CH_TER " SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Sedion 2.1 Units of

Measurement
pages 25-30
PracticeProblems
page 29
1.Apieceofmetalwithamassof147gisplaced
ina50-mLgraduatedcylinder.Thewaterlevel
risesfrom20mLto41 mL.Whatisthedensity
ofthemetal?
density= mass
volume
volume =41 mL- 20mL=21 mL
. 147g
d
enslty= 21 mL =7.0g/mL
2.Whatis thevolumeofasamplethathasamass
of20gandadensityof4glmL?
volume= mass
density
20R
volume= 4g/jPt =5mL
3.Ametalcubehasamassof20gandavolume
of5cm
3
. Isthecubemadeofpurealuminum?
Explainyouranswer.
No;thedensityofaluminumis 2.7 g/cm
3
; the
densityofthecubeis4g/cm
3

Section2.1 Assessment
page 30
4.ListSIunitsofmeasurementforlength,mass,
time,andtemperature.
length:meter;mass:kilogram;time:second;
temperature:kelvin
5.Describetherelationshipbetweenthemass,
volume,anddensityofamaterial.
Densityisthemass-to-volumeratioofamaterial.
6.Whichofthese sampleshavethesamedensity?
DensityData
Sample Mass Volume
A 80g 20mL
B 12g 4cm
3
C 33 g 11 ml
BandC
7.Whatis thedifferencebetweenabaseunitanda
derivedunit?
Base unitsaredefinedbasedonaphysicalobject
orprocess. Derivedunitsaredefinedbasedona
combinationofbaseunits.
8.Howdoesaddingtheprefixmega- toaunit
affectthequantitybeingdescribed?
Itmultipliesthequantityby10
6

9.How manymillisecondsareinasecond?How
manycentigramsare inagram?
1000ms/s;100cg/g
10.ThinkingCritically Whydoesoilfloaton
water?
Oilislessdensethanwater.
11.Using Numbers You measureapieceofwood
withameterstickanditisexactlyonemeter
long.How manycentimeterslongisit?
100cm
SolutionsManual Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 7
CHAPTER D
Sedion2.2 ScientificNotation
andDimensionalAnalysis
pages 37-35
PracticeProblems
page 32
12. Expressthefollowingquantitiesin scientific
notation.
a. 700m
7 x 1()2 m
b. 38000m
3.8X 10
4
m
c. 4500000m
4.5 x 10
6
m
d. 685 000000000m
6.85 x 10
11
m
e. 0.0054kg
5.4 x 10-
3
kg
f. 0.00000687kg
6.87 x 10-
6
kg
g. 0.000000076kg
7.6 x10-
8
kg
h. 0.0000000008kg
8X 10-
10
kg
13. Expressthefollowing quantitiesinscientific
notation.
a. 360000s
3.6 x10S5
b. 0.000054s
5.4X 10-
5
5
c. 5060s
5.06 x10
3
5
d. 89000000000s
8.9X 10
10
5
Chemistry: Matterand Change.Chapter2
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Solvethefollowingadditionandsubtraction
problems.Expressyouranswersinscientific
notation.
14. a. 5 x 10-
5
m+2 X 10-
5
m
7 x 10-
5
m
b. 7X 10
8
m-4X10
8
m
3 x10
8
m
c. 9 X 10
2
m 7 X 10
2
m
2 x10
2
m
d. 4 X 10-
12
m +1 X lO-
12
m
5 x 10-
12
m
e. 1.26 X lQ4kg +2.5 X 10
3
kg
1.26 x1()4 kg +0.25 X 10
4
kg = 1.51 x1()4 kg
f. 7.06 X 10-
3
kg +1.2 X 10-
4
kg
7.06 X 10-
3
kg +0.12 X 10-
3
kg
= 7.18 X 10-
3
kg
g. 4.39 X 105kg - 2.8 X lQ4kg
4.39 x10S kg - 0.28 x10S kg =4.11 X 10
5
kg
h. 5.36 X 10-
1
kg 7.40 X 10-
2
kg
5.36 x10-
1
kg - 0.740 X 10-
1
kg
=4.62 X 10-
1
kg
PracticeProblems
page 33
Solvethefollowingmultiplicationanddivision
problems.Expressyouranswersinscientific
notation.
15. Calculatethefollowing areas. Reportthe
answersinsquarecentimeters,cm
2

a. (4 X 10
2
em) X(1 X 10
8
em)
4 x 10
10
cm
2
b. (2 X 10-
4
em) X (3 X 10
2
cm)
6 x10-
2
cm
2
c. (3 X 10
1
cm) X (3 X 10-
2
cm)
9 x 10-
1
cm
2
SolutionsManual 8
CHAPTER SOLUTIONS MANUAL 0
d. (1 X 10
3
cm) X (5 X 10-
1
cm)
5 x 10
2
cm
2
16. Calculatethefollowingdensities.Reportthe
answersinglcm
3
.
a. (6 X 10
2
g) +- (2 X 10
1
cm
3
)
3 x 10
1
g/cm
3
b. (8 X 10
4
g) (4 X 10
1
cm
3
)
2 x 10
3
g/cm
3
c. (9 X UPg) +- (3 X 10-
1
cm
3
)
3 x10
6
g/cm
3
d. (4 X 10-
3
g) +- (2 X 10-
2
cm
3
)
2 x10-
1
g/cm
3
PracticeProblems
page34
RefertoTable2-2tofigureouttherelationship
betweenunits.
