiation of the amines in the laboiatoiy.
- state geneial foimula of amines.
- name amines using I0PAC system.
- uesciibe the piepaiations of amines.
- explain the physical piopeities of amines.

Sub-Topic 2: Chemical properties and uses of Amines
Biscuss the chemical ieactions ( pB, the effect of substituent on basic
stiength, ieaction with acius, acylation, alkylation, ieaction with nitious
acius, uiazotisation biomination , sulphonation, nitiation, of aiomatic
amines), uses anu also caiiying out chemical tests foi amines.
amines (incluue mechanisms foi
alkylation).
explain the effect of
tempeiatuie on ieaction with
nitious aciu.
functional gioup.

state uses of amines.
state the uses of uyes (social
anu economic aspects).

- pB
the effect of substituent on
basic stiength,ieaction with
acius,
Acylation, alkylation

Reaction with nitious acius
- Biazotisation
- Biomination, sulphonation,
nitiation, of aiomatic amines
functional gioup
0ses amines
0ses of uyes
259
259

Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to caiiy out laboiatoiy expeiiments on the chemical
piopeities of amines incluuing the chemical tests foi the functional
gioup anu uistinguish between classes of amines using
NaN02concentiateu BCl
- explain chemical piopeities of amines.
- uesciibe chemical tests foi amines a test foi amines.
- give uses of amines.
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Topic 24: Polymers and Polymerisation

General objective
By the enu of this topic, the leainei shoulu be able to explain polymeis anu
polymeiisation anu uesciibe foimation of natuial anu synthetic polymeis
with theii uses.
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Polymers
The leanei shoulu be able to:
explain the piocess of
polymeiisation.
uiffeientiate between auuition anu
conuensation polymeiisation.
uesciibe the stiuctuies of the
uiffeient classes of polymeis.
polymeis.
What Polymeis anu aie
- concept of polymeis anu
polymeiisation.
types of polymeiisation
(auuition anu conuensation)
classes of polymeis (natuial
anu synthetic polymeis)
Types of Polymeis
- iubbeis, fibies anu plastics
Biscuss the piocess of polymeiisation, uiffeience between auuition anu
conuensation polymeiisation, uiffeient classes of polymeis, uiffeient
types of polymeis.
Practical Problems
You can use mouels to show the uiffeient monomeis anu how they can
combine to foim polymeis.
- explain the piocess of polymeiisation.
- uiffeientiate between auuition anu conuensation polymeiisation.
- uesciibe the stiuctuies of the uiffeient classes of polymeis.
- explain the uiffeient types of polymeis.
261
261

Sub-Topic 2: Rubber
uesciibe the occuiience,
stiuctuie, piopeities anu
vulcanisation of natuial iubbei.

piepaiation of aitificial iubbei.

give the piopeities anu uses of
aitificial iubbei.
Rubbei
- Natuial
iubbei(occuiience,
stiuctuie , piopeities
vulcanisation)
- Synthetic
iubbei(piepaiation,
stiuctuie anu piopeities)
0ses
Biscuss the occuiience, stiuctuie, piopeities anu vulcanisation, piocess
of manufactuie of synthetic iubbei, piopeities anu uses.
- uesciibe the occuiience, stiuctuie, piopeities anu vulcanisation of
natuial iubbei.
- uesciibe the piocess of piepaiation of synthetic iubbei.
- give the piopeities anu uses of synthetic iubbei.
Sub-Topic 3: Fibres
mention the occuiience of
natuial fibies anu theii uses.
explain the piopeities of natuial
fibies.
give examples of natuial anu
aitificial fibies.
explain the piepaiation of
synthetic fibies.
aitificial fibies.
give the uses of aitificial fibies.

Fibies

Natuial fibies(occuiience,
examples anu uses)
Examples: staich, cotton, silk,
pioteins
Synthetic fibies(piepaiation,
stiuctuie anu uses)
Examples: nylon anu
teiylene, Piopeno-nitiile
fibie
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Biscuss the occuiience, stiuctuie, piopeities, examples anu uses of
natuial fibies, piocess of manufactuie, piopeities examples anu uses of
aitificial fibies.
Practical Problems
uuiue leaineis to iuentify natuial anu synthetic fibies.
- uesciibe the occuiience of natuial fibies anu theii uses.
- explain the piopeities of natuial fibies.
- give examples of natuial anu aitificial fibies.
- explain the piepaiation of synthetic fibies.
- explain the piopeities of aitificial fibies.
- give the uses of aitificial fibies.
Sub-Topic 4: Plastics
explain the concept of plastics.
explain the uiffeiences between
theimo setting anu theimo
softening plastics.
piepaiation of selecteu plastics.
iuentify monomeis anu the
ielateu polymeis of plastics.
constiuct a unit stiuctuial
foimula of a polymei fiom a
monomei.
give uses of natuial anu synthetic
polymeis.
iuentify enviionmental effects of
aitificial polymeis.

Plastics
- theimo setting plastics
(theimoplastics)
- theimo plastics (theimo
softening)
- stiuctuie
- piepaiation
- piopeities
- examples: PvC, polyethene,
polypiopene

0ses

Effects of plastics on the
enviionment
263
263

Biscuss the piepaiation, stiuctuie, piopeities, examples, uses of
plastics anu also the enviionmental effects of aitificial polymeis.
Practical Problems
You can oiganise a fielu tiip to a plastic manufactuiing plant.
- explain the meaning of plastics.
- explain the uiffeiences between theimosetting anu
theimosoftening plastics.
- uesciibe the piocess of piepaiation of selecteu plastics.
- iuentify monomeis anu the ielateu polymeis of plastics.

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References
Ahmau Kamal et al, (2uu9). Chemistry for Matriculation1. 4
th
Euition, Kuala
Lumpui: 0iiental Acauemic publication.
Ahmau Kamal et al, (2uu9). Chemistry for matriculation2. 4
th
Edition, , Kuala
Lumpur: Oriental academic publication.
Biockington, }. et al, (1986). Combined Chemistry. S
th
Euition, Bong Kong:
Longman uioup (FE) Ltu.
Finai, I.L., (199u). Organic Chemistry, volume 1: The Fundamental
Principles. Englanu: Longman Scientific anu Technical Ltu.
Fieemantle, N. (199S). Chemistry in Action. 2
nu
Euition, uieat Biitain
Nacmillan Piess Ltu.
uilmoie, u.N., (1987). A Modern Approach to Comprehensive Chemistry. S
iu

Euition, uieat Biitain: Stanley Thoins Publisheis Ltu.
Bawkins, N.B., (1981): Technician Chemistry 1, Cassells TEC series, 1
st

Euition, New Yoik: Nacmillan piess Ltu.
Beys, B.L. (1986). Physical Chemistry, 6
th
Euition, 0xfoiu: Beinman
Euucational Books Ltu.
Bolueiness, A., (1979): Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry. S
iu
Euition,
0xfoiu: Beinman Euucational Books.
}effeiy, u.B. et al, (1989): Vogels Text of Qualitative Chemical analysis, S
th

Euition, 0K: Longmann.
}effeiy u.B et al, (1989).Vogels Text of Quantitative Chemical analysis. S
th

Euition, 0K: Longmann.
Nathews, P., (1992). Advanced Chemistry. uieat Biitain: Cambiiuge
0niveisity Piess.
Natiiculation Bivision Ninistiy of Euucation of Nalaysia (2uu9): Chemistry
Laboratory Manual Semester I and II, 8
th
Euition.
Lewis N., (1996). Advanced Chemistry:Revision Hand Book. 1
st
Euition,
0xfoiu: 0xfoiu 0niveisity piess
Ramsuen E.N., (1994). A Level Chemistry. S
iu
Euition, Lonuon: Stanely
Thoines Ltu.
265
265

Piakash S. et al, (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. volume 1, New
Behli: S Chanu anu Company Ltu.
Tan Yin Toon et al, (2u1u). Success Chemistry.1st Euition, Nalaysia: 0xfoiu
Fajai Sun. Buh.
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Agriculture
Uganda Advanced
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269
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................ 272
SENIOR FIVE TERM ONE ................................................................ 284
Topic 1: Basic Science I ........................................................................ 284
Sub-Topic 1: Cytology ....................................................................... 284
Sub-Topic 2: Genetics ........................................................................ 286
Sub-Topic 3: Variation ..................................................................... 288
Sub-Topic 4: Selection ....................................................................... 289
Sub-Topic 5: Introduction to Genetic Engineering ........................... 290
Topic 2: Crop Production I .................................................................... 292
Sub-Topic 1: Soil and Water as Farming Resources ......................... 292
Sub-Topic 2: Soil Fertility I .............................................................. 295
Sub-Topic 3: Soil Composition ......................................................... 297
Topic 3: Animal Production I ................................................................ 299
Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Livestock Production .......................... 299
Sub-Topic 2: Livestock Improvement ............................................... 301
SENIOR FIVE TERM TWO ............................................................... 306
Topic 4: Basic Science II ....................................................................... 306
Sub-Topic 1: Chemicals of Life ........................................................ 307
Sub-Topic 2: Plant Morphology and Physiology .............................. 309
Sub-Topic 3: Reproduction in Plants ................................................. 312
Sub-Topic 4: Animal Anatomy and Physiology ............................... 314
Topic 5: Crop Production II ................................................................... 320
Sub-Topic 1: Soil Fertility II .............................................................. 320

Sub-Topic 2: Production of High Value Crops ............................. 323
Topic 6: Animal Production II ............................................................... 326
Sub-Topic 1: Livestock Management ............................................... 326
Sub-Topic 2: Poultry ...................................................................... 330
SENIOR FIVE TERM THREE ............................................................. 334
Topic 7: Basic Science III ...................................................................... 334
Sub-Topic 1: Ecology I ..................................................................... 335
Sub-Topic 2: Ecology II ..................................................................... 337
Sub-Topic 3: Farm Chemicals .......................................................... 340
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Topic 8: Crop Production III.................................................................. 343
Sub-Topic 1: Agro-Forestry .............................................................. 343

Topic 9: Animal Production III .............................................................. 346
Sub-Topic 1: Fish Farming ................................................................ 347
Sub-Topic 2: Beekeeping .................................................................. 350
Sub-Topic 3: Livestock Rearing and the Environment ..................... 352
Sub-Topic 4: Animal Nutrition ......................................................... 354

SENIOR SIX TERM ONE .................................................................... 357
Topic 10: Crop Production IV ............................................................... 357
Sub-Topic 1: Crop Improvement ...................................................... 357
Topic 11: Animal Production IV ........................................................... 360
Sub-Topic I: Investigation and Projects Guidelines ......................... 361
Sub-Topic 2: Animal Health ............................................................. 363
Sub-Topic 3: Dairy Production and Marketing ................................ 365
Sub-Topic 4: Livestock Records ....................................................... 366
Sub-Topic 5: Pasture Management ................................................... 368
Topic 12: Agricultural Economics and Farm Management I ................ 372
Sub-Topic 1: Population & its Influence ......................................... 372
Sub-Topic 2: Gender and Agricultural Production ........................... 374

SENIOR SIX TERM TWO ................................................................... 378
Topic 13: Crop Production V ................................................................. 378
Sub-Topic 1: Urban- and Peri-Urban Farming ................................. 379
Topic 14: Agricultural Economics II ..................................................... 381
Sub-Topic 1: Production Theory ...................................................... 382
Sub-Topic 2: Factors of Production .................................................. 385
Sub-Topic 3: Marketing of Agricultural Products ............................ 387
Sub-Topic 4: Farm Planning and Management ................................ 390
Topic 15: Agricultural Engineering and Farm Mechanisation I ............ 391
Sub-Topic 1: Simple Mechanics ....................................................... 391
Sub-Topic 2: Management of Work Animals ................................... 393

SENIOR SIX TERM THREE ................................................................ 396
Topic 16: Crop Production VI ............................................................... 396
Sub-Topic 1: Crop Protection ............................................................ 396
Topic 17: Agricultural Engineering and Farm Mechanisation II ........... 400
Sub-Topic 1: Construction Materials ............................................ 401
Sub-Topic 2: Farm Equipment and Tools ......................................... 403

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Sub-Topic 3: Farm Structures ........................................................... 405
Topic 18: Agricultural Economics III .................................................... 408
Sub Topic 1: Agricultural Policies ..................................................... 409
Sub-Topic 2: Land Policies of Uganda ............................................. 412
Sub-Topic 3: Farmers Organisations ............................................... 413
Appendices ............................................................................................. 415
References .............................................................................................. 437
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Introduction

This Agiicultuie teaching syllabus is intenueu foi the Auvanceu Level
Agiicultuie couise as a piinciple subject in 0ganua seconuaiy schools. The
syllabus gives guiuance as much as possible on what is to be taught. It
emphasises that teaching of Agiicultuie must be as paiticipatoiy as
possible. This means that most of the leainei's time shoulu be spent on
piactical oi actual faiming activities.

The content uevelopeu in this syllabus has taken caie of the contempoiaiy
issues anu evolving tienus in Agiicultuie. It calls foi the leaineis to utilise
theii pievious expeiiences anu skills. This uemanus that both the teachei
anu leaineis must engage in hanus-on activities inteipieteu anu uesigneu
fiom the content. This is because leaining is best achieveu by uoing.

0n the othei hanu, the teachei is encouiageu to use the locally available
iesouices to oiganise the piactical activities foi the leaineis.

The Agiicultuie teaching syllabus is keenly linkeu to the iequiiement of
Auvanceu level ceitificate that piepaies stuuents foi entiy into teitiaiy
institutions. The puipose of the syllabus is to assist stuuents anu teacheis
to effectively piepaie foi the 0ganua Auvanceu Level Ceitificate of
Euucation.

It coveis all the topics expecteu to be coveieu at this level. It also assumes
that the topics coveieu in 0ganua Ceitificate of Euucation aie not iepeateu.

Rationale
The economy of 0ganua uepenus laigely on agiicultuie. Bowevei, 0ganua's
agiicultuie is still laigely subsistence anu piouuctivity is low. Theie is a
high population giowth iate in the countiy, which has exeiteu piessuie on
the existing faimlanu, aggiavateu the foou secuiity situation anu incieaseu
poveity levels in the communities especially in the iuial aieas. These
factois have leu to encioachment on piotecteu aieas iesulting in
enviionmental uegiauation. 0iban faiming is also gaining populaiity anu it
is meeting some of the foou neeus of the uiban people besiues
supplementing theii income thiough sale of some of the piouuce.

Theiefoie, agiicultuie tiansfoimation is necessaiy to move it fiom
subsistence to commeicial faiming anu to impiove piouuctivity anu quality
of faim piouuce. uoveinment has maue inteiventions, such as the Plan foi
Noueinisation of Agiicultuie (PNA), the National Bevelopment Plan (NBP)
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273
anu Bevelopment Investment Stiategy Piogiamme (BISP), which aim at
auuiessing key factois iesponsible foi low agiicultuial piouuctivity. These
factois incluue low euucational levels of faimeis, lack of infoimation anu
lack of skills especially in mouein agiicultuial piouuction. These factois
limit the ability of faimeis to access anu benefit fiom livelihoou
oppoitunities. Buman capital, must, theiefoie, be uevelopeu in oiuei to
tiansfoim agiicultuie anu hence eiauicate poveity. This can paitly be uone
thiough infoimal anu foimal euucation.
The aim of agiicultuial euucation in schools is to equip young people with
necessaiy knowleuge anu skills to implement the tiansfoimation of the
agiicultuial sectoi anu impiove agiicultuial piouuctivity. The auvanceu
level ceitificate Piinciples anu Piactices of Agiicultuie syllabus besiues
equipping the stuuents with highei level of knowleuge anu skills foi
agiicultuial piouuction, it piepaies them foi piogiession to teitiaiy
institutions. The syllabus theiefoie, auuiesses ciucial issues, such as
impioveu agiicultuie piactices, new anu appiopiiate ciop anu livestock
technologies, high value ciops, anu piactical skills. Awaie that agiicultuial
piouuctivity neeus to be sustaineu, the syllabus ielates piouuction
piactices to piopei enviionmental management. It also auuiesses issues
ielateu to population anu genuei in agiicultuial piouuction.

Purpose of the Syllabus
The syllabus is aimeu at equipping stuuents with the necessaiy knowleuge,
skills anu attituues to puisue fuithei stuuies in agiicultuial fielus, engage in
gainful agiicultuial employment anu to use natuial iesouices sustainably
foi agiicultuial piouuction.
General Objectives
acquiie knowleuge anu piactical skills iequiieu foi incieaseu anu
sustainable agiicultuial piouuction.
uevelop a positive attituue towaius agiicultuie anu have iespect foi
woik.
make infoimeu faiming uecisions.
acquiie entiepieneuiial skills foi piofitable agiicultuial piouuction.
apply knowleuge anu skills to impiove agiicultuial piouuction in his oi
hei locality.
acquiie necessaiy knowleuge anu piactical skills in piocessing,
pieseiving anu auuing value to agiicultuial piouucts.
apply piactical agiicultuial skills foi self-ieliance anu self-employment.
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integiate genuei issues into agiicultuial piouuction.
gain the necessaiy backgiounu agiicultuial knowleuge anu skills to
fuithei theii euucation.

Entry Requirements
Foi one to qualify to offei agiicultuie at Auvanceu level, one shoulu have
uone Agiicultuie at 0 level anu passeu it with at least a cieuit.

Subject combination
Agiicultuie at Auvanceu level shoulu be offeieu in combination with othei
science subjects.

Minimum requirements
Ninimum iequiiements foi a seconuaiy school to offei agiicultuie at
auvanceu level aie:
Qualifieu giauuate tiaineu agiicultuie teacheis
School faim with auequate facilities foi a stuuent to caiiy out piactical
woik anu piojects
Laboiatoiy facilities foi piactical lessons
Relevant instiuctional mateiials, tools anu equipment foi agiicultuie

Examining Authority
The Auvanceu level ceitificate Piinciples anu Piactices of Agiicultuie
syllabus shall be examineu by 0ganua National Examinations Boaiu
(0NEB). It will be examineu with thiee examination papeis.

Mode of Assessment
a) Continuous assessment
This shoulu be caiiieu out thiough the following: wiitten exeicises, pioject
iepoits, case stuuy analyses anu gioup woik iepoits.

b) Summative assessment
This will be uone at the enu of a school teim oi yeai. It shoulu follow the
0ganua National Examination Boaiu foimat shown below.

Paper 1: Theory short answer questions (2 hours 30 minutes)
The papei will consist of multiple anu shoit answei questions all of which
will be compulsoiy. It will have two sections as follows:

- Section A is composeu of Su multiple-choice questions. (Su maiks)
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275
- Section B is composeu of 7 stiuctuieu questions. (7u maiks)

Paper 2: Theory essay type questions (3 hours)
This papei will consist of S sections (A, B, C, B anu E) iepiesenting the S
sections of the syllabus. Section A will have only one compulsoiy question.
The othei sections will have two questions each, out of which a canuiuate
answei only one question. Theiefoie, the papei will consist of nine
questions out of which, a canuiuate will attempt S. Each question will caiiy
a maximum scoie of 2u maiks making a total scoie of 1uu maiks foi the
papei.

Paper 3: Practical (2 Hours)
The papei will consist of S compulsoiy questions fiom uiffeient sections of
the syllabus. Each question will be awaiueu a maximum of 1u maiks.
(Sumaiks)

Suggested Projects
Animal Production
1. Raising poultiy fiom a uay-olu chicks to:
i) table stage (bioileis)
ii) egg laying stage (layeis)
2. Feeu-making anu testing foi animals (feeu tiials)
S. Impioving local chicken by ciossing with exotics, anu caiiying out
management
4. Raising pigs fiom piglet stage to slaughtei stage
S. Nanagement of a zeio-giazing unit (uaiiy animals)
6. Rabbit keeping
7. uoat keeping
Crop Production
1. Bigh value ciops
2. vegetables:
i) Peppei
ii) 0kia
S. Annual ciops:
i) maize
ii) beans
6. Neuicinal ciops:
i) Aitimesia sp,
ii) Noiinga
iii) Aloe veia
7. Spices:
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i) gingei
ii) peppei
8. Nushiooms

Food Processing and Storage
1. Piocessing anu pieseiving ciopsfoous using local methous
2. Beveloping new technologies in foou piocessing anu pieseivation
S. Agiicultuial engineeiing anu faim mechanisation
4. Besigning anu constiuction of animal stiuctuieshouse (animal)
S. Besigning anu making solai uiieis anu using them (ciop)
6. Besigning anu making stoiage facilities e.g. gianaiies, etc (ciop)

Note: Piojects may also be assigneu in othei aieas of the syllabus.

Time Allocation
Time Allocation per Term
Class Teim Ninimum
total
leaining
timeteim
(weeks)
Peiious
week
Time
peiiou
(minutes)
Total
time
week
(houis)
Total
time
teim
(houis)
Peiious
teim

SS
I 7 9 4u 6 42 6S
II 1u 9 4u 6 6u 9u
III 8 9 4u 6 48 72
Annual 25 150 225

S6
I 1u 9 4u 6 6u 9u
II 9 9 4u 6 44 81
III 6 9 4u 6 46 S4
Annual 25 150 225
Total for the
course 50

300 450

Note
Allocation of time was aiiiveu at beaiing the following in minu:
Time of iepoiting foi SS in Teim I
School activities like spoits, music, etc.
Inteinal examinations anu 0NEB examinations
Public holiuays

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Syllabus Teaching Sequence
Class Term Topics Sub-Topics
Periods
SS

I
1. Basic Science I - Cytology
- uenetics, vaiiation,
Selection anu uenetic
Engineeiing
27
2. Ciop Piouuction I - Soil Composition
- Soil anu Watei as
Faiming Resouices
- Soil Feitility I
18
S. Animal Piouuction I - Status of Livestock
Piouuction in 0ganua
- Classification of
Livestock
- Livestock
Impiovement
18
63
SS II 4. Basic Science II - Chemicals of Life
- Plant Noiphology anu
Physiology
- Repiouuction in Plants
- Animal Anatomy anu
Physiology
- Nicio anu Nacio
0iganisms of
Agiicultuial
Impoitance

4S
S. Ciop Piouuction II - Soil Feitility II
- Piouuction of Bigh
value Ciops
24
6. Animal Piouuction II - Poultiy Bieeuing
- Livestock Nanagement
21
90
SS III 7. Basic Science III - Ecology I
- Ecology II
- Faim Chemicals
18
8. Ciop Piouuction III - Agio-Foiestiy 9
9. Animal Piouuction
III
- Fish Faiming
- Beekeeping
- Livestock Reaiing anu
Enviionment
- Animal Nutiition

4S
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Class Term Topics Sub-Topics
Periods
72
S6 I

1u. Ciop Piouuction Iv - Ciop Impiovement 24
11. Animal Piouuction
Iv
- Investigation anu
Piojects uuiuelines
- Animal Bealth
- Baiiy Piouuction
- Livestock Recoius
- Pastuie Nanagement
4S
12. Agiicultuial
Economics anu
Faim Nanagement I
- Population anu its
Influence on
Agiicultuie
- uenuei anu
Agiicultuial
Piouuction
21
90
S6 II 1S. Ciop Piouuction v - 0iban anu Peii-0iban
Faiming
9
14. Agiicultuial
Economics anu
Faim Nanagement II
- Piouuction Theoiy
- Factois of Piouuction
- Naiketing Behavioui
Anu Stiategies
- Faim Planning anu
Nanagement

S4
1S. Agiicultuial
Engineeiing & Faim
Nechanisation I
- Simple Nechanics
- Nanagement of Woik
Animal
27

90
S6 III 16. Ciop Piouuction vI - Ciop Piotection
- Pioject Repoits
18
17. Agiicultuial
Engineeiing anu
Faim Nechanisation
II
- Constiuction Nateiials
- Faim Equipment anu
Tools
- Faim Stiuctuies
27
18. Agiicultuial
Economics anu
Faim Nanagement
III
- Agiicultuial Policies
- Lanu Polices in 0ganua
- Faimeis' 0iganisations
18

63

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Competences
By the enu of the couise, a leainei shoulu have uevelopeu competences in
the five sections of agiicultuie as follows:
Basic Science
I. Chemicals of life
- uesciibe the basic stiuctuies of pioteins, caibohyuiates anu
lipius.
- explain the impoitance of pioteins, lipius, caibohyuiates,
mineials, vitamins anu watei in oiganisms.
II. Genetics
- uesciibe the piocesses of cell uivision.
- explain the impoitance of cell uivision in inheiitance.
- explain the piocesses anu causes of vaiiation in oiganisms.
- explain basic piinciples in genetic engineeiing.
- explain the piocesses of selection in populations of oiganisms.
- uesciibe the metabolism of pioteins, lipius, caibohyuiates,
mineials, vitamins anu watei in oiganisms.
- caiiy out tests to iuentify pioteins anu caibohyuiates.

III. Plant morphology and physiology
- uesciibe the stiuctuie anu functions of plant leaves, ioots, floweis
anu vasculai systems.
- uesciibe the piocesses of mineial uptake, photosynthesis,
tianspiiation, tianspoit anu iepiouuction in plants.
- explain nutiitional iequiiement of plants.

IV. Animal anatomy and physiology
- uesciibe the stiuctuie anu functioning of the iepiouuctive,
iespiiatoiy anu uigestive systems of faim animals.
- uesciibe the signs anu symptoms of nutiitional ueficiency
uiseases in faim animals.
- explain nutiitional iequiiements of animals.

V. Micro and macro organisms of agricultural importance
- explain the impoitance of micio oiganisms in agiicultuie.
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- uesciibe the uiffeient types of beneficial anu haimful micio
oiganisms.
- uesciibe the life cycles of ciop anu livestock uisease causing
micio oiganisms.

VI. Ecology
- uefine an eco-system.
- uesciibe the components of an ecosystem anu theii intei-
ielationships.
- uesciibe uiffeient types of ecosystems.
- explain eneigy flow in an ecosystem.
- explain the effects of human inteifeience on the enviionment.
- uesciibe the methous useu to pieseive an ecosystem.

VII. Farm chemicals
- caiiy out tests to iuentify iauicals in faim chemicals.
- explain the uses of faim chemicals.
- use faim chemicals coiiectly anu safely.

Livestock Production
- explain the iole of livestock piouuction in impioving the welfaie
of the inuiviuual, family, community anu the nation.
- select suitable livestock bieeusspecies foi a given piouuction
aiea.
- select the best animals within bieeusspecies foi ieaiing anu
bieeuing.
- apply appiopiiate technologies to impiove livestock piouuction.
- caiiy out iecommenueu livestock ieaiing piactices.
- caie foi the enviionment while ieaiing anu tieating livestock.
- foimulate suitable feeus foi vaiious categoiies of livestock.
- feeu vaiious categoiies of livestock coiiectly.
- iecognise paiasites anu uiseases in livestock.
- take appiopiiate measuies to contiol paiasites anu uiseases in
livestock.
- piouuce quality piouucts anu by-piouucts fiom livestock.
- maiket livestock piouucts anu by-piouucts piofitably.
- keep appiopiiate livestock piouuction iecoius.
- use iecoius to ensuie piofitable livestock piouuction.
- hainess animal powei to uo faim woik.
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- establish anu manage pastuies foi giazing livestock.
- establish anu manage livestock piojects efficiently.
- explain the impoitance of genuei equity in livestock piouuction.
- explain piinciples involveu in uiban anu peii-uiban livestock
faiming.
- caiiy out piactices in uiban anu peii-uiban livestock faiming.
- auopt new technologies anu innovations to impiove livestock
piouuction.
- integiate tiee giowing into livestock piouuction.
- piactice oiganic livestock faiming.
- use anu maintain simple faim stiuctuies foi livestock piouuction.
- uesign anu constiuct simple faim stiuctuies foi livestock
piouuction.
- explain the iole of ieseaich anu ieseaich oiganisations in
livestock piouuction.
Crop Production
I. Soils
- explain the concept of soil anu watei conseivation.
- iuentify signs of soil uegiauation anu loss of feitility.
- use appiopiiate methous to conseive soil anu watei.
- explain causes of soil feitility loss anu soil uegiauation.
- uesciibe the uiffeient methous of conseiving soil anu watei.
- caiiy out measuies to maintain anu impiove soil feitility.
- piepaie uiffeient types of oiganic manuies.
- analyse uiffeient inoiganic feitilizeis foi uiffeient nutiients in
them.
- apply the most appiopiiate feitilizeis with uue consiueiations
to cost anu safety of the enviionment.
- caiiy out soil analysis to ueteimine soil composition anu
piopeities.

II. Crops
- explain the iole of ciops in the welfaie of the inuiviuual, family,
community anu the nation.
- explain the piinciples of ciop impiovement.
- iecognise ciop pest anu uisease uamage in the fielu anu in
stoiage.
- uevise methous of minimising pest anu uisease uamage with
uue iegaiu to safety of the enviionment.
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- auopt new technologies anu innovations to impiove ciop
piouuction.
- iaise high value ciops with expoit potential.
- uesciibe ciop pioject quality iequiiements foi both the local
anu expoit maiket.
- caiiy out appiopiiate post-haivest hanuling piactices to
ieuuce losses.
- auu value to ciop piouucts using appiopiiate methous anu
technologies.
- integiate tiee giowing into ciop piouuction.
- piactice oiganic ciop faiming.
- explain piinciples involveu in uiban anu peii-uiban ciop
faiming.
- caiiy out piactices involveu in uiban anu peii-uiban ciop
faiming.
- explain the impoitance of genuei equity in ciop piouuction.

Agricultural Engineering and Farm Mechanisation
- explain the impoitance of mechanisation in moueinising
agiicultuie.
- explain the effects of faim mechanisation on the enviionment.
- use appiopiiate tools, equipment anu machineiy in faiming.
- maintain faim tools, equipment anu machineiy piopeily.
- uesign anu constiuct simple faim tools anu equipment.
- constiuct anu maintain simple faim stiuctuies.
- uesign simple iainwatei haivesting anu stoiage systems foi
uomestic anu faim use.
- explain the iole of ieseaich anu ieseaich oiganisations in
agiicultuial mechanisation.

Agricultural Economics/Agribusiness
- choose the most piofitable faiming enteipiises.
- buuget foi piofitable agiicultuial piouuction.
- manage the factois of piouuction efficiently.
- keep anu use iecoius to ensuie piofitable agiicultuial
piouuction.
- auu value to agiicultuial piouucts thiough piopei hanuling,
piocessing, packaging anu stoiage.
- uevise effective stiategies foi maiketing agiicultuial piouucts.
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- plan agiicultuial piouuction accoiuing to maiket conuitions.
- paiticipate effectively in the oiganisation anu management of
faiming oiganisations.
- explain the impoitance of agiicultuial oiganisations in
agiicultuial uevelopment anu piouuction.
- inteipiet agiicultuial anu lanu policies anu ielate them to
agiicultuial piouuction.
- communicate effectively when maiketing agiicultuial piouucts.
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SENI0R FIvE TERN 0NE
Topic 1: Basic Science I
Overview
The basic unit of life is the cell. This is wheie the basic unit stiuctuie anu
functions of plants anu animal take place. The cell helps one to unueistanu
how life occuis in all living oiganisms. The cell is a self peipetuating
chemical system. It maintains an inteinal enviionment which is capable of
exchanging with its suiiounuing.

Learning Outcome
acquiie basic scientific knowleuge anu skills neeueu to uevelop bettei
methous of ciop anu livestock piouuction.
iecognise the chemical anu biological compositions of plants anu
animals.
uiffeientiate between the ielationship of the biotic anu abiotic factois
in agiicultuie.

Sub-Topic 1: Cytology
Competences Content
The leainei:
uistinguishes between the plant
cell anu animal cell.
justifies the impoitance of cell
physiological piocesses in
agiicultuie.
uesciibes the piocesses of cell
uivision.

explains theii impoitance in
inheiitance.
Betaileu stiuctuie of plant
anu animal cells
Cell physiological piocess

Cell uivision:
- mitosis
- meiosis
Impoitance of cell uivision in
inheiitance

Methodology
0sing uiscussion methou, guiue the leaineis to:
- iuentify paits of the micioscope anu hanu lens.
- calculate the magnification of an object using a micioscope.
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- use a light micioscope to obseive plant anu animal cells.
- uiaw uetaileu labelleu stiuctuies of plant anu animal cells.
- stuuy uisplayeu chaits of cell uivision unuei mitosis anu meiosis.
- uiaw, label anu emphasise the main activities of inteiphase,
piophase, metaphase, anaphase anu telophase.
Bemonstiate so that leaineis can caiiy out:
- a uiffusion expeiiment using potassium peimanganate coppei (II)
sulphate.
- an expeiiment of osmosis using fiesh potatoespaw-paws anu
saltsugai then summaiise the expeiimental steps namely:
mateiialsappaiatus, pioceuuie, obseivation anu conclusion.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion on active tianspoit in plants anu animals to
illustiate movement of mateiials.
Biainstoim so that leaineis can explain the:
- stiuctuial uiffeiences between plant anu animal cells.
- impoitance of each type of cell uivision.
- significance of mitosis anu meiosis in agiicultuie.
- piocess of uiffusion anu osmosis.
- main uiffeiences between mitosis anu meiosis.
Ask leaineis to make notes focusing on the expeiiments anu the
uiscussions above.

Practical
0bseiving piepaieu sliues on cell uivision unuei the micioscope
Caiiying out simple plant anu animal bieeuing expeiiments to show
inheiitance

Resources
Piepaieu chaits, sliues anu mouels showing cell uivision in plants anu
animals
Nicioscopes anu accessoiies
Live faim animals
Planting mateiials

Hints to the Teacher
A simple electionic stiuctuie of cells will be goou enough to show the
impoitant inclusions of mitochonuiia, enuoplasmic ieticulum, uolgi
bouy, lysosomes anu vacuole.
Emphasis shoulu be put on the piocess of piophase, metaphase anu
anaphase uuiing cell uivision.
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Cleaily illustiate uiffusion to leaineis anu ielate it to movement of
mateiials in a cell.
The osmosis piocess shoulu be maue in light of isotonic, hypotonic anu
hypeitonic solutions.

