Analisis de Circuitos, CAPITULO 14 SOLUCIONARIO

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7
th
Edition Chapter Fourteen Solutions 10 March 2006

1. (a) s = 0;

(b) s = j9 s
-1
;

(c) s = -8 s
-1
;

(d) s = -1000 j1000 s
-1
;

(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit
analysis problem, superposition will need to be invoked, where the original function v(t)
is expressed as v(t) = v
1
(t) + v
2
(t), with v
1
(t) = 8 mV and v
2
(t) = 2 cos t mV. The complex
frequency of v
1
(t) is s = 0, and the complex frequency of v
2
(t) is s = 2 s
-1
.

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2. (a) s = 0

(b) s = j77 s
1

(c) s = 5 s
1

(d) s = 0.5 s
1
, 5 j8 s
1

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3. (a) 8e
t

(b) 19

(c) 9 + j7 =
o
11.4 37.87

(d)
o
1 0
j t
e

(e) cos 4t
o
1 0

(f) sin 4t
o
1 0

(g)
o
88 9

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4. (a) (6 j)* = 6 + j

(b) (9)* = 9

(c) (-j30)* = +j30

(d) (5 e
-j6
)* = 5 e
+j6

(e) (24 -45
o
)* = 24 45
o

(f)
o
o
o
94.19 5.303
16.72 - 477 . 3
77.47 18.44

33 . 3
18 4

*
33 . 3
18 4
=
+
=
j
j
j
j

(g) ( )
o o
o
o o
60.36 .6202 0
*
60.36 .6202 0
*
26 . 60 062 . 8
1 . 0 5

*
7 4
1 . 0 5
= =
j

(h) (4 22 92.5
o
)* = (4 + 0.9596 j21.98)* = (4.9596 j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98

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5. Q =
o o
9 43 C, 20 . Thus, 9cos(20 43 ) C. j q t = = + s

(a) At t = 1, q(1) = q
o
(1) 9cos(20 43 ) C = 6.582 C. = +

(b) Maximum = 9 C

(c) NO. The indication would be a negative real part in the complex frequency.

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6. (a) The missing term is
( ) ( ) 2 60 2 60 *
(8 100)
j t j t
x
e j e

= + V . We can tell it is missing since
v
x
(t) is not purely real as written; the complex conjugate term above was omitted.

(b) s = 2 j60 s
1

(c) This means simply that the sine term amplitude is larger than the cosine term
amplitude.

(d) This indicates that the source is oscillating more strongly than it is decaying.

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7. { } Re ( ) ( ) t i t = i . No units provided.

(a)
( 3 15) 3 15 3 (15 60.26 )
3
( ) (4 7) (8.062 60.26 ) 8.062
( ) Re ( ) 8.062 cos(15 60.26 )
+
= = =
= =
j t t j t t j t
x
t
x x
i t j e e e e e
i t i t e t

(b)
3 3 15 60.26
3
( ) (4 7) (cos15 sin15 ) 8.062
( ) 8.062 cos(15 60.26 )

= + =
+
=
t t
y
t
y
j t j
j e t j t e e
i t

(c)

(d)

i t
e t
( 1.5 12) 57.99 1.5 12 1.5 (125 57.99 )
0.6
( ) (5 8) 9.434 9.434
Re (0.4) 9.434 cos(4.8 57.99 ) 4.134
+
= = =
= =
t j t j t j t t j
A
rad
A
i t j e e e e e e
i e
( 1.5 12) 57.99 1.5 12 1.5 (12 57.99 )
( ) (5 8) 9.434 9.434
Re (0.4) 4.134
+
= + = =
=
j t j t j t t j t
B
B
j e e e e e e
i
i t
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8. (a) = 279 Mrad/s, and = 2 f. Thus, f = /2 = 44.4 MHz

(b) If the current i(t) = 2.33 cos (27910
6
t) fA flows through a precision 1-T resistor,
the voltage across the resistor will be 10
12
i(t) = 2.33 cos (27910
6
t) mV. We may write
this as 0.5(2.33) cos (27910
6
t) + j (0.5)2.33 sin (27910
6
t) + 0.5(2.33) cos (27910
6
t)
- j (0.5)2.33 sin (27910
6
t) mV

= 1.165 e
j279106 t
+ 1.165 e
-j279106 t
mV

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9. (a) v
s
(0.1) = (20 j30) e
(-2 + j50)(0.1)
= (36.06 -56.31
o
) e
(-0.2 + j5)

= 36.06e
-0.2
[-56.31
o
+ j5(180)/ ] = 29.52 230.2
o
V (or 29.52 -129.8
o
V).

(b) Re{ v
s
} = 36.06 e
-2t
cos (50t 56.31
o
) V.

(c) Re{ v
s
(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2
o
) = -18.89 V.

(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s
-1

(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 j50 s
-1

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10. Let
( )
o
10 3 .
forced
t
S
Let v e =
s
.
t
forced m
i e =
s
I

(a) ( ) , so ( )
forced
forced
S S forced
di
di
v t Ri L v t Ri L
dt dt
= + = + , a superposition of our actual
voltages and currents with corresponding imaginary components.

Substituting, [1]
o
10 3
t t
e R e L e = +
s s
I s
t s
I
or I =
( )
o
o
3
10

3 10 3
0.1 2.99
100 2 10 2 10
o
R L j

= =
+ + + s

Thus, i(t) = Re{Ie
st
} = 0.1e
2t
cos (10t + 2.99
o
) A.

(b) By Ohms law, v
1
(t) = 100i(t) = 10 e
2t
cos (10t + 2.99
o
) V.

We obtain v
2
(t) by recognising from Eq. [1] that V
2
t
e
s
= ,
t
L e
s
s I
or
V
2
= (210
3
)(2 + j10)
( )
o
0.1 2.99 = 2.04
o
104.3 mV

Thus, v
2
(t) = 2.04e
2t
cos (10t + 104.3
o
) mV

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11. (a) Let the complex frequency be + j. .
m m
V I = = V I

RESISTOR v = Ri

( ) ( ) t j t t j t
m m
V e e RI e e
+ +
=
Thus, or
m m
V RI R = = V I
which defines an impedance R.

INDUCTOR ( )
di
v t L
dt
= . Let
( ) j t t t
m m
i I e I e e
+
= =
s
.