17. a. Convert360stoms.
360..8"X 1 ~ ; S = 360000ms
b. Convert4800g to kg.
1 kg
4800Ax 1000.....-=4.8kg
c. Convert5600dmtom.
1m
5600.Pnrx 10JIn'I' = 560m
d. Convert72g tomg.
1000mg
72Ji'x 1 = 72000mg
18. a. Convert245 msto s.
1s
245,JM'x 1000JRS" = 0.245s
b. Convert5mtocm.
5Jl{x 100cm = 500cm
1)It'"
SolutionsManual
c. COllvert6800cmtom.
#J 1m
6800,.... x 100= 68m
d. Convert25kgtoMg.
1Mg
25..kf(x 1000)4(=0.025 Mg
PracticeProblems
page3S
19. Howmanysecondsaretherein24hours?
60.JRirr 60s
24J{x 1JY x 1p:Hrr =86400s
20. Thedensityofgoldis 19.3glmL.Whatis
gold'sdensity indecigramsperliter?
19.3,..f( 10dg 1000..,mt" = 193000d IL
1jRI:." x 1JY x 1L 9
21. Acaristraveling90.0kilometersperhour.
Whatisitsspeedinmilesperminute?One
kilometer 0.62miles.
90.0"kRr' x 0.62mi x ...t1l =0.930mi/min
1J:r' J...krtt 60min
Section2.2Assessment
page3S
22. Isthenumber5 X 10-
4
greaterorlessthan
1.0?Explainyouranswer.
lessthanonebecausetheexponentisnegative
23. WhenmUltiplying numbersinscientificnota-
tion, whatdoyoudowiththeexponents?
Addthem.
24. Writethequantities3 X 10-
4
cmand3 X
104kminordinarynotation.
0.0003cm;30000km
25. Writeaconversionfactorforcubiccentimeters
andmilliliters.
1cm
3
/1 mL
26. Whatisdimensionalanalysis?
amethodofproblemsolvingthatfocusesonthe
unitsusedtodescribematter
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 9
CHAPTER SOLUTIONS MANUAL D
27. ThinkingCritically Whensubtractingor
addingtwonumbersinscientificnotation,why
do theexponentsneedtobethe same?
Equal placevaluesshouldbeaddedtoeach other.
28. ApplyingConcepts You areconverting68km
to meters.Youransweris0.068m.Explainwhy
thisanswerisincorrectandthelikelysourceof
theerror.
Becausemetersaresmallerthankilometers,there
shouldbemoremetersthankilometers.The68km
wasdividedby1000,notmultipliedby1000.
Sedion2.3 Howreliableare
measurements?
pages 36-42
PracticeProblems
page 38
Table2-4
ErrorsforDatainTable23
StudentA StudentB StudentC
Trial 1 -0.05glcm
3
-0.19glcm
3
+0.11 glcm
3
Trial 2 +0.01 glcm
3
+0.09 glcm
3
+0.10 glcm
3
Trial 3 -0.02 glcm
3
-0.14 glcm
3
+0.12g/cm3
UsedatafromTable2-4.Remembertoignore
plusandminussigns.
29. CalculatethepercenterrorsforStudentsB's
trials.
~ ~ x 100=11.9%
~ ~ x 100=5.66%
~ ~ x 100=8.80%
Note:Theanswersarereportedinthree
significantfiguresbecausestudenterroristhe
differencebetweentheactualvalue(1.59 g/cm
3
)
andthemeasuredvalue.
30. CalculatethepercenterrorsforStudentC's
trials.
~ ~ ~ x 100=6.92%
~ ~ ~ x 100 =6.29%
~ ~ ~ x 100=7.55%
Note:The answersarereportedinthree
significantfiguresbecausestudenterroristhe
differencebetweentheactualvalue(1.59g/cm
3
)
andthemeasuredvalue.
PracticeProblems
page 39
Determinethenumberofsignificantfiguresin
eachmeasurement.
31. a. 508.0L
4
b. 820400.0L
7
c. 1.0200 X 10
5
kg
5
d. 807000kg
3
32. a. 0.049450s
5
b. 0.000482mL
3
c. 3.1587 X 10-
8
g
5
d. 0.0084mL
2
10 Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 SolutionsManual
\
-
CHAPTER SOLUTIONS MANUAL D
PracticeProblems
page 41
Roundallnumberstofoursignificantfigures.
Writetheanswerstoproblem34inscientific
notation.