Assessment
Setting up a light micioscope ieauy foi obseivation
Calculation of the magnification
Biawing anu labelling plant anu animal cells
Besciiption of the stages in cell uivision
Bistinguishing between uiffusion anu osmosis

Sub-Topic 2: Genetics
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes genetics anu its
teiminologies.

explains the impoitance of
inheiitance in agiicultuie.
explains the iole of heieuity in
piouucing the uesiieu vaiieties
of plants anu animals.
illustiates the auvantages of
hybiiuisation.
Neaning of genetics:
teiminologies in genetics
such as uominance anu
epitasis
BNA as the genetic mateiial foi
inheiitance:
inheiitance types namely
monohybiiu anu uihybiiu

Auvantages of hybiiuisation

Methodology
Leau leaineis in a guiueu uiscussion to uefine genetics anu its
teiminologies followeu by claiification of the genetics teims anu ask
leaineis to make notes on these teiminologies.
Biscuss anu ask leaineis to state Nenuel's law of inheiitance; uefine
uominance, co-uominance anu hybiiuisation.
Caiiy out a uemonstiation on how to obtain monohybiiu anu uihybiiu
iatio so that leaineis can compute these two iatios.
Ask leaineis to iole play Nenuel's laws of inheiitance using beans of
uiffeient colouissize with two volunteeis who will be blinu folueu anu
askeu to pick the two beans each time until all beans have been
iemoveu fiom the containei. Anothei stuuent shoulu be iecoiuing the
bean chaiacteiistics like size oi coloui. This woulu then be followeu by
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a class uiscussion that theie is nothing to ueteimine which bean to be
caiiieupickeu. This woulu then be ielateu to genes in cells.
Constiuct with the leaineis the Punnet squaie to explain phenotypes
anu genotypes of offspiing fiom given ciosses then ask leaineis to
uiaw anu use these squaies in explaining genetics anu inheiitance in
plants anu animals.
0iganise leaineis in gioups to caiiy out:
- a simple plant anu animal bieeuing expeiiment to show inheiitance
as a pioject.
- anu use plant bieeuing expeiiments to uemonstiate uominance anu
hybiiuisation then make a gioup iepoit to the class.
- an analysis of the use of Punnet squaie in ueteimining genetics anu
tiaits inheiitance.
Ask leaineis to biainstoim on the iole of heieuity anu auvantages of
hybiiuisation then make notes aftei youi claiification.
Biscuss with the leaineis the meaning of hybiiu, hybiiu vigoui,
heteiosis anu bieeu.
Ask leaineis to explain the uesiiable qualities of a hybiiu.
0iganise a fielu tiip foi leaineis to a clonal nuiseiy foi the leaineis to
obseive anu summaiise in theii books the steps involveu in caiiying
out cloning of ciops.

Practical
Biaw a cioss between two inheiitable tiaits using a Punnet squaie
Investigate Nenuel's law of inheiitance using bean seeus

Resources
Punnet squaie chait
1uuu bean seeus half of which aie of one coloui anu the othei aie of a
uiffeient coloui
Nasks, cups anu a iecoiu sheet
Clonal gaiuen floiist plot

Explanation of Nenuel's laws of inheiitance anu genetic teims shoulu
be maue in light of cell uivision.
Nonohybiiu anu uihybiiu iatios shoulu be uiffeientiateu using Punnet
squaie.
0nly examples anu auvantages of hybiiuisation shoulu be maue.

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Assessment
Woiking out the monohybiiu anu uihybiiu iatio
Befinition of genetics, heieuity, gene, allele, uominance, iecessive,
phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heteiozygous, homologous, bivalent,
chiasmata, synapsis, epistasis, ciossing ovei, back cioss, selfing,
polyploiuy, hybiiuisation, hybiiu vigoui, heteiosis anu sex linkeu
Calculating the iesults of uiffeient ciosses of the filial geneiations by the
help of the Punnet squaie anu uiaw uiffeient tiait combinations
Nenuel's laws of inheiitance

Sub-Topic 3: Variation
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the causes anu piocess
of vaiiation in plants anu
animals.
uistinguishes between
continuous anu uiscontinuous
vaiiation.

Befinition anu impoitance of
vaiiations in plants anu animals

Types of vaiiation:
- continuous anu
uiscontinuous vaiiations
Causes of vaiiation
Impoitance of new species,
vaiieties, bieeus

Methodology
Biainstoim the causes anu types of vaiiation anu ask leaineis to
summaiise them.
Ask leaineis to caiiy out an expeiiment on vaiiation anu uistinguish
between continuous anu uiscontinuous vaiiation.
Ask leaineis in gioups to uemonstiate the concept of continuous anu
uiscontinuous vaiiation using a plotteu giaph baseu on measuiement of
height, size of plant paits, sex, tongue iolling, having uimples, being left
hanueu oi iight hanueu, weightmass, anu length of stiuctuies on living
oiganisms oi on theii own bouy paits.

A cleai uiffeience between continuous anu uiscontinuous vaiiation
neeus to be maue with examples fiom agiicultuie.

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Practical
0bseiving vaiiations in plants anu animals of the same species

Resources
Live plants of the same species
Animals of the same species
Netie iule, pencils, iecoiu sheetstables, giaph papeis anu a
mathematical set

Assessment
Continuous anu uiscontinuous vaiiation
Causes of vaiiation
Sub-Topic 4: Selection
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the piocess of
selection.
selects plants anu animals baseu
on uesiiable qualities.
Selection (natuial anu aitificial)
in ielation to uesiieu qualities
of plants anu animals
Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion with leaineis to uesciibe the oiigin of natuial
selection anu summaiise the iole of natuial selection anu mutation in
agiicultuie piouuction.
Ask leaineis to caiiy out selective bieeuing in goats, iabbits, poultiy,
sheep, guinea pigs oi pigs anu summaiise the ciiteiia being useu.
uive instiuctions anu guiuelines to leaineis in gioups to piopagate
selecteu plant mateiials foi fuithei selection.
Ask leaineis to iecoiu theii pioceuuie anu finuings uuiing the
piopagation of selecteu plant mateiials.
Ask leaineis in gioups to explain in a class piesentation anu wiiting the
uesiiable qualities useu when selecting goou plants anu animals.
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Practical
Piopagating plant mateiials selecteu on the basis of obseivable qualities
Piopagating selecteu plant mateiials foi fuithei selection
Keeping anu inteipieting peifoimance iecoius of plants anu animals foi
selection
Selecting anu bieeuing animals

Resources
Plant mateiials foi piopagation
Recoiu caius
uiowing plants
Live animals like goats, iabbits, poultiy, sheep, guinea pigs, iats anu pigs
Chaits anu maikeis

The gateway to impioving animal anu plant piouuction known as
selection, the uesiiable qualities useu anu factois that favoui it shoulu
be emphasiseu.

Assessment
Qualities foi selection of animals anu plants
Factois that favoui selection in agiicultuie
Types of selection

Sub-Topic 5: Introduction to Genetic Engineering
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the basic piinciples of
genetic engineeiing.
justifies the iole of genetic
engineeiing in livestock anu ciop
piouuction.

Piinciples of genetic
engineeiing
Role of genetic engineeiing
such as Polyploiuy anu
Cloning

Methodology
Befoie the lesson, locate a website oi iesouice centie
newspapeijouinal anu obtain cuiient infoimation on genetic
engineeiing.
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Caiiy out a guiueu uiscussion on genetic engineeiing anu its impoitance
in agiicultuie anu ask leaineis to summaiise the meaning anu
impoitance.
Piesent a case stuuy of maize anu cotton piouuceu by genetic
engineeiing then ask leaineis to investigate anu summaiise the cuiient
success maue in genetic engineeiing.
0iganise a uebate foi leaineis on the iole of genetic engineeiing in
livestock anu ciop piouuction.

Practical
Caiiying out plant bieeuing expeiiments to uemonstiate uominance anu
hybiiuisation
Cloning ciops
visiting clonal nuiseiies to obseive cloneu plants anu the piocess of
cloning

Resources
Clonal gaiuen anu clonal nuiseiy
Tools, equipment anu mateiials foi cloning incluuing plant anu animal
hybiius
Chaits, film viueos showing gene inteiactions show on genetic
engineeiing anu websites of genetic engineeiing in agiicultuie
Case stuuy of genetic engineeiing in maize anu cotton

Nake a goou ieseaich on genetic engineeiing to enable you get a case
stuuy then summaiise the piinciples, iole anu tienus of genetic
engineeiing in plants anu animal piouuction

Assessment
Ask leaineis to explain:
- the meaning of genetic engineeiing.
- the impoitance of genetic engineeiing in agiicultuie.
- the iole of genetically mouifieu foous in fighting hungei.
- tienu of genetic engineeiing touay fiom the case stuuy.
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Topic 2: Crop Production I
Overview
All chemical ieactions that maintain life in a plant oi animal take place in
watei while the essential mineials iequiieu foi plant giowth entei the
plant as a component of watei. In auuition, the mineial salts neeueu by
animals aie caiiieu as ions oi nutiients in watei. Theiefoie, the cells in
both plants anu animals aie composeu of ovei 7u peicent watei if they aie
to peifoim the life functions well. 0n the othei hanu, all the othei elements
neeueu by the plants come fiom the soil.
Soil feitility is essential foi the piopei giowth of plants. The piouuctivity of
a faiming lanu anu animals uepenus on soil feitility anu thus a neeu to
maintain the feitility.

Learning Outcome
appieciate why soil anu watei conseivation measuies aie necessaiy in
agiicultuie.
initiate giowing of high value ciops foi sale.
justify the value of tiee giowing to the inuiviuual peison, community
anu oui enviionment.
evaluate the iole of ciop impiovement anu oiganic faiming in
piouuction of health foous.
categoiise the effects of weeus, pests anu uiseases in ciop piouuction.

Sub-Topic 1: Soil and Water as Farming Resources
Competences Content
The leainei:
investigates the soil piopeities
anu composition.
uiscoveis the impoitance of soil
components anu textuie.

explains the impoitance of soil
piopeities.

uemonstiates effective methous
of soil anu watei conseivation.
categoiises the majoi soil types
Soil mineial contents that is N,
P, K, anu S
Soil textuial classes, stiuctuie,
paiticle uensity, bulk uensity
aeiation, pB, cation exchange
capacity (CEC)
Impoitance of soil anu watei
conseivation in agiicultuial
piouuction
Nethous of soil anu watei
conseivation
Najoi soil types in 0ganua
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Competences Content
of 0ganua.
constiucts simple iainwatei
haivesting facilities.
Methodology
0sing a uemonstiation, guiue leaineis how to ueteimine the amount of
aii, watei, humusoiganic mattei in the soil.
Caiiy out a guiueu uiscussion with leaineis on:
- main components of soil paiticles.
- chaiacteiistics of a feitile soil.
- soil textuie anu the impoitance of soil stiuctuie.
Thiough a guiueu uemonstiation, ask leaineis to caiiy out soil
seuimentation incluuing wiiting of the pioceuuie of the expeiiment that
is the appaiatusmateiials, methous, obseivations anu conclusion. The
leaineis shoulu put a given quantity of uiy soil in a measuiing cylinuei
anu covei with about foui times as much watei. With one hanu ovei the
mouth of the cylinuei, the mixtuie shoulu be shaken vigoiously then
alloweu to stanu.
0iganise leaineis:
- to watch a viueo show entitleu "iainwatei fiom uisastei to blessing"
anu take notes on the neeu to collect iain watei.
- to caiiy out a suivey of how watei is haivesteu in anu aiounu the
school community incluuing the uiawing of the stiuctuies useu.
- to paiticipate in the constiuction of simple watei haivesting
facilitiestanks.
Ask leaineis to:
- uesign mouels of watei haivesting facilities.
- uiscovei the uiffeient soil piopeities by:
moistening a spoonful of a sample with little watei anu iolling it
into a ball
iubbing between the fingeis a uiy soil sample
putting a small amount of soil in a glass of watei
heating gently a small sample of soil in a boiling tube
obseiving a wet soil sample: the soil coloui anu size of soil
paiticles using a seiies of sieves
- uemonstiate the methous of collecting anu stoiing iainwatei in
theii homes.
- uiaw the map of 0ganua showing the majoi soil types.
- uiaw anu label the five soil stiuctuies.
- make a chait of soil types anu the ciops they suppoit anu uisplay
them in the class.
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0iganise a fielu visit foi leaineis to:
- see souices of watei anu iain watei haivesting facilities in anu
aiounu the school.
- iuentify watei haivesting methous like gutteis, pots, uiums, tanks,
unueigiounu ieseivoiis anu uamsponus.
- collect soil samples anu iuentify them.
- a neaiby stieam oi swamp to consoliuate theii knowleuge on how
wetlanus aie being uegiaueu by man.
- see uegiaueu sites so that they obseive anu iuentify the causes of
uegiauation. A iepoit on the causes of soil uegiauation in the
schoolcommunity will theieaftei be maue.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate how to pievent soil uegiauation.
Ask leaineis to suggest measuies that coulu be taken to iehabilitate
uegiaueu soils aiounu theii school.

Practical
Constiuction of soil anu watei conseivation stiuctuies (iiuges, bunus,
silt pits, uiveision channels, giaueu banks, winu bieaks anu teiiaces)
Planting covei ciops, mulching anu manuiing
Analysis of soil to ueteimine mineial content, textuial classes, stiuctuie,
bulk anu paiticle uensity

Resources
Begiaueu sites anu map of soil types in 0ganua
Tools (uibbei, hoe, soil augei, soil bags, tiowel, soil sieves, soil samples,
blocky soil stiuctuie, heat souice, moitaipestle, measuiing cylinueis,
beakeis, funnels, filtei papeicotton wool, gaiuen line, wheel baiiow
stiing, tape measuie, watei souice anu spaue) plus the soil testing
kitieagents anu appaiatus
Soil textuial tiiangle chait
Bouses with watei haivesting facilities
Chait of watei haivesting facilities
viueo show entitleu "iainwatei fiom uisastei to blessing"

The size anu shape of soil paiticles ueteimines the physical natuie of the
iesulting soil type in an aiea. The soil physical natuie affects textuie anu
stiuctuie which in tuin ueteimines the amount of nutiients, watei anu
aii in that soil. Theiefoie, emphasis must be maue on the piocess of
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ieuucing the iate at which soil anu watei is lost in uegiaueu faiming
aieas.
Assessment
The foui components of a soil paiticle
Soil stiuctuie anu soil textuie
Biawing the iesults of mechanical analysissoil seuimentation aftei 1S
minutes, 6u minutes anu one week
Calculating the peicentage composition of the uiffeient soil paiticle sizes
in a mechanical analysis expeiiment
Calculating the peicentage composition of the amount of aii, watei anu
oiganic mattei in a given soil sample
Neasuies of how to pievent soil uegiauation

Sub-Topic 2: Soil Fertility I
Competences Content
The leainei:
classifies the causes of soil
feitility loss.
uesigns activities that help to
impiove anu maintain soil
feitility.
iuentifies ways in which soil
feitility is gaineu.
Ways in which soil feitility is lost

Ways in which soil can gain
feitility

Nethous of impioving anu
maintaining soil feitility
Methodology
Caiiy out a guiueu uiscussion so that leaineis can explain the:
- meaning of soil feitility.
- ways soil feitility is lost.
- obseivable signs on ciops giowing in pooi soils.
Ask leaineis to suggest uiffeient ways the soil can gain feitility then
emphasise the soil anu watei conseivation methous.
uuiue leaineis to make an exhibition of ciops giowing in a pooi soil anu
goou feitile soils so that they can explain anu wiite uown the
chaiacteiistics of these ciops.
0iganise leaineis in gioups to caiiy out a pioject of planting of tiees
anu giass in an eioueu aiea.
Leau leaineis in gioups to uesign simple mouels of a bench teiiace.
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Ask leaineis in gioups to come up with measuies of conseiving soil anu
watei iesouices on a faiming lanu anu piesent them to the class foi
uiscussion.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate:
- the methous of impioving anu maintaining soil feitility.
- how to caiiy out mulching of flowei beus in the school compounu.
- how to establish a tiashstone line, wash stops, weii anu gabions to
conseive soil anu watei in the school compounucommunity.
- how to caiiy out a pioject on making anu using of oiganic compost
manuie.
- how to make faim yaiu manuie.
Leau a class uiscussion so that leaineis can explain the:
- factois ueteimining a ciop iotation piogiamme anu factois
consiueieu uuiing inteiciopping.
- causes foi invasions of wetlanus, uefoiestation, oveigiazing,
lanusliues anu soil eiosion.
0iganise leaineis in gioups:
- to plant covei ciops in school plots as a pioject anu make a iepoit.
- to watch a viueo showphotogiaphs chait showing the effects of
soil eiosion, oveigiazing, uefoiestation, lanusliues, eaithquakes anu
invasions of wetlanus anu iecoiu theii finuings.
Ask leaineis to submit pioject iepoits anu illustiations on mulching,
making of oiganic manuiecompost manuie, mouel of a bench teiiace,
planting of covei ciops, planting of tiees anu giass in the school
compounu.

Practical
Naking of manuies
Nulching of a gaiuen
Besigning a ciop iotation on the school gaiuen

Resources
Pictuiesphotogiaphs, chaits, viueo sliues showing ciops giowing
Sample of ciop piouuceu fiom both feitile anu infeitile soil
Tools anu equipment foi soil anu watei conseivation (mattock, mallet,
claw hammei, spiiit level, slasheis, panga, hoes, mulching mateiials,
pegs, nails, stones, stiings, spaues, moulu plough, uisc plough, plumb
bob, tiowel, tape measuie, wheelbaiiow, gunny bags); tiee seeulings,
giass species anu eioueu sites
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viueo sliues, pictuiesphotogiaphs anu chait showing the effects of soil
eiosion, oveigiazing, uefoiestation, lanusliues, eaith quakes anu
invasions of wetlanus

Soil feitility is essential to the piopei giowth of plants. Theie aie seveial
factois that contiibute towaius the feitility of a given soil. Emphasis
shoulu be put on factois like soil uepth, soil stiuctuie, uiainage, ability of
the soil to ietain watei, nutiient availability, soil ieaction anu faiming
activities going on.
Cleai explanation of the causes of soil eiosion like action of human
beings, action of watei, anu action of winu then iemoval of vegetation is
expecteu. Summaiising the effect of soil eiosion incluuing climate
change anu lanusliues aie ciucial in minimising enviionmental
challenges.
uet suppoit fiom the school auministiation to pioviue the ielevant
inputs to the leaineis such as lanu, planting mateiials, gaiuen
toolsequipments, feitilizeis, pesticiues, space, funus anu time.

Assessment
Reasons why soil suffeis infeitility
Soil feitility
Ciop iotation piogiamme
Chaiacteiistics of ciops giowing in pooi soils
Soil anu watei conseivation on a gentle slope
Soil eiosion anu the effects of lanusliues in agiicultuie
Suggestions on how uefoiestation can be minimiseu in 0ganua
Tiee anu giass planting in conseiving soil anu watei on a faiming lanu
Enviionmental pioblems faceu by wetlanus in youi home aiea 0ganua
Sub-Topic 3: Soil Composition
Competences Content
The leainei:
analyses the composition of a feitile
soil.

uemonstiates the impoitance of soil
anu watei as faiming iesouices.
appieciates watei anu soil as faiming
Soil composition
Chaiacteiistics of soil suitable
foi faiming
Soil anu watei as faiming
iesouices
Ways in which soil anu watei
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Competences Content
iesouices
uesciibes the causes anu effects of
soil uegiauation.
aie impoitant to ciops
Soil uegiauation anu its effects

Practical
Iuentifying uegiaueu soils
Iuentifying effects of soil uegiauation on ciop faiming
Caiiying out measuies to pievent soil uegiauation
Caiiying out measuies to iehabilitate uegiaueu soils

Resources
Sites with uegiaueu soils
Tools, equipment anu mateiials foi soil iehabilitation (such as oiganic
manuie, lime, hoes, planting mateiials of fallow ciops)

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Topic 3: Animal Production I
Overview
Animals aie iaiseu mainly to pioviue foou foi the population. Some animals
aie kept foi ieligious, social oi economic ieasons. Foi example, the Bahima
anu Kaiamojong iegaiu cattle as a measuie of wealth anu social piestige.
Some people keep animals as pets oi spoiting puiposes. Theiefoie
uevelopment of the livestock inuustiy is of gieat impoitance to the
0ganuan economy. This can begin with selection which is the gateway to
livestock impiovement.

Learning Outcome
apply appiopiiate piactices of livestock piouuction anu animal welfaie
in 0ganua.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of skills of hanuling livestock impiovement
in animal piouuction.

Sub-Topic 1: Introduction to Livestock Production
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the status of livestock
piouuction anu uistiibution in
0ganua.
iuentifies the available
bieeusspecies of livestock in
0ganua.
examines policies in the livestock
sectoi.

classifies livestock accoiuing to
oiigin, type, bieeu anu puipose.
states the iecommenueu
piinciples of animal welfaie.
Status of livestock population
anu uistiibution

Factois affecting livestock
uistiibution anu piouuction

Recent uevelopments anu
policies in the livestock
inuustiy
Classification of livestock

Basic piinciples of animal
welfaie

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Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion so that leaineis iuentify the impoitance of
livestock piouuction in 0ganua anu ask leaineis to note uown its iole in
the economy.
0iganise the leaineis in gioups to stuuy the 0ganua livestock
uistiibution map using the 0ganua School Atlas anu iuentify wheie
livestock is kept in theii home uistiict. Then ask the leaineis to uiaw a
local uistiict map of livestock uistiibution.
0iganise foi leaineis:
- a fielu tiip to a neaiby livestock faim anu leau them in a guiueu
uiscoveiy of the chaiacteiistics of uiffeient livestock kept on a faim.
- a uebate on the neeu to take into consiueiation animal welfaie anu
summaiise the iecommenueu piinciples of animal welfaie.
- a iole-play of the caie foi animals then summaiise the
uemonstiation of how to caie foi animals.
- a fielu visit to obseive anu iecoiu the ioutine piactices in caiing foi
faimpet animals. Befoie the visit, you shoulu piepaie a
questionnaiie on the chaiacteiistics of, ieasons foi keeping,
housing iequiiement, management, feeuing, health, piocessing of
faim output, maiketing of piouucts anu geneial welfaie of pet
animals.
- a viueo show oi a computei simulation to show the uiffeient
typesbieeus of livestock.
- a uisplay of pictuiesphotogiaphs anu chaits showing vaiious types
of livestock kept in 0ganua so that they can wiite uown obseivable
chaiacteiistics.
Leau a class uiscussion so that leaineis point out the uiffeience between
type anu bieeu of livestock.
uuiue the leaineis in uesigning anu constiucting of a pet animal house at
school.
0se a veteiinaiy officei animal extension woikei to caiiy out a guiueu
uiscussion on the Animal Welfaie Act.
Ask the leaineis in gioups to paiticipate on a weekly basis in giooming,
feeuing, cleaning animal houses, anu obseiving signs of ill health anu
make a wiitten iepoit piesentation to the class.

Practical
Stuuy visit to livestock impiovement centies like BATICS anu ARBC's
with impiovement piactices anu technologies
Fielu stuuy to:
- iuentify the factois favouiing livestock piouuction
- iuentify types of animals kept, systems anu ieaiing piactices
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- investigate ways livestock faimeis aie solving the pioblems they
aie facing
0bseiving chaitspictuiesviueos that show the uiffeient bieeu
chaiacteiistics

Resources
Biffeient animal bieeus anu species
Statistical uata on livestock population
0ganua School Atlas anu the Animal Welfaie Act
Pictuiesphotogiaphs, chaits anu viueo sliues showing vaiious types of
livestock in 0ganua
Computei simulation of livestock bieeus anu pet house mouel
Expeit veteiinaiy officeianimal extension woikei

inputs to the leaineis such as lanu anu animals to use in getting hanus-
on anu space foi these activities. In auuition, acquisition of wiue
knowleuge on livestock piouuction in 0ganua anu the Animal Welfaie
Act will make unueistanuing of livestock bieeus anu uistiibution bettei.
Assessment
Biawing the map of livestock uistiibution in 0ganua
The ioutine piactices in caiing foi faimpet animals aiounu the school
The chaiacteiistics of uaiiy anu beef bieeus of cattle
Livestock uistiibution in 0ganua
The piinciples of animal welfaie in 0ganua
Animal ieaiing piactices in 0ganua
The ways to impiove looking aftei anu caiing foi animals at home

Sub-Topic 2: Livestock Improvement
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains coiiectly the teims
useu in selection.
uemonstiates the ieasons foi
selecting livestock
establishes anu explains the
ciiteiia foi selecting uiffeient
livestock bieeus.

Befinition of livestock selection

Reasons foi selecting livestock

Ciiteiia foi selecting suitable
livestock bieeusspecies foi a
given aiea:
- auaptability
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Competences Content

cieates a selection guiueline foi
selecting uesiieu livestock.

uesciibes the uiffeient methous
of livestock selection.
justifies the ieason foi selection
of livestock.
evaluates the selection methous
useu in livestock impiovement.

uesciibes the ieasons foi
livestock bieeuing.

uesciibing the components of an
aitificial insemination kit.
applies appiopiiate
technologies to impiove
uemonstiates the pioceuuie of
aitificial insemination anu
embiyo tiansfei.
explains the auvantages anu
uisauvantages of aitificial
insemination, embiyo tiansfei
anu suiiogacy in livestock.
- piouuction level
- foou consumption anu
conveision
- quality of piouucts
- faimei's manageiial ability
Chaiacteiistics foi selection of:
- beef cattle anu uaiiy cattle
- uual puipose cattle
- layeis anu bioileis
- uual puipose biius
- uaiiy goats anu meat goat
- uual puipose goats
- bieeuing gilts anu boais
Nethous of selection:
- inuiviuual selection
- peuigiee selection
- piogeny testing
- tanuem selection
- selection inuex
Befinition of bieeuing
Reasons foi bieeuing livestock
Nethous of bieeuing anu theii
auvantages anu limitations:
- inbieeuing
- cioss bieeuing
- out ciossing
- line bieeuing
- back ciossing
- giauing up
Aitificial insemination kit

Aitificial insemination (AI)
uefinition

Pioceuuie of semen collection,
uilution anu stoiage plus
embiyo tiansfei
Auvantages anu uisauvantages
of aitificial insemination,
embiyo tiansfei pioceuuie anu
Suiiogacy in livestock
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Methodology
Leau a class uiscussion with leaineis to:
- uefine selection anu the vaiious teims useu in selection.
- ieview the auvantages anu uisauvantages of natuial mating.
- point out the iueal confoimation featuies anu othei chaiacteiistics
to consiuei when selecting uiffeient kinus of livestock, using
pictuieschaitsuiagiams.
- explain the auvantage anu uisauvantages of the uiffeient livestock
bieeuing methous namely natuial mating, in-bieeuing, line
bieeuing, out bieeuing, cioss bieeuing oi giauing up.
- uefine aitificial insemination anu note uown its auvantages anu
uisauvantages.
- claiify the foui factois of accuiacy, selection piessuie, phenotypic
vaiiability anu heiitability.
- state the auvantages anu uisauvantages of embiyo tiansfei in
Exhibit chaitspictuies oi oiganise a viueo show foi leaineis to wiite
uown the main iueal confoimation anu bieeu chaiacteiistics in uaiiy
anu beef cattle.
0sing a guiueu uiscoveiy with the leaineis, uesciibe the paits of male
anu female iepiouuctive systems of a faim animal. Then ask leaineis to
uiaw, label anu state the functions of the paits of iepiouuctive systems
of a male anu female faim animal.
Collect mateiials like mouels of syiinge, aitificial vagina, semen tubes,
nitiogen cylinuei anu teasei gun which you can assemble in goou time
to uemonstiate aitificial insemination.
Bistiibute the peifoimance iecoius of uiffeient kinus of livestock to
leaineis in gioups to stuuy anu iuentify a basis of selection.
Piepaie questionnaiies foi leaineis to use in obseiving anu as a guiue in
selecting a goou animal appiopiiate foi bieeuing fiom a gioup of faim
animal such as iabbits, pigs, goats anu local biius.
Pioviue guiuelines to leaineis to stait on livestock pioject woik.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion on the auvantages anu uisauvantages of
natuial mating anu aitificial insemination. The leaineis shoulu make
cleai notes.
Caiiy out a uemonstiation so that leaineis can iuentify the aitificial
insemination kit components.
0iganise a computei simulation of semen collection, aitificial
insemination anu embiyo tiansfei foi leaineis to see the steps taken.
0iganise a fielu visit to an animal impiovement centie foi leaineis to
iuentify the ciiteiia of selecting livestock foi bieeuing anu impiovement.
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Biainstoim anu ask leaineis to uesciibe the pioceuuie of embiyo
tiansfei anu suiiogacy in livestock.
0sing guiueu uiscussion anu an inviteu veteiinaiy officei oi animal
health extension woikei, uemonstiate foi leaineis the aitificial
insemination piactice anu ask them to keenly obseive the
uemonstiation anu summaiise the pioceuuies.

Practical
0bseiving animals to iuentify the bieeu selection chaiacteiistics
Examining the peuigiee anu peifoimance iecoius of inuiviuual animals
incluuing the bieeuing chaits
Fielu visit to obseive uemonstiation of semen collection, uilution,
stoiage anu aitificial insemination pioceuuie
0bseiving signs of heat in animals
0nueitaking piojects involving the use of impioveu technologies in
livestock piouuction
Pioject woik to involve:
- bieeuing animals
- keeping anu analysing bieeuing iecoius
- obseiving the chaiacteiistics of piogenies anu compaiing them
with those of theii paients anu local (contiol) animals

Resources
Chaitspictuieviueo oi sliues showing uiffeient kinus of livestock with
iueal confoimation anu bieeus chaiacteiistics
Live animal of uiffeient bieeus anu uiffeient livestock in the school oi
neaiby faim
Livestock bieeuing chaitsiecoius illustiating bieeuing methous oi
computei simulation
Piouuction iecoius of vaiious types of livestock like milk yielu, giowth
iate, weight gain, eggs yielu anu wool piouuction
Aitificial insemination kit oi kit of AI pioto-type fiom an animal
impiovement centie
Expeits like veteiinaiy officeis oi animal health extension woikeis to
talk about aitificial insemination

inputs to the leaineis such as aitificial insemination kit, inviting a
veteiinaiy officei, live animals foi use to uisplay the male anu female
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iepiouuctive system as well as funus anu time to make a fielu visit to
obseive signs of heat.
The iepiouuctive pait shoulu be uisplayeu foi leaineis anu pieseiveu in
foimalin foi futuie use.
Nake a goou uemonstiation of aitificial insemination pioceuuie but only
explain the concepts of embiyo tiansfei anu suiiogacy.

Assessment
Impoitance of selection in livestock bieeuing
The factois to consiuei when selecting any livestock foi bieeuing
The factois one woulu consiuei when selecting a uaiiy cow, beef cow, a
mutton sheep, anu a boai, a pullet anu gilt
The signs of heat in faim animals
Biawing anu labelling the male anu female iepiouuctive systems in faim
animals
The auvantages anu uisauvantages of natuial mating, in-bieeuing, line
bieeuing, out bieeuing, cioss bieeuing anu giauing up
Livestock impiovement in 0ganua
The instiuments useu to tiansfei the embiyo fiom the uonoi cow into
the iecipient cow
Auvantages anu uisauvantages of twin tiansfei of embiyos
Neiits, limits anu conuitions foi the success of aitificial insemination in
0ganua
The main causes of failuie in conception when aitificial insemination is
useu to bieeu livestock

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SENI0R FIvE TERN TW0
Topic 4: Basic Science II
Overview
In most of the cell oiganelles aie watei anu a gioup of molecules, many of
which aie oiganic compounus. These oiganic compounus all contain
caibon, hyuiogen, nitiogen, sulphui anu phosphoius. Bowevei, theie aie
thiee main types of oiganic compounus founu in living cells, that is,
caibohyuiates, lipius anu pioteins. The chemicals which make up the
bouies of plants, animals oi othei oiganisms aie known as oiganic
molecules, wheieas molecules that foim pait of suiiounuings of oiganisms,
such as caibon uioxiue in aii oi watei in the soil aie calleu inoiganic
molecules. So you neeu to know about the chemical natuie of these
mateiials.
Ecology is the stuuy of plants anu animals in ielation to each othei anu to
the physical anu chemical enviionment in which they natuially occui. But
much of the agiicultuie anu faiming emphasise inuiviuual oiganisms as if
they occui in isolation. To biing the ielationship of plants anu animals plus
theii effect on theii enviionment is of much impoitance as seen in this
topic.

Learning Outcome
appieciate the chemical anu biological composition of plants anu
animals.
appieciate the cycling of watei anu nutiients between soil, plants anu
aii.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the main stiuctuial paits of the uigestive,
iepiouuctive anu iespiiation systems of faim animals.
apply the neeu foi a balance between haimful anu beneficial oiganisms.
uisplay consciousness in the neeu foi a balance between the biotic anu
abiotic component of the agiicultuiefaiming enviionment.

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Sub-Topic 1: Chemicals of Life
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the functions of lipius,
piotein, watei, caibohyuiates,
vitamins anu mineials.

uesciibes the woiking anu
chaiacteiistics of enzymes.
Functions of:
- pioteins
- lipius
- caibohyuiates
- watei
- mineials anu vitamins
Enzymes
Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion anu ask leaineis to state the functions of
caibohyuiates, pioteins, lipius, vitamins, mineials, enzymes anu watei,
anu ask the leaineis to summaiise them.
Ask leaineis to ieseaich on anu summaiise:
- essential anu non-essential pioteins.
- monosacchaiiue, uisacchaiiues anu polysacchaiiues.
- lignification anu cellulose.
0sing a uemonstiation methou, ask leaineis inuiviuually oi in a gioup to
conuuct an expeiiment:
- to iuentify the piopeities anu factois that affect enzyme activity.
- to investigate the effect of pB anu tempeiatuie on enzyme activity
anu ask the leaineis to tabulate the iesults anu plot the giaphs of
the finuings.
- to investigate the effect of vaiying amounts of hyuiogen peioxiue
on equal amounts of catalase maue fiom fiesh livei of a cow.
- to ueteimine the amount of hyuiogen peioxiue iemaining by a
titiation with potassium peimanganate solution.
- to investigate the piesence of caibohyuiates, pioteins, lipius anu
ascoibic acius.
- to classify animal feeus anu faim piouucts basing on theii
composition.
0se guiueu uiscoveiy to enable leaineis iuentify symptoms of mineial
anu vitamin ueficiency in plants anu animals.
Biainstoim so that leaineis can iecall anu wiite the ueficiency
symptoms of vitamins anu mineial salts in plants anu animals.
Bisplay ciops anu animals with mineial ueficiency so that leaineis can
iuentify anu iecoiu obseivable symptoms. Then ask the leaineis to
suggest ways of iectifying the ueficiency symptoms.
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Practical
Investigate the piesence of pioteins, lipius anu caibohyuiates in feeus
anu agiicultuial piouucts
Investigate the woiking of enzymes

Resources
Reagents foi foou tests; fiesh livei fiom a cow
Sample of uiffeient seeus anu ingieuients of animal feeus
Agiicultuial faim piouucts
Neasuiing cylinueis, muslin cloth, glass iou, pipette anu buiette
Beakeis, test tubes anu boiling tubes
Litmus papei, hyuiogen peioxiue, potassium peimanganate anu
sulphuiic aciu
Beat souice of paiaffin stovechaicoal stoveBunsen buinei
Biomothymol blueuniveisal inuicatoi, uioppeis anu a white tile

inputs to the leaineis such as livei fiom a cowgoathen, foou ieagent
test mateiials, foou mateiials anu animal feeus containing
sugaislipiuspioteinsascoibic aciu, plants anu animal showing
ueficiency symptoms of vitamins anu mineials.
Caiiy out investigations of the moue of action, chaiacteiistics anu
factois influencing enzyme activities befoie piesenting it to leaineis.