( )
( ) ( )
t j t
m
v t j LI e e

+
= + =
( ) t j t
m
V e e
+

Thus, ( ) or
m m L
LI = + = V Z I V j

which defines an impedance Z
L
= sL = ( ) j + L.

CAPACITOR ( )
dv
i t C . Let
dt
=
( ) j t t t
m m
e V e e v V
+
= =
s
j CV e e
.
i t
( )
( ) ( )
t j t
m

+
= + =
( ) t j t
m
I e e
+

Thus, ( ) ( ) or
m m C
C V = + =

V Z I I j

which defines an impedance Z
C
=
1 1
( ) j C C
=
+ s

(b) Z
R
= 100 . Z
L
= (2 + j10)(0.002) = 20.4 .
o
101.3

(c) Yes.
1
; ;
R L C
R j L
j C
Z Z Z

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12. (a) s = 0 + j120 = + j120

(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 179 0
o
with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
v(t) = 100 i(t) + L
dt
di
= 100 i(t) + 50010
-6
dt
di

and we assume a response of the form Ie
st
.

Substituting, we write (179 0
o
) e
st
= 100 Ie
st
+ sL Ie
st

Supressing the exponential factor, we may write

6 -
o
10 500 100
0 179

+

=
s
I =
( )
o
o
6 -
o
108 . 0 100
0 179

10 500 120 100
0 179

=
+

j
= 1.79 -0.108
o
A

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

i(t) = 1.79 cos (120t 0.108
o
) A.

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13.

(a)
2
10 cos(10 30 ) V 2 10, V 10 30 V
10 5 1 5 5 25 ( 25 125) / 26
Z , Z 5
2 10 1 5 26 26 ( 5 25 130) / 26
25 125 1 5
Z 5 1 Z 5 0.5( 2 10) 1 4 4
125 25 5 1
10 30 ( 5 25) / 26
I
4 4 5 (
t
s s
c c
c in
x
v e t s j
j j j
j j j
j j
j j j j
j j
j
j
= + = + =

= = = =
+ + +

= = = = + + = +

(b)
2
( ) 0.3536 cos(10 105 ) A
t
x
i t e t
=

=
+ +
10 30 5 25 5 30 5 25 1 30 1 5
5 25) / 26 4 4 130 5 25 2 2 125 25 2 2 5 1
1 30
I ( 1) 0.3536 105 A
2 2 45
x
j j j
j j j j j j j
j

= = =
+ + +

= =

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14. (a) s = 0 + j100 = + j100

(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 339 0
o
with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
v(t) = 2000 i(t) + v
C
(t) = 2000
dt
dv
C
C + v
C
(t) =
dt
dv
C
2 . 0 + v
C
(t)

and we assume a response of the form V
C
e
st
.

Substituting, we write (339 0
o
) e
st
= 0.2s V
C
e
st
+ V
C
e
st

Supressing the exponential factor, we may write

s
V
2 . 0 1
0 39 3

o
C
+

= =
( )
o
o o
09 . 89 84 . 62
0 339

2 . 0 100 1
0 339

=
+

j
= 5.395 -89.09
o
A

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

v
C
(t) = 5.395 cos (100t 89.09
o
) V.

and so the current is i(t) =
dt
dv
C
C = 0.1695 sin(100t 89.09
o
) A

= 169.5 cos (100t + 0.91
o
) mA.

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15.
3 3
1 2
20 cos 4 A, 30 sin 4 A
t t
S S
i e t i e t

= =

(a)
1 2
I 20 0 , I 30, 3 4
10 3 4
Z 0.4( 3 4) 1.2 1.6, Z 6 8
3 4 3 4
5(7.2 6.4) 6 8 ( 6 8)(3.8 1.6)
V 20 30
2.2 6.4 7.2 6.4 2.2 6.4
600 800 30( 22.8 12.8 30.4 9.6) 600
2.2 6.4
S S
c L
x
j s j
j
j j j
j j
j j j j
j
j j j
j j j j
j
= = = +

= = = = +
+
+ + +

=
+ + +
+ + + + +
= =
+

800 30( 10 40)
2.2 6.4
600 1200 1000 600 1000
185.15 47.58 V
2.2 6.4 2.2 6.4
j j j
j
j j
j j
+
+
+ + +
= = =
+ +

(b)
3
( ) 185.15 cos(4 47.58 ) V
t
x
v t e t

=

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16. (a) If v(t) = 240 2 e
-2t
cos 120t V, then V = 240 2 0
o
V where s = -2 + j120.
Since R = 3 m, the current is simply I =
3
o
10 3
0 2 240

= 113.1 0
o
kA. Thus,
i(t) = 113.1e
-2t
cos 120t kA

(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute
i(t) = v(t) / 310
-3
= (240 2 e
-2t
cos 120t ) / 310
-3
= 113.1e
-2t
cos 120t kA

(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

+
=
+
=
120 2 -
1

) 10 )(1000 120 (-2
1

1
3 -
j j C s
in parallel with the 3-m
resistor. However, since the capacitor has been added in parallel (it would have been
more interesting if the connection were in series), the same voltage still appears across its
terminals, and so
i(t) = 113.1e
-2t
cos 120t kA as before.

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17. { }

= = = =

0
0 0 0
) ( ) ( ) (
- -
t t t t
e
K
dt e K dt t u e K dt t u Ke t u K
s s s s
s
L

=

t
t
t
t
e
K
e
K
s s
s s
lim lim
0

If the integral is going to converge, then ( ) finite). be must (i.e. 0 lim s
s
=

t
t
e This leads
to the first term dropping out (lHospitals rule assures us of this), and so

{ }
s
K
t u K ) ( = L

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18. (a) { }

= = = =

0
0 0 0
3
3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3
- -
t t t t
e dt e dt t u e dt t u e t u
s s s s
s
L
=

t
t
t
t
e e
s s
s s
3
lim
3
lim
0

s
=

t
t
e This leads

{ }
s
3
) ( 3 = t u L

(b) { }

= = =

3
3 0
3
3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3
-
t t t
e dt e dt t u e t u
s s s
s
L
=

s s
s s
3

3

3
lim e e
t
t

s
=

t
t
e This leads

{ }
s
s
3
3
) 3 ( 3

= e t u L
(c)
{ } [ ]

=
= =

0 3
0 3 0
3
-
3

3 - 3 3 ) 3 ( 3 3 ) 3 ( 3
- -
t t
t t t
e e
dt e dt e dt e t u t u
s s
s s s
s s
L

Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write

{ }
3

3
3 ) 3 ( 3
3
s s
s
=

e t u L = ( ) 1 -
3
3s
s
e

(d)

{ }
( ) ( ) 1
3
1
3

3
3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3
3 3
3
0
3
0 0
-
- -
s s
s s s
s s
s

= = =

e e
e dt e dt t u e t u
t t t
L

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19. (a) { } [ ]

= = + = +

0
0 0
5
5 ) ( 3 2 ) ( 3 2
-
t t t
e dt e dt t u e t u
s s s
s
L
=

t
t
t
t
e e
s s
s s
5
lim
5
lim
0

s
=

t
t
e This leads

{ }
s
5
) ( 3 2 = + t u L

(b) { }

+
= = =

0
) 8 (
0
) 8 (
0
8 - 8 -
8
3
3 3 3
- -
t t t t t
e dt e dt e e e
s s s
s
L
=
+
+
+

t
t
t
t
e e
) 8 (
0
) 8 (

8
3
lim
8
3
lim
s s
s s
= 0 +
8
3
+ s
=
8
3
+ s

(c) { } 0 ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) (
-
- - -
0
0
0
0 0
= = = =

dt e dt t u e dt t u e t u
t t t s s s
L

(d) { }

= = = =

0
0 0 0

- -
t t t t
e
K
dt e K dt e K dt Ke K
s s s s
s
L

=

t
t
t
t
e
K
e
K
s s
s s
lim lim
0

s
=

t
t
e This leads

{ }
s
K
K = L

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20. (a) The frequency-domain representation of the voltage across the resistor is (1)I(s)
where I(s) = { } A
1
4
) ( 4
+
=
s
t u e
-t
L . Thus, the voltage is V
1
4
+ s
.

(b)

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21. (a)

{ } [ ]
-
0
0 2
0 2
5 ( ) 5 ( 2) 5 ( ) 5 ( 2)
5 5
5 5
t
t t t
u t u t u t u t e dt
e dt e dt e e

t

=
= = +

s
s s s
s s
L
s

=

t
t
t
t
lim + e e
s s
s s
5
lim
5

0
2

5 5
lim
t
t
e e

s s
s s

s
=

t
t
This leads
to the first and third terms dropping out (lHospitals rule assures us of this), and so
e

{ } ( )
2
5
1 e
=
s
s
5 ( ) 5 ( 2) u t u t L

(b) The frequency domain current is simply one ohm times the frequency domain voltage,
or
( )
2
5
1 e
s
s

th

22.
(a) f(t)
( )
0
1 F( ) ( 1) 0
+
= + = + >
j t
t s t e dt

(b)
( )
0
( ) ( 1) ( ) F( ) ( 1) 0
+
= + = + >
j t
f t t u t s t e dt

(c)
50 50 ( )
0
( ) ( ) F( ) 50
+
= = >
t t j t
f t e u t s e e dt

(d)
50 50 ( )
0
( ) ( 5) F( ) ( 5) 50
+
= = >
t t j t
f t e u t s e u t e dt

(e)
50 50 ( )
0
( ) ( 5) F( ) ( 5) 50
t t j t
f t e u t s e u t e dt
+
= = <

th

23.

(a)

2
3
( 2 ) 6 3
0 0
( ) 8 [ ( 3) ( 3)]
8
F( ) ( ) 8 [1 ]
2
t
t t
f t e u t u t
s f t e dt e dt e
+
=

= +
= =
+

s s s
s

(b)

2
3
(2 )
0 0
6 3 6 3
( ) 8 [ ( 3) ( 3)]
F( ) ( ) 8
8 8
[ 1] 1
2 2
t
t t
f t e u t u t
f t e dt e dt
e e

= +
= =
= =

s s
s s
s
s s
e

(c)

2
3
( 2 )
0 0
( ) 8 [ ( 3) ( 3)]
F( ) ( ) 8
t
t t
f t e u t u t
f t e dt e dt

= +
6 3
8
1
2
e

= = =

+ s

s s s
s

th

24. (a)
s s
1

1
=
1 -
L L

(b) { }
s s s s
3

1 1 1
)] ( [ ) ( 1
2
= + + = + + t u t u L

(c) { }
s s
3 1
3 ) (
2
= t u t L

(d) { }
s s
s
2
1
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( - 1

+ = + e e t t t L

th

25. (a) f(t) = e
-3t
u(t)

(b) f(t) = (t)

(c) f(t) = t u(t)

(d) f(t) = 275 (t)

(e) f(t) = u(t)

th

26.

{ } [ ]
{ } { } ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
0
2
0
1
0
2 1 2 1 - - -
t f t f
dt e t f dt e t f dt e t f t f t f t f
t t t
L L
L
+ =
+ = + = +

s s s

th

27.
2
2
2
2 4
2 2
(a)
( ) 2 ( 2) F( ) 2 ; 1 2
2
F(1 2) 0.04655 0.11174
1 2
= = + = = +

(b)
2 2 4
( ) 2 ( 2) F( ) 2 , F(1 2) 2 0.17692 0.2048

= = + = = +
s j
f t t s e j e e j

(c)

+ = = +
+
st st s
j
f t u t s e dt e e s j
s s
j e e j
j
4
( 1) ( 1) 2 2
2
2
2 2 3
1 1
( ) ( 2) F( )
1 1
1
F(1 2) (0.4724 6.458)10
2 2
+ +

= = = =
+ +

+ = = +
+
t s t s t
j
s
e u t s e dt e e
s s
j e e e j
j
f t
th

28. (a) 7.671 - 1 5 sin 8 ) 1 ( 5 sin 8 = =

dt t t

(b) ( ) ( ) 9 5 2 ) 2 ( 5
2 2
= =

dt t t

(c) 1.840 5 ) 10 333 . 3 ( 5
) 10 333 . 3 ( 3000 4 3000
4
= =

e dt t e
t

(d) ) 2 ( K dt t K =

th

29.
(a)
( )

0
5
5
2 5
2
2
[ (5 )] [ ( 2)] ( ), F( ) [ (5 )] [ ( 2)] ( )
1 1
F( ) ( )

=

(b)
2
2
4
( ) 4 ( 2) F( ) 4

= = =
st s
f t u t s e dt e
s

(c)