33. a. 84791kg
84790kg
b. 38.5432g
38.54g
c. 256.75em
256.8em
d. 4.9356m
4.936m
34. a. 0.000548 18 g
5.482 x 10-
4
g
b. 136758kg
1.368 x 10
5
kg
c. 308659000mID
3.087 x 10& mm
d. 2.0145mL
2.014mL
Completethefollowingadditionandsubtraction
problems.Roundofftheanswerswhennecessary.
35. a. 43.2em+51.0em+48.7em
142.9em
b. 258.3kg +257.11 kg +253 kg
768kg
c. 0.0487 mg +0.058 34mg +0.00483mg
0.1119mg
36. a. 93.26em- 81.14em
12.12em
b. 5.236em 3.14em
2.10em
c. 4.32 X 10
3
em- 1.6 X 103 em
2.7 x 1<P em
PracticeProblems
page 42
Completethefollowingcalculations.Roundoff
theanswerstothecorrectnumberofsignificant
figures.
37. a. 24m X 3.26m
78m
2
b. 120m X 0.10m
12m
2
c. 1.23 m X 2.0m
2.5m
2
d. 53.0m X 1.53m
81.1 m
2
38. a. 4.84ml2.4 s
2.0m/s
b. 60.2ml20.1 s
3.00m/s
c. 102.4ml51.2 s
2.00m/s
d. 168 ml58 s
2.9m/s
Section2.3 Assessment
page 42
39. Apieceofwoodhasalabeledlengthvalueof
76.49em.Youmeasureitslengththreetimes
andrecordthefollowing data: 76.48em,76.47
em,and76.59em.Howmanysignificant
figuresdothese measurementshave?
four
Solutions Manual Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 11
CHAPTER SOLUTIONS MANUAL D
40. Arethemeasurementsinproblem39accurate?
Aretheyprecise?Explainyouranswers.
Answersmayvarybutmightincludethe
following.Theyarenotpreciseforvalues
recordedtofoursignificantfigures.Thefirstand
secondvaluesarecloseenoughtotheaccepted
valuetobecalledaccurate.
41. Calculatethepercenterrorforeachmeasure-
mentinproblem39.
76.49j;I'I'(- 76.48Jit1f x 100== 001307%
76.49j;I'I'(
;!r4
7
...Gr1f x 100== 0.02615%
76.49 :;:9...Gr1f x 100=0.1307%
42. Round76.51 cmtotwo significantfigures. Then
roundyouranswertoonesignificantfigure.
77 cm, 80cm
43. ThinkingCritically Whichofthesemeasure-
mentswasmadewiththemostprecise
measuringdevice: 8.1956m, 8.20m, or
8.196m?Explainyouranswer.
8.1956 mbecauseithasthegreatestnumberof
significantfigures
44. UsingNumbers Writeanexpressionforthe
quantity506000cminwhichitisclearthatall
thezerosaresignificant.
5.06000 x 10
5
cm
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2
Sedion2.4 RepresentingData
pages 43-45
Problem-Solving Lab
page 44
Howdoesspeedaffect
stoppingdistance?

10

E
.......
tl
c:

.-
Q

20 30
Speed
(mts)
Section 2.4Assessment
page 45
45. Explainwhygraphingcanbeanimportanttool
foranalyzingdata.
Itprovidesvisualinformationaboutrelationships
betweenvariables,relativeamounts,orpartsofa
whole.
46. Whattypeofdatacanbedisplayedonacircle
graph?Onabargraph?
partsofawhole;howaquantityvarieswitha
factor
47. Ifalineargraphhasanegativeslope,whatcan
yousayaboutthedependentvariable?
Itdecreasesinvalueastheindependentvariable
increases.
48. Whencantheslopeofa graphrepresent
density?
whenmassistheyvalueandvolumeisthe
x value
SolutionsManual 12
CHAPTER
~ ~
SOLUTIONS MANUAL ,J
49. ThinkingCrHically Whydoesitmakesense
forthelineinFigure2-148toextendto0,0
eventhoughthispointwas notmeasured?
Extrapolation of measured data extends the line
to this point. The graph shows that an object with
no mass will have no volume.
50. InterpretingGraphs UsingFigure2-15,
determinehowmanymonthstheozonehole
lasts.
from September to November, or approximately
three months
CHEMLAB
pages 46-47
Density of Copper
V
4
,V
J
3
V
V
V
10 20 30 40
Volume (mL)
Solutions Manual
Chapter 2 Assessment pages 50-52
Concept Mapping
51. Usethefollowing termstocompletetheconcept
map: volume,derivedunit,mass,density,base
unit,time,length.
SI units
1. base unit; 2. derived unit; 3. mass; 4. time;
5. length; 6. volume; 7. density
Mastering Concepts
52. Why mustameasurementincludebotha
numberandaunit?(2.1)
The number gives you the quantitative value. and
the unit indicates what was measured.
53. Explainwhyscientists,inpartiCUlar, needstan-
dardunitsofmeasurement. (2.1)
Scientists from different countries have different
languages and cultures but must be able to share
and compare data.