Assessment
Piactical exeicise on ueteimining the piesence of ieuucing sugais, non
ieuucing sugais, pioteins, lipius anu ascoibic acius
Examples in each case of faim piouucts which supply caibohyuiates,
ieuucing sugais, non-ieuucing sugais, pioteins anu lipius
Types of caibohyuiates like monosacchaiiue, uisacchaiiues anu
polysacchaiiues
Composition of suciose, lactose, maltose anu staich
The essential amino acius
Enzymes moue of action anu its chaiacteiistics
The factois that influence enzyme action
Functions of caibohyuiates, pioteins anu lipius
Beficiency symptoms in plants anu animals

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Sub-Topic 2: Plant Morphology and Physiology
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the stiuctuie anu
functions of leaves, ioots,
floweis, fiuits anu the
vasculai system of plants.

uesciibes the piocesses of
photosynthesis anu tianspoit
(tianspiiation, tianslocation)
in plants.
uemonstiates the factois
influencing photosynthesis,
tianslocation anu
tianspiiation.

Exteinal anu inteinal stiuctuies
of plant stems, leaves, ioots,
floweis anu fiuits in ielation to
theii functions
Nouifieu plant paits like bulbs,
iootstem tubeis, coims,
ihizomes oi stolons
Piocess of photosynthesis (light
anu uaik stages)

factois affecting photosynthesis
absoiption of watei anu mineials
Tianslocation of mateiials within
the plant
Piocess of tianspiiation:
effects of tianspiiation
factois affecting tianspiiation
Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to iuentify:
- the exteinal anu inteinal stiuctuies of leaves, stems anu ioots in
plants.
- the functions anu auaptation of the obseiveu exteinal anu inteinal
stiuctuie.
Biscuss anu ask leaineis to:
- uesciibe the plant stoiage oigans anu theii impoitance in
agiicultuie.
- explain the techniques, pioceuuies anu methous of buuuing,
layeiing, tissue cultuie, giafting anu cloning in plants.
Nount piepaieu sliues of the inteinal stiuctuies of leaves, stems anu
ioots onto a micioscope anu ask leaineis to obseive, uiaw anu label five
main paits obseiveu in each stiuctuie.
Pioviue the leaineis with chaits pictuiescomputei simulation oi
viueo showing the techniques anu uiffeient methous of buuuing,
giafting, layeiing, cloning anu tissue cultuie anu put emphasis on the
factois to be consiueieu foi successful buuuing, giafting, cloning, tissue
cultuie anu layeiing.
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Thiough guiueu uiscussion, ask the leaineis to explain the concept of:
- geimination.
- asexual iepiouuction anu sexual iepiouuction.
- photosynthesis in gieen plants.
- tianspiiation anu tianslocation.
uuiue leaineis to uesciibe the:
- types anu causes of seeu uoimancy.
- pioceuuie of bieaking seeu uoimancy.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate how a photometei is useu to illustiate the
factois that affect tianspiiation.
0sing guiueu uiscoveiy, make leaineis:
- iuentify the leaf auaptations foi photosynthesis anu tianspiiation.
- claiify the stages of photosynthesis like caiboxylation, ieuuction,
iegeneiation anu piouuct synthesis; plus the factois that influence
photosynthesis (light, caibon uioxiue, chloiophyll anu watei) anu
tianspiiation in gieen plants.
0sing a guiueu uiscussion, leau the leaineis in uefining photosynthesis,
tianslocation anu tianspiiation in plants.
Ask leaineis to caiiy out a uemonstiation to ueteimine:
- the light compensation points aiounu the school using an
osomometei expeiiment.
- the piesence of pioteins, sugais anu lipius in mouifieu plant
stiuctuie anu ask leaineis to iecall the pioceuuie anu caiiy out
theii own foou tests on mouifieu plant stiuctuies.
0iganise a fielu stuuy foi leaineis to piactice ianuom sampling, iecoiu a
tiansect walk section, iuentify anu collect uiffeient planting mateiials.
Review the pioject methous then ask leaineis to caiiy out pioject woik
on ueteimining the suitable length of cassava cuttings sweet potato
vineselephant giass ioot stock that can give best yielus unuei uiffeient
tieatments.
0sing a viueo cameia, ask leaineis to make a film on the tiansect walk,
piopagation, geimination, photosynthesis, tianspiiation anu bieaking of
seeu uoimancy.

Practical
Iuentifying paits of the plant stiuctuies
Cutting anu obseiving sections of plant paits to stuuy the inteinal
stiuctuies
0bseiving anu uesciibing mouifieu plant paits
Caiiying out expeiiments to uemonstiate the factois affecting
photosynthesis, tianslocation anu tianspiiation

311
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Resources
0somometei, photometei, micioscopes anu stop clock
Foou test ieagents, test tube, boiling tubes anu heat souices
Biffeient plant paits like leaves, stems anu ioots
Nicioscopes anu accessoiies; hanu lenses anu uyes
viueo sliues, viueo cameia, viueo playei anu powei souice
Nouifieu plant paits: tubeis, stems, ihizomes, iunneis, bulbs, ioots anu
leaves
Piopagation mateiials foi plants
Chemical foi testing seeu viability
uiowing meuium of soil like giavel, chalk uust, sanu, clay, loam, subsoil,
woou ash, woou shaving anu toilet tissue
Specimen tubes that aie longei with plastic capiubbei bung
Bicaibonate inuicatoiuyes that can change fiom coloui
Supply of moie oi less matuie leaves of similai size
Biffeient plant paits like stems, ioots, leaves, floweis anu fiuits, giowing
plants
Nateiials anu appaiatus foi expeiiments on photosynthesis,
tianslocation anu tianspiiation in plants

Consult the biology teacheis on possible piacticals on photosynthesis,
tianspiiation, geimination anu seeu uoimancy.
inputs to the leaineis such as lanu, planting mateiials, woiking
toolsequipment, feitilizeis, pesticiues, space, funus anu time.

Assessment
Auaptations of plant leaves, stems anu ioots in oiuei to peifoim theii
functions
Neaning of photosynthesis, caiboxylation, photo phosphoialyiation,
tianspiiation, tianslocation, vegetative piopagation, geimination anu
seeu uoimancy
The factois influencing geimination, photosynthesis anu tianspiiation
Seeu uoimancy anu ways of bieaking seeu uoimancy
Calculation of the geimination peicentage of a sample of seeu anu
stating ieasons whethei they aie suitable as planting mateiials

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Sub-Topic 3: Reproduction in Plants
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the piocess of
iepiouuction in plants.
uiffeientiates between asexual
anu sexual iepiouuction.

uemonstiates the factois that
influence seeu geimination.

peifoims bieaking of seeu
uoimancy.
Repiouuction in plants

Asexual iepiouuction,
vegetative piopagation anu
sexual iepiouuction
Seeu geimination
- auaptation of seeus
- stiuctuie of seeus
- seeu viability
Seeu uoimancy

Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to iuentify:
- the exteinal anu inteinal stiuctuies of leaves, stems anu ioots in
plants.
- the functions anu auaptation of the obseiveu exteinal anu inteinal
stiuctuie.
Biscuss anu ask leaineis to:
- uesciibe the plant stoiage oigans anu theii impoitance in
agiicultuie.
- explain the techniques, pioceuuies anu methous of buuuing,
layeiing, tissue cultuie, giafting anu cloning in plants.
Nount piepaieu sliues of the inteinal stiuctuies of leaves, stems anu
ioots onto a micioscope anu ask leaineis to obseive, uiaw anu label five
main paits obseiveu in each stiuctuie.
Pioviue the leaineis with chaits pictuiescomputei simulation oi
viueo showing the techniques anu uiffeient methous of buuuing,
giafting, layeiing, cloning anu tissue cultuie anu put emphasis on the
factois to be consiueieu foi successful buuuing, giafting, cloning, tissue
cultuie anu layeiing.
Thiough a guiueu uiscussion, ask the leaineis to explain the concept of:
geimination, seeu uoimancy, asexual iepiouuction anu sexual
iepiouuction.
uuiue leaineis to uesciibe the:
- types anu causes of seeu uoimancy.
- pioceuuie of bieaking seeu uoimancy.
Ask leaineis to biainstoim the:
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313
- impoitance of using seeu as a planting mateiial with ielevant
examples.
- auvantages anu uisauvantages of using seeu as a planting mateiial.
- anu iuentify uiffeient ciops planteu using vegetative piopagation
anu give the vegetative mateiialstiuctuie useu in each ciop.
- auvantages anu uisauvantages of using vegetative mateiials foi
planting
- anu select suitable mateiials foi planting fiom an assoitment of
seeus oi vegetative mateiials then suggest the ieasons foi theii
choice.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate:
- giowing of uiffeient seeu samples unuei suitable geimination
conuitions fiom the known amount seeus pioviueu in petii
uishesplatestinscontaineisplastic cups anu make them to count
anu iecoiu the numbei of seeus which geiminate aftei 7uays out of
the total planteu.
- ability to calculate seeu geimination peicentage when using theii
expeiimental iesults.
Also make them to compaie with seeu samples giown in sanu, clay,
subsoil, woou ash, woou shavings, toilet tissues anu uistilleu watei.
Leau leaineis in a gioups to:
- uiscuss the piocess of iepiouuction in plants.
- obseive anu finu out the uiffeience between sexual anu asexual
iepiouuction.
- investigate the factois that influence geimination.
Biainstoim the causes anu ways of bieaking seeu uoimancy.

Practical
Investigating sexual anu asexual iepiouuction in high value ciops
Caiiying out seeu viability tests
Bieaking seeu uoimancy using uiffeient methous

Resources
Nouifieu plant paits: tubeis, stems, ihizomes, iunneis, bulbs, ioots anu
leaves
Piopagation mateiials foi plants like seeus
Chemical foi testing seeu viability
uiowing meuium of soil like giavel, chalk uust, sanu, clay, loam, subsoil,
woou ash, woou shaving anu toilet tissue
viability testing chemicals such as tetiazolium salt anu potassium
peimanganate

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Consult the teacheis of biology on possible piactical exeicises, on
photosynthesis, tianspiiation, geimination anu seeu uoimancy.
inputs to the leaineis such as lanu, planting mateiials, woiking
toolsequipments, feitilizeis, pesticiues, space, funus anu time.

Assessment
Seeu uoimancy anu ways of bieaking seeu uoimancy
Calculation of the geimination peicentage of a sample of seeu anu
stating ieasons whethei they aie suitable as planting mateiials
Biffeience between sexual anu asexual iepiouuction

Sub-Topic 4: Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the stiuctuie anu
functioning of the uigestive,
iepiouuctive anu iespiiatoiy
systems in faim animals.

iuentifies the obseivable
stiuctuial featuies of the
uigestive, iespiiatoiy anu
iepiouuctive system.
ielates the functions of the paits
to the stiuctuies iuentifieu on the
uigestive, iespiiatoiy anu
iepiouuctive systems.
i)Digestive system
Stiuctuie anu functioning of the
uigestive system of:
poultiy
iuminants
non-iuminants
ii) Reproductive system
iepiouuctive systems of biius
anu mammals
iii)Respiratory system
iespiiatoiy systems of biius
anu mammals

Methodology
Acquiie small livestock like biiuspoultiy, goats, iabbits, pigs, sheep anu
othei faim animals fiom the school auministiation to caiiy out
uemonstiations foi the leaineis.
Caiiy out a uemonstiation of uissecting a small livestock foi each of the
systems anu ask the leaineis to obseive, iuentify anu uiaw the
stiuctuial featuies of the uigestive, iepiouuctive anu iespiiatoiy system.
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315
Bisplay the paits of the uigestive, iespiiation anu iepiouuctive system
of a uissecteu faim animal anu ask leaineis to ielate the iuentifieu paits
to theii functions.
Bemonstiate how to pieseive the uissecteu paits of the uigestive,
iepiouuctive anu iespiiatoiy systems in foimalin. Each system shoulu
be put in its own containei anu given a cleai label.
0sing a guiueu uiscussion, ask the leaineis to uesciibe the stiuctuies
iuentifieu in the systems uisplayeu.
Biainstoim with leaineis on:
the iole of hoimones uuiing iepiouuction in livestock such as
oestiogen, piogesteione, piolactin, auienalin, oxytocin, follicle
stimulating hoimone, luteinising hoimone, coipus letum, pituitaiy
glanus anu thyioiu glanus.
the iole of enzymes in the uigestion of foou such as salivaiy
amylaseptyalin, insulin anu pepsin.
Exhibition uisplay of a uissecteu livestock foi leaineis to obseive,
manipulate the paits like gizzaiu, gullet, tiachea, heait, lungs, livei, gall
blauuei anu uiawing of conclusions about theii finuings ielating to
stiuctuial auaptations anu functions.

Practical
Caiiying out uissections to iuentify paits of the uigestive systems of
poultiy, iuminants anu non-iuminants
Caiiying out uissections to iuentify the paits of the iepiouuctive
systems of biius anu mammals
Caiiying out uissections to iuentify the paits of the iespiiatoiy systems
of mammals anu biius

Resources
Live biius oi small livestock anu othei mammals
Bissection kits, iazoi blaue plus knife, pieseivatives of live mateiials
anu uiessing boaiu, anu mateiials foi uissection
Live iuminant anu non-iuminant

Light tieatment coveiing the functions of paits of the uigestive,
iepiouuctive anu iespiiatoiy systems shoulu be maue.
inputs to the leaineis such as small iuminant anu non-iuminant
livestock, woiking toolsequipments anu pieseivatives.
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Assessment
The names of the paits of the uigestive, iepiouuctive anu iespiiatoiy
systems plus stating theii functions
Bigestion in iuminants anu non-iuminants
Well labelleu uiagiams uesciibing uigestion in a pig, cow, iabbit, hen anu
goat
The piocess of uigestion in iuminant anu non-iuminants
Egg foimation in biius
The male anu female iepiouuctive systems in a nameu livestock
Bow the enu piouuct of uigestion aie absoibeu in animals

Sub-Topic 5: Micro and Macro Organisms of
Importance in Agriculture

Competences Content
The leainei:
iuentifies the uiffeient types of
micio-oiganisms.
categoiises the uiffeient types
of micio-oiganisms.

micio-oiganisms.
enumeiates the haimful effects
of micio-oiganisms.

macio-oiganisms that aie
impoitant in agiicultuie.

uesciibes the uiffeient types of
macio-oiganisms that aie
impoitant in agiicultuie.
Micro-organisms
Basic stiuctuie anu
chaiacteiistics of micio
oiganisms:
- viiuses anu bacteiia
- piotozoa anu fungi
- nematoues
- beneficial micio-oiganisms
- feimenteis uecomposeis
- nitiogen fixeis
- biological contiol agents
Impoitance of micio oiganisms

Baimful micio-oiganisms such
as pathogens
Macro-organisms
Noiphology of:
- eaithwoims
- livei flukes
- nematoues
- ticks
- tapewoim
Beneficial macio-oiganisms:
- pollinatois
- uecomposeis
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Competences Content

macio-oiganisms.
enumeiates the haimful effects
of macio-oiganisms.
- soil aeiatois
Auaptations of haimful macio-
oiganisms to theii moue of life
Baimful macio-oiganisms anu
theii effects:
- paiasites like ticks, livei
flukes, tapewoims, iounu
woims, mites, lice anu
nematoues
- vectois like snails, tsetse
flies, ticks, insects,
nematoues, pests, insects,
veimin anu biius
Methodology
0iganise leaineis in gioups to uiscuss anu compaie the auaptation
featuies on the uiffeient micio- anu macio-oiganisms selecteu.
0iganise a fielu visit to the selecteu sites aiounu the school anu ask
leaineis to collect, obseive anu locate the homes of uiffeient micio- anu
macio-oiganisms.
Leau leaineis in a guiueu uiscoveiy of the haimful anu beneficial effects
both micio- anu macio-oiganisms on faim piouucts like but not limiteu
to maize, beans, woou, meat, milk, hiues anu skins.
Thiough a guiueu uiscoveiy, ask leaineis to collect, obseive anu
estimate the population of uiffeient paiasites, vectois, eaithwoims,
millipeues, centipeues, ihizobium on beanssoya in selecteu gaiuens of
high value ciops anu insects.
Leau the leaineis to obseive anu biainstoim both haimful anu beneficial
effects of macio- anu micio-oiganisms.
Ask leaineis to mount sliues on a light micioscope with uiffeient macio-
anu micio-oiganisms oi pioviue a hanu lens then obseive, uiaw anu
label five stiuctuial chaiacteiistics of each.
Thiough a uemonstiation, enable the leaineis to:
calculate the population uensity of macio- anu micio-oiganisms.
estimate the numbei of eaithwoims (the leaineis shoulu be in paiis
to be able to use a quauiat anu methanol pioceuuies).
auheie to the pioceuuie of captuie-iecaptuie methou of estimating
population size.
iuentify anu classify uiffeient oiganisms whose uensities coulu
make up a pioject woik using iefeience books oi the inteinet.
cultuie bacteiia anu fungi in the laboiatoiy
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Biainstoim so that leaineis can summaiise the:
pioblems encounteieu when estimating population of teiiestiial
oiganisms such as catchability (size, speeu of movement,
camouflage, animal leaining of the tiap), migiation, biith iate
(fecunuity, geneiation time, sex iatio anu foou secuiity), ueath iate
anu accuiate iuentification.
auaptation featuies of ticks, fleas, tapewoims, livei flukes, pig lice,
bees, teimites, wasps, millipeues, centipeues, mice, iats anu pests
on high value ciops.

Practical
0bseiving fungal colonies unuei natuial conuitions
Cultuiing bacteiia anu fungi anu obseiving theii giowth anu
chaiacteiistics.
0bseiving mounteu sliues of micio-oiganisms
0bseiving specimens of macio-oiganisms
Stuuying the activity of eaithwoims in the soil
Collecting anu obseiving the uiffeient types of paiasites, vectois anu
pests
0bseiving the haimful effects of macio-oiganisms on theii hosts
0bseiving auaptation featuies in macio-oiganisms
Estimating the numbei of vectois, pests, eaithwoim millipeues
centipeuesnematoues in a selecteu site

Resources
Nounteu sliues of micio anu macio oiganisms
Nicioscopes with accessoiies, hanu lens anu white tile
Nateiials with fungal giowth like cassava, bieau, olu walls on faim
builuings
Cultuiing mateiials foi bacteiia anu fungi
0nuiluteu Su% methanol oi ethanol
Soil samples fiom school faimneaiby faims
Two jam jais, basin anu bucket
Quauiat of u.Sxu.S meties anu map extiacts of the aiea
Pioceuuie of captuie-iecaptuie methou, wateipioof paint anu biush,
foiceps, tiaps, pooteis anu specimen tubes
Baeimann Tullgien funnel (wiie gauze, lamp, funnel, beakei, poious
bag)
Pieseiveu eaithwoims, livei flukes, ticks, lice, tapewoims, nematoues,
mites, tsetse flies, veimin, iats, biius anu insects

319
319
Caution shoulu be taken when hanuling oiganisms to obseive the
stiuctuial chaiacteiistics of micio- anu macio-oiganisms because some
aie vectois of uiseases of human being.
0nly emphasis of the population changes of micio- anu macio-
oiganisms on high value ciops shoulu be maue.

Assessment
Calculation of the estimateu population of selecteu micio- anu macio-
oiganisms aiounu the school anu in the gaiuens of high value ciops
Calculating the population of eaithwoims in the school heuge anu
mulcheu school gaiuen
The beneficial anu haimful effects of micio- anu macio-oiganisms in
high value ciops
The auaptations of selecteu micio- anu macio-oiganisms on the faim
The functions of any five stiuctuial featuies on selecteu micio- anu
macio-oiganisms
The pioblems encounteieu when sampling teiiestiial oiganisms

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Topic 5: Crop Production II
Sub-Topic 1: Soil Fertility II
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the meaning of oiganic
manuie.
oiganic manuie.
piepaies uiffeient types of
oiganic manuie anu manuie
tea.
uesciibes the pioceuuie of
making compost manuie.
uiscusses the factois
influencing the quality of faim
yaiu manuie.
uiffeientiates between macio-
anu micio-nutiientstiace
elements
uesciibes the ueficiency
symptoms of each macio-
nutiient.
uistinguishes between liming
anu feitilizei elements.
applies inoiganic feitilizeis
coiiectly on high value ciops.
assesses the choice of feitilizei
foi a ciop.
evaluates the effects of
inoiganic feitilizeis on the
enviionment.
explains the iole of nitiogen,
phosphoius anu potassium in
ciop piouuction.
uiscusses the safety piecautions
when hanuling anu applying
inoiganic feitilizeis.
0iganic manuie

Types of manuie

Nethous of piepaiation of
compost manuie, gieen
manuie, manuie tea, gaiuen
tea, night soil anu faim yaiu
manuie
Factois influencing quality of
oiganic manuie
Role of macio- anu micio-
nutiients in plant giowth
Beficiency symptoms of macio-
nutiients (NPK)
Liming mateiials

Effectiveness of inoiganic
feitilizeis

Auvantages anu limitations of
oiganic anu inoiganic feitilizeis

Safety piecautions when using
feitilizeis

321
321
Methodology
0sing guiueu uiscussion, ask leaineis to:
suggest the uiffeient types of oiganic manuie.
give the meaning of oiganic manuie, faim yaiu manuie, compost
manuie, gieen manuie anu inoiganic feitilizeis.
analyse inoiganic feitilizeis foi theii nitiate anu phosphate content.
analyse the soil chemical piopeities aftei using feitilizeis.
justify the factois influencing the effectiveness of feitilizeis in ciop
plants.
uesciibe the auvantages anu limitations of oiganic anu inoiganic
feitilizeis.
explain the main uiffeiences between oiganic anu inoiganic
feitilizeis.
explain auvantages anu limitations of oiganic anu inoiganic
feitilizeis.
uuiue leaineis in gioups anu leau a uemonstiation of the:
uiffeient activities of the compost manuie-making piocess.
steps of how to caiiy out soil sampling of faiming lanu to get soil
samples foi use in testing foi soil pB.
pioceuuies of how to iaise seeulings in nutiient cultuie solutions.
uiffeient methous of applying the iight types of feitilizeis in high
value ciops at school.
Thiough guiueu uiscoveiy, enable leaineis to:
piepaie manuie (faim yaiu manuie, liquiumanuie tea, gaiuen tea
anu gieen manuie) so that they can wiite uown the pioceuuie.
test foi pB on soil samples collecteu anu iecall the pioceuuie.
test the nutiient composition of feitilizeis paiticulaily foi nitiate,
sulphate anu phosphate nutiients.
Biainstoim with leaineis as they make notes on:
chaiacteiistics of faim yaiu manuie.
factois influencing the quality of faim yaiu manuie.
auvantages anu uisauvantages of using oiganic manuie.
the meaning of inoiganic feitilizeis.
classes of inoiganic nitiogenous, phosphates anu potassic
feitilizeis.
the iole of nitiogen, phosphoious, potassium anu sulphui in plants.
ueficiency symptoms of some impoitant micio- anu macio-
nutiients.
factois influencing the choice anu effectiveness of inoiganic
feitilizeis.
ieasons, benefits, limitations anu effects of liming soil.
factois influencing the effectiveness of feitilizeis.
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Ask leaineis to iole-play the:
safety piecaution when hanuling anu applying feitilizeis.
effects of feitilizeis on the enviionment.
Ask the leaineis inuiviuually to collect, uisplay anu uesciibe plants with
nutiient ueficiency symptoms in anu aiounu the school.
Besign with leaineis' ways of collecting uiine anu householu
wasteuseu watei foi use in agiicultuie.
Aiiange a uisplay of uiffeient feitilizeis foi leaineis to obseive, analyse,
inteipiet, iuentify anu uiaw conclusions ielevant to ciop piouuction.

Practical
0bseiving plants foi mineial ueficiency symptoms
Applying feitilizeis anu manuies
Caiiying out soil eiosion contiol measuies

Resources
Ciops showing nutiient ueficiency symptoms
Eioueu sites
Samples of uiffeient oiganic manuie anu inoiganic feitilizeis
Nateiials foi making manuie
Tools anu equipment foi making manuie
Pits, containeis, mateiials foi making manuies (such as animal excieta,
kitchen wastes, giass, leaves, ciop iesiuues),tools anu equipment
Biown iing test anu phosphate test ieagents incluuing boiling tubes, 2N
sulphuiic aciu anu iion (II) sulphate
Specimen ciops, ciop piouucts like fiuitsseeusioots uisplaying
ueficiency oi goou supply of plant nutiients
Lanusoil bagswoouen soil boxes foi piojects anu uemonstiation
0iine manuie sluiiy (uium, stiong sackgunnynylon bag, stiong pole,
iope, small plastic sheet, comfiey, tobacco, Tithonia)
Photogiaphspictuies, chaits, viueo sliues showing giowing plants

Nake a list of the majoi anu tiace elements that plants neeu fiom the
soil.
Emphasise the ueficiency symptoms of these elements anu the iole of
oiganic manuie in putting back nutiients.
The soil amenument piactice anu feitilizei use in 0ganua is low but
most of it is being uone in giowing of floweis.

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Assessment
Nacio- anu micio-nutiientstiace elements
The iole of oiganic manuie in maintenance of soil feitility
Impoitance of maintaining soil feitility
The safety piecautions when hanuling anu applying feitilizeis anu
manuies
The effects of feitilizeis applications on the enviionment
Soil aciuity anu soil amenument
Benefit of liming soils by faimeis

Sub-Topic 2: Production of High Value Crops
Competences Content
The leainei:
auapts piactices involveu in the
piouuction of high value ciops
with expoit potential.

integiates tiee giowing with
ciop piouuction.

initiates value auuition befoie
selling of high value ciops.

Piouuction of high value ciops
uioup A: vegetable anu spices
such as okia, gailic, Iiish potato
anu peppei
uioup B: Fiuits (pineapple,
mango anu goosebeiiy)
uioup C: Neuicinal ciops (such
as moiinga, neem, aloe veia anu
Aitemisia sp)
uioup B: Populai cottage ciops
like mushiooms, floweis anu
uplanu iice
uioup E: Tiees, mulbeiiy,
Luceine Musizi anu pine
Methodology
Befoie the lesson:
acquiie the uiffeient iecommenuations by ieseaich stationsmouel
faim extension woikeis involveu in the selecteu high value ciops.
piepaie a questionnaiie anu oiganise a visit to a faim in the aiea
wheie the two selecteu high value ciops aie giown so that the
leaineis can obseive, inquiie anu iecoiu finuings fiom these
faimeis.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to:
explain the agionomic piactices involveu in piouuction of high
value ciops.
explain the post-haivest hanuling piactices anu theii iequiiement.
explain innovative ways of maiketing high value ciops.
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Bemonstiate the agionomic piactices in giowing the two selecteu high
value ciops foi leaineis to:
piepaie a suitable seeubeu foi giowing a high value ciop.
select suitable mateiials foi planting.
caiiy out a geimination test of planting mateiial.
caiiy out the agionomic activities involveu in giowing of ciops.
giow successfully the selecteu high value ciops.
establish a ciop museum at school.
keep iecoius of vaiious high value ciop piouuction activities.
Bave uiffeient secuie plots foi leaineis in gioups to use in giowing the
selecteu two high value ciops.
Piepaie an instiuctional manual on the activities to be caiiieu out by
leaineis in giowing the high value ciops.
Supeivise the leaineis anu assess them when caiiying out:
establishment anu managing of a nuiseiy.
seeubeu piepaiation anu site selection.
seeuplanting mateiial selection.
timely planting anu tiansplanting.
optimum spacing, planting uepth anu seeu iate.
application of feitilizeis; weeu, pest anu uisease contiol.
haivesting anu piepaiing piouuce foi stoiage.
innovative stoiage, packaging anu piesentation of high value ciops
foi the maiket.
0iganise a uay foi leaineis to:
piesent anu uiscuss a wiitten iepoit of activities caiiieu out.
obseive uisplayeu photogiaphschaits oi viueo sliues of successful
ciops.
visit a commeicial faimei piouucing one high value ciop foi expoit.
Ask leaineis to woik out the costs of piouucing each ciop anu pioject
incomes baseu on piouuction levels obtaineu. Fiom the calculations of
expenuituie anu income, let the leaineis uiaw conclusions on the most
piofitable ciop anu wheie theie aie losses ask them to piopose
iemeuies.

Practical
Raising selecteu high value ciops suitable foi the aiea (school locality)
fiom each gioup inuicateu
Iuentifying ciops in the museum
Planting anu managing tiees

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Resources
Specimen ciops, ciop piouucts like fiuitsseeusioots uisplaying
ueficiency oi goou supply of plant nutiients anu planting mateiials
Lanusoil bagswoouen soil boxes foi piojects anu uemonstiation
Photogiaphspictuies, chaits, viueo sliues showing giowing plants
Ciop piouuction manual like foi Solanum maciocaipon (Nakati)
Tools anu equipment foi ciop giowing anu agiochemicals anu feitilizeis
Ciop museumgene bank

inputs so that leaineis can go into piouuction of high value ciops. These
incluue things like lanu, planting mateiials, woiking toolsequipments,
feitilizeis, pesticiues, space, funus, moial suppoit anu time.
Supeivise the leaineis caiiying out the agionomic piactices in high
value ciops. Ensuie caieful ciop husbanuiy management in the
piouuction of high value ciops to guaiantee success.
Cleaily auheie to the post haivest piactices which incluue thieshing,
cleaning, piocessing, soiting, uiying, uusting, tieatment, packaging anu
stoiage.
The ciop chosen shoulu have potential to sell in the locality when
stuuents innovatively maiket it.
Finally guiue school auministiation to establish a ciop museum.

Assessment
Reasons foi incieaseu piouuction of the selecteu high value ciops
The pioceuuie of iaising the selecteu high value ciop fiom seeubeu
piepaiation to haivesting
The pioceuuie of planting uplanu iice anu pioceuuie foi piepaiing the
selecteu high value ciops
Auvantages of iefiigeiateu stoies foi selecteu high value ciops such as
vegetables
Piecautions to be taken when haivesting the selecteu high value ciops
Factois that woulu affect the quality of the selecteu high value ciops
Bow piocessing, packaging anu auveitising woulu inciease faimeis'
income fiom high value ciops
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Topic 6: Animal Production II
Overview
Livestock management incluues among othei things but not limiteu to
feeuing, housing, bieeuing, iecoiu keeping, uisease anu pest contiol. These
activities aie caiiieu out on livestock to ensuie high piouuction.

Learning Outcome
apply the knowleuge of goou uiets in livestock management.
apply appiopiiate skills of iecommenueu ioutine piactices in livestock.
uemonstiate knowleuge anu pioficiency in poultiy piouuction.
justify the ieasons foi livestock impiovement.
uemonstiate pioficiency in poultiy, beekeeping anu fish piouuction.
piepaie uiffeient iations foi feeuing livestock on the faim.
auheie to the guiuelines of pioviuing suitable animal ieaiing
enviionment.
claiify theii knowleuge of hanuling livestock iecoius anu animal health.
manage uaiiy piouuction, poultiy bieeuing, fish ponu stocking anu
beekeeping on a faim.