(d)
2
2 2
0 2
( ) 4 ( 2) F( ) 4 ( 2) 4 ( 2) 4
+

= = =

=
st s s
f t t s t e dt e t dt e

(e)

0
0
( ) 5 ( ) sin (10 0.2 ) F( ) 5 ( ) [sin 0.2 ] X 1 5sin36
F( ) 2.939
+
= + = =
=

f t t t s t dt
s
= = =
st
st st s s
f t u t u t u t s u t u t u t e dt
s e dt e e e
s s
3 ( 3)
2
2
2 6
4
( ) 4 ( 2) F( ) 4
3
4
F( )
3
( 3)

= = =
+
+
=
+
t s t
s
s t
e u t s e dt e
s
s e
s
f t
th

30. (a) 1 0 500 cos ) ( 500 cos = =

dt t t

(b) ( ) ( ) 32 2 ) 2 (
5 5
= =

dt t t

(c)
( )
0.9197 5 2. ) 1000 ( 5 . 2
1000 001 . 0 001 . 0
= =

e dt t e
t

(d) - ) (
2 2
K dt c t K =

th

31.

(a) f(t) = 2 u(t 1) u(3 t) u(t
3
)
F(s) = ( ) -
2

2
-
3
3
1
3
1
s s s s
s s

= =
e e e dt e
t t

(b)
4 4
4
2 2
( ) 2 ( 4) F( ) 2 (0 )
= = = =
st s s
f t u t s e dt e e
s s

(c)
2 ( 2)
4
3
( ) 3 ( 4) F( ) 3
2
+
= = =
4 8
+
t s t
f t e u t s e dt e
s
s

(d)
5
0
( ) 3 ( 5) F( ) 3 ( 5) 3

= = =
st s
f t t s t e dt e

(e)
0
( ) 4 ( 1) [cos sin ]
F( ) 4 ( 1) [cos sin ] F( ) 4

=
= =
st s
f t t t t
s t t t e dt s e

th

32. (a) F(s) = 3 + 1/s; f(t) = 3(t) + u(t)

(b) F(s) = 3 + 1/s
2
; f(t) = 3(t) + tu(t)

(c) F(s) =
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
3 4 3 4
=
+ + + + s s s s
1
; f(t) =
3 4
( )
t t
e e u t

(d) F(s) =
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1/ 2 1
3 4 5 3 4 5
= +
+ + + + + + s s s s s s
1/ 2
;
f(t) =
3 4 5
1 1
( )
2 2
t t t
e e e u t

+

th

33. (a) G(s) = 90 4.5/s; g(t) = 90(t) 4.5u(t)

(b) G(s) = 11 + 2/s; g(t) = 11(t) + 2u(t)

(c) G(s) =
( )
2
1
1 + s
; g(t) = ( )
t
te u t

(d) G(s) =
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
= +
+ + + + + + s s s s s s
; g(t) =
2 3
1 1
( )
2 2
t t t
e e e u t

+

th

34. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) 16 (t) + e
-4.4t
u(t)

(b) f(t) = (t) u(t) + t u(t)

(c) F(s) =
1

6

88

7
5
+
+
+
+ +
+ s s s s
b a

where a = 3.4 -
1
17
6 -
=
+
= s
s
and b = 3.4
6
17
1 -
=
+
= s
s
.
Thus,
f(t) = 5 e
-7t
u(t) + 88 u(t) 3.4 e
-6t
u(t) + 3.4 e
-t
u(t)

Check with MATLAB:
EDU T1 ='5/(s+7)';
EDU T2 ='88/s';
EDU T3 ='17/(s^2 +7*s +6)';
EDU T =symadd(T1,T2);
EDU P =symadd(T,T3);
EDU p =ilaplace(P)

p =

5*exp(-7*t)+88-17/5*exp(-6*t)+17/5*exp(-t)

EDU pretty(p)

5 exp(-7 t) +88 - 17/5 exp(-6 t) +17/5 exp(-t)

th

35. If V(s) =
s
5
, then v(t) = 5 u(t) V. The voltage at t = 1 ms is then simply 5 V, and the
current through the 2-k resistor at that instant in time is 2.5 mA.

th

36. I(s) = pA,
10
5
+ s
so i(t) = 5 e
-10t
u(t) pA. The voltage across the 100-M resistor is
therefore 500 e
-10t
u(t) V.

(a) The voltage as specified has zero value for t < 0, and a peak value of 500 V.

(b) i(0.1 s) = 1.839 pA, so the power absorbed by the resistor at that instant = i
2
R

= 338.2 aW. (A pretty small number).

(c) 500 e
-10t
1%

= 5
Taking the natural log of both sides, we find t
1%
= 460.5 ms

th

37.
(a)
1 2 1 2
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
1 1
t
t u t e u t
+
= + = + + + +
+ +
s
F s
s s s s

(b)
2 2
( ) ( 1) 2 1 ( 2) 2 ( 1) ( ) e e e t t

= + = + + + +
s s s
F s t

(c)
( 1) 1 2 1
( ) 2 2 2 ( 1) e e e e t
+
= =
s s
F s

(d) F(s) = 2e
-3s
cosh 2s = e
-3s
(e
2s
+ e
-2s
) = e
-s
+ e
-5s
(t 1) + (t 5)

th

38. N(s) = 5s.
(a) D(s) = s
2
9 so
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
b

3
a

3 - 3
5

9 -
5

) (
) (
2
+
+
=
+
= =
s s s s
s
s
s
s D
s N

where
( )
2.5
6 -
15 -

3
5
a
3 -
= =
=
= s
s
s
and
( )
2.5
6
15

3
5
b
3
= =
+
=
= s
s
s
. Thus,

f(t) = [2.5 e
-3t
+ 2.5 e
3t
] u(t)

(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s
2
+ 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

( ) ( ) ( ) 9
c

10
b

3
a

) 9 )( 10 )( 3 (
5

) (
) (
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
s s s s s s
s
s D
s N

( )( )
0.3571, -
(7)(6)
15 -

9 0 1
5
a
3 -
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
( )( )
7.143 -
(-7)(-1)
50 -

9 3
5
b
10 -
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

( )( )
7.5.
(-6)(1)
45 -

10 3
5
c
9 -
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
f(t) = [-0.3571 e
-3t
- 7.143 e
-10t
+ 7.5 e
-9t
] u(t)

(c) D(s) = (4s + 12)(8s
2
+ 6s + 1) = 32(s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so