54. Whatroledoprefixesplayinthemetric
system?(2.1)
Prefixes give the magnitude of the measurement.
55. Howmanymetersare thereinonekilometer?In
onedecimeter?(2.1)
1000;0.1
56. Whatis therelationshipbetweenthe81 unitfor
volumeandthe81 unitforlength?(2.1)
The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter, m
3
,
which is equal to three SI measurements of length
multiplied together.
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 2 13
CHAPTER 0 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
57. ExplainhowtemperaturesontheCelsiusand
Kelvinscalesarerelated. (2.1)
Thesizesoftheunitsareequal;C +273 =K.
58. Howdoes scientificnotationdifferfromordi-
narynotation?(2.2)
Scientificnotationusesanumberbetween1and
10timesapoweroftentoindicatethesizeof
verylargeorsmall numbers.
59. Ifyoumovethedecimalplacetotheleftto
convertanumberintoscientificnotation,will
thepoweroftenbepositiveornegative?(2.2)
positive
60. Whendividingnumbersinscientificnotation,
whatmustyoudowiththeexponents?(2.2)
Subtractthem.
61. Whenyouconvertfromasmallunittoalarge
unit, whathappenstothe numberofunits?(2.2)
Itdecreases.
62. Ifyoureporttwomeasurementsofmass,7.42g
and7.56g, arethemeasurementsaccurate?Are
theyprecise?Explainyouranswers. (2.3)
You mustknowtheacceptedvaluetoknowifthe
measurementsareaccurate.Theyarefairlyprecise
becausethereisonly0.14gdifferencebetween
thetwomeasurements.
63. Whenconvertingfrommeterstocentimeters,
howdoyoudecidewhichvaluestoplaceinthe
numeratoranddenominatoroftheconversion
factor? (2.2)
Meterswillbeinthedenominatorsothatthe
unitswillcancelwhenthestartingvalueis
multipliedbytheconversionfactor.
64. Whyareplusandminussignsignoredin
percenterrorcalculations?(2.3)
You needtoknowonlythedifferencebetween
themeasuredvalueandthemagnitudeofthe
acceptedvalue.
65. In50540,whichzeroissignificant?Whatisthe
otherzerocalled?(2.3)
thefirstone;placeholder
66. Whichofthefollowing threenumberswill
producethesamenumberwhenroundedto
threesignificantfigures: 3.456,3.450,or3.448?
(2.3)
3.450and3.448
67. Whensubtracting61.45gfrom242.6g, which
factordeterminesthenumberofsignificant
figures intheanswer?Explain.(2.3)
thenumberthathasthefewestdigitstotheright
ofthedecimalpointitislessprecise.
68. WhenmUltiplying602.4mby 3.72m,which
factordeterminesthenumberofsignificant
figuresintheanswer?Explain. (2.3)
3.72;ithasthesmallernumberofsignificant
figures.
69. Whichtypeofgraphwouldyouchooseto
depictdataonhowmanyhouseholdsheatwith
gas,oil, orelectricity?Explain.(2.4)
Abargraphcouldbeusedwiththemethodof
heatingonthex-axisandthenumberof
householdsonthey-axis.Ifthedataincludeall
thehouseholdsforaregion,relativenumbers
couldbeconvertedtoapercentageandexpressed
asacirclegraph.
70. Whichtypeofgraphwouldyouchooseto
depictchangesingasolineconsumptionovera
periodoftenyears?Explain. (2.4)
lineorbargraphbecausetheycanshowhow
consumptionvarieswithtime
71. Howcanyoufind theslopeofalinegraph?
(2.4)
Choosetwopointsontheline.Dividethe
differenceinthey valuesbythedifferenceinthe
x values.
.-
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 SolutionsManual 14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 0 SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Mastering Problems
Density(2.1)
Levell
72. A 5-mLsampleofwaterhasamassof5g.
Whatis thedensityofwater?
density= mass =...!JL =1g/mL
volume 5mL
Level 2
73. Anobjectwithamassof7.5graisesthelevel
ofwaterinagraduatedcylinderfrom25.1 mL
to30.1 mL.Whatisthedensityoftheobject?
volume=30.1 - 25.1 mL=5.0mL
density= mass 7.59 15 I L
volume = 5.0 mL = . 9 m
74. Thedensityofaluminumis2.7 g/mL. Whatis
thevolumeof8.1 gofaluminum?
mass 8.1J.if
I
voume=density =2.7.gfmL =3.0mL
ScientificNotation(2.2)
Levell
75. Writethefollowing numbersinscientific
notation.
a. 0.0045834mm
4.5834 x 10-
3
mm
b. 0.03054g
3.054 x 10-
2
9
c. 438904s
4.38904 x 10
5
S
d. 7004300000g
7.0043 X 10
9
9
76. Writethefollowing numbersinordinary
notation.
a. 8.348 X 106km
8348000km
b. 3.402 X 10
3
g
3402g
SolutionsManual
c. 7.6352 X 10-
3
kg
0.0076352kg
d. 3.02 X 10-
5
s
0.0000302s
Level 2
77. Completethefollowingadditionandsubtraction
problemsinscientificnotation.