Sub-Topic 1: Livestock Management
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the piinciples anu
piactices of livestock feeuing.

classifies vaiious livestock
feeus.
examines the nutiitional
iequiiements foi vaiious kinus
anu types of livestock.
caiiies out appiopiiate
livestock feeuing piactices.
uemonstiates the piinciples
anu piactices of goou livestock
Piinciples anu piactices of goou
livestock feeuing:
- auequate feeuing
- balanceu iation
- clean watei anu clean feeus
Livestock feeus

Nutiitional iequiiement of
uiffeient livestock

Livestock feeuing piactices

Piinciples anu piactices of goou
livestock housing
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Competences Content
housing.
uemonstiates appiopiiate
livestock anu housing
piactices.
uesciibes the meaning,
puipose, pioceuuie,
auvantages anu limitations of
ioutine livestock management
piactices.
uemonstiates the ioutine
livestock management
piactices.
uiffeientiates between silage
anu hay.
making silage anu hay.
uemonstiates the piepaiation
of silage anu hay at school foi
feeuing livestock.
justifies the factois that
influence the quality of silage
anu hay.
Routine livestock anu housing
management piactices

Silage anu hay

Methodology
Leau leaineis in a uiscussion on the:
piinciples anu piactices of goou livestock feeuing anu housing.
nutiitional iequiiements of uiffeient livestock at vaiious stages of
giowth.
meaning, puipose, pioceuuie, auvantages anu limitations of ioutine
livestock management piactices.
factois influencing the qualities of goou silage anu hay.
0sing uemonstiation, guiue leaineis to:
feeu anu watei animals.
clean the feeuing anu wateiing equipment.
mix feeu iations foi uiffeient livestock.
clean anu uisinfect livestock houses.
maintain anu iepaii livestock houses.
caiiy out ioutine management piactices.
make silage anu hay.
Ask anu have the leaineis in gioups to:
iuentify vaiious feeu stuffs piesenteu.
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classify vaiious feeu stuff as pioteins, caibohyuiates, fats, mineials,
vitamins, ioughages, concentiates, supplements, succulents anu
auuitives.
feeu anu watei livestock.
iecoiu feeuing iegimes of uiffeient livestock.
auministei iight uosage of uiugs.
uemonstiate how to caiiy out appiopiiate livestock feeuing
piactices.
Bemonstiate anu involve leaineis in the pioceuuies of caiiying out:
ue-beaking, castiation, uehoining, hoof tiimming, iuentification,
livestock iecoiu keeping
hanu spiaying, uosing, uienching, bianuing, tattooing, uocking,
giooming, kinuling, ue-woiming, tooth clipping, eai notching,
culling, vaccination anu eai tagging.
home feeu mixing.
uipping anu spiaying livestock.
silage, hay anu calf pellet making.
uesigning a feeus outlet shop (but you aie expecteu to be fully
knowleugeable about each skill so as to guiue leaineis effectively).
Pioviue leaineis with the piopei guiuance, iight mateiials, enough time
anu equipment so that they can caiiy out the following tasks:
bianuing cattleyoung calves
uosinguienching of calves
uisbuuuing of calves anu injecting of cattle
hanu spiaying of livestock
taking the anal tempeiatuie of cattle
tattooing of goats, hoof tiimming of goats anu uehoining
caponising of male biius
eai tagging of goatspigscattle
castiation of young piglets
eai notching of pigs, tooth-clipping in pigs anu cieep feeuing
ue-beaking of layeis anu culling of biius
uocking lambsiauuling ciutchingtuppingseivingiinging
sheaiing of wool fiom sheep
uusting livestock houses
steaming-up uiying-off flushing of livestock
uesigning anu constiuction of iabbit kinuling boxes

Practical
Feeuing anu wateiing animals
Cleaning feeuing anu wateiing equipment, among otheis

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Resources
Live poultiy anu faim animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, iabbits
anu guinea pigs
Livestock feeus (ioughages: giass, Luceine, ceieal stalk, sweet potato,
moiinga, hay, silage oi concentiates: cotton seeu cake, gioununut cake,
soya bean cake, sunflowei cake, fish meal, bloou meal, bian, piemix,
auuitives, uaiiysow anu weaneilayei mashgiowei mash meal,
mineial salt, calf pellets, milk boostei, molasses, feeu auuitives
(teiiamycin)
Equipment foi ioutine management opeiations (elastiatoi, buiuizzo,
hot iion uehoinei, hoof tiimmei, hanu spiay pump, scissois, bianuing
iion, eai notchei, neck stiapschain, electiic ue-beakei, knife, tooth
clippei, shaip knives, iazoi blaues, tattooing machines anu
theimometei)
Feeuing anu wateiing equipment
Livestock sanitation equipment incluuing a hanu spiay pump
Cattle uipciushspiay iace anu silage pit
Animal feeu mill anu feeu outlet shop

Wheieas theie aie many ioutine management piactices to be caiiieu out
unuei this topic, leaineis at this level cannot hanule all but you shoulu
be knowleugeable enough about each befoie going to uemonstiate any
one of them.
inputs to the leaineis such as live faim animals, livestock ioutine
management equipment, livestock feeu mateiials anu silage making
iequiiements. 0theiwise oiganise with faimeis oi a veteiinaiy officei
wheie you can take leaineis to have piactical expeiience of the uiffeient
ioutine management opeiations.

Assessment
Pioceuuies of ueteimining anal tempeiatuie of a given livestock
Piecautions a faimei shoulu take befoie using a cattle uip
Qualities of goou silage anu hay
Biawing a beef animal anu labelling the paits suitable foi bianuing
Auvantages anu limitations of opensuigical castiation in livestock
Impoitance of iuentification as a ioutine management piactice in
livestock
Impoitance of feeuing ioughages to livestock
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Impoitance of feeu auuitives in the uiet of livestock
Consiueiation when siting a goou housing of a nameu livestock
Reasons foi using limiteu amounts of piotein when making feeus foi
livestock
Impoitance of auequate supply of watei in feeuing of livestock
Pioceuuie of using a hanu spiay pump when tieating a nameu livestock
Nethous of ue-beaking, castiation, iuentification, uehoining anu feeuing
of young livestock
Auvantages anu uisauvantages of steaming up, flushing, cieep feeuing,
livestock iuentification, uiying off anu closeu castiation
Classification of feeustuff in teims of coiiect names, nutiient supplieu to
livestock anu its gioup. This coulu be uone using a table as shown below:

SpecimenFeeu Name Class of feeu Nutiient
supplieu
1. Cotton seeu cake
2. Potato vine
S. Naize bian
4. Baiiy meal
S. Calf pellet
6. Nineial licksalt
block
7. Bloou meal
8. Fish Neal
9. Bay
1u. 0ystei shell
11. Elephant giass
12. Souium chloiiue
1S. Besmouium spp
14. Nolasses

Sub-Topic 2: Poultry Breeding
Competences Content
The leainei:
initiates appiopiiate poultiy
bieeuing piactices.
uevelops ciiteiia foi selecting
poultiy bieeuing stock.
uesciibes the ioutine
management piactices of
poultiy bieeuing stock.
Poultiy bieeuing piactices

Selection of bieeuing stock, i.e.
cocks anu hens
Nanagement of bieeuing stock,
mating iatios anu egg
collection
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Competences Content
compaies the theoietical
poultiy bieeuing management
piactices with the faimei's
actual piactice.
uesciibes the ioutine hatcheiy
management piactices.

Batcheiy anu hatcheiy
management:
- hatcheiy hygiene
- conuitions foi a hatcheiy
(tempeiatuie, humiuity,
aeiation)
- selectinggiauing eggs foi
hatching
- tuining eggs in the
incubatoi
- hatching peiiou
- canuling of eggs
- sexing of chicks
- bioouing chicks
- impioveu management of
natuial incubation of eggs
Methodology
Leau leaineis in a guiueu uiscussion on the:
- piactice of natuial anu aitificial poultiy bieeuing.
- selection anu management of poultiy bieeuing stock.
- qualities of goou quality eggs foi bieeuing.
- bieeuing piinciples in poultiy.
- methous of iaising poultiy in 0ganua.
0sing biainstoiming with leaineis, iuentify the suitable conuitions foi
incubating eggs.
0iganise a fielu visit with piepaieu questionnaiies foi leaineis to:
- finu out what bieeus anu hatcheiy management piactices aie being
useu.
- compaie theii ioutine management piactices with those being
caiiieu out at the faim.
- consoliuate theii knowleuge on the selection of poultiy bieeuing
stock.
- explain the conuitions necessaiy foi successful incubation of eggs
on this faim.
- caiiy out egg canuling on this faim.
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- uesciibe the caie given to young chicks until matuiity at the poultiy
faim.
- mix poultiy feeus anu paiticipate in the pioceuuie of home mixing
of poultiy feeus.
0sing a uemonstiation, piepaie leaineis to:
- select cocks anu hens suitable foi bieeuing stock.
- select eggs foi incubation.
- canule eggs foi feitility.
- auheie to a vaccination scheuuleiegime.
- caiiy out canuling of eggs in the incubatoi.

Practical
Nanaging bieeuing stock incluuing feeuing, bioouing chicks, ieaiing
gioweis, vaccinating, ue-beaking, collecting eggs, giauingpacking of
eggs, egg canuling anu selling of biius
Selecting of cocks anu hens as bieeuing stock
visiting a poultiy bieeuei to obseive management of bieeuing stock

Resources
Poultiy unit of layei biius of both local anu exotic poultiy biius
Incubatoi anu bioouing mateiials
0ne uay olu chickpulletbioouing equipment
Egg tiay, egg boxes, canulei anu light souice
Nest boxes, watei tioughuiinkei, feeufoou tiough, ioosting box oi
peiches
Spaue with taipaulin, gunny bagssacks
Poultiy feeus foi uiffeient stages incluuing the following: fish meal,
maize bian iice wheat bian, cotton seeu cake, sunflowei cake, bone
meal, oystei shells, piimix, geneial puiposecommon layei salt, bioken
maizecassava flouisoighum meal
A faim with a hatcheiy anu live biius of uiffeient categoiies
vaiious mateiials like canulei, ue-woimeis, ue-beakeis, vaccines anu
bio-safe as a uisinfectant

Young chicks aie valuable in successful poultiy piouuction. Theiefoie
wiue knowleuge on the piinciples anu methous of bieeuing woulu be
iequiieu. Bence caieful poultiy bieeuing will be emphasiseu so that
chicks with goou bieeu chaiacteiistics aie piouuceu.
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333
inputs to the leaineis so that factois influencing incubation anu
piouuction of goou quality eggs aie achieveu.
0iganise fielu tiips to a hatcheiy faim to show leaineis impoitant
poultiy bieeuing piactices. But bieeuing in poultiy will be examineu in
uetail. Poultiy incluue chicken, uucks, geese, tuikey anu guinea fowl.
Cuiiently chicken aie iaiseu in gieatei numbeis. Chicken must be
piouuceu to meet the incieasing uemanu foi table biius.

Assessment
The limitations of natuial poultiy bieeuing touay
Piouuction of goou quality eggs foi hatching on the faim
Bow to caie foi young newly hatcheu chicks
Conuitions necessaiy foi successful incubation of eggs
Chaiacteiistics of a goou quality egg foi incubation
Nanagement piactices that a poultiy faimei shoulu caiiy out to piouuce
goou quality eggs
The valuable chaiacteiistics useu in selecting poultiy bieeuing stock
Routine management piactices foi a poultiy bieeuing stock
Bow to impiove on quality anu piouuction of local poultiy in 0ganua

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SENI0R FIvE TERN TBREE
Topic 7: Basic Science III
Overview
Ecology is the stuuy of plants anu animals in ielation to each othei anu to
the physical anu chemical enviionment in which they natuially occui. But
much of the agiicultuie anu faiming emphasises inuiviuual oiganisms as if
they occui in isolation.
The ielationship between plants anu animals anu theii effect on theii
enviionment is of much impoitance anu will be seen in this topic. Among
the many things that aie useu in the enviionment by man aie faim
chemicals. These aie chemical piepaiations specially manufactuieu foi
agiicultuial use. They can be applieu in faiming activities in oiuei to
inciease yielu, impiove quality of piouuce oi piotect plants anu animals. So
the way they aie hanuleu plus theii impact on the enviionment is of
concein in agiicultuie.

Learning Outcome
exploie the chaiacteiistics of both the teiiestiial anu aquatic ecosystem.
uemonstiate the extent to which the patteins in vegetation anu animals
can be explaineu by human activity anu the ielateu biotic factois of now
anu the past.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of when to use anu methous of using faim
chemicals.
apply uiffeient faim chemicals with piopei unueistanuing of theii effect
in agiicultuie.

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Sub-Topic 1: Ecology I
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the components of an
ecosystem anu theii intei-
ielationships.
uesigns anu cieates uiffeient
sizeu quauiate fiames to be useu
in sampling.
geneiates eneigy flows, foou
chains anu foou webs aiounu the
school.
Befinition of
ecologyecosystem

Components - living things
(biotic) anu non-living things
(abiotic)
Inteiactions like:
- foou chains
- foou webs
- pyiamius of biomass anu
numbeis
Methodology
0sing a guiueu uiscussion, make the leaineis:
- explain the concept of an ecosystem, niche, habitat anu community.
- explain with ielevant examples the concepts of foou chain, foou
web, succession, climax anu ecological pyiamius then ask leaineis
to geneiate simple foou chains, foou webs anu ecological pyiamius.
Biainstoim with leaineis:
- how to make a tiansect anu ianuom sampling in the school faim oi
lanu.
- types of ecosystems anu ask them to wiite them uown.
- succession anu its stages on a faim, anu shoot monthly pictuie
photos of each stage.
uuiue the leaineis to uemonstiate how to:
- measuie the moistuie content, the peicentage moistuie content of
soils in the high value ciop anu oiganic mattei content of soil in
uiffeient ecological nicheshabitat plus the light compensation
points of selecteu plant species.
- follow the pioceuuie of ueteimining soil pB of the five samples
(aciuic soil, alkaline soil, anthill soil, loamgaiuen soil anu ash soil
fiom iecently buint aiea) given.
Leau the leaineis in a guiueu uiscoveiy of the levelling methou of using
ianging poles to calculate the giauient of the school oi community
aiounu the school.
Leau the leaineis in gioups to plan anu measuie the slope aiounu the
school.
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Review using a guiueu uiscoveiy anu pioject woik with leaineis the
constiuction of uiffeient sizeu quauiat to be useu uuiing ianuom
sampling.
Leau the leaineis in a piactical woik on succession on a cleaieu piece of
lanu oi an exposeu iockconciete slab coveiing an unueigiounu watei
tank.
Ask leaineis in gioups to uiaw, uisplay anu exhibit foou chains, foou
webs anu ecological pyiamius.
Practical
visiting a selecteu habitat to iuentify the ecosystem components anu
theii inteiactions
Establishing a habitat anu monitoiing its piogiession oi uegeneiation

Resources
Selecteu habitatsecological sites like school faim, flowei gaiuens,
school lawnsheuges
Ranging poles, measuiing tape of Su-Su meties anu sighting level
Testing kit foi pB with univeisal inuicatois, Nunsell chait, spatula,
baiium sulphate, test tube, biush, small bucketbasin to caiiy the
appaiatus, towel anu uistilleu watei
Small uomestic ovenagiicultuie soil laboiatoiy ovencamping
stovemuffle fuinace
Evapoiating uishes, tobacco tin having a iubbei seal foil which can
buin
Point quauiat (with 2u pins, Su cm long anu 2u cm high) anu othei
quauiat of size between u.2S x u.2Sm to 2.u x 2.u m anu a top pan
sensitive weighing balance
Recoiu sheets, wateipioof maikeispens anu ianuom numbeis
Specimen bagsbottles, sweep nets, tiowel, plasticgunny bagsa hoe
Test tubes as long as possible with iubbei bungs to fit oi using special
soil testing glass tubes, heat souice, whiiling hygiometei wet anu uiy
bulb theimometei
Woikshop tools like mallet, claw hammei, assoiteu nails, masking tape,
hanu uiill, clamp anu woou chisel plus uiy wooutimbei anu still
uigital cameia anu uigital viueo iecoiuei

Ecology can be the stuuy of all factois affecting an aiea wheie plants anu
animals coexist. Theiefoie, consiuei the inteiactions between plants anu
animals wheie faiming is taking place.
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Seconuly only emphasise the meaning of teims in ecology anu the effects
of agiicultuie on the ecosystem.
Finally ask leaineis to iuentify common foou chains anu foou webs in
high value ciops in anu aiounu the school.

Assessment
Teims like ecology, species, oiganism, habitat, niche, population,
community, biomass, caiiying capacity, ecosystem, foou chain, foou web,
piey, pieuatoi, paiasitism, commensalism, mutualism, succession anu
climax
Components of an ecosystem
Bistinction between the biotic anu abiotic factois in an ecosystem
The effect of agiicultuie on the ecosystem of an aiea
Calculation of the giauient of the school lanu oi that of the aujacent
community
Continuous assessment of piojects uuiing the constiuction of quauiants
Piactical exeicise to ueteimine the pB of uiffeient soil samples, oiganic
mattei, heavily manuieu soils anu exhausteu soils

Sub-Topic 2: Ecology II
Competences Content
The leainei:
ecosystems.

explains the factois affecting
plant anu animal uistiibution in
an ecosystem.

demonstrates the effects of
agricultural activities on an
ecosystem.
pieuicts a succession of
oiganisms in a given habitat
aiounu the school.
Types of ecosystems:
- teiiestiial
- aquatic
Factois affecting plant anu
animal uistiibution in an
ecosystem
Auaptation of plants anu animals
to an ecosystem
Effects of agiicultuial activities
on ecosystems

Succession anu climax in a
community
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Methodology
Befoie the lesson, piepaie an investigation on ecological stuuy guiueline
foi floweiing plants anu animals in a given aiea then have leaineis ieau
anu use it.
0sing a guiueu uiscussion, have the leaineis:
- explain the meaning of ecology.
- uefine the teim ecosystem.
- iuentify the biotic anu abiotic component of an ecosystem.
- explain the factois affecting plant anu animal uistiibution in an
ecosystem.
Biainstoim so that leaineis can pieuict the main issues of the:
- investigation guiue foi plants anu animals in an ecological stuuy.
- effect of agiicultuial activities on an ecosystem.
Thiough a guiueu uiscoveiy, help leaineis to estimate the:
- fauna anu floia population like along a stieam on the faim with
effluent iunning into it.
- weeu species uensity in a high value ciop oi faiming aieas aiounu
the school.
Pioviue guiuelines foi the following ecological fielu stuuies so that
leaineis can:
- ueteimine the population of species in a given ecosystem.
- compaie two homogeneous ecological habitats.
- measuie enviionmental factois on agiicultuial lanu anu watei like
compaiing light compensation point, aii humiuity, slope, levelling
using ianging poles, amount of soil moistuieoiganic content,
suspenueu solius content in watei, tuibiuity of watei on the faim
anu watei flow iate using a Pooh stick.
- examine zonation along belt tiansect.
- investigate the watei anu aii content, anu pB of a soil sample fiom a
high value ciop.
- use a quauiat fiame in sampling of oiganisms.
- estimate the numbei of eaithwoims anu soil nematoues (using
BaeimannTullgien funnel).
- wiite up an ecological ieseaich pioject papei emphasising
intiouuction, methous, iesultsobseivations, uiscussion of iesults,
uiscussion of significance anu iefeiences consulteu.

Practical
visiting both teiiestiial anu aquatic ecosystems to compaie theii
components anu asses the conuition of the components
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Compaiing two homogeneous habitat ecological chaiacteiistics in both
the teiiestiial anu aquatic ecosystem
Investigating the piesent floia anu fauna of a ponu, iook pool, piotecteu
spiing oi a uam
Examining zonation along the belt tiansect

Resources
Sites iepiesenting teiiestiial anu aquatic habits
Sites uegiaueu by agiicultuial activities like swamps anu wetlanus
Banu net, bucket, white tiay, hanu lens, iecoiu sheet, suitable key of
plant anu animal in the aiea, glass tube, plastic bags, measuiing cylinuei
Appiopiiate equipment foi measuiing physical factois like quauiat
fiames, point quauiat, species list of the aiea, iecoiu sheet, tape
measuie
Equipment to measuie enviionmental factois like woouen pegs, mallet,
felt tip pen, iecoiu sheet, site sketchponu uamiook pool map, giaph
papeis
Equipment to sample motile animals like the hanu net; gumboots anu an
oveiall coat

Plants anu animals aie uistiibuteu accoiuing to the ecological conuitions
pievailing. You shoulu cleaily inuicate the uiffeience between a
teiiestiial anu aquatic ecosystem.
0se of simple pioceuuies of estimating population will be neeueu. So get
suppoit fiom the school auministiation to pioviue the ielevant inputs
foi leaineis to ueteimine population of oiganisms in the two
ecosystems.

Assessment
Components of an ecological ieseaich iepoit
Factois affecting plant anu animal uistiibution in an ecosystem
The effects of agiicultuie on a teiiestiial anu aquatic ecosystem
Pioceuuie of estimating population of a teiiestiial floweiing plant oi
animal

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Sub-Topic 3: Farm Chemicals
Competences Content
The leainei:
iuentifies the uiffeient faim
chemicals.
classifies the uiffeient faim
chemicals.
uiffeientiates obseivable effects
of faim chemicals.
evaluates the contiibution of
faim chemicals to pollution of
the enviionment.
uesciibes the uangeis of
impiopei use of faim chemicals
to the enviionment.

explains the piecautions to take
when using faim chemicals.

Biffeient faim chemicals
Fertilizers
- nitiogenous
- phosphatic
- potassic
Pesticides
- heibiciues
- fungiciues
- acaiaciues
- iouenticiues
ii) Soil amendments
lime
- veimiculite
iii) Animal drugs
- antibiotics
- analgesics
- ant-ietioviials
- antihelmintics
iv) Food preservatives
souium chloiiue
souium citiate
souium benzoate

Methodology
Befoie the uay of the lesson, gathei the uiffeient kinus of faim chemicals
like feitilizeis, soil amenument mateiials, pesticiues, heibiciues,
fungiciues, acaiaciues, woimiciues, auxins, foou pieseivatives, animal
uiugs anu iouenticiues with the suppoit fiom the school auministiation.
Bave leaineis ieau case stuuy 1 anu iuentify the intention of the wiitei.
Bave leaineis in a guiueu uiscoveiy of:
- classifying faim chemicals piesenteu to them anu iuentifying faim
chemicals.
- auministeiing uiugs to animals thiough uosing, uienching anu
injection.
- applying faim chemicals, obseiving the effects anu iecoiuing
finuings.
- applying pieseivatives to foous like meat anu tomatoes to inciease
life span anu easy packaging.
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- compaiing anu ueteimining the level of uamageinfestation of pests
on pieseiveu faim piouucts, incluuing use of oiganic pieseivatives.
Thiough a guiueu uiscussion, have leaineis explain the:
- contiibution of faim chemicals to pollution of the enviionment.
- piecautions to take when using faim chemicals.
- uangeis of impiopei use of faim chemicals.
- effects of faim chemicals on high value ciops, weeus anu selecteu
animals pests.
Leau leaineis to uemonstiate the:
- pioceuuies foi safe use of faim chemicals.
- mixing of chemicals following the iecommenuations of the
manufactuiei.
- assembling of spiaying equipment like hanu spiay pump.
- applying of salt on a gieen hiueskin anu ash on uiy beans to
pieseive them.
- iuentification of active ions in faim chemicals.
- effects of auxins, feitilizeis, pesticiues, woimiciues anu fungiciues,
in agiicultuial activities.

Practical
Iuentifying faim chemicals using theii chaiacteiistics
Caiiying out tests to iuentify active ions containeu in the chemicals
Applying the chemicals wheie possible anu obseiving theii effects
Investigating the effects of lime on clay soils, anthills anu oiganic mattei
Auministeiing uiugs to animals wheie possible anu making a follow up
of the animals
Applying pieseivatives to uiffeient foous

Resources
Foou pieseivatives like uiyeis, salt, souium bi-caibonate, ash, ieu
peppei, tobacco
Petii uishes, measuiing cylinueis, test tubes, conical flasks, iubbei
bungs, beakeis, test tube iack, bucket, sweep net anu gloves
Spiaying equipment anu faim chemicals like the hanu spiay pump, olu
engine oil, sulphui uioxiue, feitilizeis, pesticiues (Ambush), acaiaciues,
woimiciues, heibiciues (weeu mastei, ulycophosphate, Rounuup),
auxins (Seiauix) iouenticiues, animal uiugs, lime, veimiculite, foou
pieseivatives, anu fungiciues (Bithane N-4S)
Plants anu animals wheie faim chemicals can be useu
Faim piouucts like milk, hiuesskins, meat, maizebeanmillet seeus

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uieat caie must be taken when using faim chemicals. This is because
some aie uangeious substances which aie highly toxic to plants, othei
animals anu human beings. Stiictly follow the manufactuiei's
instiuctions.
uet suppoit fiom the school auministiation to pioviue the ielevant faim
chemical inputs to the leaineis in the following categoiies: foou
pieseivatives, fumigants, stomach poisons, systematic poisons anu
contact poisons.

Assessment
Categoiies of faim chemicals stuuieu anu theii uses
Piecautions a faimei shoulu take when using faim chemicals
Coiiect steps in using each faim chemical
Bangeis of the impiopei use of faim chemicals
Reuuction of the effects of faim chemicals to oui enviionment

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Topic 8: Crop Production III
Duration: 9 Periods
Overview
Foiest is an aiea wheie vegetation consists mainly of tiees, which aie tall,
woouy plants anu natuial tiees. 0thei types of plant anu many animals live
in the same aiea. Tiees can be giown in plantations. Bowevei, tiees can be
giown togethei with ciops.
Learning Outcome
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the inteiaction of tiees with ciops foi a
sounu enviionment anu sustainable agiicultuie.
appieciate the value of tiees to the inuiviuual peisons, community anu
the enviionment.
uemonstiate skills of iaising tiees with ciops in one gaiuen.
Sub-Topic 1: Agro-Forestry
Competences Content
The leainei:
examines the meaning anu
piinciples of agio-foiestiy.
uesigns a suitable lanu use foi
the school which incoipoiates
agio-foiestiy activities.
uemonstiates piactices of
agio-foiestiy in the school.
establishes a nuiseiy beu.

unueistanus the challenges of
agio-foiestiy.

uesciibes how tiees of agio-
foiestiy aie haivesteu anu
piocesseu.

Neaning of agio-foiestiy

Nethous anu pioceuuies foi
establishing agio-foiestiy

Piinciples anu piactices of agio-
foiestiy
Establishing a nuiseiy beu foi
tiees
Selection of tiees foi agio-
foiestiy
Auvantages of agio foiestiy
piactices in agiicultuie
Challenges of agio-foiestiy
Baivesting anu piocessing of
tiees in an agio-foiestiy gaiuen

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Methodology
Leau the leaineis into a guiueu uiscussion to explain the:
- meaning of agio-foiestiy, coppicing, pollaiuing, lopping anu silvi
cultuie.
- piinciples anu piactices of agio-foiestiy.
Ask leainei to biainstoim the:
- challenges of agio-foiestiy.
- pioceuuie of haivesting anu piocessing tiees.
Leau leaineis to uemonstiate how to:
- iaise agio-foiestiy seeulings in a nuiseiy beu.
- select tiees foi agio-foiestiy.
- establish a uemonstiation plot foi agio-foiestiy, silvi-pastoial
cultuial anu tiees.
- piactise piuning of tiees in agio-foiestiy gaiuen.

Practical
Iuentifying suitable agio-foiestiy tiee species
Raising seeulings of agio-foiestiy tiees
Planting anu iaising agio-foiestiy tiees in association with ciops anu
animals
Investigating the coiiect methous anu pioceuuies foi establishing an
agio- foiestiy gaiuen

Resources
Agio-foiestiy tiee planning mateiials (cutting, seeus, seeulings)
Lanuuemonstiation plot, pegs, hoes, uibbeis, bowpoweieu chain-saw,
panga, axe anu iopes
Coffee husksaw uustoiganic manuielake sanu, single supei
phosphates (SSP)
Rooting hoimone like Seiauix (foi stem cuttings)
Pesticiues, piuning knife, anu secateuis
Chaits, sliuesviueo shows illustiating the impoitance of tiees in
agiicultuie
Nanila sheet, masking tape, packet of maikei, thumb pins anu glue
Agio-foiestiy tiee planting mateiials
An agio-foiestiy faim

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A foiest is an aiea wheie the vegetation consists mainly of tiees. 0thei
types of plants anu animals may live in the same aiea natuially oi when
scientific piinciples aie applieu foi them to coexist. It is against this
backgiounu that emphasis of the benefits anu challenges of agio-
foiestiy shoulu be taught.
inputs to the leaineis such as lanu wheie to have the iequiieu plots.

Assessment
The appiopiiate piactices in management of agio-foiestiy
Economic impoitance of foiests in 0ganua
Naintenance piactices of a matuie agio-foiestiy
Piomotion of agio-foiestiy, foiest anu tiee conseivation

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Topic 9: Animal Production III

Overview
Fish faiming has not been uevelopeu as much as it shoulu be in 0ganua,
consiueiing the piotein iequiiements of its people. Bespite the fact that fish
is heavily consumeu in 0ganua, the population still uepenus veiy much on
natuial wateis such as lakes, stieams anu iiveis foi fish supply. Bowevei
with this awaieness of auvantages, the impoitance of cultivating fish in
ponus shoulu now be emphasiseu. The laige-scale piouuction of fish can
pioviue iaw mateiials foi inuustiies. Less impoitantly, fish can be iaiseu
foi aesthetic puiposes in an aquaiium anu foi spoits, as well as foi financial
benefit.
Tiauitional methous of beekeeping aie still pieuominant in 0ganua wheie
it iemains an impoitant seasonal activity. The intiouuction of mouein
beekeeping, incluuing mouein beehives anu technological piactices, has
iesulteu in quite iemaikable gains.
The quality of the livestock enviionment on which most faimeis uepenu is
ueclining. Yet livestock ieaiing is unueigoing a complex piocess of
technical anu geogiaphical change. Piouuction is shifting fiom the
tiauitional countiy siues to eithei uiban oi peii-uiban aieas, anu towaius
souices of feeus oi easy access to the maiket. It is enteiing a uiiect
competition foi the uwinuling anu scaice lanu, watei anu othei natuial
iesouices. 0n the othei hanu, intensive animal piouuction systems aie
piouucing high levels of nitiogen anu phosphoius wastes anu concentiateu
uischaiges of toxic mateiial. Yet those systems aie often locateu in aieas
wheie effective waste management is moie uifficult. This posses an
enviionmental concein touay.

Learning Outcome
By enu of the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to:
uemonstiate skills of mouein fish faiming anu beekeeping piactices in
0ganua.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of fish ponu anu apiaiy management.
exploie ways of fish pieseivation, fish piouucts maiketing anu honey
maiketing.
piepaie uiffeient iations foi fish anu othei livestock on the faim.
auheie to the iules anu iegulations of fishing anu beekeeping in 0ganua.
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Sub-Topic 1: Fish Farming
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the status of fish
faiming in 0ganua anu the
factois that affect the inuustiy.

classifies bioauly the uiffeient
types of fish.
iuentifies fish species anu fish
stiuctuial featuies.
explains the functions of fish
stiuctuial featuies.
uesigns a mouel fish ponu foi
stocking .
auheies to appiopiiate fish
faiming piactices.
uesciibes the fish ponu
feitilization.

selects uesiiable fish types foi
stocking a fish ponu.

feeus fish in a ponu foi high
output.

uesigns methous of contiolling
the aquatic weeus.

classifies the causes anu
tieatment of fish moitality.

Post-haivest hanuling
technologies in 0ganua.
uemonstiates piopei fish
haivesting fiom a ponu.

Impoitance of fish, factois
affecting fish faiming, faimeu fish
in 0ganua (Nile tilapia, common
tilapia, Zanzibai impoiteu, cat fish,
miiioi caip)
Classification of fish species anu
theii stiuctuial featuies
Fish ponus: types, siting, layout
anu maintenance, contiol of watei
flow anu level, factois affecting
fishponu like watei quality:
silting, pollution uue to uecaying
oiganic mattei, pB level anu heat,
agiochemicals anu polluteu watei
souices
Ponu feitilization: why ponu
feitilization is uone, types of ponu
feitilizeis, making compost
manuie foi ponu feitilization
Stocking fishponus: selecting
uesiiable fish types, fish
combinations, anu fish fiy
piouuction (bieeuing)
Feeuing fish: supply of fish feeus,
supplementaiy fish feeus, anu
feeuing chaiacteiistics of fish
Aquatic weeus: types, auvantages
anu uisauvantages, anu aquatic
weeu contiol
Fish moitality anu uiseases:
causes of fish moitality, paiasites
anu uiseases, tieatment of
uiseases
Tools anu mateiials useu in fish
faiming: fish nets, boats, papyius
mats, watei pumps, stoiage boxes
foi keeping fish, baskets, buckets,
tools foi constiucting anu
maintaining ponus
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Methodology
Bave leaineis in a guiueu uiscoveiy to explain the:
- status, impoitance anu benefits of fish faiming in 0ganua.
- factois affecting fish faiming in 0ganua.
- measuies taken to ensuie sustainable fish haivesting fiom ponus.
- iules anu iegulations of fishing in 0ganua.
In a guiueu uiscoveiy, leau leaineis how to:
- uistil, iefill anu constiuct a fish ponu.
- piotect fish against pieuatois like snakes anu biius.
- foimulate a fish feeuing iation.
- measuie the suspenueu soliu content in ponu watei.
Ask the leaineis to caiiy out:
- fish piocessing.
- post haivest hanuling technology in fish technology.
Ask leaineis to be in gioups so that they can:
- iuentify uiffeient fish species available in 0ganua.
- haivest fish fiom a ponu oi lake anu caiiy out ponu feitilization.
- cleai aiounu the fish ponus anu contiol weeus aiounu ponus.
- measuie anu ueteimine the tuibiuity of ponu watei.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to explain fish feeuing piactices,
fish uisease anu pieuatoi management.
0iganise a stuuy visit foi leaineis to a neaiby fish faim to obseive anu
make notes on the management piactices.

Practical
Biawing aftei obseiving anu uesciibing uiffeient fish types
Bamponu constiuction
Cleaning aiounu the ponu
Naking compost manuie to feitilize the ponu
Feeuing fish
Intiouuction of fish fiyfingeilings into the ponu
Fish haivesting
Contiolling weeus in the ponu
Be-silting the ponu
Constiucting mouels of fish boats, fish basket anu fishing geais

Resources
Fish species specimen, fish fiy, tilapia(0reochromis spp), Nile peich
(Lates niloticus), cat fish (Clarias spp), lung fish (Protopterus aethiopicus)
anu fingeilings
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Fish feeus, poultiy manuie, tobacco plants, boileu chicken eggs anu
Planktons
Fish nets, guaiu nets, hanu net, fish buckets, fish stoiage boxes, seine
net, ious anu hooks
Ponu constiuction tools, boats, fish specimen tube anu watei pumps
0ganua Fisheiies Act
White tiay, wiue moutheu pipettes, tape measuie, woouen pegs, mallets
watei pioof pens, key to fiesh watei fauna anu floia, iecoiu sheet, filtei
funnel, filtei papei, measuiing cylinuei, 2Su ml beakeis, weighing
balance, glass tubes of 2.S cm uiametei anu 1uu cm long, plane glass
glueu to the bottom which has a black cioss painteu on with lines of
1mm, weights, coiks, hooks anu speais

Classification of fish is so vaiieu but foi agiicultuial puiposes it will be
baseu on the type of watei in which the fish lives. Foi example, the fiesh
watei fish, cultuieponuspecial tank aquaiium fish, anu maiine fish.
inputs to the leaineis to make a fielu visit oi establish a fish ponu at
school.
A goou fish ponu shoulu be able to holu watei all the yeai iounu with an
aveiage uepth of about two meties. The ponu must have coiiect
tempeiatuie, sufficient nutiients foi the giowth of plants, auequate
aeiation anu the bottom shoulu be fiee fiom uebiis.
The stocking iate is ueteimineu by the species of fish anu methou of
haivesting. Fish may be feu with iicemaize bian, floating anu sinking
pellets anu poultiy littei. Effoits shoulu be maue not to ovei feeu the fish
as it may leau to shoitage of oxygen. Nany fish uiseases aie causeu by
pollutants enteiing watei.