( ) ( ) ( ) 25 . 0
c

5 . 0
b

3
a

) 25 . 0 )( 5 . 0 )( 3 ( 32
5

) (
) (
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
s s s s s s
s
s D
s N

( )( )
0.06818,
25 . 0 5 . 0 32
5
a
3 -
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
( )( )
0.125
25 . 0 3 32
5
b
0.5 -
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

( )( )
0.05682 -
5 . 0 3 32
5
c
-0.25 -
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

f(t) = [-0.06818 e
-3t
+ 0.125 e
-0.5t
0.05682e
-0.25t
] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU N =[5 0];
EDU D =[1 0 -9];
EDU [r p y] =residue(N,D)

r =
2.5000
2.5000

p =
3
-3

y =
[]
EDU N =[5 0];
EDU D =[1 22 147 270];
r =
-7.1429
7.5000
-0.3571

p =
-10.0000
-9.0000
-3.0000

y =
[]
EDU N =[5 0];
EDU D =[32 120 76 12];
r =
-0.0682
0.1250
-0.0568

p =
-3.0000
-0.5000
-0.2500

y =
[]
th

39.
(a)
5
F( ) 5 ( )
1

=
+
t
s e
s
u t

(b)
4
5 2
) (5 2 ) ( )
1 4

=
+ +
t t
s e e u t
s s
F(

(c)
4
18 6 6
) 6( ) ( )
( 1) ( 4) 1 4

= =
+ + + +
t t
s e e u t
s s s s
F(

(d)
4
18 6 24
) 6(4 ) ( )
( 1) ( 4) 1 4

= = +
+ + + +
t t
s
s e e u t
s s s s
F(

(e)
2
4
18 6 96
) 18 18 ( ) 6( 16 ) ( )
( 1) ( 4) 1 4

= = + +
+ + + +
t t
s
s t e e u t
s s s s
F(

th

40. N(s) = 2s
2
.
(a) D(s) = s
2
1 so
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
b

1
a

1 - 1
2

1 -
2

) (
) (
2
2
2
+
+
=
+
= =
s s s s
s
s
s
s D
s N
+ 2

where
( )
1 -
2 -
2

1
2
a
1 -
2
= =
=
= s
s
s
and
( )
1
2
2

1
2
b
1
2
= =
+
=
= s
s
s
. Thus,

f(t) = [2(t) e
t
+ e
t
] u(t)

(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s
2
+ 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

( ) ( ) ( ) 9
c

10
b

3
a

) 9 )( 10 )( 3 (
2

) (
) (
2
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
s s s s s s
s
s D
s N

( )( )
0.4286,
(7)(6)
18

9 0 1
2
a
3 -
2
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
( )( )
28.57
(-7)(-1)
200

9 3
2
b
10 -
2
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

( )( )
27. -
(-6)(1)
162

10 3
2
c
9 -
2
= =
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
f(t) = [0.4286 e
-3t
+ 28.57 e
-10t
- 27 e
-9t
] u(t)

(c) D(s) = (8s + 12)(16s
2
+ 12s + 2) = 128(s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so

( ) ( ) ( ) 25 . 0
c

5 . 0
b

5 . 1
a

) 25 . 0 )( 5 . 0 )( 5 . 1 ( 128
2

) (
) (
2
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
s s s s s s
s
s D
s N

( )( )
.02813, 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 128
2
a
1.5 -
2
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s
( )( )
0.01563 -
25 . 0 5 . 1 128
2
b
0.5 -
2
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

( )( )
0.003125
5 . 0 5 . 1 128
2
c
0.25 -
2
=
+ +
=
= s
s s
s

f(t) = 0.02813 e
-1.5t
0.01563 e
-0.5t
+ 0.003125e
-0.25t
] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU N =[2 0 0];
EDU D =[1 0 -1];

r =
-1.0000
1.0000

p =
-1.0000
1.0000

y =
2
EDU N =[2 0 0];
EDU D =[1 22 147 270];
r =
28.5714
-27.0000
0.4286

p =
-10.0000
-9.0000
-3.0000

y =
[]
EDU N =[2 0 0];
EDU D =[128 288 160 24];
r =
0.0281
-0.0156
0.0031

p =
-1.5000
-0.5000
-0.2500

y =
[]
th

41.
(a)
2 3
F( )
1
=
+
s
s s
so f(t) = 2 u(t) 3 e
-t
u(t)

(b)
3
2 ( ) 4 ( )
+
t
s t
2 10 4
F( ) 2
3 3
+
= = +
+ +
s
e u t
s s
=
s
s e

(c)
0.8
F( ) 3 3 ( 0.8) t

(d)
2 6
3( ) ( )

t t
s e
12 3 3
F( )
( 2) ( 6) 2 6
= =
+ + + +
e u t
s s s s

2 2
2 2 6
2
12 3 A 0.75
(e)

F( )
( 2) ( 6) ( 2) 2 6
12 3 A 0.75
Let 0 A 0.75
4 6 4 2 6
3 0.75 0.75
F( ) (3 0.75 0.75 ) ( )
( 2) 2 6

= = + +
+ + + + +
= = + + =
= + +
+ + +
t t t
s
s s s s s
s
s te e e u t
s s s
th

42. F(s) =
3 2
1
2
4 5 2
+
+ + + s s s s

=
2
1
2
( 2)( 1)
+
+ + s s s

=
2
1
2
( 2) ( 1) ( 1)
a b c
+ +
+ + + s s s s
+
where
2
2

( 1)
a

=
+
s
s
= =

1

( 2)
b

=
= =
+
s
s

and ( )
( )
1 1
2
2 2
1
1 = = =
( 2) ( 2)
( 2) 1
d d
c
ds ds

= =
=

+ +
+ +
s s
s
s
s s
s s
= +

Thus, we may write

f(t) = 2 (t) u(t) + e
2t
u(t) + te
t
u(t) e
t
u(t)

th

43. (a) F(s) =
( 1)( 2)
1 +
( 3) ( 3)
a b + +
= +
+ +
s s
s s s s

3
2

) 3 (
) 2 )( 1 (

0
=
+
+ +
=
= s
s
s s
a and
3
2
-
3 -
(-2)(-1)

) 2 )( 1 (

3 -
= =
+ +
=
= s
s
s s
b
so
f(t) =
3
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
t
t u t e u t