a. 6.23 X 10
6
kL+5.34 X 10
6
kL
(6.23 +5.34) x 1()6kL =11.57 x 1()6kL
=1.157 x 10
7
kL
b. 3.1 X 1Q4 mm+4.87 X lOS mm
(0.31 +4.87) x 10
5
mm=5.18 x 10
5
mm
c. 7.21 X 10
3
mg + 43.8 X 10
2
mg
(7.21 +4.38) x 10
3
mg=11.59 x 10
3
mg
=1.159 x 10
4
mg
d. 9.15 X 10-
4
cm+3.48 X 10-
4
cm
(9.15 +3.48) x 10-
4
em =12.63 x 10-
4
em
= 1.263 x 10-
3
em
e. 4.68 X 10-
5
cg + 3.5 X 10-
6
cg
(4.68+0.35) x 10-
5
eg =5.03 x 10-
5
eg
f. 3.57 X 10
2
mL - 1.43 X 10
2
mL
(3.57 - 1.43) x 10
2
mL=2.14 x 102mL
g. 9.87 X 1Q4 g 6.2 X 10
3
g
(9.87 - 0.62) x 1049 =9.25 x 1049
h. 7.52 X lOS kg - 5.43 X lOS kg
(7.52 - 5.43) x 10
5
kg =2.09 X 10
5
kg
i. 6.48 X 10-
3
mm- 2.81 X 10-
3
mm
(6.48 - 2.81) x 10-
3
mm=3.67 x 10-
3
mm
j. 5.72 X 10-
4
dg - 2.3 X 10-
5
dg
(5.72 - 0.23) x 10-
4
dg =5.49 X 10-
4
dg
78. Completethefollowingmultiplicationanddivi-
sionproblemsinscientificnotation.
a. (4.8 X lOS km) X (2.0 X 10
3
km)
(4.8 x 2.0) x 10
5
+3 km
2
= 9.6 x 1()8km
2
15 Chemistry:MatterandChange Chapter2
CHAPTER D SOLUTIONSMANUAL
b. (3.33 X 10-
4
m) X (3.00 X 10-
5
m)
(3.33 x 3.00) x 10-
4
+(-5)m
2
= 9.99 x 10-
9
m
2
c. (1.2 X 10
6
m) X (1.5 X 10-
7
m)
(1.2 x 1.5) x 10
6
+(-7)m
2
=1.8 x 10-
1
m
2
d. (8.42 X 10
8
kL) + (4.21 X 10
3
kL)
3
(8.42 +4.21) x 10
8
- =2.00 X 10
5
e. (8.4 X 10
6
L) + (2.4 X 10-
3
L)
(8.4 +2A) x 10
6
-(-3)=3.5 x 10
9
f. (3.3 X 10-
4
mL)+ (1.1 X 10-
6
mL)
(3.3 + 1.1) x 10-
4
-(-6)=3.0 x 102
ConversionFactors(2.2)
Levell
79. Writetheconversionfactorthatconvertsthe
following.
a. gramstokilograms
1kg
10009
b. kilogramstograms
1000g

c. millimeterstometers
1m
1000mm
d. meterstomillimeters
1000mm
1m
e. milliliterstoliters
1L
1000mL
f. centimeterstometers
1m
100cm
Level 2
80. Convertthefollowing measurements.
a. 5.70g tomilligrams
1000mg
5.70g"x 19" =5.70 x 103mg
b. 4.37cmtometers
4.37yr(x =4.37 X 10-
2
m
c. 783kgtograms
1OO0g
783.kgx 1-"9'" =7.83 x 10
5
9
d. 45.3mmtometers
45.3.!JH1lx 1mJO =4.53 X 10-
2
m
e. 10m tocentimeters
10)ll"x 100cm =1000cm 1_
f. 37.5glmLtokgIL
37.5$ 1kg 1000pr['
1rRI::"'" x 1000J.!( x 1L =37.59
PercentError(2.3)
Levell
81. Theacceptedlengthofa steelpipeis5.5 m.
Calculatethepercenterrorforeachofthese
measurements.
a. 5.2m
error=5.5m - 5.2m =0.3m
percenterror= x 100= 5.5%
b. 5.5m
error= 5.5m - 5.5m = 0m
percenterror= x 100=0
c. 5.7m
error=5.5 m - 5.7m =-0.2m
percenterror= x 100 =3.6%
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 SolutionsManual 16
CHAPTER SOLUTIONS MANUAL 0
d. 5.1m
error=5.5 m - 5.1 m =0.4m
percenterror= x 100=7.3%
Level 2
82. Theaccepteddensityforcopperis8.96glmL.
Calculatethepercenterrorforeachofthe
measurements.