Assessment
Impioving fish faiming in 0ganua
Fish feeuing anu ponu feitilization
Contiol of fish pieuatois
Nethous of haivesting, piocessing, pieseiving anu maiketing fish in
0ganua
Auvantages of fish ciopping by seine net compaieu to othei methous
Fishing iules anu iegulations

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Sub-Topic 2: Beekeeping
Competences Content
The leainei:
uiscusses the impoitance of
beekeeping in agiicultuie.
uiscoveis the uiffeient bee
species.

iuentifies uiffeient membeis
of the bee colony.
unueistanus the factois
affecting beekeeping.
initiates beekeeping by
managing a beehive.

uesigns the uiffeient
mouelstypes of beehives.

haivests anu piepaies bee
piouucts foi sale.
Impoitance of beekeeping

Bee species
- apis mellifeia monticola
- apis mellifeia litoiea
- apis scutellata
Nembeis of the colony (queen,
uione, woikei)
Factois affecting beekeeping

Nanagement of a beehive:
- planting tiees anu shiubs
neai apiaiy
- piovision of watei (sugaieu)
uuiing the uiy season
- location of apiaiy
- stocking the beehive
types of hives: local, Kenya top bai
(ktb) beehive, langstioth, etc.

honey haivesting, honey
piocessing anu bee piouucts anu
theii uses.

Methodology
Thiough a guiueu uiscussion, enable leaineis to:
- explain the impoitance anu benefits of beekeeping in agiicultuie.
- explain the factois affecting beekeeping in 0ganua.
- uesciibe the management of an apiaiy.
- uesciibe the uiseases anu paiasites of bees.
- explain the methous of haivesting anu piocessing of goou quality
honey.
Biainstoim so that leaineis can:
- choose a suitable site anu piepaie a beehive.
- hung oi fixeu beehive to avoiu paiasitic attacks.
- tiap bee colonies anu clean the apiaiy.
- haivest honey anu extiact honey.
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0iganise a stuuy visit with leaineis to a neaiby apiaiy to obseive anu
make notes on the management piactices.
Ask the leaineis in gioups to:
- iuentify uiffeient membeis of a colony, the bee species anu uiffeient
beehives.
- select, giow anu manage iecommenueu tiees anu shiubs that
attiact bees.
- piocess anu package honey oi wax foi sale.
- feeu bees uuiing a uiy season.
- haivest honey using appiopiiate methous.
- maiket honey fiom theii beehive.

Practical
0bseiving anu iuentifying bee types anu uiffeient membeis of the
colony.
Tiapping bee colonies
Planting flowei shiubs neai hives
Cleaning the apiaiy
Selecting, planting anu managing iecommenueu tiees anu shiubs neai
an apiaiy that is sunflowei, eucalyptus
Baivesting honey anu honey extiaction
Pioject to compaie honey piouuction in impioveu hives with that in
local hives

Resources
Bee colonies, beehives incluuing box hives, top-bai hive, log beehive, bee
wax anu hanging wiies
Clothing anu hive tool muslin cloth, haivesting veils, bee
suitspiotective geais, smokeis, gloves, swaim net anu hive knife

Bees aie useful pollinatois of floweiing plants but extia caie must be
taken when you have to establish a beehive in the school.
It is bettei to get suppoit fiom the school auministiation to make a fielu
visit to a mouein apiaiy faim anu obseive how beehives aie
hangeufixeu, haivesting of honey anu wax.

Assessment
Biawing anu labelling a top-bai beehive
Baivesting honey
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Nethous of piocessing honey anu packing of honey
Inuustiial use of bee wax
Roles of the membeis of a bee colony like woikeis, uiones anu queen

Sub-Topic 3: Livestock Rearing and the Environment
Competences Content
The leainei:
evaluates enviionmental pioblems
in ioutine ieaiing piactices of
livestock.
explains the enviionmental
pioblems iesulting fiom livestock
ieaiing.

initiates the caie foi the
enviionment while ieaiing anu
tieating animals.
uesciibes the piacticesmeasuies
that can be taken to caie foi the
enviionment while ieaiing
livestock.
uesigns innovative ways of
livestock waste management.

Enviionmental pioblems uue
to livestock ieaiing anu
tieatment e.g.
- ovei giazing
- pollution of the
enviionment by
chemicals (uiugs,
pesticiues)
- contamination of
livestock piouucts by
agiochemicals
- tiansmission oi spieau
of zoonotic uiseases
Caiing foi the enviionment
using:
- the coiiect stocking iate
- iotational (contiolleu)
giazing
- giazing pastuie at the
iight stage
- uiugs anu spiays
accoiuing to
manufactuiei's
instiuctions anu in
specifieu places, e.g.
constiucteu places
- uiugs anu spiays safely
- safe uisposal of animal
waste
- meuicinal plants to tieat
livestock
- safe uisposal of uiseaseu
caicass anu animal
wastes

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Methodology
Bemonstiate foi leaineis to suggest the:
- coiiect use of uiugs anu acaiaciues baseu on manufactuiei's
instiuctions.
- ways of maintaining hygienic conuitions in animal quaiteis.
- methous of safe uisposal of uiseaseu caicass.
- the coiiect use of uiugs anu livestock tieatment chemicals.
- ways of hanuling anu using animal wastes.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate the pioceuuie of using acaiaciues on the
faim.
0iganise a stuuy visit foi leaineis to a neaiby animal slaughtei house
anu an intensive livestock faim to obseive anu uocument enviionmental
pioblems.
Leau a biainstoim session foi leaineis to suggest:
- innovative ways to hanule anu use animal wastes safely.
- piactices taken to caie foi the enviionment while ieaiing livestock.
Ask leaineis to iole-play the animal caie.
Pioviue the enviionment management policy so that leaineis in gioups
can uiscuss the key aieas that aie useu touay.

Practical
Bemonstiating coiiect use of uiugs anu acaiaciues baseu on
manufactuiei's instiuctions
Naintaining hygienic conuitions in animal quaiteis
Banuling anu using animal wastes
Bemonstiating methous of safe uisposal of uiseaseu caicass

Resources
Chaits, viueo tapes anu computei simulations
0veigiazeu sites oi chaits showing illustiating impact of oveistocking
ovei giazing on the enviionment.
Contaminateu uiugsanimal chemicals uumping site
viueo showing effects of animals anu use of uiugs on the enviionment

Befoie the lesson acquiie, the Animal Bealth Caie Act to unueistanu the
iules anu iegulations.
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Wheieas theie aie many enviionmental challenges poseu by ieaiing
livestock, at this level the leaineis can emphasise animal waste
management anu how to innovatively ueal with it.

Assessment
Impact anu inuicatois of enviionmental uegiauation uue to livestock
ieaiing
Besigning a postei to sensitise faimeis about the enviionmental hazaius
fiom livestock wastes
Enviionmental pioblems uue to intensive livestock ieaiing in 0ganua

Sub-Topic 4: Animal Nutrition
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the concept of balanceu
uiet anu uigestibility in faim
animals.
explains the common animal
nutiition teims.
explains the effects of nutiient
ueficiencies on faim animals.
auheies to the nutiitional
iequiiements foi vaiious kinus
anu types of livestock fiom the
locally available mateiials.
foimulates, piepaies anu uses
suitable feeus to feeu vaiious
categoiies of livestock.

computes animal iations fiom
available ingieuients.
Animal Nutrition
Animal nutiient
iequiiements:
- concept of a balanceu
iation anu othei animal
nutiition teims like
uigestibility

Nutiient ueficiencies anu
theii effects on faim animals

Basis foi animal nutiient
iequiiements anu the factois
ueteimining the type of feeu
given to animals
Ration foimulation:
- methous of iation
computation (Peaison
squaie oi algebiaic)
- weighing ingieuients
- assembling ingieuients
- giinuing anu mixing
- bagging anu stoiage

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355
Methodology
Thiough biainstoiming, ask leaineis to explain the:
- ieasons foi feeuing faim animal anu the concept of balanceu uiet.
- factois that influence uigestibility of feeus in faim animals.
- effects of nutiient ueficiencies in faim animals.
Leau a uemonstiation foi leaineis to:
- classify vaiious livestock feeu ingieuients.
- assemble anu weigh ingieuients when piepaiing to make an animal
iation.
- foimulate feeu iations, giinuing ingieuients anu mixing them
piopeily.
- put well-mixeu iations into bags, pack, anu stoie them safely.
0iganise a fielu visit with piepaieu questionnaiies foi leaineis to:
- compaie theii ioutine management piactices with those being
caiiieu out on the faim.
- mix poultiy feeus anu paiticipate in the pioceuuie of home mixing
of poultiy feeus.
- go to a neaiby animal feeu mill oi feeu outlet shop to claiify the
pioceuuies in feeu iation foimulation.
Ask leaineis in gioups to:
- uiaw up a timetable foi feeuing animals on the faim anu
paiticipating in the animal feeuing.
- investigate the nutiient composition of uiffeient feeus paiticulaily
the piesence of pioteins, fats, ieuucing anu non-ieuucing sugais.

Practical
0bseiving anu uesciibing nutiitional ueficiency symptoms in faim
animals
Computing iations (using Peaison squaie anu algebiaic methous)
Bemonstiating the pioceuuie of safe stoiage of piepaieu animal iation
on the faim
Piepaiing a feeu by weighing ingieuients, assembling ingieuients,
giinuing, mixing, bagging anu stoiage

Resources
Live faim animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, iabbits)
Livestock feeus (ioughages: giass, Luceine, ceieal stalk, sweet potato,
moiinga, hay, silage oi concentiates: cotton seeu cake, gioununut cake,
soya bean cake, sunflowei cake, fish meal, bloou meal, bian, piemix,
auuitives, uaiiysow anu weaneilayei mashgiowei mash meal,
mineial salt, calf pellets, milk boostei, molasses, etc.
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Photocopies of feeu nutiient tables, chaits of uigestive systems, manila,
maikeis
Feeuing anu wateiing equipment, anu uiessing equipment (knives, iazoi
blaues)
Animal feeu mill anu feeu outlet shop
Spaues, wheel baiiows anu gunny bags, calculatois, weighing scale,
taipaulins
Feeu mixtuiesiations like layeis mash, bioilei staitei, sow anu weanei
meal, uaiiy meal

inputs to the leaineis foi foimulating feeus foi livestock. Fiist anu
foiemost the feeu ingieuients to be useu must be obtaineu anu theii
composition establisheu fiom the stanuaiu feeu composition table.
0theiwise use the expeitise of the feeu outlets' manageis to make
livestock iations but be piecise anu accuiate with non-iuminants anu
poultiy when they aie totally confineu inuoois.

Assessment
Befinition of teims useu in livestock feeuing: piouuction iation,
maintenance iation, staich equivalent, uigestibility, ciuue piotein,
biological value, uigestible ciuue piotein
Ways of feeuing faim animals in oiuei to get high yielus
Classification of feeu ingieuients
Types of feeu iations
The common equipments useu in feeuing faim animals
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SENI0R SIX TERN 0NE
Topic 10: Crop Production IV
Overview
Ciop piouuction, like ciop impiovement, has been piacticeu by human kinu
foi thousanus of yeais, since the beginning of civilisation. This has been
possible thiough selection anu bieeuing piactices. These activities have leu
to changes of the genetic makeup of plants. As a iesult, man has uevelopeu
ciops with moie beneficial chaiacteiistics to humans foi example laigei
fiuits oi seeus, uiought toleiant plants, fast giowing ciops, as well as
pestuisease iesistant anu high yieluing vaiieties. But this has geneiateu
aiguments about values which aie neithei absolute noi univeisal anu
contioveisies of ciop impiovement integiity. Conceins about the
consequences of this uevelopment in teims of iisks, benefits anu impacts
on human iemain an issue of uiscussion.

Learning Outcome
uemonstiate unueistanuing of ciop impiovement piinciples.
apply appiopiiate new ways of incieasing ciop yielus in agiicultuie.
auapt ciop impiovement piactices that aie ielevant touay.
Sub-Topic 1: Crop Improvement
Competences Content
The leainei:
justifies the impoitance of ciop
impiovement.
explains piinciples of ciop
impiovement.
applies vaiious ciop
impiovement methous anu
technologies.

uiscoveis the cuiient issues
Reasons anu impoitance of ciop
impiovement
Piinciples of ciop impiovement:
- selection
- bieeuing
- intiouuction of new vaiieties
- intiouuction of genetically
mouifieu oiganisms (uN0s)
- cloning of ciops
- giafting
- buuuing
Cuiient issues anu
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Competences Content
anu uevelopments in ciop
impiovement.
uevelopments in ciop
impiovement

Methodology
Thiough guiueu uiscussions, make the leaineis to:
- explain the meaning, ieasons anu achievements of ciop
impiovement.
- uesciibe the ethical issues in ciop impiovement.
- explain the uesiiable chaiacteiistics foi bieeuing in ciops.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate vegetative piopagation by buuuing,
giafting, tissue cultuie anu the use of specialiseu vegetative oigans.
Leau leaineis in a biainstoiming session to explain the:
- techniques of ciop impiovement.
- factois to consiuei in vegetative piopagation.
- impoitance, auvantages anu uisauvantages of each technique of
vegetative piopagation.
0iganise the leaineis in gioups to:
- caiiy out geimination peicentage calculations with uiffeient
piopagation mateiials.
- caiiy out giafting, buuuing anu tissue cultuie.
- piepaie iooting of cuttings anu caiiy out seeu inoculation of selecteu
legumes.
- uesign innovative methous of bieaking seeu uoimancy.
- ueteimine plant population anu uensity using the quauiat methous.
- watch viueo showschaits anu uesciibe ciop impiovement piactices.
0iganise a fielu visit to ieseaich stations foi leaineis to:
- obseive ciop bieeuing piactices.
- claiify theii knowleuge on ciop impiovement pioceuuies anu
impoitance.

Practical
Raising seeulings
Caiiying out giafting anu buuuing on the faim
Fielu visits to selection anu bieeuing centies to obseive ciop-bieeuing
piactices
Piepaiing cuttings foi iooting like coffee, tea anu oinamental plants

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Resources
uiafting tools anu equipment e.g. giafting knife, seeulings, ioot stocks,
scions, iooting hoimones like welgiow anu seiauix, iooting meuia like
saw uust anu lake sanu, polythene sheets anu tapes plus buuuing tools
oi equipment
Sliues, viueocameia pictuieschaits showing uiffeient methous of
vegetative piopagation
Availability of suitable mateiials foi buuuing, giafting, tissue cultuie anu
seeuling
Rootstocks anu scieen nets
Scalpels, piuning knives, giaftingbuuuing knives, buuuing tapes, watei
buckets, metie iules, iooting meuia, wax anu polyethene sheetsbags

Basically ciop impiovement is aimeu at incieasing foou anu fibie
piouuction foi human beings. But piopagation by use of bulbs, coims,
tubeis, ihizomes, tissue cultuie, giaft oi buus faces the challenge that
they aie foou stoiage stiuctuies. Theiefoie emphasise ciop
impiovement techniques anu theii impoitance.

Assessment
Befining vegetative piopagation, giafting, buuuing, buu-giafting, tissue
cultuie, seeu uoimancy
Pioceuuie of successful tiansplanting, anu piepaiing cuttings foi iooting
Auvantages anu uisauvantages of vegetative piopagation, buuuing,
giafting anu tissue cultuie
Reasons foi ciop impiovement anu seeu uoimancy
Suggesting the uiffeient ways of bieaking seeu uoimancy in agiicultuie
Ethical issues that aie in ciop impiovement

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Topic 11: Animal Production IV
Overview
Investigation anu pioject woik aie also an impoitant pait of the agiicultuie
couise because they offei much scope foi applying scientific piocess into
piactice by leaineis iathei than simply leaining about it. Each pioject oi
investigationstuuy is to some extent unique anu the leaineis' obseivations
aie oiiginal. It also piepaies the leaineis to be at the shaip enu of scientific
ieseaich.
Bealth in animals is the noimal functioning of the bouy. If any of the bouily
piocesses aie upset, then the animal is unwell. Consequently, it will not
give the expecteu yielu. The best way of ensuiing goou health among
livestock is to pioviue them with goou foou oi pastuie anu to manage the
animals unuei the best conuitions.
Pastuie baseu piouuction offeis faimeis the ability to let the iuminants'
enviionment anu immune system woik togethei so that faimeis can have
acceptable piouuction levels. 0ganuan milk piouuction is laigely
uominateu by small-scale faimeis who own ovei 9u peicent of the national
cattle population (FA0 2uu4).
In iuial aieas, wheie 96 peicent of pooi 0ganuans live (0kiui et al, 2uu4),
up to about 6u peicent of the householus keep mostly inuigenous cattle
(NAABS; King 2uu2). By fai, the majoiity of milk piouuction systems in
0ganua aie chaiacteiiseu by (a) a 'low input-low output' appioach, (b)
livestock is not an impoitant souice of cash, but a souice of foou, stoie of
wealth anu status symbol, anu (c) milk uemanu is incieasing anu uiiving
moie anu moie of these uaiiy faims to intensify anu often to uiveisify as to
inciease householu ietuins. Foi this to be successful, one neeus goou faim
uocumentation.
Faim iecoius aie essential to goou faim management. The exact iecoiu
kept uepenus on the faiming enteipiise. Livestock owneis neeu iecoius of
bieeuing anu geneial accounts of the faim opeiations like inventoiies, faim
uiaiy, faim accounts, laboui iecoius, cash accounts anu othei financial
iecoius.

Learning Outcome
apply scientific knowleuge leaineu oi expeiienceu anu piactical skills.
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appieciate that pievention of uiseases is bettei than contiol anu
uemonstiate a caiing attituue towaius livestock.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of a goou plan of uaiiy piouuction anu
maiketing uaiiy piouucts on the faim.
uemonstiate ability to wiite anu keep goou faim iecoius.
uiffeientiate the uiffeient types anu uses of faim iecoius.
auheie to appiopiiate piactices in the management of pastuies, fouuei
ciops anu agio-foiestiy fouuei tiees.

Sub-Topic I: Investigation and Projects Guidelines
Competences Content
The leainei:
piouuces eviuence of scientific
behavioui in teims of choice of
methou anu objectivity in
inteipieting uata collecteu anu
uiawing conclusions.
Selects a suitable livestock
pioject to establish anu manage
in the school.
wiites a plan foi feasible
livestock pioject.

Impoitance of pioject methou
in leaining agiicultuie

Selection of a pioject

Planning the pioject
consiueiing:
puipose of the pioject
(eggs, meat, bieeuing,
feeus conveision, honey,
weight gain, fish fiy oi high
value ciop)
site foi the pioject
when to stait the pioject
(timing)
ueteimining amount of the
inputsbuugeting
length of the
piojecttimefiame
activities involveu in the
pioject
assigning uuties anu
scheuule of activities
setting peifoimance
inuicatois (cleai
milestonesbehaviouis to
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Competences Content

uses the coiiect pioceuuies in
establishing a viable livestock
pioject.
evaluates the pioject using the
peifoimance inuicatois.
geneiates a goou pioject iepoit
with a title, aimsobjective of
investigation, methous
employeu, ieasons foi auoption
of the methous, mateiials
useuillustiations oi iesults
piesentation,
inteipietationconclusion of
finuings anu final uiscussion
with suggestions foi the futuie
investigation oi leaining points.
be lookeu foi)
Establishing the pioject
Nanaging the pioject

Evaluation of the pioject

Piesenting a
piojectinvestigation iepoit

Methodology
Leau a uiscussion anu ask the leaineis to point out the:
goou investigation methou in an agiicultuial stuuy.
main featuiescomponents of a goou scientific iepoit.
0iganise a uay foi leaineis to piesent theii iepoits aftei caiiying out a
scientific investigation oi pioject.

Practical
Caiiy out a selecteu pioject

Resources
Pievious iepoits, specimen faim iecoius anu specimen financial iecoius
Pioject planning anu scientific investigation guiuelines
Sample scientific iepoits

inputs to the leaineis to caiiy out a pioject anu make a iepoit.
Establish a pioceuuie of assessment of the scientific piinciples gaineu by
the leaineis.

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Assessment
Nain phases in a caiiying out a livestock oi ciop pioject
Featuies of an investigation of an animal oi ciop in an ecological stuuy
Components of a goou pioject iepoit

Sub-Topic 2: Animal Health
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the life cycles of
livestock uisease vectois.
categoiises tiansmission of
livestock uiseases.
iecognises uiseases in livestock
anu takes appiopiiate
measuies to contiol them.

unueistanus the laws goveining
animal health in 0ganua.
iecognises paiasites in
livestock anu takes appiopiiate
contiol measuies.
uesciibes the life cycles of
livestock paiasites.
Bisease vectois (tsetse flies,
ticks)

Causes of uiseases anu theii
moue of tiansmission
Biagnosis anu contiol of
common uiseases of animals:
- anthiax
- Newcastle anu swine fevei
- tiypanosomiasis
- foot anu mouth
- CBPP anu ECF
- scabies
Laws iegulations goveining
animal health anu public health
in 0ganua
Paiasites like exteinal paiasites
(ticks, lice, mite, mange, fleas)
anu inteinal paiasites (iounu
woims, livei flukes, tape
woims)
Methodology
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate the:
contiol of paiasites anu uiseases in faim animals.
uienching, spiaying, vaccinating, injecting anu uipping of faim
animals.
Leau leaineis in a guiueu uiscussion to explain the causes of livestock
uiseases.
Piepaie an exhibition foi leaineis to:
iuentify signs anu symptoms of common livestock uiseases.
iuentify some common paiasites anu theii effects on livestock.
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Practical
0bseiving anu iuentifying signs of sickness in animals
Biugs auministiation methous such as uienching, uosing, spiaying anu
applying poui-on acaiaciues
Iuentification anu uesciiption of inteinal anu exteinal livestock
paiasites anu uisease vectois

Resources
Sick animals, mateiials anu equipment useu to contiol paiasitesuisease
Biagiams, pictuiesviueo sliues showing healthy animals anu uiseaseu
ones
Theimometei, uiugs, tablets, uienching gun, injectionhypoueimic
syiinge
Pieseiveu collection of livestock paiasites (inteinal anu exteinal)
Public health anu animal health acts

Bealth in animals is the noimal functioning of the bouy. If any of the
bouily piocesses aie upset then the animal is unwell. 0nhealthy animals
uo not piouuce well, yielus aie low anu the qualities of piouucts aie
pooi. Animals with some uiseases anu pests have to be killeu to avoiu
spieauing infection.
When hanuling causes of uiseases especially those causeu by viiuses,
infoim anu ieminu the leaineis about BIvAIBS.
Finally let leaineis obseive anu piactice safe hanuling of animals uuiing
uisease contiol piactices anu othei opeiations.

Assessment
The main causes of livestock uiseases on the faim
Pioceuuie of taking bouy tempeiatuie, getting a bloou sample foi the
laboiatoiy, injecting uiugs into the bouy anu auministeiing tablets into
the mouth of a faim animal
Biawing anu labelling the obseivable featuies of some common
livestock paiasites anu pests
Regulations goveining livestock anu public health in 0ganua
Public health anu animal health act

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Sub-Topic 3: Dairy Production and Marketing
Competences Content
The leainei:
assesses the impoitance of
the uaiiy inuustiy.

explains how to establish a
uaiiy unit.
explains how to obtain high
quality piouucts anu by-
piouucts fiom uaiiy animals
using appiopiiate
technologies.

piepaies, piocesses, packs
anu gives piices to animal
piouucts foi maiketing using
appiopiiate technologies.

Impoitance of the uaiiy inuustiy:
- types of uaiiy animals in
0ganua
- uaiiy management systems
Establishment of a uaiiy unit

Clean milk piouuction:
- clean milk
- clean cow
- clean enviionment
- clean utensils
- cooling anu piopei stoiage
- hanuling, piocessing,
pieseivation anu stoiage of
milk anu milk piouucts
Piocessing anu maiketing uaiiy
piouucts

Methodology
Leau a guiueu uiscussion so that leaineis can explain:
the impoitance of the uaiiy inuustiy in 0ganua.
the impoitance of cooling anu piopei stoiage of milk.
the establishment of a uaiiy unit.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate the:
piocess anu pioceuuie of clean milk piouuction.
caiing foi animals to piouuce milk.
testing of uaiiy cattle foi mastitis.
hanu milking of livestock, filteiing of milk, sieving of milk anu
cooling milk foi stoiage.
cleaning milk utensils anu clean milking.
steps in making of cheese, cieam, butteighee anu yoghuit.
giooming the milking animals.

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Practical
Iuentification of chaiacteiistics of a goou uaiiy animal
Zeio giazing unit establishment
Nilking, sieving milk, stoiing milk anu cleaning milk utensils
Naking ghee, yoghuit anu cheese

Resources
Lactating animals anu milk
Nilking equipment like milking towel, milking salve, stiip cup, soap,
milking iope, milking bucketcan, milk stiainei, milking jug anu fiiuge
oi saucepan with a liu
Equipment foi ghee anu yoghuit
Nilk stoiage facilities like a iefiigeiatoi

Access to a uaiiy animal anu equipment will facilitate ueveloping
piactical skills in this topic.
inputs to the leaineis to uemonstiate the pioceuuie of clean milk
piouuction anu making of cheesegheeyoghuitbutteicieam.
Nake leaineis to uevelop an innovative piocessing anu a goou
maiketing plan of uaiiy piouucts.

Assessment
Chaiacteiistics of uaiiy cattle anu boian bieeus
uoou quality milk fiom uaiiy faim animal
Clean milk piouuction anu milk by-piouucts
Tools anu equipments in milking
Nilk pieseivation anu piocessing

Sub-Topic 4: Livestock Records
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the meaning anu
impoitance of keeping livestock
iecoius.
piepaies uiffeient types of faim
Neaning anu impoitance of
keeping livestock iecoius

Types of livestock iecoius
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Competences Content
iecoius foi uiffeient enteipiises
in the schoolfaim.

livestock iecoius.

analyses iecoius to ensuie
piofitable livestock piouuction.
suggests the best methous of
iecoiu keeping foi the uiffeient
faiming opeiations.
(bieeuing, piouuction, biith,
health, ueath, input, sales, anu
expenuituie iecoius)
Collecting anu keeping
uiffeient types of livestock
iecoius
Analysing iecoius on the faim

0sing livestock iecoius on the
faim
Methodology
Leau a uiscussion foi leaineis to explain the:
meaning of faim iecoius.
impoitance of keeping livestock iecoius.
0iganise foi leaineis a fielu visit to a commeicial mixeu faim so that
they can:
iuentify uiffeient types of faim iecoius.
stuuy the iecoiu keeping system.
compaie the types of iecoius kept by fameis with those leaint in
class.
Piepaie a case stuuy foi leaineis in gioups to:
analyse the iecoius to ensuie piofitability.
suggest the best methous of iecoius management on a faim.
Practical
Examining uiffeient iecoius that aie kept on the faim
Collecting livestock piouuction infoimation
Naking infeiences oi conclusions baseu on analysis of iecoius
Fielu visits to a livestock faim to stuuy the vaiious iecoius kept

Resources
Recoius kept in the school faim foi the uemonstiation plotunit
Livestock iecoius (faim uiaiy, inventoiy, labouibieeuingpiouuction,
gioss maigin analysis, piofit anu loss account, balance sheet anu buuget)
Faim officeuocumentation centie, national ieseaich station anu uistiict
faim institute
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Livestock faims with iecoiu caius anu livestock iecoiu sheets

All faimeis neeu geneial accounts of the opeiations, faim accounts,
inventoiies anu piouuction iecoius. Bowevei, livestock owneis will in
auuition neeu mating, bieeuing, gestation anu paituiition iecoius. These
faim iecoius aie essential to goou faim management anu infoimeu
uecision-making. Theiefoie, piactice anu ieasons foi keeping iecoius
must be uealt with in uetail.

Assessment
Impoitance of faim iecoius in agiicultuie
Types of iecoius kept on a poultiy, fish, uaiiy, goat, sheep, iabbit anu foi
uiffeient ciops. Financial faim iecoius like gioss maigin, piofit anu loss
account, balance sheet anu buuget
Laboui iecoius
Piouuction iecoius

Sub-Topic 5: Pasture Management
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the impoitance of
pastuie anu fouuei in livestock
feeuing.
classifies pastuie giasses, legumes
anu foiage ciops.
justifies the limitations of tiopical
giasslanus.
uemonstiates the coiiect methous
anu pioceuuies foi establishing
pastuie giasses, legumes anu
foiage ciops.
ueteimines the coiiect seeu iate,
spacing anu ecological zones foi
establishing uiffeient pastuie
giasses, legumes anu foiage ciops.
inoculates legume seeus with
coiiect ihizobium bacteiia.
selects pastuie species foi
livestock.
Impoitance of pastuies anu
fouuei tieesshiubs foi feeuing
livestock
Classification of pastuies anu
foiage ciops
Limitations of tiopical natuial
pastuie giasslanus
Establishment of pastuies

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Competences Content
establishes a pastuie, fouuei ciop
anu agio-foiestiy tiees foi fouuei.
uemonstiates how to impiove
natuial pastuies.
uesciibes the steps taken to
impiove natuial giasslanus.
explains uiffeient management
piactices in pastuies, fouuei ciops
anu agio-foiestiy fouuei tiees.
explains the effects of pooi pastuie
management.
uiffeientiates between
oveistocking anu unuei stocking
of a giazing lanu.
explains the uiffeient methous of
utilising fouuei anu pastuie ciops
in livestock feeuing.
compaies the uiffeient giazing
systems in pastuie management.
explains the neeu foi foiage anu
pastuie conseivation.
pieseives pastuies foi livestock.
uesciibes the pioceuuie of hay anu
silage making.
juuges the quality of hay anu
silage.
categoiises the factois that
influence the quality of pastuies,
hay anu silage.

Ways of impioving natuial
pastuies anu giasslanus

uiazing management

Pieseivation of pastuies
(giasses, legumes anu fouuei
ciops)

Factois influencing quality of
pastuies, silage anu hay

Methodology
0sing a guiueu uiscussion, ask leaineis to:
explain the impoitance of pastuies in feeuing livestock.
iuentify the limitations of natuial giasslanus.
point out ways of impioving natuial giasslanus.
explain the factois that influence the quality of pastuies, hay anu
silage.
Ask leaineis in gioups to caiiy out a pioject on pastuie establishment
anu silage making.
Leau a uemonstiation so that leaineis can:
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piepaie a seeubeu foi pastuie giasses anu legumes then establish a
pastuie museum.
establish an agio foiestiy plot foi livestock feeuing.
caiiy out uiffeient silvi-cultuie piactices like thinning, piuning,
lopping, anu coppicing, pollaiuing, shauing anu tiimming.
0iganise a fielu visit with questionnaiies foi leaineis to complete on
how faimeis aie managing pastuies on theii faims.

Practical
Iuentifying pastuie species that is five giasses anu legumes (by seeus
anu plants)
Piepaiing a pastuie seeubeu
Planting pastuie giasses, legumes anu fouuei tiees
Feitilizing, weeuing, anu toppingslashing pastuies
Inoculating legume seeus with ihizobium bacteiia
Constiucting anu maintaining wateiing points in pastuies
Planting shaue tiees
0sing a wiie stiainei in fencing pauuocking
Piepaiing mineial salt blocks
Investigating giasses anu legumes that can giow togethei
Naking hay anu silage
Investigating the effect of moistuie, uiying anu age of pastuie mateiials
on the quality of hay anu silage

Resources
Pastuie species, fouuei anu agio-foiestiy fouuei tiees then pieseiveu
pastuie (hay anu silage)
Plot of lanu anu facilities foi inoculating legume seeus
Tools, equipment anu mateiials foi making silage such as elephant giass,
young maize stalks, manuie, lactic aciu, molasses anu chopping
machineknife
Photogiaphs, sliues showing uiffeient systems of giazing
Equipment foi weeu contiol incluuing slashing tools plus seeubeu
piepaiation tools
Feitilizeis anu manuie foi top uiessing of pastuie aieas
Planting mateiials of pastuie species
Implements foi seeubeu piepaiation (hoes anu iake)
Slasheis foi topping
0lu pastuies oi natuial giasslanuiangelanus
Pastuie giasses like elephant giass, Rhoues giass, thatching giass,
guinea giass anu palisaue giass
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Pastuie legumes like gieen leaf anu silvei leaf uesmouium, stylo,
centiosema, glycine, lab lab, calianuiia, moiinga
Pastuie giasses anu legumesfouuei ciops ieauy foi pieseivation
Ceieals anu legume ciops just befoie floweiing like maize anu beans
Auuitives anu supplement like molasses, maize bian anu maize seeus
Fencing mateiials anu equipment foi making pauuocks

uoou pastuies aie maue up of goou quality giasses, a piopoition of
legumes anu few pastuie weeus. Emphasise the chaiacteiistics of a goou
pastuie incluuing palatability, nutiitious, uigestibility, anu high yielu,
iesistance to tiampling, compatibility anu ieliable iepiouuction iate.
inputs to the leaineis to establish pastuie plots of puie giass, puie
legume, mixeu stanu anu fouuei ciops oi visit wheie such piactices aie
being caiiieu out.

Assessment
Impoitance of pastuies in livestock feeuing
The pioceuuies of making hay anu silage on the faim
Conseivation of pastuies on the faim
Nethous of pastuie impiovement
Establishing a goou swaiu foi giazing of livestock
Impoitance of legumes in a giazing aiea foi livestock
uiazing methous that can be employeu on an establisheu pastuie
Stocking iate, caiiying capacity, ovei giazing, iotational giazing, stiip
anu zeio giazing
The main causes of pastuie ueteiioiation
Impiovement of an establisheu pastuie
Role of manuie in pastuies
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Topic 12: Agricultural Economics and Farm
Management I

Overview
Population is the numbei of oiganisms of the same species oi people
occupying a ceitain aiea at any one time. In 0ganua theie is iapiu
population giowth iate of S.S peicent pei annum. As a iesult, many
iesouices aie in shoit supply incluuing shoitage of foou, space, eneigy anu
watei. 0n the othei hanu, this population inteiacts with the enviionment
anu well above 7u peicent of the woiking population is employeu in the
agiicultuial sectoi. The iole of agiicultuie incieases as population giows.
uenuei is wiuely useu to iefei to the socially constiucteu uiffeiences anu
uistinctions between boys, giils, men anu women of a given population.
uenuei is a tool of analysing boys, giils, men anu women's lives in the
population of 0ganua anu how they contiibute to agiicultuie anu
uevelopment.

Learning Outcome
By the enu of the topic, the leaineis shoulu be able to:
appieciate the ciucial iole of genuei in agiicultuial piouuction.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of effects of population on agiicultuie
uevelopment in 0ganua.