+

(b) F(s) =
) 2 (
*

) 2 (

) 4 (
) 2 (
2 2 2
j
c
j
c b a
+
+
+ + =
+
+
s s s s s s
s

0.5
4
2

) 4 (
) 2 (

0
2
= =
+
+
=
= s
s
s
a
25 . 0
4
4

) 4 (
) 2 ( 2 ) 4 (

) 4 (
) 2 (

2
0
2 2
2
0
2
= =
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
= = s s
s
s s s
s
s
s d
d
b

o
2
2
( 2)
= 0.1768 135
( 2)
j
c
j
=
+
=
s
s
s s
(c* = 0.1768135
o
)

so
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.1768 e
j135
o
e
-j2t
u(t) + 0.1768 e
j135
o
e
j2t
u(t)

The last two terms may be combined so that

f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.3536 cos (2t + 135
o
)

th

44. (a) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):

( )
2 3
2
12 36
3 2 12
36 24

+ +

s
s s s
s s , and
( )
2 2
36
3 2 36 24
84 +72

+ + s s s
s
s

so G(s) =
84 72
12 36
( 1)( 2)
+
+
+ +
s
s
s s
=
12 96
12 36
1 2
+
+ +
s
s s

Hence, g(t) =
2
12 ( ) 36 ( ) 12 ( ) 96 ( )
t t
d
t t e u t e u
dt

+ t

(b) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):

( )
3 2 3
3 2
2
12
4 5 2 12
12 48 60 24
48 60 24
+ + +
+ + +

s s s s
s s s
s s
,

so G(s) =
2
2
48 60 24
12 =
( 2 1)( 2)
+ +
+ + +
s s
s s s
( )
2
12
1 2
1
A B C
+ + +
+ +
+
s s
s
t
t

Where A = 12, B = 48 and C = 96.

Hence, g(t) = 12
2
( ) 12 ( ) 48 ( ) 96 ( )
t t
t te u t e u t e u

+

(c) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division on the
second term (some intermediate steps are not shown):

( )
3 2 3
3 2
2
12
6 11 6 12
12 72 132 72
72 132 72
+ + +
+ + +

s s s s
s s s
s s
,

so G(s) =
2
72 132 72
3 12
( 1)( 2)( 3)
+ +
+
+ + +
s s
s
s s s
= 3 12
1 2 3
A B C
+ + +
+ + +
s
s s s

Where A = 6, B = 96 and C = 162.

Hence, g(t) =
2 3
3 ( ) 12 ( ) 6 ( ) 96 ( ) 162 ( )
t t
d
t t e u t e u t e u
dt

+ +
t
t
th

45. (a) H(s) =
1
1
2 2
+
=
+ +
s
s s
1
, hence h(t) = (t) e
2t
u(t)

(b) H(s) =
( )( )
3 2
1 2 1
+
=
+ + + +
s
s s s s
1
2
, hence
2
( ) 2 ( )
t t
h t e e u t

=

(c) We need to perform long division on the second term prior to applying the method of
residues (some intermediate steps are not shown):
( )
3 2 4
2
5
5 7 3
18 32 15
+ + +
+ +
s
s s s s
s s

Thus, H(s) =
2
2
18 32 15
3 5
( 1) ( 3)
+ +
+
+ +
s s
s s
s s
+ 1 =
( )
2
2 6
1 3
1
A B C
+ + + +
+ +
+
s
s s
s

where A = 1/2, B = 9/4, and C = 81/4.

3
1 9 81
Thus, h(t) = 2 ( ) 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 4
t t t
d
t t te u t e u t e u
dt

+ + t
th

46.
(a) 5[sI(s) i(0
-
)] 7[s
2
I(s) si(0
-
) i'(0
-
)] + 9I(s) =
s
4

(b) m[s
2
P(s) sp(0
-
) p'(0
-
)] +
f
[sP(s) p(0
-
)] + kP(s) = 0

(c) [s N
p
(s) n
p
(0
-
)] =
( )
s
s N
L
G

p
+

th

47.

4 / 3
15 ( ) 4 ( ) 8 ( ) 6 ( ), (0) 3
15 15 4 15 4
4 8F( ) 6 F( ) 18 F( ) (6 8) 18
22 15 15/ 8
F( ) ( ) (1.875 5.542 ) ( )
6 ( 4/ 30) 4/ 3

= + =

= + + = + = +
+
= = =
+ +
t
u t t f t f t f
s s
s s s s s
s s
s
s
e u t
s s s

s f t

th

48.

(a) -5 u(t 2) + 10 i
L
(t) + 5
dt
di
L
= 0
(b) 0 )] (0 - ) ( [ 5 ) ( 10
5
-
L L L
2
= + +

i e s sI s I
s
s

I
L
(s) =
10 5
) (0 5
5
-
L
2
+
+
s
s
s
i e
=
( ) 2
10 5

-3 2
+
+
s s
s
s
e

(c) I
L
(s) =
2
10 5

2

-3
2
+
+
+
s s s
s
b a
e
where a =
2
1

2
1
0
=
+
= s
s
, and b =
2
1
-
1
2 -
=
= s
s
, so that we may write

I
L
(s) =
2
10 5

2
1

1

2
1

-3
2
+
s s s
s
e

Thus, i
L
(t) =
( )
[ ] ) ( 10 5 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2
1
2 - 3 - 2 2
t u e t u e t u
t t
+

=
( )
[ ] ) ( 10 5 ) 2 ( 1
2
1
2 - 3 - 2 2
t u e t u e
t t
+

th

49.

(a) (0 ) 50V, (0 ) 50 V
c c
v v
+
= =

(b)

3
0.1 0.2 0.1( 20) 0
2
0.1 0.3 2, 0.1 V 5 0.3V
2 5 2
V (0.1 0.3) 5
5 2 20/ 3 130/ 3 20 130
V ( ) ( ) ( ) V
(0.1 0.3) 3 3 3

+ + =
+ = + =
+
+ = + =
+
= = + = +

+ +

c c c
c c c c
c
t
c c
v v v
v v s
s
s
s
s s
s
s v t e u t
s s s s
(c)
th

50.

