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Result:-
Fig 4. The ECG output of the Simulink model I
Human Heart Modelling using Hydro Electro Mechanical Systems
SYSTEM & CONTROL THEORY I Page 9
This signal is similar to the original ECG signal.
The State space representation is of the12th order due to the degree of the main elements:-
; C = [ 0 0.0028 0.0947 0.3208 0.9799 1.8681 2.3521 2.4264 1.7653 0.8806 0.3362 0.0297];
The State space model is constructed in Simulink and the model is run. The output is compared to the
output of above Simulink model.
The output is similar to the above graph:
Fig 5 The response of State Space Model.
Human Heart Modelling using Hydro Electro Mechanical Systems
SYSTEM & CONTROL THEORY I Page 10
The step response of the A, B, C, D Parameters derived :
Fig 6. The step response of State Space model
Case II:-
The Laplace transform of the heart defined by Q
A
(s) / P
IN
(s) is
Result:-
The output we get:-
Fig 7. The ECG output of Simulink model II
Human Heart Modelling using Hydro Electro Mechanical Systems
SYSTEM & CONTROL THEORY I Page 11
The State space representation is:
; C = [0 0.0143 0.1754 0.5870 1.6744 3.0596 3.8056 3.8457 2.7617 1.3747 0.5148 0.0493];
The State space model is constructed in Simulink and the model is run. The output is compared to the
output of above Simulink model.
Fig 8. The response of State Space Model.
Human Heart Modelling using Hydro Electro Mechanical Systems
SYSTEM & CONTROL THEORY I Page 12
The step response of the state space equations is as follows:-
Fig 9. The step response of State Space model
The parameters of the ECG signals are calculated and tabulated as follows:
Parameters Simulation-1 Simulation-2
P-wave
0.069 sec No P-wave
QT-interval
0.3749 sec 0.38 sec
PR- interval
0.20 sec No PR- interval
QRS-complex
0.139 sec 0.15 sec
T-wave
0.175 sec 0.20 sec
Table 3. Table comparing Simulation Values
Human Heart Modelling using Hydro Electro Mechanical Systems
SYSTEM & CONTROL THEORY I Page 13
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
In the past many mathematical models of the heart have been developed using different
softwares. The motion of the heart wall, cardiac electrical deformations are some of them used to describe
the simulation results of the system. Simple cardio models are designed to demonstrate the simulations of
the biological system. The computer results are close enough to the physiological data so that verification
of the model is possible.
This project is based on the mathematical modelling of human heart as a Hydro Electro
Mechanical System (HEMS). The MATLAB simulation results agree well with the data obtained from
clinical studies. The models, case studies have been developed and tested with good feedbacks. The
system is made of a reference signal, a pacemaker, an artificial heart, a group of sensors and a circulatory
system. The results are given in the tables and figures above. The P wave was very negligible in the first
simulation and almost zero in the second simulation; this needs more attention for future case studies. The
simulation results produce sharp RS complex which needs investigation in term of simulation parameters
as real RS complex do not possess sharp curve characteristics. The four building blocks used in
simulations have to be improved as the ECG is not only a result of proper functioning of heart but also
needs proper and parallel functions of circulatory and cardiovascular subsystems of human whole
biological system.
Bibliography
1. L. Xia, M. Huo, F. Lio, B. He, and S. Crozier, Motion Analysis of Right Ventricular Wall
Based on an Electromechanical Biventricular Model, Proceedings of the 26th Annual
International Conference of the IEEE EMBS San Francisco, CA, USA, September 1-5, 2004.
2. A.M. Cook, J.G. Simes, A Simple Heart Model Designed to Demonstrate Biological System
Simulation, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. Rme-19,No. 2, March 1972.
3. Y. Wu, P.E. Allaire, G. Tao, D. Olsen, Modeling, Estimation, and Control of Human
Circulatory System With a Left Ventricular Assist Device, IEEE Transactions on Control
Systems Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4, July 2007.
4. W. Shi, M.-S. Chew, Mathematical and Physical Models of a Total Artificial Heart, IEEE
International Conference on Control and Automation, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 9-
11, 2009.
5. E.H. Maslen, G.B. Bearnson, P.E. Allaire, R.D. Flack, M. Baloh, E. Hilton, M.D. Noh, D.B.
Olsen, P.S. Khanwilkar, J.D. Long, Feedback Control Applications in Artificial Hearts, IEEE
Control Systems Magazine, Vol.18, No.6, pp.26-34, December 1998.
APPENDICES:
SIMULINK Models:
1) Simulink model of heart
2) State Space model