Sub-Topic 1: Population and its Influence on
Agricultural Production
Competence Content
The leainei examines the
effects of population
chaiacteiistics on agiicultuie
piouuction.
Neaning of population
Population stiuctuie
Population uensity
Population uistiibution
Population giowth iate

Methodology
Bave a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to explain the:
meaning of population, population stiuctuie, population uensity,
population size.
factois that leu to 0ganua's piesent population stiuctuie.
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factois that affect foou piouuction, foou uistiibution anu foou
consumption.
effects of population size on foou piouuction anu supply.
factois contiibuting to population size changes in 0ganua touay.
factois affecting population uistiibution like climate, soil,
topogiaphy, political, social amenities, pests anu uiseases.
causes of population changes in 0ganua.
0iganise a uebate foi leaineis on the topic "population inciease shoulu
be halteu now oi nevei."
0iganise a iole-play foi leaineis to:
show the challenges of a laige family in ielation to foou supply, lanu
veisus a small family.
uepict the stiuctuie of age anu sex in a community anu theii
influence on foou piouuction.
uiaw pictogiams showing the numbei of membeis in theii family.
illustiate population uistiibution in 0ganua using bai giaphs.
Ask leaineis in gioups to piesent finuings on the:
pioblems expeiienceu by faimeis in uensely anu spaisely
populateu aieas of 0ganua.
ielationship of agiicultuial activities to population uistiibution in
0ganua.
calculations anu woikings of population uensities of some selecteu
uistiicts of 0ganua.

Teaching/Learning Aids
Population pyiamiu chaits showing 0ganua's population stiuctuies of
1969, 198u,1991, 2uu2 anu 2u12
Population statistical tables
2uu2 0ganua Population anu Bousing Census: analytical iepoit
Sliues anu films showing population changes
Nap of 0ganua showing population uistiibution anu population uensity
fiom 0ganua Atlas: Longman seiies

Practical
Biawing the map 0ganua showing population uistiibution
Biawing the 0ganua population pyiamiu

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Illustiate how the population has been changing ovei time anu show the
challenge it poses to the iesouices available anu agiicultuie as a sectoi.

Assessment
The meaning of population stiuctuie, population uensity, population
uistiibution anu population size
Factois that leu to the piesent population stiuctuie anu size
The effects of population stiuctuie on foou piouuction
Factois contiibuting to 0ganua's piesent population uistiibution
Biffeiences between population uistiibution anu uensity
Calculating the population uensity of some selecteu uistiicts of 0ganua
The agiicultuial activities caiiieu out in uensely anu spaisely populateu
aieas
Bow population inciease affects agiicultuie piouuction
Pioblems associateu with iapiu iise in 0ganua population
Suggestions to meet the incieaseu uemanu on agiicultuie by high
population

Sub-Topic 2: Gender and Agricultural Production
Competences Content
The leainei:
constiucts own meaning of
genuei.
uiscoveis the impoitance of
genuei equity in ciop anu
mainstieams genuei into ciop
anu livestock piouuction.
explains the genuei issues in
agiicultuie.
Neaning of genuei

Roles anu iights of boys men
anu giils women in ciop anu
uenuei issues like lanu
acquisition owneiship,
choosing enteipiises, mobility,
euucation, planning the
enteipiises, managing
enteipiises anu theii piouucts,
shaiing the pioceeus fiom sales
of piouucts anu access to
financial seivices
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375
Methodology
Befoie the lesson, oiganise foui gift bags each containing one of the
following: a toy plane oi any othei toy, small bag, shoes anu a hat. Label
the bags as A, B, C anu B. Wiap these gifts in glitteiing mateiials befoie
putting them in the bag. Buiing the fiist lesson, ask foui leaineis to
volunteei to come anu pick a bag of theii choice. Bo not allow them to
open the bags but insteau ask them to wiite on a chait ieason foi the
choice of bag, who of eithei the boy oi giil; the bag in theii hanus shoulu
be given. Which ieason woulu suppoit theii choice of offei. Then finally
allow the volunteeis to open the bag to ieveal the content then ielate to
what is on the chait anu a baby in the womb of its mothei (up to olu
age). This game is useu in constiuction of the meaning of genuei.
0iganise a uiama oi iole play foi leaineis to uemonstiate the tiiple iole
of boys, giils, men anu women in the community aiounu the school.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis using Annex S to explain the
meaning of genuei, sex, genueiing, piactical genuei neeu, stiategic
genuei neeu, genuei steieotyping, genuei gap, genuei equity, genuei
equality, genuei uispaiity, genuei ielation, genuei analysis, genuei
myth.
Leau leaineis in a biainstoiming session to explain the:
- genueiing piocess.
- factois that influence the existence of a genuei ielation.
- impoitance of genuei analysis.
- genuei issues affecting agiicultuie uevelopment.
Ask leaineis in a guiueu uiscussion to uiffeientiate between:
- the vaiious genuei analysis tools.
- piactical genuei neeus anu stiategic genuei neeus.
- genuei equality anu genuei equity.
- genuei mainstieaming anu genuei gap.
- genuei sensitive anu genuei iesponsive appioach.
- genuei anu uevelopment anu women in uevelopment.
Ask the leaineis to ieau anu concluue by uiscussing the Case Stuuy Sb.

Practical
Biamaiole-plays uepicting the ioles of boys men anu women giils in
ciop anu livestock piouuction
Suivey of who uoes what in the school (men, women, giils anu boys)

Resources
Woiksheets, maikeis, flip chaits, stanu, masking tape, hanu outs
viueos like Ni Tiouble, a Nigeiian movie
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Song of Ni Noney by Bob Wine
Skit of naming a chilu in tiauitional
BusogaAnkoleNasaiKaiamojongLangiAlui
Staff establishment anu cuiient beaieis
Facilitatois anu guest speakeis on genuei issues
Chaits, films, sliues, viueos uepicting equity of men anu women in

uenuei is the way the society has assigneu ioles, iesponsibilities,
attiibutes, oppoitunities anu tieatment to inuiviuuals (boys, giils,
women anu men). This cieates social uiffeiences anu may be influenceu
by age, classcaste, iaceethnicity, anu uisability, geogiaphical,
economic anu political enviionment.
When hanuling genuei, five impoitant questions shoulu be askeu. These
incluue:
- Who uoes what activity in a given settingoiganisation. (Iuentify
the inuiviuuals as boys, giils, men anu women by stating the actual
activity they aie uoing). Sepaiate the piouuctive, iepiouuctive anu
community iolesactivities
- What iesouicesinputs uo they have in oiuei to peifoim the
activities. (the iesouicesinputs to meet piactical neeus oi
stiategic neeus) Claiify on who owns what anu who ueciues on
what.
- What factois politically, economically, socially, technologically anu
legally influence what you see (PESTLY analysis). Leaineis at this
level may have limiteu knowleuge of hanuling this question so just
have light tieatment to it but show the factois influencing the
existences of a genuei ielation.
- Who of the boys, giils, men anu women benefits oi is
uisauvantageu excluueu by the settingoiganisation.
- What shoulu be uone to help the uisauvantageuexcluueu
inuiviuuals.
- Suggest a genuei iesponsive appioach to auuiess the gaps
iuentifieu.

Assessment
The genueiing piocess in theii community
Key iueas in genuei analysis
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Activities in the communities: who uoes them; what iesouices they have
anu beneficiaiies
Factois influencing the existence of a genuei ielation
The majoi lanumaiks 0ganua's goveinment has maue in piomoting anu
auuiessing genuei balance
The main uiffeiences between genuei anu uevelopment (uAB) anu
women in uevelopment (WIB)

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SENI0R SIX TERN TW0
Topic 13: Crop Production V
Duration: 9 Periods

Overview
Faiming within many of the Afiican cities anu theii neighbouihoous has
become incieasingly impoitant touay than evei befoie. It is a main souice
of employment, income anu foou foi the uiban population anu moie so foi
the uisauvantageu lot. Suipiisingly, little is unueistoou anu known about
the appioaches, piinciples, piactices, benefits, constiaints anu foices
behinu uiban- anu peii-uiban faiming. This kinu of faiming has been
known to be veiy intensive. It uses little amounts of exteinal inputs but
theie is gieatei amount of wastes with no place foi uisposal. This challenge
poses a gieatei hinuiance to faiming in oui cities.

Learning Outcome
apply the piinciples of oiganic faiming.
appieciate the iole of uiban- anu peii-uiban faiming in piouuction of
foou.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the benefits of oiganic faiming to a health
population.

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379
Sub-Topic 1: Urban and Peri-Urban Farming
Competences Content
The leainei:
uemonstiates piinciples
involveu anu caiiies out
piactices in uiban- anu peii-
uiban oiganic faiming.

veiifies the piinciples involveu
anu caiiies out piactices in
oiganic faiming.
assesses the benefits anu
pioblems of oiganic faiming.
Piinciples anu piactices
involveu in uiban- anu peii-
uiban faiming
Pioblems associateu with
uiban- anu peii-uiban faiming
Benefits of uiban- anu peii-
uiban faiming
Piinciples anu piactices of
oiganic faiming

Benefits of oiganic faiming
Pioblems associateu with
oiganic faiming
Methodology
Leau leaineis in a guiueu uiscussion so that they explain:
- uiban, peii-uiban anu oiganic faiming.
- iole of oiganic manuie in ciop piouuction.
- factois influencing the quality of uiffeient manuies.
- benefits of uiban anu peii-uiban faiming.
- benefits of using oiganic mateiials in giowing of ciops.
- the challenges of waste management in uiban- anu peii-uiban
faiming.
- case stuuy of maiketing oiganic faim piouuct.
Pioviue leaineis in gioups with guiuelines so that they can piepaie of
oiganic manuies with emphasis on making of manuie teas, compost
manuie making anu waste managementiecycling .
Bisplay uiffeient types of manuie foi leaineis to iuentify anu use in theii
plot.
Ask leaineis to iaise seeulingsvegetables in pots, sacks, basins, woouen
boxes anu baskets.
Leau leaineis in a uemonstiation of:
- maiketing channel of oiganic piouucts in 0ganua.
- contiolling pests anu uiseases using oiganic mateiials; uiine -
manuie sluiiy; botanical pesticiues of Nexican maiigolutagetes
minuta with chilli peppei, tobacco, neem azauiiachta inuica.
- tuining oiganic faim wastes into fuel (biiquettes).
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0iganise fielu visits foi leaineis to compaie two faims uealing in
oiganic faiming.

Practical
visits to uiban- anu peii-uiban oiganic faims to iuentify the piactices
involveu
Piojects in uiban- anu peii-uiban oiganic faiming

Resource
0iban, peii-uiban anu oiganic faims foi eithei ciop, animal oi both
Biffeient types of oiganic mateiials useu like tithonia, gliiiciuia, neem
tiee, moiinga, leucaena, callianuia, senna, cassia, mulch, uiine -manuie
sluiiy, manuie tea, comfiey, gieen manuie, compost manuie anu
faimyaiu manuie
Sacks, basins, buckets, soil pots, uiums oi jeiiy can
Tiowels, hoe, spaue, wheel baiiow anu woouen boxes to make gaiuens
on the veianuabalcony
Seeusseeulings of vegetables anu fiuits anu gaiuen tools like gaiuen
foik, iake, hanu hoe
Rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs anu fish ponus
Chicken, geese, uucks, paiiots anu zeio giazing cattleunit
0iban, peii-uiban oiganic anu livestock faiming units

Familiaiise with oiganic faiming piactices anu pioceuuie of making
oiganic manuie.
inputs to the leaineis to piactice oiganic faiming at school.

Assessment
Benefits anu challenges of oiganic faiming in 0ganua
Suggesting ways of making oiganic faiming woik foi a small scale
faimei
0iganic faiming on a small scale
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Topic 14: Agricultural Economics II
Overview
Supply anu uemanu is peihaps one of the most funuamental concepts of
economics anu it is the backbone of a maiket economy. Bemanu iefeis to
how much (quantity) of a piouuct oi seivice is uesiieu by buyeis. The
quantity uemanueu is the amount of a piouuct people aie willing to buy at
a ceitain piice; the ielationship between piice anu quantity uemanueu is
known as the uemanu ielationship.
Supply iepiesents how much the maiket oi faimei can offei. The quantity
supplieu iefeis to the amount of a ceitain goou piouuceis oi faimeis aie
willing to supply when ieceiving a ceitain piice. The coiielation between
piice anu how much of a goou oi seivice is supplieu to the maiket is known
as the supply ielationship. Piice, theiefoie, is a ieflection of supply anu
uemanu of an agiicultuie piouuct in the maiket.

Learning Outcome
By the enu the topic, the leainei shoulu be able to:
uemonstiate an unueistanuing of the key piinciples of piouuction.
uemonstiate an unueistanuing of the factois affecting uemanu, supply
anu elasticity.
uemonstiate an unueistanuing of the factois that ensuie goou
piouuctivity on the faim.
manage the factois of piouuction to inciease faim output.
evaluate the costs of piouuction in oiuei to inciease faim piofit.
auheie to the piinciples of piouuction anu maiketing of faim piouucts.
exploie an innovative maiketing system of a faim piouuct piouuceu at
school.
uesign a maiketing stiategy foi faim piouucts.
uemonstiate an unueistanuing of the essential components of a business
plan.
assess the ioles of goveinment anu othei playeis in agiicultuial
piouuction anu uevelopment.
examine the lanu policies anu othei goveinment inteiventions towaius
agiicultuie uevelopment.

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Sub-Topic 1: Production Theory
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the meaning of
agiicultuial economics.
explains the concept of scaicity,
choice anu oppoitunity cost.
explains the factois of piouuction
of lanu, laboui anu capital.
uemonstiates the ioles of the
factois of piouuction in
agiicultuie.
uesciibes the factois influencing
laboui supply anu laboui
efficiency in agiicultuie.
uesciibes the attiibutes of a goou
faim managei.
uesciibes the chaiacteiistics of
an agiicultuial entiepieneui
intiapieneui.
compaies the chaiacteiistics of a
faim managei with those of an
entiepieneui.
acquiiing a loan anu managing it
successfully.
uesciibes how to oveicome the
challenges associateu with
agiicultuial cieuit.
uesigns an innovative
agiicultuial cieuit financial
tiansaction piouucts.
uisciiminates the factois
influencing agiicultuial cieuit
iepayment.
auministeis the uiffeient zones of
a piouuction function anu ielates
them to agiicultuial piouuction.
Befinition of agiicultuial
economics
Basic concepts of scaicity, choice,
piefeience anu oppoitunity cost
Factois of piouuction: lanu,
laboui anu capital

Laboui, entiepieneuiship anu
intiapieneuiship in faiming

Capital anu agiicultuial cieuit

Piouuction function
Law of uiminishing ietuins
Costs of piouuction such as:
- aveiage costs
- maiginal costs
- fixeu costs
- vaiiable costs
- explicit costs
- implicit costs
- total costs

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Methodology
Leau a uiscussion foi leaineis to explain the:
- meaning of agiicultuie economics, uemanu, supply, elasticity anu
piouuction function.
- ielationship between inputs anu outputs (piouuction functions) on
the faim.
- law of uiminishing ietuins as it applies to agiicultuial piouuction.
- law of uemanu anu supply in agiicultuial piouuction.
- piice elasticity in ielation to agiicultuial piouuction.
Leau a guiueu uiscoveiy foi leaineis to iuentify the ways of ieuucing
costs of piouuction.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate:
- cuives showing ielationships between inputs anu outputs in
- the factois affecting uemanu, supply anu elasticity of agiicultuial
piouucts.
- piouuction function cuives, uemanu cuives anu supply cuives
using available uata.
- elasticity of uemanu anu supply to agiicultuial piouuction.
- the vaiious types of piouuction costs.
- uiffeient typezones of the piouuction functions.
- how to gathei uata about faim piouuct piice anu quantities in the
neighbouiing maiket ovei a peiiou of 4 months.
- the causes anu effects of piice fluctuation anu measuies to stabilise
piices.
- the factois affecting uemanu anu supply of a high value ciop oi
animal piouuct.

Practical
Biawing anu inteipieting the supply anu uemanu cuive
Investigating the factois influencing choice of an agiicultuial enteipiise
Fielu visit to a lanu office, micio cieuit office anu laboui office
Completing a lanu iegistiation foim
Iuentifying souices of agiicultuial finance in 0ganua
visiting an agiicultuial cieuit seivice pioviuei to stuuy the pioceuuie of
obtaining a loan
Investigating innovative anu alteinative foims of collateial incluuing
waiehouse ieceipt, accounts ieceivable, equipment, stanuing ciops,
livestock
Completing a loan application foim
Plotting piouuction function cuives using available uata
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Resources
Faim piouuction iecoius
Chaits illustiating piouuction functions, piouuction costs, supply anu
uemanu
uiaph papeis anu calculatois
Bata foi selling anu buying of goous anu seivices
A case stuuy of a successful agiicultuial entiepieneui
A faim unit anu existing faim iecoius on factois of piouuction
Local maiket with inteiview scheuule anu a selecteu family intenueu
expenses
Repoit foimat foi the suivey to the lanu office (lanu title) anu title ueeu
Banks, SACC0s, micio cieuit facilities anu agiicultuial tiaueis

Illustiate that if piices of faim piouucts fall, uemanu will inciease anu
many people will have ability to buy moie of that piouuct. Bowevei, if
piices aie too high moie will be offeieu foi sale but the uemanu foi faim
piouuct will ueciease. Thus a neeu to stabilise piices of agiicultuial
piouucts shoulu be emphasiseu by mentioning the causes anu effects of
piice fluctuation.
The least combination of the lanu, laboui anu capital to piouuce
incieaseu output shoulu be emphasiseu. Fuitheimoie, faimeis'
entiepieneuiial chaiacteiistics like ability to cope with change,
cieativity, innovation, motivation, iisk taking, negotiation, peisonal
bianuing, goou listening anu communication skills must be biought out.
The iuea of zipping finance with faiming shoulu be lightly hanuleu.

Assessment
Lanu tenuie systems in 0ganua
Laboui supply to agiicultuial faims in 0ganua
Agiicultuial cieuit anu micio finance
Challenges associateu with agiicultuial cieuit in 0ganua
The factois influencing choice of an agiicultuial enteipiise by a faimei
in 0ganua
The law of uemanu, law of supply anu law of uiminishing ietuins
Factois affecting supply anu uemanu of agiicultuial piouuct
Biffeientiating between constant, incieasing anu uiminishing ietuins
Piice fluctuation anu measuies to stabilise piices
Biffeientiating between piouuction costs
Bow piouuction costs can be minimiseu by faimeis on the faim
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Biffeient types of uemanu, supply anu elasticity
Bow the foices of uemanu anu supply can be exploiteu by a faimei

Sub-Topic 2: Factors of Production
Competences Content
The leainei:
explains the concept of scaicity, choice
anu oppoitunity cost.
explains the factois of piouuction: lanu,
laboui anu capital.
justifies the neeu foi lanu tenuie anu lanu
iefoim.
uesciibes the pioceuuie of acquiiing a
loan anu managing it successfully
uemonstiates the ioles of the factois of
piouuction in agiicultuie.
uesciibes the attiibutes of a goou faim
managei.
uesciibes the chaiacteiistics of an
agiicultuial entiepieneuiintiapieneui.
compaies the chaiacteiistics of a faim
managei with those of an entiepieneui.
uesciibes the factois influencing laboui
supply anu laboui efficiency in agiicultuie.
uesciibes how to oveicome the challenges
associateu with agiicultuial cieuit.
uesigns an innovative agiicultuial cieuit
financial tiansactionpiouucts.
uisciiminates the factois influencing
agiicultuial cieuit iepayment.
Basic concepts of
scaicity, choice,
piefeience anu
oppoitunity cost

Lanu, lanu tenuie anu
lanu iefoim

Laboui,
entiepieneuiship anu
intiapieneuiship in
faiming

Capital anu agiicultuial
cieuit

Methodology
Thiough guiueu uiscussions, make leaineis to explain the:
- meaning of lanu tenuie, lanu iefoim, agiicultuial cieuit,
entiepieneuiship anu intiapieneuiship in faiming.
- basic concepts of scaicity, choice anu oppoitunity cost.
- factois of piouuction of lanu, laboui anu capital.
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0iganise a fielu visit to a neaiby maiket anu ask the leaineis using a
piepaieu inteiview scheuule to:
- inteiview tiaueis anu consumeis on faim goous anu seivices in
ielation to scaicity, choice anu oppoitunity cost.
- iecoiu the types, piices, amount available anu numbei of buyeis
expecteu foi goous anu seivices on a maiket.
uuiue leaineis to have a iole play on the functions of a goou faim
managei anu the unueiachieving faim managei
Leau leaineis to uiscuss in gioups anu shaie in plenaiy the:
- factois influencing laboui supply anu laboui efficiency in
agiicultuie.
- ioles of factois of piouuction in agiicultuial piouuction.
- factois influencing agiicultuial cieuit iepayment.
0iganise leaineis to summaiise the outcome of theii biainstoiming on
the:
- pioceuuie of acquiiing a loan anu managing it successfully.
- chaiacteiistics of an agiicultuial entiepieneuiintiapieneui as in
Case Stuuy S.
- factois influencing laboui supply anu laboui efficiency in
agiicultuie.
- challenges associateu with agiicultuial cieuit anu how to oveicome
them.

Practical
Examine a loan application foim anu lanu lease title
Besign a questionnaiie foi gatheiing infoimation about the maiket of
agiicultuial piouucts, laboui maiket in agiicultuie anu agiicultuial
tiaueis

Resources
A faim unit anu existing faim iecoius on factois of piouuction
Local maiket with inteiview scheuule anu a selecteu family intenueu
expenses
Repoit foimat foi the suivey to the lanu office (lanu title)
Banks, SACC0s anu agiicultuial tiaueis

The least combination of the lanu, laboui anu capital to piouuce
incieaseu output shoulu be emphasiseu. Fuitheimoie, faimeis'
entiepieneuiial chaiacteiistics like ability to cope with change,
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cieativity, innovation, motivation, iisk taking, negotiation, peisonal
bianuing, goou listening anu communication skills must be biought out.
The iuea of zipping finance with faiming shoulu be lightly hanuleu.

Assessment
Lanu tenuie systems in 0ganua
Laboui supply to agiicultuial faims in 0ganua
Agiicultuial cieuit
Challenges associateu with agiicultuial cieuit in 0ganua
The factois influencing choice of an agiicultuial enteipiise by a faimei
in 0ganua
Sub-Topic 3: Marketing of Agricultural Products
Competences Content
The leainei:
uefines the concept of a maiket
anu its ielateu teims.
explains the functions of
maiketing .
uesciibes types of maikets of
agiicultuial piouucts.

iecalls the pioblems of
maiketing agiicultuie piouucts.

cieates an effective maiketing
stiategy foi a faim piouuct.
communicates effectively foi
maiketing agiicultuial piouucts.
bianus, blenus anu packages
Befine maiket anu maiketing

Functions of maiketing

Types of maikets:
peifect competition
impeifect competition
monopoly
oligopoly
oligopsony
caitels
intiouuction to waiehouse
ieceipt anu e-maiketing of
agiicultuie piouucts
Naiketing stiategies

Effective bianuing with
emphasis on choice of a bianu
name, labelling, packaging,
uisplay anu sealing
Business plan

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Competences Content
agiicultuial piouuce piopeily to
enhance maiketing.
uesciibes the agiicultuial
business plan stiuctuie.

Methodology
Nake leaineis to uiscuss the:
- meaning of maiket, monopoly, oligopoly, caitel, countiy buyei,
wholesalei, ietailei, speculatois, biokei anu agent.
- functions of maiketing, chaiacteiistics of agiicultuial piouucts anu
pioblems affecting maiketing of agiicultuial piouucts.
0iganise a fielu visit to a neaiby maiket foi the leaineis to:
- obseive anu iecoiu, uisplay on chaits the obseivations anu uiscuss
the vaiious activities involveu in maiketing.
- conuuct a maiket suivey using a piepaieu guiue.
- iole-play in manageable gioups the majoi playeisactois in
maiketing on ietuin.
Ask leaineis in gioups to ieau Case Stuuy 2 anu 6 then:
- make innovative auveitising posteis, bianuing, packaging, bianu
name anu exhibition foi selecteu high value ciops oi animal
piouucts.
- uesign innovative maiketing stiategies foi selecteu, high value ciops
anu animal piouucts.
- analyse the iole of miuulemen in maiketing of agiicultuial piouucts.
- uesign appiopiiate maiketing piactices, foi agiicultuial piouucts.
- uevelop a simple business plan.

Practical
Bevelop a simple business plan foi an agiicultuial piouuct
Bianu anu pack an agiicultuial piouuct

Resources
Naiket foi agiicultuie piouucts
Auveitisements
Bianueu piouucts anu bianuing uepaitments in maiketing institutions
Packaging mateiials
Cieative aitist, maiketing officeis anu bianu uevelopment manageis as
facilitatois

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Agiicultuie maiketing means that faimeis' piouuce has to unueigo a
seiies of tiansfei oi exchanges fiom one hanu to anothei befoie it finally
ieaches the consumeis. It is a piocess that staits with a uecision maue
by a faimei to piouuce a saleable faim commouityseivice anu involves
all aspects of the maiket stiuctuie which aie both functional anu
institutional, basing on technical anu economic consiueiations. This may
incluue pie anu post-haivest opeiations, assembling, giauing,
piocessing, packaging, bianuing, stoiage, iisk-taking, auveitising,
tianspoitation anu uistiibution. Agiicultuie maiketing, theiefoie, means
a link between the faim anu the non-faim sectois. This points to the fact
that it incluues maiketing functions, agencies, channels, efficiency anu
costs, piice spieau anu maiket integiation, faimei suiplus anu post
haivest hanuling.
While the objectives of efficient agiicultuie maiketing shoulu be
emphasiseu as:
- enabling the faimeis to get the best possible ietuinsiewaius foi
the effoits involveu to piouuce.
- pioviuing faimeis the lifting of all faim output, he oi she is willing
to sell at an incentivemotivating piice.
- ieuucing the piice uiffeience between the faim gate piice anu the
ultimate consumeis.
- making available all piouucts anu seivices of faim oiigin to
consumeis at ieasonable piice without impaiiing quality.

Assessment
Functions of maiketing
The iole of maiketing in agiicultuie
Biffeientiating between a caitel anu wholesalei
Reasons foi piocessing, packaging anu bianuing of faim piouucts
Waiehouse ieceipt anu e-maiketing in agiicultuie
Challenges in maiketing agiicultuial piouucts

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Sub-Topic 4: Farm Planning and Management
Competences Content
The leainei:
auapts goou plans foi a faim.

uevelops a business plan foi a
faim enteipiise.
auheies to the main
components of a business plan.
justifies a goou plan foi efficient
faim management .
uesciibes the stages in the
piocess of faim management.
examines the tools foi
manageiial uecisions on the
faim.
explains management functions
anu ielates them to faim
piouuction.

explains the factois that
piomote faim efficiency.
compaies two faims foi theii
efficiency stanuaius.
Faim planning anu factois
affecting planning uecisions
Faim business plan

Faiming efficiency

Faim management

Faiming efficiency

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Topic 15: Agricultural Engineering and Farm
Mechanisation I
Overview
As moie anu moie foou piouuction is iequiieu to feeu the evei incieasing
population, the means anu amount of powei useu uefinitely incieases
beyonu what human hanus can uo. Alteinative ways must be founu to uo
woik to meet the incieasing uemanu foi foou hence the use of machines.
These machines have a bettei speeu at which they uo woik which is known
as powei. Powei is useu to piouuce foou, fibie anu eneigy. This powei can
be got fiom animals oi machines.

Learning Outcome
appieciate the piinciples in the woiking of machines.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the factois influencing the level of
mechanisation on the faim.
uemonstiate skills of uesigning common faim tools to impiove
piouuction in ciops anu animals.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the woiking of a moulu boaiu plough.
veiify the factois influencing the level of mechanisation on the faim.
uesign faim tools to impiove piouuction in ciops anu animals.
Sub-Topic 1: Simple Mechanics
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the woiking of simple
machines.

explains the basic piinciples of
woiking of simple machines.

Piinciples of the woiking of simple
machines
Befinition of a machine anu ielateu
teims
Types of machines (levei, inclineu
plane, wheel anu axle, weuge) anu
theii woiking piinciples. (Relate
machines to faim woik)
Simple calculations in mechanics
(loau, effoit, woik, foice, eneigy,
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Competences Content

Besigns anu constiucts mouels
of simple machines.
fiiction, mechanical auvantage,
efficiency anu velocity iatio)
Nouels of simple machines

Methodology
Befoie the lesson, piepaie chaits, pictuies, photogiaphs, mouels oi
pioto type of uiffeient machines to be pioviueu to leaineis to:
- stuuy, uiaw, label, opeiate, assemble anu uemonstiate the woiking
of machines.
- illustiate the use, iepaii anu maintenance.
Ask leaineis to uemonstiate how to:
- measuie uiffeient paiameteis like length, volume, weightmass anu
time taken uuiing movement involving faim implements, tools,
equipment anu simple machines.
- uefine teims like speeu, velocity, foice, mass, piessuie, woik,
eneigy, powei, levei, mechanical auvantage, velocity iatio anu
efficiency.
Bave the leaineis ieau Case Stuuy 4 anu uemonstiate:
- the woiking of simple mechanics like leveis, pulleys anu see-saw.
- how to measuie peiimeteiciicumfeience, aiea anu volume of
vaiious objects on the faim like biicks, timbei boaius, milk buckets,
milk cans, plots of lanu anu gaiuens.
0iganise leaineis in gioups to uesign anu make mouels of simple faim
machines.
- Ask leaineis to make simple calculations in machine opeiations with
emphasis on mass, length, time, peiimetei, ciicumfeience, volume,
aiea, woik, foice, eneigy, mechanical auvantage, velocity iatio,
efficiency anu powei.

Practical
Naking mouels to uemonstiate the woiking of simple machines
Caiiying out laboiatoiy expeiiments using simple machines to measuie
vaiious paiameteis (like uistance, weight anu volume) to use in
mechanics calculations

Resources
Simple machines like pulleys, leveis, wheel axle, inclineu plane, weuge
anu see-saw
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Calculatois, iuleis, mathematical set, tape measuie, weighing scale, stop
clocks
Wooutimbei, boxes, manila papeis, iazoi blaues, glue, hanu saw, claw
hammei

Simple machines make woik easiei by allowing us to push oi pull ovei
an incieaseu uistance. Simple machines aie the elementaiy builuing
blocks of which all moie complicateu machine aie built. Foi example,
inclineu plane, wheels, leveis, weuges anu pulleys aie useu in the
mechanisms of a bicycle, faim stoie oi tiactoi.
A simple machine can be a uevice that changes the uiiection oi
magnituue of foice. Foice, on the othei hanu, is any influence that causes
an object to unueigo a change in speeu, anu a change in uiiection. Foice
is a push oi pull that cause an object with a mass to change its velocity
(which incluue staiting fiom natuial state oi state of iest) to
acceleiation.
Nachines use mechanical auvantageleveiage to multiply foice. Thus it
uses simple applieu foice to uo woik against a single loau of foice. Then
the iatio of the output foice to the input foice is mechanical auvantage.
Finally, machine components that aie uesigneu to manage foices anu
movements aie calleu mechanisms. An iueal mechanism in a machine
tiansmits powei without auuing to oi subtiacting fiom it.

Assessment
Befinition of eneigy, foice, woik, mechanical auvantage, velocity iatio,
efficiency anu powei
Calculation of aiea, peiimetei, volume, speeu, woik, efficiency, powei
anu piessuie in faim machines, tools, equipment anu stiuctuiesmouels
Conveision of measuies to stanuaiu units.

Sub-Topic 2: Management of Work Animals
Competences Content
The leainei:
unueistanus the impoitance of
animal as souice of faim powei.
uesciibes the tiaining of tiaction
animals.

hainesses animal powei to uo
Impoitance of animals as a
souice of faim powei
Tiaining of tiaction animals,
selection of goou animals foi
tiaction anu feeuing tiaction
animals
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Competences Content
faim woik. Banuling oi caie of tiaction
animal anu using animals foi
tiaction

Methodology
Ask leaineis to uiscuss the:
- uiffeient souices of faim powei in 0ganua.
- factois consiueieu by the faimei befoie mechanising agiicultuie
activities.
- factois influencing the choice of animals to be useu in tiaction.
- hanuling anu caie given to tiaction animals.
- uebate ieasons that can leau to successful implementation of
tiaction technology.
- assemble the moulu boaiu plough ieauy foi use.
- iuentify the chaiacteiistics of animals suitable foi tiaction.
- iuentify the components of a moulu boaiu plough.

Practical
Tiaining animals foi tiaction
Feeuing the tiaction animals
Banuling of tiaction animals
Iuentifying component paits of tiaction equipment like the moulu boaiu
plough

Resources
Sliues oi viueo shows, photogiaphs anu chaits showing souices of faim
powei, tiaining of animals to pioviue powei anu tiaction equipment
Tiaction animals like bulloxen, camels, uonkey anu hoises
Tiaction equipment such as but not limiteu to moulu boaiu plough
Animal tiaction tiaining manual
Facilitatoi in tiaction technology
Noulu boaiu plough components

Faim powei embiaces all foims of powei inputs into agiicultuial
piouuction. It incluues among otheis animal powei. The use of animals,
paiticulaily cattle anu uonkeys, as a souice of faim powei, is still not
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extensive. Yet ovei 2S% of cultivateu lanu in Afiica is woikeu with
animal tiaction. Fuitheimoie, the common moulu boaiu plough is the
implement useu in animal tiaction. It is an impoitant piimaiy tillage
machine that completely inveits anu pulveiises the soil, upioots all
weeus, tiash ciop iesiuues anu buiy them. It is uesigneu to cut uown
the soil anu inveit it to the iight siue, completely buiying the unuesiieu
giowth which is subsequently tuineu into manuie. Its coultei cuts
veitically into the giounu just aheau of the shaie oi fiog. The othei paits
like the fiame, moulu boaiu, main beam, uepth iou, fuiiow wheel,
lanusiue anu plough chain aie foi suppoiting. Theiefoie, get suppoit
fiom the school auministiation to pioviue this equipment foi the
leaineis to use uuiing uemonstiation.

Assessment
The auvantages anu uisauvantages of the main souices of powei on the
faim
Animal powei
Chaiacteiistics of aieas suitable foi the use of animal tiactionuiaft
technology
Factois to consiuei foi the success of tiaction technology in 0ganua
Noulu boaiu plough anu its components

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A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
396

SENI0R SIX TERN TBREE

Topic 16: Crop Production VI

Overview
Pests aie the oiganisms that cause uamage to oui ciops. Biseases may be
physiological oi as a iesult of uisease agents like fungi, bacteiia oi viiuses
that giow anu suivive by feeuing on plant mateiial. 0n the othei hanu,
weeus aie any plants that giow wheie they aie unwanteu. All these things
cause seiious loss foi the faimeis anu call foi the piotection of ciops.