(a) 5 u(t) 5 u(t 2) + 10 i
L
(t) + 5
dt
di
L
= 0

(b) 0 )] (0 - ) ( [ 5 ) ( 10
5

5
-
L L L
2
= + +

i e s sI s I
s s
s

I
L
(s) =
2 -
L
5 5
5 (0 )
5 10
e i
+
+
s
s s
s
=
( )
2 3
5 10 1

2
e

+
+
s
s
s s

(c) I
L
(s) =
2

2

2
+
+ +
+
+
s s s s
s
d c b a
e where
a =
2
1

2
1
0
=
+
= s
s
, b =
2
1
-
1
2 -
=
= s
s
, c =
3
0
5 10 1 1

2 2
=

=
+
s
s
s
, and
d =
3 3
2
5 10 1 10 10 1
0.505
2

=

= =
s
s
s
,

so that we may write
I
L
(s) =
2
1 1 1 0.505 1 1

2 2 2 2
e

+

+ +

s
s s s s

( ) 2 2 -2
1 1
( 2) ( 2) 0.505 ( ) ( )
2 2
t t
u t e u t e u t u t

+

Thus, i
L
(t) =

th

51.

2 2 2
2 2
2
2
12
12 ( ) 20 ( ) 3 (0 ) 2 20 F 20(2) 3F
12 12 40 2 0.6
40 (20 3) F F ( )
( 0.15)
4 2
F ( )
0.15
= + = = +
+ +
0.15
(4 2 ) ( )
+ = + = =
+
=
+
u t f t f s
s
s s
s s
s s s s
u t
s s

t
s e

th

52. (a) f(t) = 2 u(t) - 4(t)

(b) f(t) = ( ) t 99 cos

(c) F(s) = 5 -
2

3
5 -
6 5
1
2
=
+ + s s s s
b a

where 1
2
1

3
=
=
= s
s
a and 1 -
3
1

2
=
=
= s
s
b
Thus,
f(t) = e
-3t
u(t) e
-2t
u(t) 5(t)

(d) f(t) = '(t) (a doublet)

(e) f(t) = '"(t)

th

53.

2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 ( ), 2 3 8 ( ), (0 ) 5, (0 ) 8
2 8 1 2
X 5 Y , Y 8 2X 3Y X 5 Y
4 10 2Y 8 2 4 18
Y 3Y 8 Y 3 8
3 2 4 18 8 8 18 4 2 6
Y , Y( )
( 1) ( 2) 1

+ = + = = =

+ = + = = + = +

2 5 Y
+ + = + + + = + +

+ + + + + +
= + = +

+ + +

x y u t y x y u t x y
s s
s s s s s
s s
s s s s s s s
s s s s s s
s
s s s s s s s
+
s s
0
2
1 1
( ) (2 6 ) ( ); ( ) [ 3 8 ( )] 1.5 4 ( )
2 2
1
( ) [ 6 ( )] 1.5 [2 6 ] ( ) 4 ( )
2
( ) 6 ( ) ( )

+

(6 1) ( )

= + = + = +
= + +
=
t
t t
s
=
t t
y t e u t x t y y u t y y u t
x t e u t e u t u t
x t e u t u t e u t

th

54. (a) F(s) =
s
s
8
8 8 + + , with f(0
-
) = 0. Thus, we may write:

f(t) = 8 (t) + 8 u(t) + 8 ' (t)

(b) F(s) = 2 -
) 2 (
2
+
+
s
s
s
.

f(t) = ' (t) - 2(t) + 4e
-2t
u(t) - ' (t) + 2(t) = 4e
-2t
u(t)

th

55.
(a)
40 100
(0 ) 0, (0) 100 V, (0 ) 0.6 A
100
+

= = = =
c c c
i v i

(b)
0
40 100 50 100
= + +
c c
i i dt

(c)
0.5
60 50
100 I ( ) I ( )
6 10 5 6 0.6
I , I ( ) ( ) 0.6
10 5 0.5
c c
t
c c c
s s
s s
s
s i t
s s s s
=
( ) e u t
+
+

= = = =
+ +

th

56. (a) 4 cos 100t
2 2
100
4
+ s
s

(b) 2 sin 10
3
t 3 cos 100t
6 2
3
10
10 2
+
s
-
2 2
3
100 +
s
s

(c) 14 cos 8t - 2 sin 8
o

64
14
2
+ s
s
-
s
o
8 sin 2

(d) (t) + [sin 6t ]u(t) 1 +
36
6
2
+ s

(e) cos 5t sin 3t = sin 8t + sin (-2t) = (sin 8t sin 2t)
64
4
2
+ s
-
4
1
2
+ s

th

57.
5
0
100 ( ) A; 4 3

= = + +

t
t
s s
i e u t i v v vdt

(a)
0
1 1
C ; R , C 1F, L
R L 4 3
= + + = = =
t
s
v
i v vdt
1
H

(b)
100

2
3 5
3
V( ) 4V( ) V( )
5
3 4 3 100 100
V( ) 4 V( ) , V( )
4 5 ( 1) ( 3) ( 5)
12.5 75 62.5
V( )
1 3
= + +
+
+ +
+ + = = =

+ + + +

, ( ) (75 12.5 62.5 ) ( ) V
5

= +
+ +
s s s s
s s
s s s
s s s s
s s s s s
e u t
s s s
=
+
t t t
s v t e e

th

58.
(a) V(s) =
s s
s 2

7

+
e
V

(b) V(s) = V
1
2
+
s
s
e

(c) V(s) = 48e
-s
V

th

59.

0
2
4 ( ) 10 4 [ 0.5 ( )] 0
4 10 10 4 2
I I 4I 2, I 5 2
2 4 1.6
I 0.4
5 10 2
4
+ + + =

+ + + = + = +

( ) 0.4 ( ) 1.6 ( ) A
= =
+ +
c c c
c c c c
c
u t i i dt i t
s
s s s s s
s
s s

+
t
c
i t t e u t

th

60.
0
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 3
2
6 9 ( ) 24( 2) ( 2), (0) 0
9 1 6 9 (
V( ) 0 6 V( ) V( ) 24 V( ) V( )
1 1/ 9 1/ 9 1/ 3
V( ) 24 24
( 3) 3 ( 3)
8/ 3 8 8 8
V( ) [ ( 2)
3 ( 3) 3

+ + = =
+ + +
(
3)
+ + = = =

= =

+ + +

=

+ +

t
s
s s
s
v v v z dz t u t v
s s s
s s s s e s s
s s s
s
s e e
s s s s s
s e u t e
s s s
s

2)
3( 2)
( 2)]
8( 2) ( 2) )

t
t
u t
t e u t
3( 2) 3( 2)
8 8
( ) 8( 2) ( 2
3 3

=

t t
v t e t e u t

th

61. (a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:

1 47
13 35
44.308 0 [(13)(47) 35]/13
35 [35(44.308) 0]/44.308

No sign changes, so STABLE.