a. 8.86glmL
error=8.96g/mL- 8.86g/mL=0.10g/mL
0.10,.gtmt
percenterror=8.96,gtmt' x 100= 1.12%
b.8.92g1mL
error=8.96g/mL- 8.92 g/mL=0.04g/mL
0.04,gtmt' 0 o446/,
percenterror=8.96.gJnt( x 10 =. /0
C. 9.00glmL
error=8.96g/mL- 9.00g/mL=-0.04g/mL
0.04.ghYf( 0 04460/.
percenterror=8.96iI11it x 1 0=. /0
d. 8.98glmL
error=8.96g/mL- 8.98g/mL=0.02g/mL
0.02gUnt
percenterror=8.96g.Hn'[ x 100=0.223%
SignificantFigures(2.3)
Levell
83. Roundeachnumbertofoursignificantfigures.
a. 431801kg
431800kg
b. 10235.0mg
10240mg
c. 1.0348m
1.035m
d. 0.004384010cm
0.004384cm
e. 0.000781 00mL
0.000781 0mL
f. 0.0098641cg
0.009864cg
SolutionsManual
84. Roundeachfigure tothreesignificantfigures.
a. 0.003 210g
0.00321 9
b. 3.8754kg
3.88kg
c. 219034m
219000m
d. 25.38L
25.4L
e. 0.087 63 cm
0.0876cm
f. 0.003 109mg
0.00311 mg
Level 2
85. Roundtheanswerstoeachofthefollowing
problemstothecorrectnumberofsignificant
figures.
a. 7.31 X 104 + 3.23 X 10
3
(7.31 +0.323) x 10
4
=7.633 x 104
=7.63 x 104
b. 8.54 X 10-
3
- 3.41 X 10-
4
(8.54- 0.341) x 10-
3
=8.199 X 10-
3
=8.20 X 10-
3
c. 4.35dmX 2.34dm X 7.35dm
(4.35 x 2.34 x 7.35)dm
3
=74.81565dm
3
=74.8dm
3
d. 4.78cm+3.218cm+5.82cm
4.78+3.218 +5.82cm =13.818em =13.82em
e. 3.40mg + 7.34mg + 6.45mg
3.40+7.34+6.45 mg=17.19mg
f. 45mX 12mX 132m
(45 x 72 x 132)m
3
=427680m
3
=430000m
3
g. 38736kml4784 km
38736Jot{+4784Jot{=8.969899 =8.097
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 17
CHAPTER I
RepresentingData(2.4)
Levell
86. Usetheaccompanyingbargraphtoanswerthe
following questions.
a. Whichsubstancehasthegreatestdensity?
mercury
b. Whichsubstancehastheleastdensity?
wood
c. Whichsubstancehasadensityof
7.87 glcm
3
?
iron
d. Whichsubstancehasadensityof
11.4glcm
3
?
lead
DensityComparison
14.0..---------------,
12.01------------
10.0 ...........
8.01---------
6.0 ...........-------
4.01----------:
2.0 1-------



..,
i
Q
rz} 0(:- ".sA
,,>,>0; (:)" ,,"
Months
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Level 2
87. Graphthefollowingdatawiththe volumeon
thex-axisandthemassonthey-axis. Then
calculatetheslopeoftheline.
Table2-7
DensityData
Volume (ml) Mass(9)
2.0 5.4
4.0 10.8
6.0 16.2
8.0 21.6
10.0 27.0
Density
30.0
25.0
20.0
-
J!!
... 15.0
:II
:::! 10.0
5.0
1/
/
....V
/
/
/'
0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Volume(mL)
Thegraphshowsadirectrelationshipbetween
massandvolume.
21.69 - 10.89
slope = 8.0mL_ 4.0mL = 2.7g/mL
Mixed Review
Sharpen your problem-solving skills by answering
the following.
88. Youhavea23-gsampleofethanolwitha
densityof0.7893 glmL.Whatvolumeof
ethanoldoyouhave?
volume = =23..g'x =29 mL
89. Completethefollowing problemsinscientific
notation. Roundofftothecorrectnumberof
significantfigures.
a. (5.31 X 10-
2
cm) X (2.46 X 10
5
cm)
(5.31 x 2.46) X 10-
2
+
5
cm
2
= 13.0626 x
1()3cm
2
=1.31 x 1()4cm
2
18 Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 SolutionsManual
CHAPTER D
b. (3.78 X 10
3
m) X (7.21 X 10
2
m)
(3.78 x 7.21) x 103+2 m
2
=27.2538 x 10
5
m
2
2
=2.73 x 10
6
m
c. (8.12 X 10-
3
m) X (1.14 X 10-
5
m)
(8.12 x 1.14) x 10-
3
+(-5)m
2
=9.2568 x
10-
8
m
2
= 9.26 x 10-
8
m
2
d. (5.53 X 10-
6
km) X (7.64 X 10
3
km)
(5.53 x 7.64) x 10-
6
+3km
2
=42.2492 x
10-
3
km
2
=4.22 X 10-
2
km
2
e. (9.33 X lQ4 mm)-:- (3.0 X 10
2
mm)
(9.33 -:- 3.0) x104-
2
= 3.11 X 10
2
=3.1 x102
f. (4.42 X 10-
3
kg) -:- (2.0 X 10
2
kg)
(4.42 -:- 2.0) x 10-
3
-
2
= 2.21 X 10-
5
= 2.2 X 10-
5
g. (6.42 X 10-
2
g) -:- (3.21 X 10-
3
g)
(6.42 -:- 3.21) x10-
2
-(-3)=2.00 X 10
1
90. Evaluatethefollowingconversion.Willthe
answerbecorrect?Explain.
rate = 75 m X 60~ X 1h.
