[BRAINSTEM REFLEXES] 1

GUIDELINES
1. Review of the different receptors for ordinary and special sensations
2. Review the sensory nerves involved and their corresponding sensory nuclei
a. Optic nerve
b. Trigeminal nerve
c. Facial nerve
d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
e. Vagus nerve

3. Review brainstem nuclei and the levels where they are found
a. Upper midbrain
b. Lower midbrain
c. Middle pons
d. Lower pons
e. Upper medulla
f. Lower medulla

4. Review classification of Sensory, and Motor Neurons



BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION - three letter system.
A. First letter
G = General = types of neurons found both inspinal nerves and
cranial nerves.
S = Special = types of neurons only found incranial nerves not
spinal nerves.

B. Second letter
S = Somatic = types of neurons innervating structures derived
from somites.
V = Visceral = types of neurons innervating gut, structures
derived from or associated with gut and brachialarches; also
vascular system, smooth muscle, internal organs and glands.

C. Third letter
A = Afferent = sensory neurons.
E = Efferent = motor neurons to skeletal andsmooth muscle; also
secretomotor neurons to glands.


SENSORY NEURONS ASSOCIATED WITH CRANIAL NERVES AND CLASSIFICATION
SENSORY AFFERENT NEURONS
Coming from body wall and viscera

A. General Somatic Afferent (GSA/GSS)
Carry exteroreceptive for pain, temperature and touch
Proprioceptive information from Skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, body
wall

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
V Trigeminal
Trigeminal Ganglion
exteroreceptive for skin,
face, scalp
Mesencephalic nucleus
Proprioceptor for muscles of
mastication
VII Facial Geniculate Ganglion
exteroreceptive from skin of
ear, and external acoustic
meatus
IX Glossopharyngeal Superior Petrosal ganglion
General sensation for skin
and back of ear
X Vagus


B. General Visceral Afferent (GVA/GVS):
Comes from visceral structures (hollow organs and glands) within
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic wall













SPECIAL AFFERENT FIBERS:
PURELY MOTOR PURELY SENSORY MIXED
III Oculomotor I Olfactory V Trigeminal
IV Trochlear II Optic VII Facial
VI Abducens VII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossophayngeal
XI Spinal accessory X Vagus
XII Hypoglossal
CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
IX -Glossopharyngeal Inferior Petrosal ganglion
General sensation from
tongue and pharynx
X - Vagus Inferior Nodal Ganglion
General sensation from
pharynx and larynx
[BRAINSTEM REFLEXES] 2

Fibers from special sense organs (eyes, ears) and from olfactory and gustatory
receptors and those innervating muscles derived from brachial arches

A. Special Somatic Afferent (SSA/SSS):
Stimulus comes from eyes and ear receptors

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION
II: Optic Rods and Cones
VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Spiral Ganglion of corti
Vestibular ganglion of scarpa

B. Special Visceral Afferent (SVA/SVS):
Stimulus comes from smell and taste receptor

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
I Olfactory Olfactory cells
VII Facial Geniculate Ganglion Taste bud from ant. 2/3
IX Glossopharyngeal
Inferior petrosal
ganglion
Taste from post 1/3 of
tongue
X Vagus
Gustatory stimuli from
epiglottic taste bud

MOTOR NEURONS ASSOCIATION WITH CRANIAL NERVES AND CLASSIFICATION

A. General Somatic Efferent (GSE):
Receptors for skeletal muscles of myotomic in origin

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
III Oculomotor Oculomotor nucleus extraocular muscles
except Superior oblique
and Latereal rectus
IV Trochlear Trochlear nerve Superior Oblique
VI Abducens Abducens nucleus Lateral Rectus
XI Spinal Accessory Spinal Nerve of XI from 6
th

cervical
Sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles
XII Hypoglossal Hypoglossal Nerve Tongue muscles




B. General Visceral Efferent (GVE):
Effectorssmooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
III: Oculomotor Edinger wesphal nucleus
Sphincter papillae and
cilliary muscles
VII: Facial Superior Salivary Nucleus
Lacrimal, nasal, and
gland
IX: Glossopharyngeal Inferior Salivatory nucleus Parotid gland
X: Vagus Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X
Thoracic and
abdominal viscera

C. Special Visceral Efferent (SVE):
Skeletal musclesbrachiomeric in origin
o Muscles of facial expression
o Muscles of mastication
o Muscles of phonation
o Muscles of deglutition

CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION DESCRIPTION
V Trigeminal Motor nucleus of V Muscles of mastication
VII Facial Motor nucleus of VII Muscle of facial expression
IX Glossopharyngeal Nucleus ambiguous Stylopharyngeus muscle
X Vagus Nucleus ambiguous Skeletal muscle of soft palate
and larynx
XI Spinal Accessory Nucleus ambiguous Laryngeal muscle

ASSOCIATION NEURONS


ASSOCIATION
NEURON
DESCRIPTION
1. Olfactory Neuron Mitral cells
2. Optic Nerve
Bipolar cells
Found inner
nuclear layer
Ganglion Cells
Found ganglion
layer
3. Trigeminal Nerve
Main sensory nerve
of CN V
Touch and
pressure
Nucleus of trigeminal
Spinal tract for
pain and
temperature.
4. Facial,Glossopharyngeal,Vagus
Nerve of solitary
tract