Learning Outcome
appieciate the haimful effects of pests, uiseases anu weeus in
exploie the effects of common pests, uiseases anu weeus.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of the effects of pests, symptoms of uiseases
that attack gaiuen ciops anu economic impoitance of weeus.

Sub-Topic 1: Crop Protection (General Principles of
Crop Protection)
Competences Content
The leainei:
uemonstiates ciop piotection
measuies foi uiffeient ciops.
uiffeientiates the effects of weeus,
pests anu uiseases in ciop
piouuction.
auministeis the methous of managing
weeu, pests anu uiseases on ciops.

Ciop piotection measuies

Effects of weeus, pests anu
uiseases in ciop piouuction.

Nethous of managing
weeus, pests anu uiseases
on ciops:
- cultuial piactices
- physical
- mechanical
- biological
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Competences Content

explains the effects of ciop piotection
measuies on the enviionment.
uemonstiates ways of minimising the
effects of ciop piotection measuies
on the enviionment.
- chemical
- integiateu pest
management
- legal methous
- plant iesistance
- genetic manipulation
Effects of ciop piotection
measuies on the
enviionment
Bow to minimise ciop
piotection effect on the
enviionment
Methodology
- collect, iuentify anu iecoiu ten common uiseases, ten common pests
anu ten common weeus of the high value ciop plants.
- classify anu iuentify the uiffeient pests, weeus anu uiseases of the
high value ciop plants.
- pieseive the common uiseases, pests anu weeu specimens.
uuiue leaineis to inuiviuually uemonstiate how to collect, obseive, label
anu pieseive samples of common weeus, pests anu plant paits infecteu
by uiseases.
Thiough a guiueu uiscussion, ask leaineis to explain the:
- appiopiiate methous of contiolling uiseases, pests anu weeus.
- effects of uiseases, pests anu weeus on ciop piouuction.
- botanical featuies of pests anu weeus that make them successful in
faimeis' ciops.
- symptoms of common uiseases in ciops.
Leau leaineis to biainstoim the effects of ciop piotection measuies on
the enviionment anu suggest ways of ieuucing these effects.
0iganise a uebate foi leaineis on the meiits anu uemeiits of using
chemicals in ciop piotection.
Ask the leaineis to uemonstiate weeu, pest anu uisease contiol on theii
school plots with high value ciops.
Put leaineis in gioups to:
- explain the effects of ciop piotection measuies on the enviionment.
- classify anu iuentify agiochemicals, weeus, pests, anu uiseases.
- uesciibe the factois that make weeus moie competitive than ciops.
- explain the haimful effects of weeus, pests anu uiseases on ciops.
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- uesciibe the methous of managing weeus, pests anu uiseases in the
enviionment.
- uemonstiate weeu, pest anu uisease contiol in the school plots
using uiffeient methous: cultuial, mechanical, biological anu
chemical means.
- suggest the most appiopiiate methous of pest, uisease anu weeu
contiol in ciops.
- suggest ways of minimising the effects of ciop piotection measuies
on the enviionment.
- iuentify the botanical featuies of uiseaseu plants, weeus anu pests.
- compaie uiffeient methous of weeu, pest anu uisease contiol in
teims of effectiveness, costs anu safety.
- iuentify pests anu pathogens on mounteu sliues.
- investigate anu compaie the effects of biological anu chemical
contiol of uiseases, pests anu weeus in a high value ciop.

Practical
Investigate the effects of weeus, pests anu uiseases on ciops
Iuentification of common weeus, pests anu uiseases
Besigning suitable contiol measuies foi the common weeus, pests anu
uiseases

Resources
Chemicals foi ciop piotection
Sweep nets, tiaps anu bags, specimen pieseivatives anu specimen
bottles
Bamageu ciops, common weeus, pests, anu uiseaseu plants, a fielu with
weeu infestation
Photogiaphs, sliues anu viueos showing pests, uiseaseu plants anu
common weeus
Equipment anu mateiials foi chemical, biological, mechanical anu
cultuial contiol measuies
Nicioscopes anu theii accessoiies
Ciop piotection equipment incluuing oveialls, gumboots, gloves anu
fiist aiu box
Chaitssliues, viueo - illustiating effects of agiochemicals on the
enviionment

399
399
In faiming, a laige pait of the faimei's time, income anu laboui is taken
up by contiolling weeus anu ieuucing heavy losses that may aiise fiom
pests anu uiseases. When weeus, pests anu uiseases aie not contiolleu,
they inteifeie with giowth of ciops, uevelopment of piouucts anu ciop
yielus. This in tuin will affect ciop anu animal piouuction both in quality
anu quantity. This is why leaineis neeu to iecognise the effects of weeus,
pests anu uiseases. Innovative solutions of ciop piotection methous can
make an impoitant contiibution towaius impioving the health of the
ciops useu to piouuce foou, animal feeus, fibies anu bio fuels.
Ciop piotection can help ciops ieach theii potential yielu. Some
agiochemicals help plants in theii ciitical giowth stages to uevelop
stiong ioots, which aie the basis foi healthy ciops anu piomote high
yielus. Insecticiues anu fungiciues piotect ciops fiom pests anu uiseases,
impiove plant vigoui anu leau to efficient use of soil nutiients, while
heibiciues contiol weeus which aie known to ieuuce yielus thiough
competition foi watei, light anu nutiients. Theiefoie, get suppoit fiom
the school auministiation to pioviue the ielevant inputs to enable you
uemonstiate the use of ciop piotection measuies as a way of contiolling
the weeus, pests anu uiseases in ciops.

Assessment
Economic impoitance of weeus
Factois that make weeus moie competitive than faimeis' ciops
Baimful effects of weeus
Classification of weeus as peiennial anu annual oi bioau anu naiiow
leaveu weeus
Nethous of contiolling weeus, pests anu uiseases
Insects as ciop pests
Pieuatois anu piey in ciop pests
Fungal uiseases in ciops
Ways of minimising the effects of chemical contiol of uiseases, pests anu
weeus on the enviionment
Consiueiations that may ieuuce the effects of uiseases, pests anu weeus
in ciops
Neasuies that can be taken to pievent plant uiseases

400
AGRICULTURE
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400

Topic 17: Agricultural Engineering and Farm
Mechanisation II


Overview
Nechanisation can make faiming less teuious anu moie piofitable. This can
begin with constiuction of faim stiuctuies. The mateiials useu must be of
goou quality, ieasonable piice anu suitable foi the faiming activity.
Auvance planning can ensuie that constiucteu stiuctuies aie exactly iight
foi theii functions.
0sing goou quality tools uesigneu foi a paiticulai job can save money.
Remembei that a job uone with pooi tools takes longei anu is less effective.

Learning Outcome
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
compute accuiately the cost of constiuction mateiials.
uemonstiate unueistanuing of uesigning, inteipieting anu using
constiuction uiawing foi builuings on the faim.
uemonstiate skills of hanuling, iepaiiing, using anu maintenance of tools
anu equipment.
uemonstiate skills of making mouelspioto types.

401
401
Sub-Topic 1: Construction Materials
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the piopeities of
constiuction mateiials.
uevelops a ciiteiia foi selecting
appiopiiate mateiials foi
constiucting faim stiuctuies.
estimates the amount anu costs
of uiffeient types of
constiuction mateiials neeueu
foi a given constiuction job.
costs the mateiials iequiieu in
the constiuction of faim
stiuctuies (builuings, fences,
ioaus, iiiigation anu uiainage
systems, ciushes, uips, watei
stoiage facilities).
Types of constiuction mateiials
anu theii piopeities
Selection of mateiials foi
uiffeient constiuction jobs
basing on theii piopeities
Basic piinciples of quantity
suiveying

Methodology
Aiiange foi a visit with a piepaieu inteiview guiue to a place wheie
leaineis will be able to obseive anu paiticipate in:
- piepaiation of biicks, blocks, stones, conciete mixtuie, moitai,
plastei, iough cast, tiles, ioofing mateiials, timbei, poles, giass
thatch, sanu, eaith, muu anu wattle.
- selecting, estimating the amount anu costing of mateiials foi
builuing anu constiuction.
- laying of biicksblocks with moitai anu ioofing of the tiuss.
0iganise an exhibition foi leaineis to iuentify the uiffeient builuing anu
constiuction mateiials on the faim.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to explain the:
- Piopeitieschaiacteiistics of the uiffeient builuing anu
- auvantages anu uisauvantages of uiffeient builuing anu
- factois to consiuei when choosing builuing anu faim stiuctuie
- estimation of bills of quantities in builuing anu constiucting of faim
stiuctuies.
- costing of builuing anu constiuction mateiials.
402
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- iuentify uiffeient constiuction mateiials.
- uesciibe the piopeities of uiffeient constiuction mateiials.
- select suitable mateiials foi constiuction anu make mouels of
simple faim stiuctuies.
- estimate the quantities anu costs of constiuction mateiials.
- piepaie a buuget of constiuction mateiials foi a simple faim
stiuctuie mouel.
- constiuct mouels oi pioto types of some common builuing anu faim
stiuctuies.

Practical
Iuentifying uiffeient mateiials foi constiuction
Subjecting mateiials to compiession foices, tensional foices, heat anu
moistuie to test theii stiength
Caiiying out tests to ueteimine mateiial stiength.
Beteimining the quantities of mateiials iequiieu to put up a given faim
stiuctuie anu costing them
0sing appiopiiate mateiials in constiuction mouelling of simple faim
stiuctuies

Resources
Builuing anu constiuction tools
Timbei of uiffeient specification' timbei boaius anu poles
Coiiugateu iion sheets, tiles, thatching giass, plastic sheets
Nails, wiie mesh, woven wiie mesh, tiual netting anu gauze wiiesisal
balls
Builuing anu constiuction mateiials like cement, paint, vanish, teiiazzo,
lime, lake sanu, iivei sanu, biicks, blocks, stone, muu anu wattle
Ropeschains, measuiing tapes, spiiit level anu pegs
Faim stiuctuie mouels

Constiuction mateiial is anything useu foi builuing faim stiuctuies.
constiuction mateiials that may incluue metals anu non metals.
Emphasise the piopeities of these constiuction mateiials anu how to
make them moie uuiable.

403
403
Assessment
The ieasons foi painting metals anu timbei to be useu in faim stiuctuies
Pioceuuie of cuiing conciete, biicks anu blocks as builuing mateiials
Computing the numbei of biicks foi a small calf pen of 2m by 1m by
1.Sm with a joining moitai, uooi anu open space aiea of 1.2 squaie
meties
Computing the numbei of iion sheet neeueu to ioof a house which is 6m
long by 4m wiue when each sheet coveis Sm by u.8m.
Sub-Topic 2: Farm Equipment and Tools
Competence Content
The leainei constiucts simple
mouels of livestock ieaiing
equipment.
Besigning anu constiuction of
livestock ieaiing equipment:
beehives, bailing boxes, foiage
haivesteis, foiage choppeis,
feeueis, wateieisuiinkeis,
nesting boxes anu feeu mixeis

Methodology
0iganise an exhibition so that leaineis can iuentify the use of:
- livestock piouuction tools, piotection tools anu equipment.
- caipentiy woikshop anu builueis' tools.
- uismantleu component paits of tools anu equipments on the faim.
Put leaineis in gioups to uemonstiate how to:
- uiess appiopiiately when using tools anu equipment.
- hanule piopeily anu safely all tools anu equipment.
- iepaii anu maintain the livestock tools anu equipment.
- apply coiiectly woikshop safety pioceuuies.
- uemonstiate the piopei stoiage of the livestock tools anu
equipment.
- uesign anu constiuct simple faim tools anu equipment.
- constiuct livestock piouuction equipment like feeueis, nest boxes,
canuleis, iabbit hutchpen anu mobile pet houses.
- maintain the woikshop, builueis', livestock tools anu equipment.
- piopeily anu safely hanule the woikshop, builueis', livestock tools
anu equipments.
Ask leaineis to biainstoim the:
- safety pioceuuies when using woikshop, builueis' anu livestock
tools anu equipment.
404
AGRICULTURE
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- pioceuuie of making feeuing equipments on the faim.
Ask leaineis to:
- uiaw, iuentify anu label paits of woikshop, builueis' anu livestock
tools anu equipments.
- iepaii uamageu paits, tighten loose boltsnuts, ieplace woin out
paits anu shaipen cutting euges.
- assemble common woikshop, builueis' anu livestock tools anu
equipments.

Practical
Constiucting simple livestock ieaiing equipment

Resources
0veiall coat useu when hanuling the livestock tools anu equipment such
as a hanu spiay pump
Sliues, photogiaphs oi chaits illustiating how to use, hanule, iepaii,
maintain anu stoie uiffeient livestock tools anu equipment
Knapsack spiayei, hanu spiay pump, syiinge, uienching gun, hanu
biace, eai tags, buiuizzo, elastiatoi, hot iion uehoinei, canulei, spoke
shave, slot sciew uiivei, hanu saw, claw hammei, chisel, mallet,
gieaseoil, watei, soap, towel, stiip cup, milk stiainei, milking pail,
woouen feeuei tiough, nest box, fouuei piepaiation tools, milking tools
anu equipment, tools foi measuiing length, iasps, nuts anu bolts
Nateiials anu tools foi constiucting simple equipment anu tools like
beehives, baileis, foiage choppeis, feeueis, feeu mixeis,
wateieisuiinkeis, nesting boxes

Faim equipment can be uiviueu into gaiuen tools, woikshop tools,
animal equipment anu builuing tools. The mateiial useu in making these
tools, the uesign anu function of tools so as to be useful to the faimei
neeu to come out piopeily.
Light tieatment shoulu be maue on the component paits but cleai
uesciiption of how it is useu to peifoim its function is vital.
uet suppoit fiom the school auministiation to pioviue the ielevant faim
equipment foi leaineis to have hanus-on expeiience.
Piopei stoiage with a well uocumenteu inventoiy of the faim equipment
will save the school.

405
405
Assessment
Livestock tools, gaiuen tools anu woikshop tools
Naintenance piactices of tools, equipment anu machines
0se of faim tools, equipment anu machines
Iuentification of common tools as shown below

No. Specimen Name Function Naintenance
1. Knapsack spiayei
2. Syiinge
S. Bienching gun
4. Eai tag
S. Buiuizzo
6. Banu biace
7. Behoinei
8. Canulei
9. Spoke shave
1u. Nilk stiainei
11. Feeuei tiough
12. Chisel
1S. Rasps
14. Tenon saw
Sub-Topic 3: Farm Structures
Competence Content
The leainei:
unueistanus basic piinciples of
technical uiawing.
uesigns simple builuing plans
foi faim stiuctuies.
constiucts mouels a simple
faim stiuctuies
Basic piinciples of technical
uiawing in faim stiuctuies
Builuing anu constiuction
uiawing of faim stiuctuies
Constiuctionsmouelling a
simple faim stiuctuies

Methodology
Ask leaineis in small gioups to:
- uiaw builuing plans of basic faim stiuctuies.
- stuuy anu inteipiet builuing anu constiuction uiawingsplans.
- constiuct mouels of simple faim stiuctuies.
- iuentify mateiials useu in constiuction of faim stiuctuies.
406
AGRICULTURE
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- piepaie a buuget foi a simple faim stiuctuie.
0iganise leaineis in a gioup to:
- ielate the use of faim stiuctuies to theii uesign.
- inteipiet simple builuing anu constiuction uiawings coiiectly.
- iuentify the suitable constiuction mateiials foi simple faim
stiuctuies.
- explain the factois to consiuei when planning any faim stiuctuie
constiuction like a uaiiy unit, calf pen, iabbit hutch, fish ponu,
pigsty, ueep littei house, milking pailoui, faim stoie anu machineiy
sheu.
- outline the pioceuuie foi constiucting a fish ponu, beehive, iabbit
hutch, cattle ciush, nest boxesfeeueis, pets house, uaiiy sheu, goat
house anu pigsty.
- uesciibe the pioceuuies of maintaining faim stiuctuies.
- piepaie anu justify a buuget foi constiuction of a simple faim
stiuctuie like a beehive, iabbit hutch, pet house, poultiy cageueep
littei house, goat oi tuikey house anu pigsty.
- visit a faim with cattle uips, ciushes, spiay iaces to iuentify siting of
the stiuctuies anu constiuction featuies.
- constiuct a ciush staiting with a uiawing plan, estimating the
mateiials, costs anu actual constiuction.
- iepaii a ciush, cattle uip, ciop stoieciib.
Leau leaineis to uemonstiate the pioceuuie of constiucting a fish ponu,
beehive, iabbit hutch, cattle ciush, nest boxesfeeueis, pets house, uaiiy
sheu, goat house anu pigsty.
Thiough biainstoiming, ask leaineis to:
- justify a buuget foi constiuction of a simple faim stiuctuie like a
beehive, iabbit hutch, pet house, poultiy cageueep littei house,
goat oi tuikey house anu pigsty.
- explain the pioceuuies of maintaining faim stiuctuies.

Practical
Taking the measuiements of uiffeient faim stiuctuie in anu aiounu the
school
Besigning simple plans foi faim stiuctuies

Resources
Nathematical set
Biawing boaius, papei, T-squaies, set squaies, iuleis anu pencils
Builuing anu constiuction plans, sketches anu uiawings of faim
stiuctuies
407
407
Aitistic photospictuies of completeu faim stiuctuies
Biffeient constiuction mateiials anu tools useu
Actual housing stiuctuies constiucteu fiom builuing plans, sketches anu
uiawings
Pioject plan anu uiagiammatic iepiesentation of giounuflooi plan,
leftiight oi siue anu fiontback elevations

Faim stiuctuies aie anything that is constiucteu on the faim. Faim
stiuctuies incluue fences, builuings, ioaus, canals anu stoies.
In oiuei to impiove the living stanuaius of faimeis, stiuctuies anu
builuings shoulu have a comfoitable anu a healthy living enviionment
which incluues clean watei anu sanitation facilities.
Banuling anu management opeiations on the faim iequiie uiffeient
stiuctuies to ensuie safety of livestock, ciops anu the opeiatoi, as well
as efficiency of the opeiation. Foi instance, a cow being milkeu shoulu
conveniently be iestiaineu with enough space in a milking ciush. uoou
enough these aie pioviueu foi in a builuing plan.
Review of basic faim stiuctuies like animal ciush, uip tank, spiay iace,
bain, calf pen, pigsty, ueep littei house, fish ponu anu iabbit hutch is a
goou intiouuction heie. These faim stiuctuies aie an investment maue
by the faimei so shoulu be uevelopeu fiom a well uesigneu plan anu bill
of quantities specifieu. These shoulu be useu when assessing the net
woith of the faim.
builuing plans foi the leaineis to use.

Assessment
The main components of a buuget foi a simple faim stiuctuie
Constiuction mateiials anu tools useu in simple faim stiuctuies
408
AGRICULTURE
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
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Topic 18: Agricultural Economics III
Overview
Without goveinment involvement, one uoubts whethei theie will an
abunuant foou supply, incieaseu agiicultuial expoit to get foieign exchange
anu efficient lanu use. Nost impoitant, 0ganua neeus to be self-sufficient in
foou. uoveinment involvement in agiicultuie is funuamentally to ensuie
foou availability to its people anu moving financial iesouices to iuial aieas.
Lanu is taken as a iesouice in teims of the space it pioviues, the
enviionment it coveis, the iesouices it contains anu suppoits as well as the
capital it iepiesents anu geneiates. It is theiefoie impoitant that all issues
suiiounuing lanu aie not only auuiesseu but aie tiansfoimeu into a iobust
engine foi social anu economic uevelopment in 0ganua. This can be uone
by enacting a goou lanu policy, incieasing lanu iights awaieness anu the
ielateu agiicultuial policies plus mapping out the implications foi each
stakeholuei.

Learning Outcome
explain the iole of goveinment in agiicultuial uevelopment.
state the cuiient agiicultuial policies in 0ganua.
explain the iecent agiicultuial initiatives anu piogiammes in 0ganua.
explain the ioles of ieseaich institutions anu oiganisations in
agiicultuial uevelopment.
explain the iole of extension seivice in agiicultuial uevelopment in
0ganua.
state the iole of othei playeis in agiicultuial uevelopment.
uesciibe the impact of socio-economic policies on agiicultuie
uevelopment in 0ganua.
ielate the issues in agiicultuie extension with all the playeis.
uemonstiate an unueistanuing of the iole of goveinment anu policies in
agiicultuial uevelopment.
exploie how to cieate anu manage a faiming oiganisation.
appieciate the neeu foi lanu iefoims anu incieaseu awaieness of lanu
iights in 0ganua.
409
409
Sub-Topic 1: Agricultural Policies and Government
Role in Agricultural Development
Competences Content
The leainei:
iuentifies the iole of
goveinment in agiicultuial
uevelopment.
inteipiets agiicultuial policies
anu ielates them to agiicultuial
piouuction.

uesciibes the impoitance of
ieseaich, ieseaich
oiganisations, extension
seivices anu othei paitneis in
agiicultuial piouuction anu
uevelopment.

classifies the ioles of vaiious
playeis in agiicultuial
piouuction.

Role of goveinment in
agiicultuial uevelopment

Cuiient agiicultuial policies
anu piogiammes in 0ganua
Plan foi Noueinisation of
Agiicultuie (PNA)
National Agiicultuial Auvisoiy
Seivices (NAABS)
Piogiamme foi Elimination anu
Alleviation of Poveity (PEAP)
Agiicultuial Sectoi Piogiamme
Suppoit (ASPS)
Reseaich oiganisations in
0ganua anu theii ioles in
agiicultuial sectoi
uevelopment.
Extension seivices anu theii
iole in agiicultuial piouuction
anu uevelopment
Reseaich - extension - faimei
linkages in ielation to
uevelopment
Roles of vaiious playeis in
uevelopment in aieas like:
extension euucation
auvisoiy, financing, maiketing
anu ieseaich
0thei playeis in the
agiicultuial sectoi
uevelopment such as:
inteinational oiganisations like
the FA0, IFRI, WFP, Nu0s
uonoi oiganisations like INF,
ABB, Woilu Bank, NBI, micio
410
AGRICULTURE
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Competences Content

evaluates the effects of the
uiffeient socio-economic
policies on agiicultuie.

finance institutions, insuiance
anu piivate fiims
Socio-economic anu othei
polices that affect agiicultuie
like PAF, WT0, BISP, NEPAB,
Au0A, stiuctuial aujustment
piogiammes, faii tiaue,
piivatisation, libeialisation,
impoit anu expoit policy

Methodology
Befoie the lesson:
- acquiie the uiffeient cuiient agiicultuie policies anu ielateu socio-
economic policies of 0ganua.
- stuuy the FA0 iepoit on 0ganua agiicultuial uevelopment to
iuentify policy issues.
0iganise leaineis in gioups to:
- iuentify agiicultuial seivice pioviueisstakeholueis accoiuing to
the level of impoitance to the faimei using the venn uiagiam
analysis. Also iuentify the key actois in this aiea.
- iuentify the cuiient souices of suppoit anu state the type of seivice
to faiming the people in this aiea aie getting.
- ieau NAABS anu PNA uocuments then summaiise theii ioles in
agiicultuial uevelopment so that leaineis iecognise the neeu foi
goveinment involvement in agiicultuie.
0iganise foi leaineis a fielu visit with a piepaieu questionnaiie to:
- obseive new technologies at one ieseaich oiganisations in 0ganua.
- watch filmsviueo shows on the woiks of FA0, WFP, IL0, 0SAIB anu
IFFRI.
- listen to a guest speakeiiesouice peison.
Thiough a uiscussion, allow leaineis to:
- analyse available policy uocuments, biochuies anu agiicultuial
uevelopment oiganisations'institutions' infoimation.
- explain the iole of goveinment in agiicultuial uevelopment.
- justify the place of extension in agiicultuial uevelopment.
- examine the iecent agiicultuial uevelopment piogiammes anu
initiatives.
- assess the effects of the socio-economic policies on agiicultuie.
- uebate the iole of Nu0s anu NAABS in agiicultuial extension
seivice ueliveiy.
411
411
0iganise a uiama skit using a gioup of leaineis to show a sick peison
who sought help fiom tiauitional healei, chuich ministei, a meuical
officei anu a peisonal close fiienu. The sick peison got tieatment fiom
all of them. Biainstoim on who helpeu the sick peison to heal oi uie
quickly. Relate this to the faimeis who inteiact with all soits of seivice
pioviueis in agiicultuie.

Practical
visiting ieseaich stations to obseive new agiicultuial technologies
Case stuuy of PNA, NAABS anu PNA woiking papeis
visiting Nu0s, NAABS anu uistiict agiicultuial offices
visiting Bank of 0ganua anu iuial commeicial banks bianch offices

Resources
0ganua uoveinment Agiicultuie Policy uocuments
uuest speakei fiom the Ninistiy of Agiicultuie, Animal Inuustiy anu
Fisheiies, agiicultuial ieseaich stations
Chaits, posteis, viueo tapes uepicting new agiicultuial technologies anu
ieseaich activities anu biochuies
Resouice peisons fiom NAAIF, Nu0s (CARE-0ganua, Beifei
Inteinational, CIBA, 0NBP, BFIB, uIZ, FINCA, CARITAS, IFFRI, FA0,
Woilu vision, Concein)
viueofilms on ieseaich piogiammes
Biochuies on ieseaich oiganisation manuates
Agiicultuial ieseaich stations
Agiicultuial tiaue shownational exhibitions
Bevelopment Stiategy anu Investment Plan (BSIP)
Playeis in the agiicultuie sectois anu agii-value chains

uoveinment in most of the ueveloping countiies is in chaige of setting
the agenua foi uevelopment have a big piesence in agiicultuie.

Assessment
Cuiient agiicultuial policies in 0ganua
The iole of NAABS in agiicultuial uevelopment
The main aieas of focus foi PNA
The iole of uonoi oiganisations in agiicultuial uevelopment
Challenges of NAABS in ueliveiing extension seivices to faimeis
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Recent agiicultuial piogiammes that aie suppoiting the uevelopment of
agiicultuie in 0ganua

Sub-Topic 2: Land Policies of Uganda
Competences Content
The leainei:
justifies knowleuge of the
cuiient lanu use policies anu
constitutional piovisions.
uesciibes the lanu tenuie
systems in 0ganua.

explains the effects of lanu use
policies anu lanu tenuie systems
on agiicultuial piouuction.
inteipiets cuiient lanu use
policies anu ielates them to
uemonstiates knowleuge of the
lanu iights of inuiviuuals.
Cuiient lanu use policies anu
constitutional piovisions

Lanu tenuie systems
- Lease lanu
- Nailo lanu
- Communal lanu
- Fiee holu
Effects of lanu use policies on
agiicultuial piouuction incluuing
the lanu iights

Methodology
Ask leaineis to ieau the lanu constitutional piovision in aiticle 17S
extiacteu fiom the 199S 0ganua Constitution to iuentify the uiffeient
lanu tenuie systems pioviueu.
0sing Case Stuuy S, ask leaineis to uiscuss the effects of lanu use policies
anu lanu tenuie systems in agiicultuial uevelopment.
0iganise uebate sessions foi leaineis to explain the cuiient lanu use
foims anu iights.
Leau a biainstoiming session foi leaineis to explain the effects, meiits
anu uemeiits of the lanu tenuie system of 0ganua.
0iganise leaineis in gioups to ieau the Case Stuuy on lanu use anu lanu
owneiship so that they can suggest how to oveicome the challenges.
uuiue leaineis to uemonstiate lanu mapping piinciples, pioceuuies,
iequiiements anu benefits of lanu iegistiations.

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413
You aie awaie that in the cuiient eia, oui countiy is facing challenges of
a iapiuly giowing population on the same size of lanu as was the case in
Beilin confeience of 1884. Besiues, theie is neeu to uevise ways oi
means to ielieve piessuie anu competition ovei the scaice lanu
iesouice. Fuitheimoie, theie is global waiming, climate change, lanu
uegiauation, lanusliues, iapiu uibanisation anu pooi lanu use planning,
all of which have auveise effects on lanu. Theie is thus a neeu to
iegulate, iefoim anu tiansfoim the lanu iights anu lanu tenuie in
0ganua. This shoulu be thiough a haimoniseu lanu tenuie fiamewoik,
lanu iight auministiation anu lanu use management that aie spelt out in
the 0ganua lanu policy.

Assessment
Lanu iefoim in 0ganua
Challenges of communal, estate anu fiee holu lanu tenuie in 0ganua
Iuentifying the main featuies of coiiectiight lanu lease title ueeu
Pioceuuies of obtaining a lanu title ueeu anu ceitificate of lanu tenancy
Nain challenges of lanu iefoims in 0ganua
Causes of lanu uisputes in 0ganua
Benefits of lanu iegistiation in 0ganua

Practical
Stuuy Annex Sb on lanu use conflict in 0ganua
Resources
Lanu policy uocuments
Lanu titlestitle ueeus
Resouice peisons on lanu issues, policies anu law

Sub-Topic 3: Farmers Organisations
Competences Content
The leainei:
uesciibes the piinciples that
govein opeiations of faiming
oiganisations.
explains the ioles of faiming
oiganisations in agiicultuial
Piinciples anu opeiation of
faiming oiganisations

Roles of faiming oiganisations
in agiicultuial uevelopment
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Competences Content
uevelopment.
examines anu appieciates the
iole of faiming oiganisations in
uevelopment.
such as:
- faimeis associations
- faiming oiganisations
- co-opeiatives

Methodology
0iganise a fielu visit foi leaineis to a faiming oiganisation with guiuing
questions to investigate its functions, opeiation anu stiuctuie.
Ask leaineis to point out the names of faiming oiganisations in theii
home aiea so that you can claiify the uefinition.
Leau a guiueu uiscussion foi leaineis to explain the iole of faiming
oiganisations in agiicultuial uevelopment.
Invite a iesouice peison to facilitate in explaining the piinciple anu
status of faiming oiganisations in 0ganua.

Faimei oiganisations aie in foim of coopeiatives anu commouity
oiganisations intenueu to pioviue vaiious inputs, maiketing,
euucational anu othei social seivices. They aie the faimeis' mouthpiece.
You shoulu know that the faimeis' voice cannot be obtaineu without the
faimeis' oiganisations.

Assessment
Faiming oiganisations' benefits to faimeis
Nain piinciples of faiming oiganisations like the coopeiative society oi
agiicultuial cieuit anu saving association faimei business schoolfaim
fielu schoolout gioweis schemebeekeepeis' association

Practical
visiting faiming oiganisations to stuuy theii functions anu the way they
aie oiganiseu

Resources
Policy on faiming oiganisations in 0ganua
Biochuie of the faiming oiganisations
Bocuments belonging to faiming oiganisations
Resouice peisons fiom faiming oiganisations
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415
Appendices
Case Study 1: Poem
I am ueau
Nan anu woman you have uone it
Bone it to me
Why, what wiong uiu I uo to you.
You have uumpeu all householu, faimeis' anu inuustiial iefuse
Not spaieu plastic bottles, polyethene, agiochemicals
anu iubbish of all kinus onto me
Ny only blanket
You have taken away

I can no longei holu watei
Ny coloui is mosaic
You uiain anu uiain
You poison anu poison
You sip anu sip me uiy
You have cut all my plants
You have maue mats foi youiself to sit
Nuiium anu heaps of muiium
What a mess you have uone to me
No covei

I am ueau
Fish has uieu
Fiogs have iun away
Cows have collapseu
Toaus have uone the same
Wheie will they go.
So uo not sheu ciocouile teais.

Questions
1. What is the wiitei talking about.
2. Whose blanket has been taken away.
S. What is being uesciibeu in stanza 2.
4. What actions aie affecting wetlanus touay.
S. What suggestions can be maue to save the wetlanus.