(b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:

1 1
13 35
1.69 0 [13 35]/13

No need to proceed further: we see a sign change, so UNSTABLE.
th

Routh test:

1 8
3 0
8 [(3)(8) 0]/3


Verification: roots of D(s) =
1
2
2
3 3 3 23
8
2 2 2 4
j

=

, which have negative real
parts, so the function is indeed stable.

Routh test:

1 1
2 0
1 [(2)(1) 0]/2


Verification: roots of D(s) = 1, 1, which have negative real parts, so the function is
indeed stable.

th

Routh test:

1 3 1
3 3 0
2 1 [(3)(3) 3]/3
1.5 [6 3]/2


Routh test:

1
3


th

64. (a) Therefore
3
( ) 7 ( ) 8 ( )
t
v t u t e u t
= +

7 8 15 21
( )
3 ( 3
+
= + =
+ +
s
V s
s s s s )
.

21
15
15 21
lim ( ) lim lim 15 =
3
3
1

+
+
= =
+
+
s s s
s
s
sV s
s
s
V

(b) v(0) = 7 + 8 = 15 V (verified)

th

65. (a) Therefore
3
( ) 7 ( ) 8 ( )
t
v t u t e u t
= +

7 8 15 21
( )
3 ( 3
+
= + =
+ +
s
V s
s s s s )
.

0 0
15 21
lim ( ) lim 7 V
3

+
= =
+
s s
s
sV s
s

(b) v() = 7 + 0 = 7 V (verified)

th

66. 2 2
3 3
2
3
0
5( 1) 5 ( 1)
(a)

(b)

(c)

F( ) (0 ) 5
( 1) 1
5 ( 1)
( ) , but 1 pole in RHP indeterminate
1
+
+ +
= = =
+ +
+
=
+
l
l
im
s
im
s
s s s
s f
s s
s s
f
s
2 2
3 4
5( 1) 5 ( 1)
F( ) (0 ) 0
16 16
( ) is indeterminate since poles on axis
+
+ +
= = =
+ +

lim
s
s s s
s f
s s
f j
4 4
2 2
( 1) (1 ) ( 1) (1 )
F( ) (0 ) 1
2 2
( ) is indeterminate since poles on axis

+
+ + + +
= = =
+ +

l
s s
im
s
s e s s e
s f
s s
f j
th

67. (a) f(0
+
) = [ ] 2
2 5
6 2
lim ) ( lim
2
2

=
+ +
+
=

s s
s
s F s
s s

f() = [ ] 3
2
6

2 5
6 2
lim ) ( lim
2
2
0 0
= =
+ +
+
=

s s
s
s F s
s s

(b) f(0
+
) = [ ] 0
3
2
lim ) ( lim

=
+
=

s
s
s F s
s
s s
e

f() = [ ] 0
3
2
lim ) ( lim
0 0
=
+
=

s
s
s F s
s
s s
e

(c) f(0
+
) = [ ]
( )
=
+
+
=

5
1
lim ) ( lim
2
2

s
s s
s F s
s s

f() : This function has poles on the j axis, so we may not apply the final value
theorem to determine f().

th

68.
(a)
2 2
3 3
5( 1) 5 ( 1)
F( ) (0 ) 5
( 1) ( 1)
+
+ +
= =
+ +
lim
s
s s
s f
s s
=
s

2
3
0
5( 1)
( ) 0 ( = pole OK)
( 1)
f im
+
=

+

s
s
s
s
l

2 2
3 3
2
3
0
5( 1) 5( 1)
(b)

(c)

F( ) (0 ) 0
( 1) ( 1)
5( 1)
( ) 5 (pole OK)
( 1)
s
s
s s
s f im
s s s
s
f im
s
+
+ +
= = =
+ +
+
= =
+
l
l
( )
3 3
2
3
3
0 0
(1 ) 1
F( ) (0 ) 0
1
( ) = (using L'Hospital's rule) 3 3
e e
f im
e
f im im e

+

= = =

= =

s s
s
s
s
s s
s
s s
s
l
l l
th

69.
1
( ) ( ) ( )
at bt
f t e e u
t
= t

(a)
1 1 1
) F( ) ( ) , ( )
1 1 1
( ( )

+ +
Now, (

+ + +
= = =

+ + + + +

l l l
at bt
s
at bt
s
s s
f t s ds e u t e u t
t s a s b
s a s a s b
e e u t ds n n n
t s a s b s b s b s a

(b)
2
2
0 0
1 1 ... 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1/
1/( ) 1/( ) ( )
Use Hospital. F( )
1/ ( ) ( )
at bt
im im
t t
im im
s s
im im
s s
at bt
e e u t b a
t t
s b n s b n s a
s n
s a s
s b s a a b
s s s b a
s s b s a

+ +

+ +
= =
+ + +
=
+
+ +
= = =

+ +

l l

l l
l l
l l
l
l

th

70.
2 2
2
0
8 2 (8 2)
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
0
8 2
( ) (0 ) F( ) 0
( 2) ( 1) ( 6 10)
(8 2)
0 (pole OK)
( 2) ( 1) ( 6 10)
f im
f im
+
= =
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
s
s
s
= s s
s s s s
s s
s s s s
l
l
F s
F( ) (0 ) 8
6 10 6 10
(8 2) 6 36 40
( ) 0 poles: , LHP, OK
6 10 2
+

= = =
+ + + +

= = =

+ +

l
l
im
s
im
s
s s s
s f
s s s s
s s
f s
s s
3 2 3 2
3 2 2
3 2
2
0
2 3 5 2 3 5
F( ) (0 )
6 10 6 10
2 3 5
( ) 0.5 (poles OK)
6 10
+

= = =
+ + + +

= =
+ +
l
l
im
s
im
s
s s s s s s
s f
s s s s s
s s s
f
s s
2 2
2
0
8 2 (8 2)
F( ) (0 ) 8
6 10 6 10
(8 2) 6 36 40
( ) , RHP indeterminate
6 10 2
+

= = =
+ +

= =
+
l
l
im
s
im
s
s s s
s f
s s s s
s s
f s
s s

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