Is Imm 60mm
rate=75m x 6 ~ x 1h x 75 mh
1B" 1mm 60 min min
2
No,theconversionisnotcorrectbecausetheunits
ofrateshouldbem/min.Thisexpressionyields
theunitsmh/min
2
Thelastconversionfactor
shouldbe 60 min
1h
91. Whatmassoflead(density 11.4glcm
3
) would
haveanidenticalvolumeto 15.0gofmercury
(density 13.6glcm
3
)?
_ massmercury _
volumemercury - d 'ty - 15.09 mercury
ensl mercury
1cm
3
mercury _ 110 3
x 13.69 mercury - . cm mercury
volume
lead
=volumemercUry = 1.10cm
3
1ead
mass
1ead
=volume
1ead
x densitylead
3 11.49 lead
=1.10cm lead x 1cm
3
1ead =12.69 lead
SolutionsManual
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
92. Threestudentsusea metersticktomeasurea
lengthofwire. Onestudentrecords ameasure-
mentof3cm.Thesecondrecords3.3cm.The
thirdrecords 2.87cm.Explainwhichanswer
was recordedcorrectly.
Thethirdstudent(2.87cm) is correct.A meterstick
hasmarkingstothemillimeter,soathirddigit
shouldbeestimated.
93. Expresseachquantityintheunitlistedtoits
right.
a. 3.01 g cg
100cg
3.01,.g'x ~ =301 cg
b. 6200m km
1km
6200.Rfx 1000III = 6.2 km
c. 6.24 X 10-
7
g /-Lg
10
6
J.Lg
6.24 X 10-
7
g'x 1. = 0.624J.Lg
d. 0.2L
0.2J(x 1 ; 3 = 0.2dm3
e. 0.13 callg kcallg
0.13caI1g x 1 ~ ~ c ~ =1.3 X 10-
4
kcallg
f. 3.21 mL L
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 19
CHAPTER 0
94. TheblackholeinthegalaxyM82hasamass
about500times themassofourSun.Ithas
aboutthesamevolumeasEarth'smoon.What
isthedensityofthisblackhole?
masssun = 1.9891 X 10
30
kg
volume = 21968 X 1010km
3
moon .
massblackhole'"" 500 X mass
sun
=500
X (1.9891 X 1()30 kg) =9.9455 X 10
32
kg
10
10
km
3
volumeblackhole = volume
moon
= 2.1968 X
mass
b1ack
hole
denSltyblackhole = -v-ol"-u-m-e---
blackhole
9.9455 X 1()32kg _ ...72 3
=2.1968 X 1010 km3 - 4.5273 X 1u- kg/km
densityblackhole =4.5273 X
...77 3 1000g (11H'6)3 (1m)3
1u-l.f/km X X 1000JK X 100cm
=4.5273 X 1()22+3-9-6 =4.5273 X 10
10
g/cm
3
95. Thedensityofwateris 1glcm
3
Useyour
answertoquestion94tocomparethedensities
.ofwaterandablackhole.
Thedensityoftheblackholeis4.5273 X 10
10
g/cm
3
(almostfiftybillion)timesgreaterthanthatof
water.
Thinking Critically
96. ComparingandContrastingWhatadvantages
doSIunitshaveovertheunitsincommonuse
intheUnitedStates?Isthereanydisadvantage
tousingSIunits?
Answerswillvarybutmightincludethatunits
basedonpowersoftenareeasytoconvertfrom
onetoanother.Mostdisadvantagesinvolvethe
initialchangingfromanothersystemto51.
97. FormingaHypothesisWhydoyou thinkthe
SIstandardfortimewasbasedonthedistance
lighttravelsthroughavacuum?
Thereisnochanceformattertointerferewiththe
speedmeasurementinavacuum.
Chemistry:MatterandChange Chapter2
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
98. InferringExplainwhythemassofanobject-
cannothelpyouidentifywhatmaterialthe
objectismadefrom.
Massitselfhasnomeaningwithouta
measurementofitsvolume.Iftheobjectisapure
substanceanditsmassandvolumeareknown,its
densitycan helpidentifyit.
99. DrawingConclusionsWhymightproperty
ownershireasurveyortodetermineproperty
boundariesratherthanmeasuretheboundaries
themselves?
Surveyorsuseequipmentthatisnotaffectedby
terrainorobstacles.
Writing in Chemistry
100. Althoughthestandardkilogramisstoredat
constanttemperatureandhumidity,unwanted
mattercanbuilduponitssurface. Scientists
havebeenlookingforamorereliablestandard
formass. Researchanddescribealternative
standardsthathavebeenproposed. Findout
whynoalternativestandardhasbeenchosen.