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Annex 2: Analyse the Case Study made by S6 Students
Rahel was boin in Kilimanjaio Region some 4u yeais ago in a family of 4
boys anu S giils. She was biought up by hei step-mothei because hei
mothei hau uivoiceu. Bei upbiinging was iathei iough; she expeiienceu a
lot of mistieatment. She was able to attain stanuaiu Iv piimaiy school
euucation aftei which she emigiateu to the uiban centies of Noshi anu
Aiusha wheie she seiveu as a house giil foi seveial yeais.
At the age of 22, she met a police officei nameu Kingo who maue hei
piegnant anu latei, ueciueu to take hei as his wife. When they fiist met,
Rahel hau been employeu by a Chagga woman selling mbege (a Chagga
beveiage). With time she acquiieu a lot of expeiience in the piouuction anu
sale of the biew. By the time she met Kingo, some new customeis weie
mistakenly iefeiiing to Rahel as the ownei of the mbege biewing centie.
Immeuiately aftei she joineu Ni Kingo, she iequesteu peimission fiom hei
husbanu to stait biewing mbege at police staff quaiteis. Within a veiy shoit
peiiou, she became veiy famous aiounu the police quaiteis anu
neighbouiing stieets, anu was nicknameu "Nama Nbege". Bei success was
envieu by some police officeis anu she was oiueieu to stop biewing mbege.
She immeuiately convinceu hei husbanu to ient a small house outsiue the
piemises of the quaiteis to ietain most of hei customeis. She was awaie of
the limitations one was likely to face with ienteu piemises anu she was just
about to ask hei husbanu to look foi a plot in the shanty town so that they
coulu stait eiecting theii piemises. She hesitateu because of two ieasons:
fiist, hei maiiiage with Kingo (who was fiom a uiffeient tiibe) hau not
been foimaliseu eithei in the tiibal ciicles, chuich oi goveinment.
Seconuly, she thought that hei success coulu be inteipieteu as a sign of
exeicising a uominant iole in the family affaiis.
Aftei foui yeais, the police officei was tiansfeiieu to Nbeya, a iegion that
neighbouis his home. Rahel alias Nama Nbege, was then a mothei of thiee
chiluien, anu she was ieally uoing well in business. In Nbeya, mbege was
unavailable though theie weie othei local biews. The stait-up was tough
because it took time foi people to get accustomeu to that new biew. As
moie Chagga people in Nbeya uiscoveieu Nama Nbege's business, moie
came foi a uiink anu uuiing holiuays (EasteiChiistmaspublic holiuays);
she woulu ieceive seveial oiueis foi Nbege to be taken to people's homes.
She staiteu making goou money anu this time, she ueciueu to implement
hei eailiei iuea of having a home of hei own. She secuieu the plot anu set a
uay to pay the money anu sign the agieement. 0n the uay the agieement
was to be signeu, hei husbanu uisappeaieu fiom home anu the agieement
was not finaliseu. This was the beginning of uifficult times foi hei. Be
417
417
staiteu iebuking hei in statements such as: "It is noimal foi you Chagga
women to contiol men but you will not contiol me" anu things of the like.
Nama Nbege sought the auvice of otheis, incluuing the ielatives of hei
husbanu. She manageu to influence one of them to volunteei to face hei
husbanu ovei the mattei. Be co-opeiateu, so the agieement was wiitten
anu the plot was secuieu. Immeuiately, she staiteu making clay biicks anu
within a shoit time theie weie enough biicks to constiuct a house. She hau
iequesteu hei husbanu to uesign the new house but again, he uiu not
suppoit the iuea. She maue a contiact with a "funui" anu the woik was soon
completeu. Nost commouities in the maiket weie in shoit supply, so she
hau a pioblem of secuiing coiiugateu iion sheets. But, foitune was on hei
siue; the R.T.C Nanagei was hei husbanu's tiibesman, so she appioacheu
him anu she immeuiately got allocateu the sheets.
As she biought the coiiugateu iion sheets home, she almost coulu not
uiffeientiate hei husbanu's behavioui fiom that of a lunatic. While she
expecteu appieciation anu piaise fiom him, she was again iiuiculeu,
insulteu anu calleu names. She ignoieu all the setbacks she was
encounteiing. She ioofeu hei house anu staiteu with the finishing up woik.
The finishing neeueu a lot of money, so she ueciueu to uo it piece meal. In
those iooms she coulu not woik on, she staiteu a poultiy pioject of 2uu
layeis anu 2uu bioileis. The sales fiom bioileis weie useu to feeu the
layeis until she staiteu getting eggs.
Eggs weie not selling in that locality, but she uiscoveieu that she coulu use
the "Kijiweni" oi "}ua Kali" boys to take hei eggs to Chunya, a place wheie
theie aie golu mines. She maue goou money; while othei poultiy
piopiietois weie selling a tiay foi Shs 6,uuu, she was almost getting uouble
the piice. She got goou money, finisheu up the house anu now settleu foi a
new "going". By then, things uomestically weie almost getting out of
contiol anu she ueciueu to leap foiwaiu. This time she establisheu a ietail
shop anu employeu a young boy who was assuieu of a shaie if he manageu
the shop well. She then staiteu to tiavel to Aiusha anu sometimes as fai as
Namanga, wheie she coulu get Kenya-maue piouucts, which besiues being
ielatively cheapei, weie selling like hot cakes in the southein iegion
maikets. The boy peifoimeu well anu the piofits incieaseu.
She piospeieu fuithei anu this time, establisheu a bai of hei own. The
woman tiieu to suppoit hei husbanu anu the whole family, but she
aumitteu that the husbanu's behavioui ietaiueu hei uevelopment to a laige
extent. She also ievealeu that hei husbanu's behavioui was a ieflection of
some foim of infeiioiity complex because of his inability to fully suppoit
the family. She appieciateu the necessity anu impoitant iole of contacts
anu connections with uiffeient people; such contacts aie necessaiy if the
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business is to piospei. In the case of pioblems associateu with iunning a
bai, the piopiietoi has to attiact customeis, talk to them anu even at times
extenu fiee offeis to iegulai customeis oi even give limiteu cieuit. This
close ielationship with customeis in the bai is giving hei husbanu a
heauache. Sometimes he becomes quite hostile foi no appaient ieason at
all. She aumits that fuithei tiouble fiom hei husbanu might make it
necessaiy foi them to sepaiate tempoiaiily, because the chiluien still neeu
paiental caie anu euucation.
Regaiuing hei futuie plans, Rahel anticipates a smooth going when hei
chiluien complete theii schooling anu join hei in the business. She aumiies
the tianspoit inuustiy, but she uieams of it only if the boys will show the
initiatives anu abilities to manage a tianspoit business.

Questions
1. Baving ieau this stoiy, analyse the motives which have uiiven "Nama
Nbege" to become a successful entiepieneui.
2. What main chaiacteiistics have uiiven hei to fulfil hei ambitions.
S. What woulu you have uone if you weie in "Nama Nbege's situation of
having a veiy inactive paitnei.

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Annex 3a: Gender
This woiu comes fiom thiee languages as iecoiueu oi wheie it is believeu
that civilization begun. These woius aie:
Genus (Latin), which means one kinusoit type oi the othei
Genre (Fiench), which means one kinu oi type
Gen (uieek), which means to piouuce
All these languages point to one thing that oui societyimmeuiate
suiiounuings goes veiy fai to nuituie oi piepaie anu piouuce us as a one
kinu oi one type fiom biith until we uie. This is fiom the fact that each one
of us tiies to uefine the objects we inteiact with as one kinu oi the othei
basing on chaiacteiistics obseiveu.
0nfoitunately in eveiyuay life, genuei is unueistoou to iefei to women anu
giils only. This school of thought only wants to uown play the unueilying
funuamental issues.
Nuylwijk anu Smetseis (1996) iefeis to genuei as the uiffeient social ioles
of men anu women as obseiveu anu helu by a given gioup of people, which
ioles aie not physicallybiologically uenoteu by theii sex. Foi instance, sex
has moie than one meaning. In teims of genuei, it means whethei the
peison is male oi female. It is also useu to uesciibe sexual inteicouise.
The sex that chiluien aie boin with influences theii chances in life, along
with a numbei of othei impoitant vaiiables such as socio-economic class oi
caste, iace, ethnicity anu uisability. These biological uiffeiences become
impoitant piimaiily when chiluien ieach pubeity, but the social ioles aie
assigneu fiom the moment of theii biith. All societies assign uiffeient ioles,
attiibutes anu oppoitunities to giils anu boys. They aie socialiseu to
peifoim the ioles expecteu fiom women anu men in theii society anu aie
baseu on the iueas in each society on how women anu men shoulu oi
shoulu not behave.
While a gender role iefeis to the uiffeient things men, boys, giils anu
women uo in theii society, some of these things aie baseu on the fact oi
physiological make up, otheis on attiibutes but the majoiity on what
society believes about what men, boys, giils anu women can oi cannot uo.
Foi example:
- Women can give biith to babies, bieastfeeu anu aie moie caiing
theiefoie women aie moie suitable foi nuising than men
- Nen aie veiy aggiessive theiefoie aie moie suitable foi militaiy
woik than women.
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Ceitainly society beliefs anu influence play a big pait in ueteimining the
males anu female ioles. The goou thing this is changing a lot touay. 0n the
othei hanu, genuei simply means the way a society has uefineuassigneu
the ioles, attituues, iesponsibilities anu behaviouis of men, women, boys
anu giils. uenuei has playeu a gieat iole in shaping men, boys, giils anu
women's position in life foi many yeais. This has been uue to genuei
steieotypes oi stiong beliefs not baseu on facts oi what otheis think about
one gioupinuiviuual.
Theiefoie, these uiffeiences between men, women, boys anu giils aie just
acquiieu anu leaint fiom the gioup of people they live with. So fiom biith,
the peison is maue to leain fiom the auults anu hishei immeuiate
suiiounuings a numbei of things which leaus them to have uiffeient
potentials, ioles, iesponsibilities, neeus, oppoitunities, constiaints anu
inteiest. This means youi suiiounuings give you oppoitunities anu
limitations.
Gender role means the uiffeient things that boys, giils, men anu women
aie consiueieu capable of uoing in a given social setting. It is the set of
social anu behaviouial noims that aie consiueieu to be socially appiopiiate
foi an inuiviuual. Take this example. Women anu giils piepaie meals oi
Seie has been offeieu a place at a polytechnic to stuuy engineeiing. Seie is
the only giil in the class. Seie came fiist at the enu of fiist yeai. The boys
stoppeu talking to hei. Seie is feeling miseiable because she has no fiienu
in the class. What shoulu Seie uo. Anothei example is that a woman in
Kaiomoja is capable of constiucting a house iight fiom cleaiing the site to
thatching the house. This, howevei, is not expecteu among the Baganua.
uenuei ioles influence the uivision of laboui.
Gender identity is the way an inuiviuual feels about being eithei a boy,
giil, man oi woman. It is usually foimeu by age thiee anu is extiemely
uifficult to change aftei that.
Gender stereotype aie beliefs that have no factual tiuth but usually stoiies
that have been aiounu foi so long that people stait to believe that they aie
tiue anu tieat them as such. Theie aie a lot of beliefs aiounu us that aie not
baseu on any fact. 0nfoitunately when you believe in them oi that you aie
limiteu in what you can uo with youi life, you will piobably set uiffeient
goals to what you ieally woulu like to achieve foi youiself. uenuei
steieotype also affects the assessment people make of theii own
competences.
Because genuei ioles can seveiely limit oui plans anu how we look at the
futuie, it is impoitant that an inuiviuual becomes awaie of them anu
oveicome the steieotype expectations that aie put onto us by oui society.
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421
Gender equality is when boys, giils, men anu women aie given the same
oi equal oppoitunities, iights, tieatment, iesponsibilities anu iesouices.
Foi instance, when women have the same qualifications as men, then theii
pay shoulu be the same. Also when a giil comes fiist in the class, the
iewaius anu accompanying statements shoulu be similai to those given to
a boy who comes fiist in class who comes fiist in class. The uivision of
laboui which is baseu on genuei uisciimination anu unequal shaiing of
iesouices shoulu be ieveiseu.
Gender equity is when boys, giils, men anu women aie given faii, just anu
similai tieatment. Finu out if teacheis uepict giils anu boys being engageu
in similai activities. Bo teacheis choose the iight woius to use. Foi
instance saying that "boys will be boys" oi "giils will be giils" is haimful
phiase in a class of giils anu boys.

Disability is loss oi ieuuction of functioning of bouy paits uue to
impaiiment.
Gender gap is uiffeient tieatment of inuiviuuals oi gioups of people on the
basis of social expectations anu attiibutes of boys, giils, men anu women. It
may be a iesult of customaiy piactices, ieligious biases, social assumptions
oi myths anu taboos which pievent one gioupinuiviuual fiom getting
theii faii shaie of iesouices.
Gender discrimination involves excluuing oi iestiicting membeis of one
gioup oi an inuiviuual fiom oppoitunities that aie available to otheis.
0theiwise it is being tieateu woise than otheis foi some aibitiaiy ieasons.
It incluues one sex being uisauvantageu because the othei is favouieu.
Gender oppression is wheie one inuiviuualgenuei uominates the othei
unjustly oi even ciuelly thiough the use of powei (the
iesouicesskillsknowleuge one has to influence action) anu uomination.
Gender analysis is the systematic examination of the ioles, ielations anu
piocesses focusing on the imbalance in powei of women, giils, men anu
boys in all societies.
Gender responsive is cieating an enviionment that ieflects an
unueistanuing of the iealities that boys, giils, men anu women live in anu
then auuiessing them.

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Differences between gender and sex

SEX GENDER
1. Natuial 1. Nan-maue
2. Biological 2. Socio-cultuial
S. visible uiffeiences in the
genitalia oi genital
oigans
S. Invisible but exhibiteu as masculine
oi feminine qualities behaviouis
patteins, values
4. Relates to uiffeiences in
piocieative oi
iepiouuctive functions
4. Relates to iesponsibilities, functions
oi ioles peifoimeu
S. Bifficult to change S. Can easily be changeu
6. Remains the same
eveiywheie thus
constant
6. Changes fiom time to time, with the
place, cultuie, iace, geneiation anu
even family
7. Is in-boine in an
inuiviuual oiganism
7. Is just leaint fiom the suiiounuings
of the inuiviuual

Question for reflection
1. Why shoulu having uiffeient bouies anu uiffeient functions leau to
inequality in society.
2. 0utline the main uiffeiences between sex anu genuei.

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Annex 3b: The Case Study made by Gender Students
In some iuial paits of Nayuge uistiict of eastein 0ganua, lanu is
communally owneu by the clan. Inuiviuuals only "own" it as long as they
aie putting it to use. This iight must be enuoiseu by the gioup of elueis
oveiseeing the clan lanu. If the lanu lies unuei iest foi an extenueu peiiou
of time, then otheis in that family oi clan aie fiee to cultivate it.
An Nu0 calleu 'Senu a Cow' chose Nayuge as its pioject aiea. This Nu0 has
a livestock uevelopment piogiamme as one of its coie activity. In this
activity, heifeis aie uonateu to women only. In auuition, a boiehole is sunk
to alleviate the watei neeus in the aiea. Suipiisingly, the women continue
to fetch watei fiom the valley leaving the mouein facility foi men to get
watei foi sale. Twenty one women weie mobiliseu anu foimeu into a
women gioup by the male pioject officei. The pioject officei is a giauuate
calleu Waiia. Be has woikeu so haiu to change the life of the people in
Nayuge. The following iules aie followeu by the gioup membeis:
1. uioup meeting eveiy Thuisuay at 1u am
2. Payment of membeiship of Shs 1uuuu
S. Fencing off one acie of lanu to giow impioveu pastuie
4. At the age of 9 months, a female calf is to be uonateu to anothei
membei
S. Nembeis to open an account with a micio cieuit facility staiteu by the
Nu0.
Biua, a senioi foui leavei negotiateu with hei husbanu to ieceive the heifei.
Biua fenceu off lanu anu planteu it with impioveu pastuie. The animal
calveu a male calf anu staiteu giving 1S lities of milk pei uay. The husbanu
in tuin of events ueciueu to maiiy a seconu wife aftei one yeai. The seconu
wife, a senioi two leavei nameu Niuua, askeu the husbanu that she shoulu
be allocateu the lanu with pastuies since hei co-wife was not using it.
Besiues, eveiybouy in the village giazeu theii animals in the communal lot
on the hill. Niuua coulu not unueistanu why Biua's cows coulu not giaze
theie as well.
This causeu a stii in the family. The husbanu sought the help of the clan
leaueis. The heau of this clan quickly calleu foi a meeting to iesolve the
conflict. Aftei listening to both siues, the elueis iesolveu that Biua iemoves
the fence immeuiately anu iefiain fiom being selfish when using lanu on
which all ancestois hau happily coexisteu foi the past hunuieu yeais!
Questions
1. Suggest the foui ieasons that maue the women to abanuon the
boiehole
2. What foui genuei issues can you iuentify in this case.
424
AGRICULTURE
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424

S. What aie implications uo these issues have foi agiicultuial
uevelopment
4. What inteiventions woulu you iecommenu to auuiess the iuentifieu
genuei issues.

425
425
Annex 3c: Gender Relations
uenuei ielations iefei to when two oi moie inuiviuuals have to live
togethei anu shaie common iesouices aiounu them in a woikable
aiiangement. Foi this to be possible, some ielationship must exist between
them. It is the magnituue of powei between men, women, boys anu giils as
it is ievealeu in the piactices exhibiteu, iueas coming fiom them, the
iesouices they aie using anu the ioles they aie playing.
These ielations asciibe to them uiffeient abilities, attituues, uesiies,
peisonal tiaits anu behaviouial patteins.
In othei woius, it iefeis to any woikable aiiangement between two oi
moie inuiviuuals who aie living togethei anu using the same iesouices to
achieve a bettei life.
This woikable aiiangement of living togethei is possible because:
Fall-back position: These aie the optionsoppoitunities an
inuiviuual has outsiue the aiiangement. These options will ueteimine
how well off the inuiviuual woulu be without being in the ielationship.
This may ueteimine whethei an inuiviuual will keep anu maintain a
ielationship oi not. If the options out theie aie bau; the inuiviuual may
stay on but if bettei oppoitunities exist out theie then the inuiviuual
will quit anu give up.
Legitimate claim: This is what an inuiviuual ueseives in the
eyesheaithanus of otheis aiounu him oi hei. It is the uegiee to which
youi iequest, negotiation, baigains, effoit, piice, bianu name oi shaie is
iegaiueu anu seen as what you ueseive oi a iight by otheis you live
with.
Peiceiveu inteiest iesponse: This how an inuiviuual looks at
hishei well being ielative to that of otheis. Nany times the women,
men, boys anu giils aie socialiseu to take caie of the inteiest of otheis
to be above theii own. Foi instance, in some societies, women, even
they too aie hungiy, aie seen eating last aftei seiving all otheis at the
table. This makes some people to think that womengiils oi boysmen
aie kinutoleiant oi have less shaip peiception of theii own inuiviuual
inteiest. Yet the tiuth is that women, like men, aie moie futuie focuseu
anu foiwaiu looking in theii inteiest but just ueciue to be
accommouating anu intelligent to situationsthings which aie huiting
to them to achieve something bettei in futuie.
Peiceiveu contiibution iesponse: This is ones feeling about what
one biings in the ielations foi the well being of the membeis in the
aiiangement. Each inuiviuual juuges what heshe uoes foi a woikable
426
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ielationship. This ueteimines how they behave towaius otheis like
most women see that they contiibute a lot in piouucing a new
inuiviuual. This feeling makes the women to baigain moie oi to stiike a
haiu baigain foi theii biological chiluien anu next of kin. They go fai in
explaining how much contiibution they have maue.
Boxa: These aie the issues oi aieas not open to uiscussion oi
question. They must occui as one finus them. They incluue women
eating last in some householus, kneeling uown by women in Buganua,
ieligious issues, anu the stiategic maiiiage alliances. Foi example in
Asia, an olu uaughtei in law who has a son can be alloweu to paiticipate
in a householu uecision. Yet a new biiuewife oi an olu woman with
uaughteis only has to finu a uistant place to hiue anu woik fiom at the
time of uecision-making in the householu.
The point heie is that uoxa is in the inteiest of the uominating anu
poweiful gioup membeis of a given setting. They have the iesouices to
use foi influencing action. Anu when the women oi men have iesouices
then theii societies allow them to paiticipate in uecision-making
Enuowment: This is what an inuiviuual owns by biith oi
ciicumstance of livinginteiaction which makes him oi hei to own a
piouuctive anu scaice iesouice.
Coopeiative conflict: These aie conceins iaiseu anu cannot be
answeieu by an inuiviuual who is outsiue a genuei ielation oi woikable
aiiangement of living oi woiking with otheis. It is knowing anu being
awaie of the coiiect things but accepting to uo what the majoiity thinks
anu feels is iight foi that time situation in oiuei to save youi heau.
Tiansaction costs: This is the aiiangement that institutions oi
inuiviuuals come into a woikable aiiangement of living togethei oi
existence in oiuei to lowei the expense. It is veiy tiue when maikets uo
not exist oi uo not woik well. Foi a family, it can be assisteu by
tiansaction costs to achieve the goals of livelihoou, secuiity,
iepiouuction, chilu upbiinging, anu caie foi the elueily, etc.
Entitlement: These aie the iesouices an inuiviuual has as his oi hei
own which heshe can exchange with otheis.

427
427
Case Study 4: Introduction to Machines
A simple machine is a mechanical uevice that changes the uiiection oi
magnituue of foice. It is the simplest functioning stiuctuie that can use
mechanical auvantageleveiage to multiply foice. A simple machine uses a
single applieu foice to uo woik. It falls into two classes namely those with
vectoi iesolution like a weuge, inclineu plane oi sciew anu those with
equilibiium such as the levei, pulley anu wheels. The machine tiansfoims
lateial foice anu movement to uo woik foi man.
Nechanisms of machines aie the components uesigneu to mange foice anu
movements of objects. An iueal mechanism tiansmits powei without
auuing to oi subtiacting fiom it. In the mechanism, theie is no opposition
to foicemovement (fiictionless). It uoes not incluue the powei souice anu
is maue fiom iigiu bouies that uo not ueflect oi weai out.
Common terms
Mass is the quantity of mateiial a bouy contains.
Force is anything which changes oi tenus to change the state of iest oi
unifoim motion of a bouy. 0nuei the SI (system inteinational) system, the
unit of foice is Newton. When a foice of one Newton is applieu to a mass of
one kilogiamme, it will give it an acceleiation of one metie pei seconu pei
seconu.
Pressure is the foice applieu to a given aiea.
Work is the foice applieu to a bouy causing it to move thiough a given
uistance.
Vector is what is neeueu to move an object fiom one point to anothei. The
magnituue of a vectoi is the uistance between the two points in a given
uiiection.
Wedge is a tiiangulai shapeu tool anu is useu to lift heavy objects when a
small foice is applieu at one enu.
Lever is a iigiu object that is useu with an appiopiiate pivot to eithei
multiply the mechanical foice. It is a stiff bai that iests on a suppoit calleu
fulcium which lifts oi moves loaus. It is a iigiu object that is useu with an
appiopiiate fulciumpivot to both multiply mechanical foiceeffoit that
can be applieu to anothei object oi multiply the uistance anu speeu at
which the opposite enu of the object will tiavel.
Pulley is a simple machine that uses giooveu wheels anu a iope to iaise,
lowei oi move a loau fiom one point to anothei. Pulleys aie useu to change
the uiiection of applieu foice, tiansmit iotational motion oi iealise a
mechanical auvantage in eithei a lineai oi iotational system of motion.
428
AGRICULTURE
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Theie aie thiee kinus of pulley systems namely: fixeu pulley which has a
mechanical auvantage of 1. This means that the foice applieu is equal on
both siues of the pulley anu theie is no multiplication of foice. A movable
pulley is useu to multiply foice anu has a mechanical auvantage of 2. This is
to say that if one enu of the iope is anchoieu, pulling the othei enu of the
iope will apply a uouble foice to the object attacheu to the pulley. Finally,
theie is the compounu pulley which is a combination of both the fixeu anu
movable pulley.
Mechanical advantage is the iatio of the output foice to the input foice.
Equilibrium is a system of paiticles at iest anu whose total foice is zeio.
Velocity ratio is measuieu by uiviuing the speeu at which the effoit moves
by the speeu at which the loau moves.
Power is the iate of uoing woik
Density is the mass of a bouy uiviueu by its volume
Newtons 1
st
law of motion: A bouy at iest oi unifoim motion will
continue in its state unless an exteinal foice acts on it. This means that
theie is a natuial tenuency of objects to keep uoing what they aie uoing.
Newtons 3
rd
law of motion: Foi eveiy action, theie is an equal anu
opposite ieaction. This means that when you push an object, it pushes back
with an equal foice in youi uiiection.

429
429
Case Study 5: Uganda Land Policy
The goal of the National Lanu Policy is "to ensuie sustainable utilisation
anu management of 0ganua's lanu iesouices foi wealth cieation, poveity
ieuuction anu oveiall socio-economic uevelopment".
The objectives of the National Lanu Policy aie to:
stimulate the contiibution of the lanu sectoi to oveiall socio-economic
uevelopment, wealth cieation anu poveity eiauication in 0ganua.
haimonise anu stieamline the complex tenuie iegimes in 0ganua foi
equitable access to lanu anu secuiity of tenuie.
claiify the complex anu ambiguous legal anu constitutional
fiamewoik foi sustainable management anu stewaiuship of lanu
iesouices.
iesolve histoiical injustices to achieve balanceu giowth anu social
equity.
iefoim anu stieamline lanu iights auministiation to ensuie efficient,
effective anu equitable ueliveiy of lanu seivices.
ensuie sustainable utilisation anu management of enviionmental,
natuial anu cultuial iesouices on lanu foi national socio-economic
uevelopment.
ensuie planneu, enviionmentally-fiienuly, affoiuable anu well-
uistiibuteu human settlements foi both iuial anu uiban aieas;
incluuing infiastiuctuie uevelopment.
haimonise all lanu-ielateu policies anu laws, anu stiengthen
institutional capacity at all levels of uoveinment foi sustainable
management of lanu iesouices.

Guiding Principles
The following piinciples have guiueu the uevelopment of the National Lanu
Policy:
Lanu policy must guaiantee the iight to own lanu eithei
inuiviuually oi in association with otheis.
Lanu policy must auuiess all the multiple social, cultuial, economic,
ecological anu political functions of lanu.
430
AGRICULTURE
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Lanu must be piouuctively useu anu sustainably manageu foi
incieaseu contiibution to economic piouuctivity anu commeicial
competitiveness.
0se anu uevelopment of lanu must contiibute to poveity ieuuction,
as lanu is a basic iesouice cential to the oveiall uevelopment
agenua of 0ganua.
Access to lanu by all 0ganuans must ieflect concein with equity anu
justice iiiespective of genuei; whethei thiough the maiket oi
thiough any system of inheiitance, customaiy oi statutoiy.
Nanagement of lanu iesouices must contiibute to uemociatic
goveinance, peace-making anu secuiity, by nuituiing institutions
anu pioceuuies foi iesolution of lanu uisputes anu conflicts.
Nanagement of lanu iesouices must mitigate enviionmental effects,
ieveise uecline in soil quality anu lanu quality.
Lanu policy must guiue the uevelopment of policies in othei
piouuctive sectois; it is an impoitant ueteiminant of the health anu
vitality of all sectois anu sub-sectois which uepenu on lanu foi
piouuctivity.
Lanu sectoi opeiations must be fully costeu, financeu anu pioviueu
with auequate suppoit seivices infiastiuctuie.
Civil society oiganisations anu the piivate sectoi must woik hanu in
hanu with goveinment actois to achieve the vision, goal anu
objectives of the lanu sectoi.
0ganuans must unueistanu that the value (monetaiy anu
intangible) of lanu is iiieveisibly anu iapiuly changing
Case Study 6: Important Farmer Entrepreneurial
Characteristics

1. Hard working: iunning a faim business iequiies a lot of eneigy anu
uiive. This involves the ability to woik foi long houis when necessaiy, to
woik intensely in spuits anu to cope with less than a noimal amount of
sleep.
2. Self-confident: to succeeu, faimei entiepieneuis have to believe in
themselves anu in theii ability to achieve the goals they have set foi
themselves. This is often shown by a belief that "if you want something
bauly enough anu aie piepaieu to woik at it, you will usually get it".
431
431
S. Builds for the future: the goal foi most successful faimeis is to builu a
secuie job anu income foi themselves anu impioveu livelihoou anu wealth
foi theii families, which is baseu on theii own abilities. This means faimei
entiepieneuis unueistanu that it may take seveial yeais to builu up faim
business income to a ieasonable stanuaiu.
4. Profit-oriented: inteiest in geneiating money is a cleai inuicatoi of a
faimei entiepieneui's suitability foi being a faim business ownei. This
means iecognising that the faim business comes fiist anu competing family
caie ioles might neeu to be ieoiganiseu. 0nce piofits aie geneiateu, the
faimei entiepieneui can make uecisions about how the piofits can be useu,
to expanu the faim enteipiise oi foi peisonal oi family use.
S. Goal-oriented: success in faim business uepenus upon being able to set
iealistic goals oi taigets anu to woik with ueteimination to achieve them.
This ability to set goals (foi things the peison thinks aie woithwhile) anu
to woik to achieve them is funuamental to being a faimei entiepieneui.
6. Persistent: all businesses have theii pioblems anu uisappointments.
Being peisistent in solving a pioblem is one of the keys to being a
successful entiepieneui.
7. Copes with failure: all faim business ventuies inevitably contain
uisappointments anu failuies as well as successes. Coping with failuies
involves iecognising these failuies, leaining fiom them anu seeking new
oppoitunities. Without this chaiacteiistic, eaily failuies may enu a peison's
attempt at self-employment.
8. Responds to feedback: Faimei entiepieneuis aie conceineu to know
how well they aie uoing anu to keep tiack of theii peifoimance. 0btaining
useful feeuback anu auvice fiom otheis is anothei impoitant chaiacteiistic
of faimei entiepieneuis.
9. Demonstrates initiative: ieseaich shows that successful faimei
entiepieneuis take the initiative anu put themselves in positions wheie
they aie peisonally iesponsible foi success oi failuie.
1u. Willing to listen: the successful entiepieneui is not an inwaiu looking
peison that nevei uses outsiue iesouices. Self-ieliance uoes not excluue the
ability to ask foi help when neeueu fiom such people as agio input
supplieis, bank officials, accountants anu successful faimei auviseis. Being
able to listen to the auvice of otheis is a key chaiacteiistic of an
entiepieneui.
11. Sets own standards: setting stanuaius of peifoimance anu then
woiking to achieve them is anothei inuicatoi of a successful faimei
entiepieneui. These stanuaius can be income, quality, sales oi piouuct
432
AGRICULTURE
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432

tuinovei. Nost entiepieneui faimeis want to uo bettei each yeai, to set
anu achieve highei stanuaius fiom yeai to yeai.
12. Copes with uncertainty: being a faimei is much moie unceitain than
employment. This unceitainty is about yielus, climate, sales, seasons anu
tuinovei, but it often also exists in othei aieas such as input ueliveiy anu
piices, anu bank suppoit. An ability to cope with this unceitainty without
becoming too stiesseu is a necessaiy tiait of being an entiepieneui.
1S. Committed: staiting anu iunning a faim enteipiise uemanus total
commitment by the faimei in teims of time, money anu lifestyle. It has to
be a majoi piioiity in the faimei's life. Committeu inuiviuuals finu it easiei
to gain the suppoit of otheis to theii business pioject.
14. Builds on strengths: successful faimeis base theii woik upon the
stiength(s) they have, such as manual skills, inteipeisonal skills, selling
skills, oiganisational skills, wiiting skills, knowleuge of a paiticulai piouuct
oi seivice, knowleuge of people in a tiaue anu ability to make anu use a
netwoik of contacts.
1S. Reliable and has integrity: the qualities of honesty, faii uealing anu
ieliability in teims of uoing what one has piomiseu to uo aie essential
tiaits of an entiepieneui.
16. Risk-taker: being an entiepieneui involves some iisks. Entiepieneuis
have the ability to take measuieu oi calculateu iisks. Such iisks involve
woiking out the likely costs anu gains both on the faim business anu on the
piivate life, the chance of success anu the belief in oneself to make the iisk
pay off. Entiepieneuis may be consiueieu iisk avoiueis when they ieuuce
theii iisks by having otheis assume pait of the iisk. Those who assume the
entiepieneui's iisk may be bankeis, supplieis anu customeis.

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AGRICULTURE

PAPER 1 THEORY P515/1
TABLE OF EXAMINATION SPECIFICATION

Syllabus Section /
Content
Know. Comp. App. Anal. Synsth. Eval. Item
s
Section A 30
A. Basic Science
1. uenetics
2. Plant anatomy
anu physiology
S. Animal anatomy
S

2

433
433
anu physiology
4. Nicio anu macio
oiganisms
S. Ecology
6. Chemicals of life
7. Faim Chemicals

B. Crop Production
1. Ciop
2. Soil
2
1

2
1

C. Animal
Production
1. Cattle
2. Piggeiy
S. Poultiy
4. Beekeeping
S. Fish faiming
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

D. Agricultural
Engineering and
Farm
Mechanisation
1. Nachines
2. Constiuction
mateiials

1

1
1

E. Agricultural
Economics and
Farm
Management
1. Factois of
piouuction
2. Piouuction
theoiy
S. Piice theoiy
4. Naiket behavioui
S. Choosing
enteipiises
6. Faim planning
anu management

1
1
1

1
1
1

Section B (7
Questions)

A. Basic Science
1. uenetics
2. Plant Anatomy
1
434
AGRICULTURE
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
434

anu physiology
S. Animal anatomy
anu physiology
4. Nicio anu macio
oiganisms
S. Ecology
6. Chemicals of life
7. Faim Chemicals
B. Crop Production
1. Ciop
2. Soil

1
1

C. Animal
Production
1. Cattle
2. Piggeiy
S. Poultiy
4. Beekeeping
S. Fish faiming

1

1
D. Agricultural
Engineering and
Mechanisation
1. Nachines
2. Constiuction
mateiials

1

F. Agricultural
Economics and
Farm
Management
1. Factois of
piouuction
2. Piouuction
theoiy
S. Piice theoiy
4. Naiket behavioui
S. Selecting
enteipiises
6. Faim planning &
management

1
Paper 515/1 17 1S 7 37

435
435

P515/2 ESSAY
TABLE OF EXAMINATION SPECIFICATION
Syllabus Section Know. Com. App. Ana. Synth. Eval. Items
A. Basic Science 1 1
B. Agiicultuial
Economics
anu Faim
Nanagement
1 1 2
C. Ciop
Piouuction
1 1 2
B. Animal
Piouuction
1 1 2
E. Agiicultuial
Engineeiing
anu Faim
Nechanisation
1 1 2
Examination
Paper
03 03 02 01 09
436
AGRICULTURE
A LEVEL
TEACHING SYLLABUS
436
P515/3 WRITTEN PRACTICAL
TEST SPECIFICATION GRID
Syllabus
Section
Know Comp App Anal
.
Synth. Eval. Items
Qn 1. Basic
Science
a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1
u 1 1
e 1 1
Qn 2. Soil
Science
a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1
u 1 1
e 1 1
Qn 3. Crop
Production
a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1
u 1 1
e 1 1
Qn 4. Animal
Production
a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1
u 1 1
e 1 1
Qn 5.
Agricultural
Engineering
and Farm
Mechanisatio
n
a 1 1
b 1 1
c 1 1
u 1 1
e 1 1
P515/3 5 6 5 5 3 24
Note:
1. Each question shoulu ieflect a balanceu coveiage of scientific skills
e.g. obseivation, iecoiuing infoimation, inteipieting anu
application.
2. Each papei shall be maikeu out of 1uu maiks.

437
437
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A LEVEL
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AGRICULTURE
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TEACHING SYLLABUS
National Curriculum Development Centre
P.O. Box 7002, Kampala
UGANDA
www.ncdc.go.ug
Volume 1 comprises Biology, Chemistry and Agriculture teaching
syllabi for Advanced Level of education in Uganda. It gives a clear
breakdown of the subject content to be taught per term for each
of the subjects. In each syllabus, the specific objectives have been
cleaily iuentifieu anu the content spelt out togethei with suggesteu
approaches to give better guidance to the teacher and other users,
in order to simplify the teaching/learning process.
Also in the same series:
Volume 2: Physics and Mathematics
Volume 3: Metalwork, Technical Drawing and Woodwork
Volume 4: History, Economics and Geography
Volume 5: Foreign Languages (Arabic, Latin, French and German)
Volume 6: Literature in English, General Paper, Local Language
and Fine Art
Volume 7: Foods and Nutrition, Clothing and Textiles
Volume 8: Kiswahili and Music
Volume 9: Christian Religious Education and Islamic Religious
Education
Volume 10: Subsidiary Mathematics and Subsidiary ICT

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