Twoalternativemethodsofdefiningthe
standardkilogramwouldbasetheunitonthe
Avogadroconstant.whichisthenumberof
atomsin12gramsofpurecarbon-12. One
methodwoulddependinpartonX-ray
measurementsinsiliconcrystals.Another
methodwoulddependonelectrical
measurementsthatdeterminetheratioofthe
mechanicalwatttotheelectricalwatt.Atthis
time,scientistshavenotgaineduniversal
acceptanceforeitheralternativemethod.
101. Researchandreportonsomeunusualunitsof
measurementsuchasbushels,pecks,fIrkins,
andfrails.
Studentanswerswillvary.Forexample,afirkin
(asmallwoodentubusedforbutterandlard)is
aunitofvolumeequaltoi barrel.
102. Researchtherangeofvolumesusedforpack-
agingliquidssoldin'supermarkets.
Studentanswerswilllikelyincludefluidounces,
quarts,half-gallons,gallons,liters,andmilliliters.
SolutionsManual 20
CHAPTER D SOLUTIONS MANUAL
103. Findoutwhattheacceptablelimits oferrorare
forsomemanufacturedproductsorforthe
dosesofmedicinegivenatahospital.
Studentanswerswillvary. Fordefinitive
informationonthesubject,encouragestudents
tocontacttheU.S. NationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology(NIST), manufacturers.
pharmacists,orhospital pharmacies.
Cumulative Review
Refresh your understanding ofprevious chapters by
answering the following.
104. Yourecordthefollowing inyourlabbook:A
liquidisthickandhasadensityof4.58glmL.
Whichdataisqualitative?Whichisquantita-
tive?(Chapter1)
Thickis qualitative;a densityof4.58g/mLis
quantitative.
Standardized Test Pradice
Chapter 2
page 53
Use the questions and the test-taking tip to prepare
for your standardized test.
1. WhichofthefollowingisNOTanSIbaseunit?
a. second(s)
b. kilogram(kg)
c. degreesCelsius("C)
d. meter(m)
c
2. WhichofthefollowingvaluesisNOTequiva-
lenttotheothers?
a. 500meters
b. 0.5kilometers
c. 5000centimeters
d. 5 X lOll nanometers
c
3. Thecorrectrepresentationof702.0g using
scientificnotationis
a. 7.02 X 10
3
g
b. 70.20 X 101 g
c. 7.020 X 10
2
g
d. 70.20 X 10
2
g
c
4. Threestudentsmeasuredthelengthofa stamp
whoseacceptedlengthis2.71 cm.Basedonthe
tablebelow, whichstatementistrue?
a. Student2 isbothpreciseandaccurate.
b. Student1ismoreaccuratethanStudent3.
c. Student2islessprecisethanStudent1.
d. Student3isbothpreciseandaccurate.
a
MeasuredValuesfora Stamp'slength
Student1 Student2 StudentJ
Trial 1 2.60em 2.70em 2.75em
Trial2 2.72em 2.69em 2.74em
Trial 3 2.65em 2.71 em 2.64em
Average 2.66em 2.70em 2.71 em
5. Chemistsfound thatacomplexreaction
occurredinthreesteps.Thefirststeptakes
2.5731 X 10
2
S tocomplete,thesecondstep
takes3.60 X 10-
1
s, andthethirdsteptakes
7.482 X 101 s. Thetotalamountoftimeelapsed
duringthereactionis__.
a. 3.68 X 101 s
b. 7.78 X 101 s
c. 1.37 X 101 s
d. 3.3249 X 10
2
s
d
6. Howmanysignificantfiguresarethereina
distancemeasurementof20.070km?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
d
SolutionsManual Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 21
CHAPTER D
InterpretingGraphs Usethegraphtoanswerthe
followingquestions.
AgeofIcelayersinVostokIceSheet
70000
65000
60000
~ 55000
QI
~ 50000
QI
~ 45000
~ 40000
"5
QI 35000
~
30000
25000
20000
/
/
/
V
lL
iI""
/
~
V
ill""
500 550 600 650 700750 800850 9009501000
Depthoficelayerbelowsurface(m)
7.Usingthegraph, astudentreportedtheageof
anicelayerat705mas4.250 X 1()4 years.The
acceptedvaluefortheageofthisicelayeris
4.268 X I()4 years.Thepercenterrorofthe
student'svalueis
a.0.4217%
b.99.58%
c. 0.4235%
d. 1.800%
a
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
8.Theslopeofthe graphisabout__.
a.80years/m
b.80m/year
c. 0.015 years/m
d. 1500m/year
a
9.Whatageisanicelayerfound atadepthof
l000m?
a.6.75 X 1()4 years
b.7.00 X 1()4 years
c. 6.25 X 1()4 years
d. 6.5 X 1()4 years
d
Chemistry: MatterandChange Chapter2 SolutionsManual 22